H.A.L VIDYALAYA CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL, KANPUR
PHYSICS
2024 - 2025
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of CBSE, Delhi
TOPIC - To Investigate the Relation Between the Ratio of :-
1. Output and Input Voltage.
2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self designed transformer.
UNDER THE GUIDANCE
Mr. ANANAY TANDON
( PHYSICS TEACHER )
SUBMITTED BY -
DEEPAK KUMAR
ROLL NO. H.A.L VIDYALAYA CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL, KANPUR
PHYSICS
2024-2025,
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled “To Investigate the
Relation Between the Ratio of [Link] and Input Voltage
[Link] of Turns in the Secondary and the Primary Coil
of a Self Designed Transformer” is a record bonafide work
carried out by DEEPAK KUMAR in PHYSICS prescribed by
H.A.L VIDYALAYA CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL, KANPUR.
ROLL NUMBER DATE:
INTERNAL EXAMINER — EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First I thank the Almighty for providing me everything that
I required in completing this project. | express my gratitude to
my Principal Mr. J.P.S Chauhan , my Coordinator
and my physics Teacher [Link] Tandon who
guided me through the project and also gave valuable
suggestion and guidance for completing the project, also
helped me to understand the intricate involved in making the
project. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
Talso thank my parents and my friends who helped to complete
the project successfully. INDEX
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
Introduction
Objective
Apparatus Required
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Energy Losses
Application
Result
Precaution
Source of error
Bibliography INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according
to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
ACC. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may
be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a stepup
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits. OBJECTIVE :
To investigate the relation between the ratio of :
1. Output and Input Voltage .
2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and the
primary coil of a self designed transformer .
Magnetic Core
WV
Magnetic Flux Path
= >
Sala F ‘
Eso K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence,whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current. IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Step Down Transformer
Primary Secondary
1000V
oA 50 turns 10 turn
core.
2000 W 2000 W
Es < Eso K < 1, hence Ns < Np
Tf Ip = value of primary current at
the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and Output power at the same
instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then:
Input power = output power Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
n
s / Ep = Ip/Is
=K CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
The mutual inductance termin the primary
citcultepresents the oad of the secondary.
Ithas the negative sign because it helps the
source to produce more current in response
to increasing loadin the secondary circuit
LR ee ys
At At
The mutual inductance term in the
secondary represents the coupling from
the primary and acts as the voltage
source that drives the secondary circuit. PROCEDURE :
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through sland s2.
Now connect sland s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil. ENERGY LOSSES :-
Transformers can experience a number of energy losses
including:
[Link] loss :-
Heat energy loss due to the resistance of the copper windings in the
primary and secondary coils. This can be reduced by increasing the
cross-sectional area of the conductor or reducing the winding length.
2. Flux leakage loss :-
Energy loss due to the flux produced in the primary coil not being
completely linked with the secondary coil. This can be reduced by
using a shell type core.
3. Dielectric loss:-
Energy loss due to heating a dielectric material in a varying electric
field. This depends mainly on the dielectric material and the
frequency.
4. Eddy current loss :-
Power loss due to currents induced in the metal parts of the
transformer by a changing magnetic field. It can be minimized by using
a laminated iron core in the transformer. APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is used in almost all A.C operations:
> In voltage regulator for Televisions , refrigerator,
computer , air conditioner , etc.
> Astep down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
> Astep down transformer is used for obtaining
large current .
> A step-up transformer is used for the production
of X-Rays and NEON advertisements.
> Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C
over long distances.
> Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones , loud speakers, and electric bells, etc. RESULT:
1. Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error .
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends on the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of
a transformer. PRECAUTIONS :
¢ Keep yourself safe from voltage.
¢ While taking the readings of current
and voltage of the A.C should
remain constant.
Safetymatters SOURCES OF ERROR :
Values of current can be changed due to heating effect .
Eddy current can changed the readings.
PROJECT BIBILIOGRAPHY:
“[Link]/
“[Link]/
“*NCERT Physics Text Book
Class XII
