TUGAS KELOMPOK
MUSEUM
( BAHASA INGGRIS )
NAMA KELOMPOK :
1. SAFIRA HAFIZAH
2. RARA CECILIA S.
3. HENY OCTAVIANI
4. FIRGIAWAN
5. DAFA NABIL
6. AHMAD ADAM
Jakarta History Museum
Jakarta History Museum / Fatahillah Museum / Batavia Museum
Museum Sejarah Jakarta
The front view of the museum seen from the Fatahillah Square (Indonesian:
Taman Fatahillah)
Location within Jakarta
Established 1707
Location Jl Taman Fatahillah 1, Jakarta Barat, Jakarta, Indonesia
Type History museum
69,708 (2006)[1]
Visitors
75,067 (2007)[1]
Museum Sejarah Jakarta or Kota
Public transit access Jakarta Kota
Website Jakarta History Museum
The Jakarta History Museum (Indonesian: Museum Sejarah Jakarta), also
known as Fatahillah Museum or Batavia Museum, is located in the Old Town
(known as Kota Tua) of Jakarta, Indonesia. The building was built in 1710 as
the Stadhuis (city hall) of Batavia. Jakarta History Museum opened in 1974 and
displays objects from the prehistory period of the city region, the founding of
Jayakarta in 1527, and the Dutch colonization period from the 16th century until
Indonesia's Independence in 1945.
The museum is located in south side of Fatahillah Square (former Batavia city
square) near Wayang Museum and Fine Art and Ceramic Museum. The
building is believed to be modeled after Dam Palace.[2]
History
Drawing of the city hall (Dutch: stadhuis) in Batavia (by Danish
painter Johannes Rach, late 18th century)
The VOC
The building where the museum is established was formerly the city hall of
Batavia, the Stadhuis. The first Stadhuis was finalized in 1627 in the location of
the present building. The construction of this building was continued in 1649. In
1707, the building was renovated as a whole, which resulted in the present
building. Several features of the present building came from this year, including
the portico. The renovation was completed in 1710 and the building was
inaugurated by Governor General Abraham van Riebeeck as the administrative
headquarter of the Dutch East India Company.[3]
Dutch colonial government
Executions took place in the Stadhuisplein in front of the city
hall building (ca. 1900)
Following the bankruptcy of the Dutch East India Company, the building was
taken over by the Dutch colonial government and used as the city hall of the
colonial government.
As the city continued to expand southward, the building's function as city hall
(Dutch gemeentehuis) ended in 1913.[4]
Post-independence
The museum in 1987
After the declaration of Indonesia in 1945, the building was used as West Java
governor office until 1961, when Jakarta was declared an independent
autonomy. Afterwards, the building was used as the headquarter for KODIM
0503 Jakarta Barat.[3]
In 1970, the Fatahillah Square was declared a Cultural Heritage.[5] This effort
was the beginning of the development of the historical area of the City of
Jakarta, carried out by the Government of DKI Jakarta. The Jakarta History
Museum was declared as a museum on 30 March 1974 as the center for
collection, conservation and research for all kinds of objects of cultural heritage
related to the history of the City of Jakarta.[6]
Architecture
This building is located in front of a public square, which in the past was known
as Stadhuisplein, the City Hall Square. The square is now known as Fatahillah
Square (Indonesian: Taman Fatahillah). In the center of the square is a fountain
which was used as a water supply during the colonial era. Also located in the
square is a Portuguese cannon (known as Si Jagur Cannon) with a hand
ornament showing a fico gesture, which is believed by local people to be able to
induce fertility on women. The square was also used as the place of executions.
[5]
The building's generous scale with massive timber beams and floorbands. The
building contains 37 ornate rooms. There are also some cells located beneath
the front portico which were used as dungeons, which functioned until 1846. A
Javanese freedom fighter Prince Diponegoro, who was treacherously arrested,
was imprisoned here in 1830 before being banished to Manado, North Sulawesi.
The building was modeled after the Paleis op de Dam in Amsterdam.
Similarities including the domed cupola crowning the structure and a proportion
typical of 17th-century Dutch city hall.[2]
Collections
Jakarta History Museum has a collection of around 23,500 objects, some of
them inherited from de Oude Bataviasche Museum (now the Wayang Museum).
The collection includes objects from the Dutch East Indies Company, historic
maps, paintings, ceramics, furnitures, and archeological objects from the
prehistoric era such as ancient inscriptions and sword. The Jakarta History
Museum also contains the richest collection of Betawi-style furniture from the
17th to the 19th century. The collections are divided into several rooms such as
Prehistoric Jakarta Room, Tarumanegara Room, Jayakarta Room, Fatahillah
Room, Sultan Agung Room, and M.H. Thamrin Room.[5]
The museum also contains a replica of the Tugu Inscription (the original being
in the National Museum) from the age of Great King Purnawarman, which is
the evidence that the center of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara was located
around the seaport of Tanjung Priok on the coast of Jakarta[citation needed]. There is
also a replica of the 16th-century map of the Portuguese Padrao Monument, a
historical evidence of the ancient Sunda Kelapa Harbor.
A stone tablet showing a VOC vessel in a wall of the
Jakarta History Museum
Replica of Tugu inscription.
Replica of Ciaruteun inscription.
Replica of Padrão of Sunda Kalapa.
Japanese Ceramic pot from 17th century.
Unfinished Mural by Harijadi Sumodidjojo.
Conservation
As seen in March 2015
The museum was temporarily closed in July 2011 for conservation.
Conservation activities conducted with aid from the Dutch government were
carried out starting in 2012[7] and the renovation was completed in February
2015. A new "Conservation room" was added during the renovation, displaying
the vision and mission of JOTR (Jakarta Old Town Reborn) for the future of
Old Batavia.[8]
List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia
The National Museum of Indonesia in Jakarta, the oldest cultural society in
Indonesia, was established in 1778. The building in the photograph, the second
building of the museum's society, was also the oldest museum building in
Indonesia, dating from the 19th century.
History
Colonial period
Collection of artifacts by the Batavia Society of Art and Science The library of
the Batavia Society of Art and Science. The baroque bookcase in the picture is
still kept in the Jakarta History Museum as of 2012, although under lack of
standardized museum maintenance.
Before the 20th-century, there was little interest in the study of the native
culture of Indonesia by the colonial government. Most anthropologic studies
were done by a few non-governmental institutions and individuals. Among the
non-governmental institution was the Batavian Society of Arts and Science,
which established a museum for Indonesian culture and history. Individuals e.g.
Sir Stamford Raffles and Dr. Snoeck Hourgrogne wrote valuable studies on
native culture and history before the 20th-century.[1]
The first museum in Indonesia seems to have been that built by Rumphius in
Ambon, built in 1662. Nothing remains of it except books written by himself,
which are now in the library of the National Museum. Its successor was the
Batavia Society of Art and Science, established on 24 April 1778. It built a
museum and a library, played an important role in research, and collected much
material on the natural history and culture of Indonesia. It later came under the
direct control of the British Lieutenant-Governor Raffles who, among other
things, provided it with a new office building for the museum and library
administration. The museum collection and library continued to grow, and in
1862 the government built, in the center of New Batavia, what is now the
National Museum, the previous building is now Wayang Museum in Jakarta
Old Town. The whole collection was transferred to the Government of the
Republic of Indonesia in 1962.[2]
The Zoological Museum of Bogor, established in 1894 by the Batavia Society
of Art and Science.
The Batavia Society of Art and Science also specialized in social sciences. In
1817 it made the plans for the Hortus Botanicus Bogoriense in Bogor. In 1894 it
set up the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. The Bibliotheca Bogoriense made
Bogor into an important center of biological science.[2]
Except for the Radya Pustaka Museum in Surakarta (1890), no other major
museums were established in the 19th century. It was only in the 1930s that
local museums began to appear, usually privately initiated, by civil servants and
Catholic and Protestant missionaries. These museums are praiseworthy, but are
not always in expert hands, and are often run by boards which do not always
function continually.[2] Some museums suffer from the lack of regular resources,
and some have disappeared completely, e.g. the Karo Museum in Berastagi,
North Sumatra, set up by Dr Neuman, was abolished during the Japanese
occupation (1942–45); and the Banjarmasin Museum built by Dr Malinkrodt, an
expert on customs and traditions in Kalimantan, was burned down.[2]
At the beginning of the 20th century, the colonial government became interested
in the maintenance and restoration of cultural remains. In 1901 it set up the
Commissie in Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek van Java en
Madoera, headed by Dr J. L. A. Brandes. In 1913, this became the more
effective Oudheid-kundige Dienst van Nederlandsch Indie (Archaeological
Service), under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm. The government also employed
officials to make a study of local languages and started the Kantoor voor
Inlandsche Zaken.[1]
In 1918 Balai Poestaka was created to publish books of literary value in Malay
and local languages. Malay was taught in schools next to the local language.
Prospective civil servants were obliged to study the language and customs of the
region they were to work in. Training was given in Leiden, in the Netherlands.
Native Indonesians also came to realize the importance of their national culture
in awakening nationalism, part of a general contemporary phenomenon in Asia.
This nationalism was pioneered by Budi Utomo in 1908 in the STOVIA, whose
building, the School for Javanese Doctors, is converted into a museum today.[1]
Modern technology and cultural change leads to disappearance of indigenous
handicrafts. There was no longer a market for plait-work, textiles, earthenware,
and brass, silver and gold objects. The result was a gradual process of cultural
impoverishment. A need for money forced people to sell their heirlooms on the
market, and many objects that should have been kept in Indonesia found their
way to foreign countries. This condition prompted the building of the Sana
Budaya Museum in Yogyakarta in 1935. Dr. F. D. K. Bosch, then Head of the
Archaeology Service, and now Museum Director of the Batavia Society, first
referred to cultural impoverishment, and the need for historical and cultural
museums, to encourage people to appreciate their own products and to improve
the quality of their handicrafts.[2]
The gate of Bali Museum, built in 1931 by architect P.J. Moojen, near the
location of the former royal palace of Denpasar, which had been burnt to the
ground during the Dutch intervention in Bali (1906).
The late Director of the Municipal Museum of Surabaya, Von Faber,
emphasized the role of museums in education. The famous painter, Walter
Spies, actively helped in the creation and management of the Bali Museum in
Denpasar. Unfortunately, the decision to establish museums at the time was not
matched by a determination to find experts capable of managing them properly.
Only a few language experts like Professor Husein Jayadiningrat and Professor
Dr. Purbacaraka were interested in museums-mainly because the university
produced few experts in history and the social sciences, but concentrated on
training physicians, lawyers, technicians and civil servants. It was not until
independence that the social sciences began to develop.[2]
Japanese occupation
During the brief period of Japanese occupation between 1942 and 1945, there
was a stimulation on Indonesian culture.[1] One of the cultural society
established by the colonial Japanese government was the Keimin Bunka Sidosho
or KBS in 1943. The core policy of the KBS is to promote the cultural unity of
the "Greater East Asia". Agus Jaya was appointed as head of the arts, Usmar
Ismail as head of film and drama, Armijn Pane as head of literature, and Ibu
Sud as head of dance and singing. The KBS actively held exhibitions and
performances in big cities of the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies. During
the three-and-a-half years of Japanese occupation, the Indonesian arts flourish
with dozens of art exhibitions, performances, and awards. Among local artists
member of the KBS were Emiria Sunassa, Henk Ngantung, Agus Djaja
Suminta, Kartono Yudokusumo, Dullah, Basuki Resobowo, Sudiardjo, Otto
Djaja, Subanto, Abdulsalam, Suyono, Surono, Siauw Tik Kwie, Ong Lian
Hong, Tan Sun Tiang, Liwem Wan Gie, Harijadi S, Tan Liep Poen, Sukardi,
Affandi and S. Tutur.[3]
Another movement founded by the Japanese government was the People's
Power Movement (Poesat Tenaga Rakjat, Poetera) on 9 March 1942.[4] Even
though Poetera was largely a political organization, the movement had its own
cultural division, with native artist Sodjojono appointed as the head of the fine
arta and cultural division.[5][6][1]
Post-independence
The newly independent government of Indonesia established the Ministry of
Education and Culture in accordance with Article 32 in the 1945 Constitution.
The Department of Culture was divided into Archaeological, Art, and Language
Divisions. The Art Division set up several educational institutions including the
Indonesian Academy of Fine Arts in Yogyakarta (1950), the Indonesian School
of Music in Yogyakarta (1952), and Karawitan Conservatoire in Surakarta
(1950). In 1952, The Language Division was split into two, the first one
retained the same name and the same position in the Department of Culture, the
other was included in the Institute of Literature (former Instituut voor Taal en
Cultuur Onderzoek, Faculteit der Lettera en Wijsbegeerte van de Universiteit
van Indonesia). Also in 1952, the Department of Culture opened provincial
"cultural offices" in Medan (North Sumatra), Bukit Tinggi (Central Sumatra),
Palembang (South Sumatra), Jakarta, Bandung (West Java), Surabaya (East
Java), Makassar (South Sulawesi), Denpasar (Bali) and Ambon (Moluccas).[7]
In 1956, there were several changes in the Department of Culture, which
include the additional responsibility of museum management (the Museum
Section).[7] Other changes were: the conversion of the Archaeological Division
into the autonomous Institute of Archaeology; the Language Division in the
Institute of Literature became the Language Division of the Literary Faculty of
Indonesia; and the Language Division became the Sub-Division of Customs and
Traditions.[7]
Later, the Department of Culture was included into the Directorate of Culture as
part of the ministerial reorganization of the 1960s. The reorganization also
converted the Museum Section into the autonomous National Museum Institute.
Following the reorganization, the Ministry of Education and Culture consisted
of one Directorate of Culture and four autonomous institutes: Archaeology,
Language & Literature, National Museums, and History & Anthropology. The
responsibility of opening provincial "cultural offices" was given to the
Inspectorate of Provincial Culture.[7]
New Order Period
Museum of Indonesian History in Monas, one of the museums of Indonesia
which extensively used dioramas which is controlled by the Armed Forces
History Center.
At the start of the New Order, the regime of Suharto converted the Ministry of
Education and Culture into five Directorates-General. The Directorate-General
of Culture itself was divided into five directorates: Art, Cultural Education,
Archaeology & History, Museums, and Language & Literature.[7] Other
restructuring occurred in 1969, reducing the Directorates-General into three;
this time the Directorate-General of Culture consisted of three directorates: Art,
Art Education, and Museums; and four Institutes: National Language,
Archaeology, History & Anthropology, and Music & Choreography.[8]
The New Order period also saw the expansion of the Armed Forces History
Center and the encouragement of the development of museums of militaristic in
nature. One of the reason for military involvement at first is because of the
problem of internal divisions. This led to an accepted strategy of promoting
shared values and identity across the forces through the use of a centralized
military museum for older and younger generations of the soldiers.[9] Some of
these museums for which the Armed Forces was directly responsible are Satria
Mandala Armed Forces Museum (opened in 1972), Museum of the Sacred
Pancasila Monument (1982), Museum of Eternal Vigilance (1987), Soldiership
Museum (1987), and the Museum of Communist Treachery (1993). The
collection of these museums feature relics, photographs, and weapons.
Dioramas are extensively used by the Armed Forces History Center, whom
method was chosen because of a general lack of perceived value in historical
objects in Indonesia as well as lack of funds.[10]
Expansion
The number of museums in Indonesia in 1945 was 26 (including aquariums,
zoos, and botanical gardens (following the definition of the International
Council of Museums). Between 1945 and 1968, this increased to 46. In 2010
there were 281 museums in Indonesia,[11] 80 of which are State Museums.[12] At
the beginning of 2015, the number of museums in Indonesia was 325.[13] As of
May 2015, Indonesia had 412 museums.[13]
The Directorate for Museums introduced categories for the various collection
types: there are general and special museums, there are privately maintained and
state-run museums, both by the central and provincial governments. Those
museums kept by the central government in the main operate under the
administration of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Military museums are
supervised by the Defence Ministry.[14]
The most frequent type is the General Provincial Museum (Museum Umum
Propinsi) which exists in almost all provincial capitals. These museums usually
consist of several sections: natural history (geological, biology), ethnography,
and history. Objects are sometimes flatly arranged in display cases with poor
explanations. More recently established museums have already achieved higher
standards with thoughtful and appealing expositions.[14]
In Indonesia, the increase in the number of museums has not yet been matched
by an increase in quality. Buildings are often unsuitable for display and for
socio-educational activities; competent staffs are lacking; the public does not
yet appreciate the educational role of museums; funds are lacking to maintain
collections and extend building; and so on. There are not enough museums for
120 million inhabitants and a large number of State and private universities. Big
cities like Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya, Bandung and Semarang need centers for
science and culture, and museums as places of study and leisure.[2]
Museums by region
Jakarta
Jakarta contains the most museums in Indonesia with over 50 museums within
its 661 square kilometers area. The museums in Jakarta cluster around the
Central Jakarta Merdeka Square area, Jakarta Old Town, and Taman Mini
Indonesia Indah.
The Jakarta Old Town contains museums that are former institutional buildings
of Colonial Batavia. Some of the notable museums are: Jakarta History Museum
(former City Hall of Batavia), Wayang Museum (former Church of Batavia),
the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum (former Court House of Justice of Batavia),
the Maritime Museum (former Sunda Kelapa warehouse), Bank Indonesia
Museum (former De Javasche Bank), and Bank Mandiri Museum (former
Netherlands Trading Society).
Several museums clustered in central Jakarta around the Merdeka Square area
include: National Museum of Indonesia, Monas, Istiqlal Islamic Museum in
Istiqlal mosque, and Jakarta Cathedral Museum on the second floor of Jakarta
Cathedral. Also in the central Jakarta area is the Taman Prasasti Museum
(former cemetery of Batavia), and Textile Museum in Tanah Abang area.
The recreational area of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in East Jakarta contains
almost twenty museums since the 1970s within its complex.
