CWIT, PUNE

Unit 2

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
2.1 Barriers in communication.
● Mechanical
● Physical
● Psychological: [Prejudice, status block negative emotions like fear, ego,
low confidence]
● Linguistic
● Cultural
2.2 Overcoming barriers
2.3 Principles of communication
● Clarity
● Conciseness
● Correctness
● Completeness
● Feedback
● Informality
● Media selection
● Flexibility
2.4 Technical objects :
● Heading
● Description of technical objects
2.5 Picture Description:
● Situational picture
● Describe in your own words.
2.6 Diary Entry :
● Date
● Content
● Name of the writer

2.1 & 2.2 Barriers in Communication and Overcoming the Barriers

of a planned
Communication barriers are anything that interfere with the transfer message from the sender to the receiver. Barriers to communication include all
those things that hinder the communication process. This gives some kind of distraction or distortion of the message. Hence communication fails because of barriers.

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Types of barriers in communication

1. Mechanical barrier

2. Physical barrier
3.
Psychologicalbarrier [Prejudice, status block, negative emotions like fear, ego, low confidence]
4. Linguistic barrier

5. Cultural barrier

1. Mechanical Barriers:
“Mechanical barriers happen due to certain defects in mechanical devices, faulty equipment, loose mechanisms or technical errors causing
disturbances in smooth flow of communication.”

It is due to problems in machinery or instruments. (e.g. the telephone, Microphone, Speakers, Internet Connection, The LAN system, hardware problems, Projector,
etc.)

Example: In order to help the students understand the topic “Team Building”, the teacher
decided to share a video clipping from the Hindi Film, “Chak De India” on a TV screen in
the classroom. The students were very excited as the video began playing. However
after a few minutes, the picture on the TV Screen started rolling and the voice began
cracking and finally the screen went blank. The session came to an end and the teacher
and the students were greatly disappointed.
Overcoming Mechanical barrier (Remedy)

To overcome mechanical barrier:

1.
Maintain the equipment: For mechanical devices used for communication, take due care of the
equipment, carry out the maintenance and due repairs from time to time. The devices, instruments, systems
etc. must be kept up-to-date.
2.
Use alternate equipment: However, in some cases, there might not be any solution to mechanical defects – owing to factors beyond
the control of management; in which cases, alternative media or methods of communication must be resorted to by the sender.

3. Reschedule: If the equipment is not working and you cannot communicate

without it; it’s always a good idea to reschedule the event and make sure you get
the equipment ready the next time.

2. Physical Barriers

1) Competing stimulus
Stimulus means something that makes you think or behave in a particular way. It is
anything that induces us to take some action.
The barrier in which there are two or more stimuli are in conflict; the distracting stimulus
is called a competing stimulus. The competing stimulus acts as a distraction and it
affects the process of communication. Due to a competing stimulus we are unable to
attend to the work at hand, it is called a competing stimulus.

Overcoming Competing Stimulus (Remedy)

To overcome the barrier of competing stimulus:
1. Remove the competing stimulus and continue with the communication.

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2. Decide your priorities. Decide what is important for you and act accordingly.

2) Subjective stress
The problems in one’s personal life create stress which affects the work at hand.
Examples:
1. Sleep deprivation. If you haven't had enough sleep you can’t concentrate in the
lecture.
2. Hunger: If you didn’t have your breakfast, you may feel giddy and will be unable
to concentrate on the work at hand.
3. Illness: When you are not feeling well you cannot communicate effectively.
4. Physical pain or injury: If you are hurt it is not easy for you to take part in
communication.

Remedy to overcome Subjective Stress (Remedy)

To overcome the barrier of subjective stress:
1. Get necessary treatment in case of health related issues.
2. Take a break.
3. Take some rest if required.
4. Resume when you are ready.

3) Environmental stress
Failure to communicate due to problems in the environment is called environmental
stress. The problems created by changes in weather conditions disrupt the normal work
process.
Examples:
1. Too hot or too cold weather.
2. Earthquake, flood, heavy rains, storm, thunder and lightning etc.
3. An airplane caught up in a heavy storm (bad weather) loses contact with the
control room.

Remedy to overcome Environmental Stress (Remedy)

To overcome the barrier of environmental:
1. Wait till the environmental stress has subsided
2. Find an alternate means of communication.

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3. Psychological Barriers:
Psychological barriers are caused due to a certain mindset or mentality of human beings.
Types of Psychological Barriers:

1. Prejudice:

prejudge people or things without knowing

Prejudice means the preoccupied or false/ wrong mindset about some person, thing or event. Many times we

them. It indicates having fixed opinions and beliefs about people, places and events.

2. Status barrier:

is created due to organizational hierarchy. This barrier occurs

Status is the official or social position or condition. This barrier

when there is difference in the ranks and/or status between the persons who are
involved in the communication process. A senior person does not communicate effectively to a junior
and vice-a-versa. You cannot communicate with the same confidence or effectiveness with
your boss as you can with your fellow worker.

3.
Negative Emotions:
ego, low confidence act as barriers in communication. Some people have stage fear.
Emotions like fear,

Though they have many good thoughts, they cannot express them before many
people due to stage phobia. If you have fear of people you cannot communicate
effectively. Ego acts as an obstacle in the communication process. The egoistic
people cannot communicate effectively. If you lack confidence you cannot
express your thoughts correctly and effectively.

Remedies to overcome psychological barriers (Remedy)

In order to overcome Psychological barriers:

1. Talk to people. Engage in a dialogue with others.

2. Learn about the people/groups that you work with.
3. Get advice from experts.
4. Be in touch with mentally strong people.
5. Seek assistance from a psychological counselor, if required.
6. Work on improving your mental stability by practicing yoga, meditation etc.
7. To deal with anger, stress, sadness remove yourself from the situation
temporarily and think objectively.
8. Accept that nobody is perfect.
9. When you realize that someone else has better idea, give them due credit
10. When you realize that you have made a mistake, admit it openly.
11. Be engaged in physical and mental exercise regularly.
12. Follow simple relaxation techniques and meditation.

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4. Linguistic Barriers:

1. Difference in Language:

very effective. Sometimes either of the two is

If the sender and the receiver do not share the same language, their communication is not

not good at the language that is being used to communicate. In such cases a
barrier is created which results in failure or ineffective communication. Example:
Vishal is working as a customer relations officer in a company. He receives a call
from a customer, but the customer is talking in a language that Vishal doesn’t
understand. Hence, the communication is not successful.

2. Technical Jargons:
Jargons are words and expressions used in a particular profession. Using too many technical words, in everyday conversation, acts as a barrier to
communication.

Example: An engineer uses too many technical words to convey his message to his grandmother.

3. Pronunciations and spelling errors:

Pronunciation of words may vary from person to person. When the sender or the receiver pronounces words differently it acts as a barrier to
communication. Incorrect spelling, similarly, can be a barrier because it can convey a meaning different from what one intended. Examples: 1)

Vishakha is asked to deliver a presentation to a team of Marketing department.

She pronounces some words incorrectly which creates confusion and
misunderstanding due to which communication is not effective. 2) An employee
submits the status report of an ongoing project to his boss. He has made some
spelling mistakes due to which the boss is unable to understand the details.

Remedies to Linguistic barriers (Remedy)

In order to overcome Linguistic barriers
1. Make sure the language that you use is familiar with your audience.
2. Use correct language. Learn correct spelling and pronunciation.
3. Use as much plain language as possible.
4.
Use a reliable translation service. Be careful when finding a service. You’ll see several free websites that claim to translate text from one
language to another, but they may not account for different dialects. And sometimes, words have different usages in different cultures.
5. Use visual methods of communication.. Use pictures or diagrams to explain complicated concepts.
6.
Repeat if required. People often need to hear something more than once to understand and remember it.

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5. Cultural Barriers:
Communication shapes culture and culture shapes communication.
Different cultures follow different customs, manners, traditions, beliefs etc. They have different ways of

communication. Meanings of words, behaviors and gestures also change with culture.
For example some people shake hands when they meet, whereas in other cultures it is not

considered as an appropriate gesture.

People of different cultures may think and behave in a different way. When people belonging to different cultures communicate, these factors
can become barriers.

The way you communicate is affected by the culture you were brought up in. The opposite is also true. Culture is, to a large extent, determined by the way we communicate.

In America, people communicate freely and that is a part of their culture. In Germany, an Indian who is used to being very indirect with his communication might find their direct

way of speaking rude. Being direct is part of German culture and it is reflected in the way they communicate.

Remedies to overcome Cultural barriers

In order to overcome cultural barriers:
1. Learn your client’s culture (their customs, beliefs, clothing and eating habits etc.).
Taking the time to research or inquire about another’s culture can go a long way to make them feel comfortable. Learn about the things your clients and customers like and
value: their food, their customs and protocol, business practices and what they do for fun.

2. Be accommodating.
If your employees, clients or co-workers have cultural requirements, like prayer times or religious holidays, accommodate their needs into your work schedule. You would
certainly want someone to respect your culture if the tables were turned.

Exercis e
Identify the communication barriers in following situations and suggest suitable remedies:

1. Suresh fought with his father before coming to class. He is very angry and can’t
understand a word his teacher says.

2. Smita called up her friend to invite her over for dinner but there was a lot of
disturbance in the telephone line. She is not sure whether her friend got the
message.

3. Ram met a man in front of Conrad hotel. The man was asking for something
but Ram could not understand his language. He was probably speaking Spanish.

4. Shyam’s father tells him not to play games too much. Shyam feels it makes him
look cool. He doesn’t listen to his father and likes playing games all the time.

5. Leela is a waitress. She goes to a research conference on cancer with her father.
She doesn’t understand anything when a research paper is read.
6. During a lecture the power goes off. The weather is hot and also the visibility
inside the classroom is low. The students feel uncomfortable due to sweating
and also face difficulty in reading and writing.

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7. During a lecture the students cannot hear the voice of the teacher clearly due a
lot of noise outside.
8. A teacher has asked you to solve a quiz online. You cannot finish the task due to
poor or no internet connection.
9. The teacher has asked the students to send a pdf of the assignments that they
have written by email. The students are not familiar with the use of email. They
don’t know how to make a pdf, how to attach a file to the email and how to send
the email.
10. The teacher is not feeling well. He is unable to speak loudly. Hence, the students
sitting in the farther rows are unable to hear his voice clearly.
11. A student couldn’t sleep well last night. He is not able to concentrate during the
lecture.
12. A student, while attending a lecture, is thinking about his pending assignments
and he is planning when and how he should complete the task. Due to these
thoughts going on in his mind, he doesn’t understand what the teacher is
teaching now.
13. A teacher uses complex language. The students do not understand the topic
fully.
14. A doctor explains the illness to a patient using medical terminology. The patient
doesn't understand what the doctor has to say.

2.3 Principles of communication

1. Principle of Clarity
2. Principle of Conciseness
3. Principle of Correctness
4. Principle of Completeness
5. Principle of Feedback
6. Principle of Informality
7. Principle of Media selection
8. Principle of Flexibility

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1. Principle of Clarity
The message to be conveyed must be clear in all respects and must not create
confusion in the mind of the receiver. Vague terms should not be used, the message
must not be ambiguous i.e. it should not have double meanings. Unclear messages are
difficult to understand and may not have the desired effects. It can lead to
misunderstanding, errors and loss for an organization
• Example - The teacher asks a student, “Where do you stay?” The student replies,
“Shaniwarwada.”
The answer given by the student is not clear and can be interpreted in various ways by
different people.
• A patient goes to a doctor and says,” I am not feeling well.” The doctor asks, “But
what exactly is your problem? Will you tell me clearly whether you have a pain in your
stomach or if there is a pain in your ears?”
The patient again says, “I am feeling uneasy.”
The doctor will not be able to treat him properly unless the patient specifies whether his
head or hand is paining. There is no clarity in the communication of the patient.

2. Principle of Conciseness
Conciseness means shortness, i.e. communicating what you want to convey in least
possible words without compromising the principles. Conciseness is a necessity for
effective communication. It increases clarity. Concise communication has following
features:
● It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving.
● It underlines and highlights the main message as it avoids using excessive and
needless words.
● Concise communication provides short and essential messages in limited
words to the audience.
● Concise message is more appealing and comprehensible to the audience.
● Concise message is non-repetitive in nature.
Example – Radha went to watch a movie last night. Her friend asked her what the

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theme of the movie was. Radha told her the entire story with all the details. Radha has
not followed the principle of conciseness. Radha should have given the answer in short.
She did not follow the principle of conciseness.

3. Principle of Correctness
Correctness in communication implies that correct information must be conveyed and
the message should be error free. There should not be any grammatical errors. As a
sender you should make sure the pronunciation is correct while speaking. In case you
have to present some statistical data, research findings, or factual information, it should
be correct and authentic. Correct communication has following features:
● The information is correct.
● If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence level.
● Correct message has a greater impact on the audience/readers.
● It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the
message.
● It makes use of appropriate and correct language in the message.
Example – A tourist asked Mala where Pune station was. It was towards the north from
where she stood. She told the tourist it was towards the south. The principle of
correctness is not followed by Mala.

4. Principle of Completeness
The message must be complete and adequate in all respects. Incomplete information or
too much unnecessary matter will confuse the receiver of the message and he may lose
interest in the communication. Insufficient or inadequate statements will lead to a bad
impression, misunderstanding and delay in the work. A complete and an adequate
message will lead to quick feedback and desirable actions and fulfillment of the
objectives of the organization

• Example – A notice is displayed on the notice board about 15th August flag hoisting.
It reads: ‘Attend the flag hoisting ceremony tomorrow’. The message is not complete and
it creates confusion in the mind of the receiver about the day, date, time, venue, and
dress code to be followed. The principle of completeness is not following in this case.

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5. Principle of Feedback
Communication is a two way process. Without feedback communication is incomplete.
The sender must encourage constructive criticism from the receiver of the message.
One sided decision making will hardly lead to successful results. The juniors and
subordinates must feel free and confident that their voice will be heard, they must give
their opinion on the policies of the organization. There should be a constant flow of
information in all directions.

As a sender you should seek feedback. You should encourage your audience to give
feedback. Once you get feedback you must analyze it. This helps you to improve your
communication. If the feedback is positive you can proceed. If the feedback is negative
you can think about modifying the message, or changing the media etc. As a receiver
you must give constructive feedback.

• Example – A teacher started his lecture in English. He continued to speak in English

for the entire lecture. The students did not understand the topic because they were from
a school of vernacular medium.

The teacher should have asked for their feedback some time after he started the class.
The students should have brought this to the notice of the teacher during the initial few
minutes. Both the teacher and the student did not follow the principle of feedback.

6. Principle of Informality
In any organization the formal communication channels should be used along with
informal communication channels for the smooth functioning. Status blocks should not
create problems in the communication process. If the atmosphere is friendly, with
minimum pressures and politics, people will feel motivated to work to achieve the
organizational goals.

• Example – The manager of the project ‘New horizons’ was very strict and formal. He
could not build rapport with the team. The project failed due to lack of communication.

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7. Principle of Media Selection

The right media or channel should be selected for sending the message. The choice of a
channel depends on the length (admission process) and urgency (as in case of fire, or
accident) of the message. Also check if the receiver is familiar with the medium of
communication. Simple, unimportant messages can be conveyed orally in face to face
communication. Official matters must always be communicated in black and white (in
writing).
For example:
a)
b)
c)

8. Principle of Flexibility
Flexibility means the ability to change with the changing times. The system of
communication must be able to quickly adapt to the technological changes and new
concepts of work with minimum resistance and difficulty. A rigid structure of
communication will not accept the changes readily and will prefer to stick to their old
mindsets and systems.

• Example – A new technological startup failed to take off because they stuck to old
means of communication. Companies like Kodak, Nokia didn’t survive because they
failed to change according to the changing times. Kodak's failure was a result of its
inability to adapt to changing market conditions. Kodak was the most famous name in
the world of photography and videography in the 20th century. Why did Kodak fail
despite being the biggest name of its time? Kodak was being left behind because it was
turning a blind spot to new technology. Kodak tried to convince people that film
cameras were better than digital cameras and lost 10 valuable years in the process.

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2.4 Describing technical objects

1. name and definition
2. purpose / use
3. be objective (state the facts)
4. mention technical specifications
5. mention different parts / components
6. describe how it works
7. use simple present tense

Example 1: Describe a smartphone (150 to 200 words)

A smartphone is an electronic device. It is like a computer in our hands. It is used to

make or receive calls, to click pictures, to store pictures and videos. It is also used to
communicate with people using various social media platforms. It can also be used to
read and send emails. Apart from these there are many other uses of a smartphone viz.
playing games, creating and storing documents etc.

It is usually rectangular in shape with a touchscreen display on the front. On the back it
has a camera set up. Most smartphones run on operating systems such as Android or
iOS. Smartphones have high-resolution touchscreen displays that can vary in size,
ranging from 4 to 7 inches or more. RAM (Random Access Memory) enables
multitasking by temporarily storing data that active apps need. Smartphones come with
internal storage capacity, ranging from 16 GB to 512 GB or more. Almost all
smartphones are equipped with front and rear cameras that can be used to click photos
and record videos.

Smartphones offer a wide range of connectivity options, including cellular networks (4G/
5G), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and NFC (Near Field Communication). They can connect to the
internet, pair with other devices, and facilitate wireless data transfer.

Example 2: Describe a washing machine (150 to 200 words)

A washing machine is a household appliance used for cleaning clothes without human
efforts. It carries out different functions like washing, rinsing, spinning the clothes etc. A
washing machine comes with a metal or plastic drum installed within a larger casing.
There are two types of washing machines: front-loading and top loading. The front-

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loading machine has a door on the front through which the clothes are loaded, whereas
the top-loading machine has a lid at the top. All machines come with a display and
buttons to operate.

The household washing machines come in different sizes depending upon the load
capacity ranging from 3 kg to 12 kg. Different washing machines come with a variety of
washing programmes. Common wash programmes include regular, quick-wash, delicate
etc. Washing machines are equipped with valves to control the flow of water depending
upon the washing cycle. There are water level sensors that control the volume of water
used for washing. Temperature sensors are used to maintain the desired wash
temperature.

Separate compartments or dispensers are provided for adding detergents and fabric
softeners. washing machines also come with safety features like door lock to avoid
accidents.

Example 3: Describe a ceiling fan (150 to 200 words)

A ceiling fan is a common household appliance designed for cooling and improving air
circulation within a room. It is installed on the ceiling. It operates by rotating its blades
to create airflow. Ceiling fans come in various designs and sizes to match different
cooling needs.

A ceiling fan has three to five blades attached to a central hub. The angle or the pitch of
the blades determines the airflow and cooling efficiency. Inside the central hub there is
an electric motor. The motor generates the rotational force that makes the blades rotate
at a high speed. Some ceiling fans are installed using a downrod. It is usually a metal
rod or pipe that extends from the ceiling to the central hub of the fan. It helps in
positioning the fan at an appropriate height.

The speed of the fan is controlled by a regulator. Regulator is usually installed near the
switch that operates the fan. regulators are used to vary the speed of the fan. It is
accomplished by varying the resistance and thereby the amount of current flowing to
the motor. Some ceiling fans come with a remote control.

2.5 Describing a picture

● Use present tense
● Start with your quick impression of the picture. (In this picture I can see …., This

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picture shows … This is a picture of …….)

● Mention things and people in the picture
● Include people’s expressions. Make use of expressions that show your judgment
or opinion or predictions. (I think …….., In my opinion……, It seems to me that
………., Maybe ..…)
● Use adjectives to make your description vivid.
● Make use of the expressions that describe the location of the things and people
in the picture (In the foreground………. In the background………. On the left……….. On
the right……… At the bottom………. At the center etc.)

Example 1: Describe the following picture (150 to 200 words)

Sample answer:

This picture shows a teenage boy enjoying his time on a beach. He is wearing a
(peacock green) t-shirt, a pair of (gray) track pants and a (black) cap. His right leg is
lifted in the air while the left leg is on the ground. The position of hands shows that he is
spinning around. Looking at his posture it seems that he is splashing water with his leg.
Several water splashes can be seen in the air all around him. I think he is very excited.
His shadow can be seen on the ground based on which it can be inferred that it is a
sunny hot afternoon.

Talking about the background, almost half of the area in the picture is covered by the

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clear blue sky and the remaining half shows the waves and the sand on the beach.
Apart from the boy, there is no one else in the picture. By the looks of it, it is very much
possible that this boy is either alone on the beach or there may be someone from his
family or friends nearby.

Example 2: Describe the following picture (150 to 200 words)

Sample answer 1:

This picture shows a bus station. It appears to me that this is a state transport bus
station. A printed board can be seen displayed at the top-center of the building. The text
on the board is not clearly visible but it probably displays the name of the bus station.
The name of the bus station is also seen painted in broad letters. It reads “Himmatnagar
Bus Station”.

There are five buses that are stationed at the bus station. On the left hand side there is a
bus which is positioned differently. Considering that this bus is facing in a different
direction compared to the other buses, I think this bus is either arriving or about to leave.
The other four buses, at a farther distance from the camera, are properly parked at their
respective places and might be departing soon.

The bus station is not very crowded. However, a considerable number of people can be
seen. Most likely these people are the passengers. It seems that most of them are
waiting for their bus to arrive. It is quite possible that some of the passengers have just
arrived and are moving out of the bus station.

Sample answer 2:

This picture is taken at a bus station. There are five buses and some passengers. On the
left hand side there is a young man holding a bag on his back, wearing a pair of
earphones. He is probably looking at another bus and seems curious to find a desired

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bus.

There is also a middle-aged man talking on his mobile phone. His posture shows that he
is relaxed. Next to him is another person who is walking away, holding a tray-like object
on his shoulder. Most probably he is a food vendor carrying his stuff. There is another
young man wearing a red t-shirt and blue jeans. He is carrying a travel bag in his right
hand. A young girl can also be seen standing nearby. She is looking in the direction of
the camera. She is wearing a white and red dress. She has covered her face with a scarf.
She is holding a bag on her back.

There are many people in the background. Some of them are standing and some are
walking. Most of them are looking around at the buses or waiting for their desired bus to
arrive.

2.6 Diary entry

Format

Day, Date
—--------------------------------------------Blank line--------------------------------------------------------
Time
—-------------------------------------------Blank line---------------------------------------------------------
Dear Diary,
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Writer’s name

Important points
1. Write day, date, and time first
2. Write the salutation (Dear Diary)
3. Start with a brief mention of what you are writing about.
4. Write your feelings about the event.
5. Use first person narration (Assume that you are talking to the diary)

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6. Write the particulars of the event (people, places, time etc.)

7. Write your name at the bottom

Example 1: Assume that your name is Mahesh/Smita. You celebrated your birthday with
your family today. Write a diary entry about your experience and feelings. (100 to 150
words)
rd
Saturday, 23 September 2023

8:00 am

Dear diary,
Today was my 17th birthday. It was full of excitement and a lot of surprises. I celebrated
my birthday with my family yesterday evening. I was really excited about the
celebration. My father gave me my favorite pen as my birthday gift. I am extremely
happy because it is a precious gift for me. My mother made my favorite dish. My little
sister was also excited. Mother told me that the butterscotch flavored cake was her
choice. After cake cutting we enjoyed our dinner together. The food was delicious. We
also had ice cream after that. I always have a good time with my family. But yesterday
was a special day and I enjoyed it like never before. I really love being with my family.

Mahesh

Example 2: Assume that your name is Kumar/Priyanka. You are selected as sports head
of the students association. Write a diary entry expressing your feelings. (100 to 150
words)
th
Thursday, 14 September 2023

Time 10:00 PM

Dear Diary
Today is a special day for me. I am feeling proud to be a part of the students
association. I have been given the responsibility of sports. I have always been fond of
sports activities. Being a basketball player I am aware of how important sports are in
one’s life. There were other students who were willing for this position but the majority
of the students supported me. I am glad that with the help of this position I would be
able to organize various sports activities. I am planning to organize class wise
competitions first. This will be useful to select good players for inter collegiate
competitions. I will prepare the teams of cricket, football, and basketball by selecting the

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best players from each class. I am thrilled and looking forward to giving my best.

Kumar

Example 3: Assume that your name is Raju/Parveen. Write a diary entry to record how
you spent your day. (100 to 150 words)
nd
Friday, 22 September 2023

Time 10:00 PM

Dear Diary
Today was just like another day for me. I got up at 6 o’clock in the morning. I had my
breakfast at 8:30 am. I didn’t like the breakfast as usual. I miss my home almost every
day. I hadn’t imagined that life at a hostel would be so difficult. However, I am learning
to deal with it. I went to college at 10:30 am. I attended all the lectures and practical
sessions. The Math teacher repeated the previous topic. It helped me understand the
concept clearly. The last lecture was off, so I returned to my room early. I completed the
assignments of Basic Science and solved the online quiz given by the English teacher.
At around 7 o’clock my friends came to me. They wanted to hang out for a while, so I
went to the nearby market with them. We returned at 8:00 pm, had our dinner together,
and went back to our rooms. I am feeling tired.

Parveen

Example 4: Assume that your name is Kiran. You had a fight with your best friend today.
Record your feelings in the form of a diary entry in about 100 to 150 words.
nd
Friday, 22 September 2023

Time 10:00 PM

Dear Diary
Today I feel quite sad! I had a fight with my best friend Pranav. We were sitting in his
room. We were having fun. We were sharing jokes and laughing. We also discussed and
completed our homework. But, after some time we had an argument. I tried to explain to
him but he didn’t want to listen. When I wanted to leave he pushed me. I could barely
balance myself. Though I wasn’t hurt physically, I felt very sad. I thought Pranav was
not like other boys who are aggressive and abusive. But today he disappointed me. I
think if he continues to behave like this, he might be in trouble some day and I don’t
want that. I pray to god to make him realize his mistake and feel sorry for his behavior.
In that case I will forgive him. After all, he is my best friend.
Kiran

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CWIT, PUNE

Example 5: You are Rohit/Suman who has recently joined a boarding school. You have
been able to make a few friends. Record your feelings about them in a diary entry in not
more than 100
Tuesday, 11 June 20
9:00 p.m.
Dear Diary,
It’s been a week since I joined this boarding school. On the first day I was feeling terribly
lonely. There was no one I could talk to. Now, I have made a few friends who provide
good and cheerful company. Sudha is, I think, a trustworthy friend. She is a day scholar,
but she finds time to give me company for some time in my hostel room. Ramini is
another friend who is my next-door neighbor in the hostel. She is fond of gossiping. We
talk about many things and we also share our feelings with each other. I like her
company. We go to the mess together to have our lunch and dinner. Komal is also a day
scholar who is one year senior to me. I like her encouraging nature. She even helps me in
my studies. I feel happy to have such good friends. They are all helpful and cooperative.
Suman

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