ARCHITECTURE (FORM,SPACE AND ORDER)

Point indicates a position in space.

A point extended becomes a Line

Line with properties of:

• length
• direction
• position

A line extended becomes a Plane

Plane with properties of:

• length and width
• shape
• surface
• orientation
• position

A plane extended becomes a Volume

Volume with properties of:

• length, width, and depth
• form and space
• surface
• orientation
• position

A point, a prime element in form vocabulary, signifies line ends, intersections, plane corners, or field centers. Its presence is felt
when placed in a visual field.

An Oblique line is a deviation from the vertical or horizontal. It may be seen as a vertical line falling or a horizontal line rising. In
either case, whether it is falling toward a point on the ground plane or rising to a place in the sky, it is dynamic and visually active in
its unbalanced state.

Vertical linear elements, such as columns, obelisks, and towers, have been used throughout history to commemorate significant
events and establish particular points in space.

From Line To Plane

Two parallel lines have the ability to visually describe a plane. A transparent spatial
membrane can be stretched between them to acknowledge their visual relationship.
The closer these lines are to each other, the stronger will be the sense of plane they convey.

A series of parallel lines, through their repetitiveness, reinforces our perception

of the plane they describe. As these lines extend themselves along the plane they describe,
the implied plane becomes real and the original voids between the lines revert
to being mere interruptions of the planar surface.

The diagrams illustrate the transformation of a row of round columns,

initially supporting a portion of a wall, then evolving into square piers which are
an integral part of the wall plane, and finally becoming pilasters—remnants of the original
columns occurring as a relief along the surface of the wall.

Plane

A line extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction becomes a plane
Conceptually, a plane has length and width, but no depth.

Shape is a plane's primary identifying characteristic, determined by its contour.

Viewing it frontally helps us see the true shape, as perception can be distorted.

The supplementary properties of a plane

—its surface color, pattern, and texture—affect its visual weight and stability.

A plane defines volume boundaries in visual constructions, and in architecture,

it is a key element in designing three-dimensional volumes of mass and space.

Overhead Plane - The overhead plane can be either the roof plane that spans and
shelters the interior spaces of a building from the climatic elements, or the ceiling
plane that forms the upper enclosing surface of a room.

Wall Plane - The wall plane, because of its vertical orientation, is active in our normal
field of vision and vital to the shaping and enclosure of architectural space.

Base Plane - The base plane can be either the ground plane that serves as the physical foundation and visual base for building forms,
or the floor plane that forms the lower enclosing surface of a room upon which we walk.

Volume
 Form is the primary identifying characteristic of a volume.
It is established by the shapes and interrelationships of the
planes that describe the boundaries of the
volume.

As the three-dimensional element in the

vocabulary of architectural design, a volume can
be either a solid— space displaced by mass—or
a void—space contained or enclosed by planes.

Form

Form - a versatile term, can refer to external appearances like chairs or human bodies, or to specific conditions like ice or steam. In
art and design, it refers to the formal structure of a work, arranging elements to create a coherent image.

Visual Property of Form

Shape - The characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form. Shape is the principal aspect by which we identify
and categorize forms.

In addition to shape, forms have visual properties :

Size - The physical dimensions of length, width, and depth of a form. While these dimensions determine the proportions of a form,
its scale is determined by its size relative to other forms in its context.

Color - A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual’s perception of hue, saturation,
and tonal value. Color is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment. It also affects the visual weight of
a form.

Texture - The visual and especially tactile quality given to a surface by the size, shape, arrangement, and proportions of the parts.
Texture also determines the degree to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light.

Forms also have relational properties that govern the pattern and composition of elements:
Position - The location of a form relative to its environment or the visual field within which it is seen.

Orientation - The direction of a form relative to the ground plane, the compass points, other forms, or to the person viewing the
form.

Visual Inertia - The degree of concentration and stability of a form. The visual inertia of a form depends on its geometry as well as its
orientation relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity, and our line of sight.

Primary shapes

Circle - A plane curve every point of which is equidistant from a fixed point within the curve

Triangle - A plane figure bounded by three sides and having three angles.

Square - A plane figure having four equal sides and four right angles

Primary Solids

Sphere - just round but with depth and form

Cylinder - square with a circle
Cone - A triangle and a circle
Pyramid - Triangle and a Square
Cube - Square and Square

Transformation of form

- All other forms can be understood to be transformations of the primary solids, variations which are generated by the manipulation
of one or more dimensions or by the addition or subtraction of elements.

Dimensional Transformation - Forms can be transformed by altering dimensions, like a cube, into prismatic or linear forms, or
compressed into a planar or stretched out form.

Substractive Transformation - involves subtracting a portion of a form's volume, allowing it to retain its initial identity or be
transformed into a different form, like a cube or regular polyhedrons.

Additive transformation - involves adding elements to a form's volume, with the nature of the process and the number and relative
sizes determining the identity of the initial form.

Other types Form

Linear Form
Radial Form
Clustered Form
Grid Form

Formal Collision of Geometry - like circles and squares, Rotated grid.

Corners - define the meeting of two planes. If the two planes simply touch and the corner remains unadorned, the presence of the
corner will depend on the visual treatment of the adjoining surfaces. This corner condition emphasizes the volume of a form.

Surface articulation - refers to the detailed design and texture on the surface of objects or materials, enhancing both aesthetic and
functional qualities.