DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

South La Union Campus

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

EGED 101- Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades (BIOLOGY and CHEMISTRY)
H03- First Semester, SY 2022-2023
Lesson 1

 PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND GROUP OF MATERIALS BASED

ON PROPERTIES
MATTER
Matter prevails everywhere. Matter can be living things like plants, animals and
human beings. Matter may be non-living stuff like fiber, wood, and metal, too. Matter
may be non-living stuff like fiber, wood, and metal, too. Matter takes up volume and is
made of substance. Matter may be found in multiple ways or environments. This may
be in the shape of concrete, liquid, or gas. Matter is found in several forms but it has
specific properties. You should be able to define such properties as important.
All matter has both weight and mass. Mass is the quantity of matter inside an
entity. The object of more mass is heavier than a less mass body. Mass appears the
same everywhere the mass lives. When the target is on Earth's atmosphere the density
and the object's weight remain the same. Every single object on Earth consists of
molecules. Density is the sum of matter in a given space. This is measured by the density
of the object's molecules, and how closely the atoms are bundled together. Push of
gravity on an object influences weight. The mass of the Planet draws objects back
towards its center
All forms of matter occupy space. The amount of space which matter occupies is
called volume. This is a representation of the room everything takes up.
PHASES OF MATTER

SOLID
Solid have a definite shape and volume.
The solid molecules are kept together and are compact. This explains why solids
are of a definite shape and scale. They don't change their form and volume but have
weight and mass definite.
Other Properties:
1. Hardness- Strong property which is resistant to damages or breaks.
Hard materials are made of very closely bound molecules
combined.
Examples: Rocks, cement, and woods.
2. Brittleness- A solid property which makes it easy to break into pieces.
Examples: Glass, bottle, and ceramics.
3. Malleability- The strength of materials to hammer without cracking, or
push into thin sheets.
Examples: Gold, iron, and silver.
4. Elasticity- The capacity of the solids to stretch when applying pressure
to them.
Example: Rubber band
5. Strength/ Tenacity- the ability of solids not to break easily. They last
for quite long time.
Example: Iron and steel that are used in buildings,
bridges, and other structures.
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

LIQUID
Liquid has no particular shape. Their containers are taking shape. They have
volumes fixed. They have the ability to flow because they don't hold the particles
together strongly to form a solid form. The molecules of liquids are far from each other
and can move around.
Examples: Honey, condensed milk, glue, syrup, drinks, and water.
GAS
Gases are all around us. They have no definite shape, mass and volume. They
take the container form. Like liquid, gas fills the space of its container.
Gas molecules vary from solid molecules and liquid ones. They 're very loose and
are able to move in any direction.
Examples: Cooking gas, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

PLASMA
There is a Fourth Phase of Matter, Plasma. This is very uncommon on Earth but
it's the universe's common phase of matter.
The plasma state of matter is very high in energy and harmful to living organisms.
Example: Plasma on the Sun
Plasmas are highly energized gases which have lost their electrons. Stars, like
the Sun, are plasma covered. Hydrogen (H) and helium (He) ions float around the Sun
with their electrons moving freely.

States of Matter According to Shape and Space They Occupy

• The “state” of matter refers to the group of matter with the same properties.
Materials are classified according to their properties.

• If a substance is as solid as a body, then it has a certain shape and volume. The
volume or size of an object or substance depends on how much space it occupies.

• If a substance is in a liquid state it has a certain volume but maintains its

container form. In the process of pouring from container to container the amount
of water, or its quantity or size remained the same. However, the shape of the
water differs because its containing vessel occupies whatever space is required.
Thus, it is classified as liquid. It is important to note that beyond the capacity of
its container, liquid will spill.

• A gaseous-state substance has no definite shape and volume. It has the ability to
stretch its container filling out every available space. The air from different
forms expelled into the balloons was a mixture of gases. Once inside the balloons
the shape and volume of air also follow the shape and volume of the container.

GROUPING MATERIALS BASED ON PROPERTIES

A. POROSITY
- this is a solid material for the absorption or retaining of water
and other liquids.
Absorbency- it is the property of these materials that needs space to
move through and hold on to water within them.
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

Absorbent materials- they are water absorbing materials.

Examples:

Paper and Paper Towels- paper has the property that attributes the liquid evenly
which makes it is an absorbent material. Every part of it will be filled with an
even amount of water until its cellulose fiber is no longer able to hold and the
entire paper has exceeded its absorbance capacity.

Cloth and Towels- these are called absorbent since they are made of absorbent
materials such as cotton and fibrous materials whose structures contain too many
spaces for attracting liquids.

Sponges- sponges have wide open spaces which allow the movement of liquids
into the material.

Non-absorbent Materials- these are materials that cannot absorb water.

Examples: feather, glass, stone, and plastic

B. BUOYANCY
Materials capability to float in water. Some materials which can float or
sink exhibit buoyancy and density properties. These allow for the movement of
boats and ships.

Density
The amount of material contained in a liquid in a given volume. This shows
how tightly or loosely packed an object is and whether either floats or sinks.
Formula: Density=mass/volume
*If an object's density is lower than the liquid density, then the object will
float. An object will sink if the liquid is bigger than its density.
For example: The mass of a metal washer is 10 grams and its volume is 20
cubic centimeters.
Formula: D=m/v
D= 10g/20cm3
D= 0.5g/cm3
Shape - an object can also decide whether it sinks or whether it floats.
Materials that Float - Molecules loosely packed are less dense and float
in water.
Examples: wood, sponges, balls and others
Materials that sink- closely packed molecules have a density greater than
water, which is why they sink.
Examples: keys, coins, stone, nails, and others

C. DECOMPOSITION
- this is a material ability to break down into simpler or lesser types
of matter. After death, all living things like humans, plants, and
animals undergo decay or decomposition.
Organic Matter- such sections of the plant are taken back to the field and
become a part of the soil.

Biodegradable- All products undergoing decay.

 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

Non-Biodegradable- All materials that does not decay.

Scavengers - feed on the remains of the dead bodies. They help degrade
the remaining organic materials into smaller parts.
Decomposers – they eat smaller bits. Minerals and nutrients are returned
to soil by them.

Factors affecting Decomposition:

1. Presence of organism or decomposers that cause decay- Decomposers

may be detritivores, bacteria, and fungi. Detritivores, such as plant and
animal breakdown earthworms, and feed on these. Fungi, like mushroom
and ear fungi degrade plant materials and subsequently cause decay to
feed on deteriorated materials. Bacteria are microorganisms we can't see,
but their activity on dead animal bodies can be detected when they're
deteriorating. The process is usually accompanied by foul or bad odor.
Spoiled food has a bad smell due to the rotting that's occurring.
2. Temperature- The warmer the temperature, the more rapid the process
of decay. When the days are very hot leaving spaghetti on the table and
other food rich in carbohydrates will easily spoil. Placing food in fridge
slows down decomposer production.
3. Moisture- Have you notice a pile of leaves during summer in the school
yard but during rainy season, the leaves disappear fast and blend with the
soil? With water available, the parts plant easily crumble and decompose.
Decomposers are present in moist areas as well, and the process of decay
is fast. Dry materials such as leaves do not provide a good habitat for
decomposers. Dry fishing prohibits bacteria from feeding on fish meat.
4. Exposure o elements- Our mother will tell us that after meal we would
cover the food left. Air can contain bacteria, and the food will hit.
Covering the food will discourage bacteria from developing in food which
will continue the cycle of decay.
5. Salt content of the material- Generally a salty food decays gradually.
That is because in saline conditions decomposers do not function well. Do
you find that when salted, shrimp, squid and meat do not decline
immediately? Salting is a way to slow or avoid decomposition, thereby
saving food for some time to come.

Effects of decay on our health

What causes decay in the tooth? Particulate material left in the mouth and
teeth become fodder for bacteria if you don't properly brush your teeth. The
bacteria 's activity creates acids that will dissolve the teeth 's enamel causing
tooth cavities. Eating left over food that has begun to decay can lead to loose
bowel movement. It is best not to consume food that is starting to emit foul odor.
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

Lesson 2:

 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER: USEFUL

AND HARMFUL MATERIALS; MIXTURES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS

USEFUL AND HARMFUL MATERIALS

Materials around us have properties specific to their function. Such materials
experience improvements in our everyday lives, at home and in education, by
technologies for different essential applications. But accompanying those positive
transformations are also harmful effects.
Multiple material products are technologically beneficial to humans. Due to
technology, the raw materials are transformed into various products that have improved
the way of life of man. Nevertheless, certain items can be detrimental to livestock,
plants, and the environment or the other way around, which are beneficial to man. It
is therefore imperative that proper properties of household and consumer materials are
really identified.
• Household materials and consumer products can be grouped as (1) those used
for cleaning; (2) for food preparation; (3) beautification; (4) building
construction; and (5) and household products.
• Common properties include components used in products such as metal tubes,
ceramics, rubber, glass or plastics. Human beings have learnt to manipulate the
diverse properties of matter in order to construct certain applications.
• Technology is improving or updating materials. Innovation has continually
increased the consistency of items such as detergents, household cleaners, food
additives, medication, rubber, paints, stainless metals and many more that
make life comfortable for humans. In reality, technology has improved beauty
products and health products that are common among today's consumers.
• Materials at home and in the environment have positive effects. They will make
life and work simpler, like cooking quicker, saving food, maintaining clean
homes and clothing, smelling good and getting disinfected.
• Sometimes, materials can do harm. They may contain hazardous substances, an
ingredient that may cause irritation of the skin, injury or disease during or after
handling or use, or if taken accidentally.

• Chemicals can contaminate food, which can cause death if poorly disposed of
or otherwise used. Therefore, care and vigilance must be exercised in using
them.
• Before purchasing or using any consumer goods, such as food, clothes,
medication, cleaning items, soap and shampoo, insect repellents or pesticides,
always check out if they are the right for the reason you need.
• Caution: often read the leaflets with labels or package information first.
USEFUL MATERIALS
Objects that aside from their original function may be used in many ways. A
common way to determine the quality of a substance is whether it can be recycled.
5R’s of Recycling: Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Repair and Recover
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

It's really important to classify valuable materials correctly. The world is facing
a waste disposal crisis at the moment. Practice the 5R's can help you reduce this issue
by using the products effectively
1. Recycle
This applies to the method that can now be used to turn waste materials into
other materials. You can be creative and through recycling giving your old products or
waste materials a new use or function.

Source:[Link]
2. Reduce
This means reducing the waste created by eating less goods. Consequently, this
applies to reducing packaging waste. A good way to reduce packaging waste is to buy
bulk goods rather than particular ones.
3. Reuse
In this method, after it has already been used, you can use an object again to
stop tossing it directly after using it once. Another result is when shopping using Eco-
bag instead of plastic bags. One example of this is to avoid using plastic utensils while
dining in a restaurant.

Source: [Link]
STYLE- i.59436796.2183929180
4. Repair
It refers to fixing or restoring worn-out or broken materials, in order to make
them work again. An example of this is the repair of a pair of shoes which can still be
used instead of buying a new pair immediately. Aside from that the quantity of waste
generated each day, doing so would also help you to save more money.

Source:

[Link]
5. Recover
It means taking energy from waste which can no longer be used as waste residues.
As waste cannot be recycled it will go directly to landfills. But residual waste can now
be processed to produce electricity with the aid of advanced machinery.

Source:
HARMFUL MATERIALS
Are objects that could threaten human safety and other forms of living things.
There are several ways of classifying a substance or material as harmful. There are
different ways to deal with them, as well.
Different kinds of dangerous products you might find around you.
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

1. Sharp or Pointed Objects

When not correctly handled, these objects can cause wounds and bleeding.
Examples: pins and needle
2. Toxic Substances
Usually, they have a hazard symbol on their labels so people can identify them
easily. These substances may be in the form of solids, liquids or even gas. They can
cause poisoning when swallowed or ingested. Thus, any unfamiliar substance must
always be checked on the label. Extra caution when handling such substances is advised.

3. Metal Objects that Underwent (Oxidation)

Most metal objects tend to oxidize, causing rust over time to develop. When they
become rusty it should be done properly. You should not bring rusty objects next to
your mouth to prevent unintended ingestion. Such an accident may result in infection.
So, it is important to get urgent medical attention to prevent complications.
MIXTURES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
You are handling mixtures everyday. In the morning you add sugar to a cup of
coffee. Or you add powder milk to a glass of water. These are mixtures.
MIXTURE
A combination of two or more pure substances. Mixtures have variable
compositions which can be split by physical means. Some of the things that we feed and
use are mixtures. Mixtures may be categorized based on the uniformity of their
presentation and composition.
Three Basic Characteristics of Mixtures:

1. The composition of the mixture is variable. For example, the components of the
mixture of marbles, paper clips and buttons can differ or vary.
2. The components retain their original characteristics. Marbles, paper clips,
buttons, sugar and saw dust do not lose their appearance, texture, color and shape
after they are mixed together.
3. The components are easily separated by physical methods. Since no chemical
reaction has taken place when mixing marbles, paper clips, and buttons as well as
mixing with saw dust, it is possible for these materials to be separated.

Classification of Mixtures:

A. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE
- A mixture that has only one phase. Its components have similar structure and
the mixture cannot be interpreted separately. That is why it displays uniformity in the
mixture in appearance and properties. The homo- prefix comes from the Greek word
homos, meaning "the same". It means that the two mixed compounds merge well into
one uniform mixtures, in which individual particles cannot be separated.
Example: water dissolved with salt or sugar

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE

1. Homogenous mixtures consist of a single phase.
Matter can occur at different phases. Such phases include solid, liquid and gas.
A homogeneous mixture has only one phase. It can be made -----of the following
combinations: liquid-liquid (e.g. water and alcohol), solid-solid (e.g. copper and tin),
gas (e.g. oxygen and nitrogen).
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

2. The composition of homogenous mixtures is identical.

Although the distribution of the particles in homogenous mixture is uniform, each
of its components has the same composition and properties.

3. Homogenous mixtures look uniform in the naked eye.

When you look at homogeneous mixtures for the first time, you will not be able
to differentiate their components because they pose no difference. For example, if you
look at a cup of coffee, it's difficult to say which part is coffee, sugar or milk.

4. Homogenous mixtures cannot be filtered.

Various physical or mechanical methods can be used to isolate the mixtures.
Furthermore, whether the fluid is homogeneous, the filtrate, or the solvent has been
separated from a material using a filter, does not achieve purification. That is why once
you move through a container vinegar does not isolate the two elements which are
water and acetic acid.

5. Most homogenous mixture transparent.

All homogenous mixtures, except those that are homogenous solid mixtures, are
translucent. And you will see at homogeneous mixtures. We must also be translucent,
regardless of the color that we possess.

KINDS OF HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES

1. Solids
The alloys comprise a solid homogeneous mixture. An alloy is a combination of
elements which have metal characteristics. An example of an alloy is steel that is made
from iron and carbon mixtures. Copper and zinc can also be placed together to form
another homogeneous mixture called brass.

2. Liquids
Solution is considered a homogeneous mixture. A solution is a combination of two
or more substances that are uniformly combined together in a solution, known as the
solvent, which dissolves another substance. At the other hand, the dissolved material
is called solute in a mixture; the water is typically found in larger proportions than the
liquid.

3. Gases
Gases can also be homogenous mixtures. The air you breathe is a homogenous
mixture. It is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and many other gases, but
you cannot tell the difference between them when you are breathing since they are
all mixed up and spread out evenly in the air.

B. HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES
A combination which does not have a uniform composition. The physical
properties of each material in this sort of mixture are distinct from one another. It
means that whenever you analyze a sample of a heterogeneous mixture you can
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

distinguish the different components. It is possible because each part or material

conserves its individual properties in this mixture.

Examples:
• Pizza
• Salad with lettuce, cheese, seeds, tomatoes, broccoli and other vegetables
• Soda
• Halo-halo
• Soil

CHARACTERISTICS OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

Heterogeneous mixtures have certain features which will allow you to recognize
and differentiate this type of mixture from certain types of mixtures.

1. The substance of heterogeneous mixtures are not in any sort of fixed ratio.
If you have a bucket of water and add pebbles to the water, then the mixture
will simply be a mixture of both water and the pebbles will still remain pebble. No
matter how much water and pebbles you add to the mixture at any point does the
mixture change itself?

2. The components or substances in heterogeneous mixtures maintain their own

individual properties.

Using the same example again, the water and the pebbles still remain water and
the pebbles, even though combined together. It simply shows that the two substances'
characteristics never alter.

3. The substances of heterogeneous mixtures can be separated through physical means.

Physically splitting mixtures essentially involves shifting the substances in the
mixture away from each other without modifying them at the chemical level. In the
case of water and pebbles, the water can be easily filtered out and the bucket full of
pebbles left to separate them from each other. As for the water absorbed by the
pebbles, you can let it evaporate so that you can eventually pet pure pebbles again.
You can separate its components even after they have been all mixed together.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

1. Suspensions
- A mixture composed of a liquid and particles of a solid. The particles do not get
dissolved in this type of mixture. Instead, they are dispersed throughout the liquid after
the particles and the liquid get mixed together. Hence, they can be described as
“suspended” in the liquid. The key characteristic of the suspension is the deposition of
solid particles and separating them over time.

2. Colloids
- A mixture which consists of an even distribution throughout another substance of
every small particle of one substance. Colloids have an appearance very similar to
 DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
South La Union Campus
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
Telephone No. (072)- 682-0480
Email Address: [Link]@[Link]

solutions. Nevertheless, the colloid particles are suspended instead of being dissolved
completely. The particles on colloids do not slow down at the bottom for a span of time
associated with suspensions. These particles of either stay suspended or float. Colloids
are usually categorized into heterogeneous mixtures.
Examples: glue, gelatin dessert, paint, milk, aerosol spray, and marshmallow.

3. Emulsions
An emulsion is a mixture consisting of a colloidal suspension in another liquid of
one liquid that is normally unmixable or unblendable. It means emulsions will break into
their individual components if they are allowed to remain for long enough.