A signal transduction pathway is
the chain of molecules through
which a cell sends a message to
another cell.
A cell releases signaling molecules Growth factor
to nearby cells
Neurons communicate with each Nerve and muscle cells
other using synapses and
neurotransmitters
A hormone qualifies as a long-distance signaling example because it travels
to other parts of the body.
A chemical signal is detected and
the signaling molecules bind to
the cell's surface or the inside of
the cell
Sequence of changes in different
molecules in a pathway
Any cellular activity with occurs
as a response of the signal and
the changes in the pathway
A molecule that specifically binds
to another, usually bigger
molecule
A transmembrane receptor
Binds the energy-rich molecule
GTP
A ligand which binds to proteins
The G Protein becomes inactive
and leaves the receptor molecule
Signaling proteins activate the G
protein
It stops the signal and makes
GTP into GDP
Binds to receptor
Lets ions into the cell
Passes through receptor to pass
a message to the cell
The receptor's gate opens,
allowing ions to enter the cell.
As the ligand dissociates, the
gate closes.
They are very important in the
nervous system.
The fluid comes into thhe cell and
meets the receptor, starting the
transcription process.
Two benefits are that this method
is faster and it does not require
energy or channel proteins.
The proteins form a short
phosphorylation cascade, with
three kinase proteins
Enzymes remove phosphates
from proteins and inactivating
them for transduction
The first messenger is a ligand
and the second messenger is a
molecule sent from the receptor
to another molecule
cAMP activates Kinase A which
continues the chain.
The important relationship is the
dependence of kinase A on the
second messenger.
It may be inhibited if there is more
of the second messenger.
If there is a disease, the messenger may be disactivated and give
a different or no message to the next molecule in the chain.
The cell signaling speeds up,
causing more production.
The cell signaling slows down,
causing less or no production.
