Kuwait University

The Faculty of Science

The English Language Unit

The Writing Workbook

English 162

By Ms. Ghada Al-Qenai

162 Coordinator
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 Table of Contents

The Classification Essay ............................................................................. p. 2

Paraphrase & Summary ……………………………………………………….…p. 20

Appendices

Language Focus……………………………………………………………p. 42

Vocabulary Lists……………………………………………………………p. 48

Scientific Prefixes, Roots & Suffixes …………………………………..p. 51

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 The Classification Essay

Learning Objectives

• Understand tree diagrams, including structure and differences

• Write classification essay based on tree diagrams
• Use appropriate essay organization
• Exemplification

Language Focus

• Present Simple/ Present Passive

• Passive Modals
• Using Connectors & Transitions
• Scientific Affixes
• Parts of Speech

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Introduction

A Classification essay is a type of writing that is aimed to organize ideas or objects into similar
groups or categories. These items share some characteristics and properties. This type of writing is
usually used in academic settings. Classification can be used in scientific contexts e.g. chemistry,
biology, and medicine. It helps scientists and researchers to arrange items into specific groups and
study their properties. In this unit, you will learn to write a simplified form of classification.

Exercise: Look at the following tree diagram. Then answer the questions that follow.

1. Write a formal definition for the term gemstones.

2. How many groups of gemstones are there? _____

3. Based on the definition for each subgroup, what is the criterion of classification for these gemstones?

4. What are the examples given for each group?

Natural =
Synthetic =
Simulated = _____________________
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 Read the following essay then answer the questions that follow.

A Classification of Gemstones

Gemstones are pieces of mineral crystals found in cut and polished form. They are
Introduction used to make jewelry or other ornaments. There are different varieties of gemstones,
- Definition each one is unique and has specific properties and uses. Gemstones can be divided into
- Background three types which are: natural, synthetic and stimulated gemstones based on their
info
formation.
- Thesis (no. of
groups + reason The first group is natural gemstones which are formed in nature without any
for classification
interference from humans. They could take between one to three million years to form.
Natural gemstones are known to be more valuable and tend to have imperfections.
Rubies and diamonds are some examples of them.
Body
The second group is synthetic gemstones. They are usually made in labs, but they
- Topic Sentence
- Definition
have the same composition as natural gemstones. Syntenic gemstones can be created in

- Characteristics a few weeks. They are usually more affordable and have a perfect appearance compared
- Examples to the previous group. Common examples of these are turquois and opal.
The last group is stimulated gemstones that are man-made. They are designed to
resemble the properties of natural gemstones. They can be manufactured in a relatively
Conclusion short period of time. Simulated gemstones are known to be very cheap and have a low
- Repeat thesis quality, such as cubic zirconia.
- Summarize To conclude, gemstones can be divided into three types. These are natural,
- Closing synthetic and simulated gemstones. There are many ways to classify gemstones. This is
Sentence
just one example.

1. What is the title?

2. How many body paragraphs are in the essay?

3. Underline the thesis statement.

4. What is the basis of classification?

5. What verb tense is used?

6. Underline the summary sentence.

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The Classification Essay Structure

A Classification essay has the same format as other essay types: introduction, body, and conclusion.
Have a look below for more information.

l. Introduction

Begin by defining the main group. This is followed by some background information about it. You can
add the information from your own knowledge, Then identify the subgroups/ categories and explain
the criteria to which the subgroups are classified into based on the information in the diagram.

This is called your thesis statement.

ll. Body

You will write 2 or 3 body paragraphs depending on the information in the chart. For each paragraph,
begin with a topic sentence stating the name of the group. Give details about this group, like a
definition, characteristics, facts, and examples. Add suitable connectors and transitions where
necessary (Check Appendices)

lll. Conclusion

End the essay by restating the thesis. Then write a summary of the groups you mentioned. Since
classification essays are based on facts, they cannot be ended/closed with opinions, advice or
recommendation. A suitable closing sentence can be to simply state that there are other ways to
classify this group.

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Classification Essay Outline

I. Introduction (4-5 sentences)

A. Definition of the main topic/ group.
B. Background information: give some general information about the topic.
C. Thesis statement: state the name of subgroups and criteria for classification.

II. Body Paragraph (4-6 sentences)

A. Topic Sentence: name of the group/ category. The number of body
B. Details: definition, characteristics, facts. paragraphs depends on the
number of subgroups in
C. Examples. the diagram. There can be
2 or more subgroups.

lII. Conclusion (3-4 sentences)

A. Restate thesis.
B. Summary: restate the names of subgroups.
C. Closing statement: e.g. there are other possible ways to classify them.
This is only one example.

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Exercise: Read the following classification essay then create a diagram based on the
information.

Classifying Animals

Animals are organisms which are incapable of synthesizing food and are capable of
locomotion. Animals live in different environments. They have different shapes, sizes and behavior.
Animals can be grouped into three types which are carnivores, herbivores and omnivores according
to their eating habits (diet).
First of all, there are carnivores. They are animals that depend on other animals to survive.
Carnivores are flesh eaters. They usually have strong legs for hunting, and sharp, pointed claws.
Examples of this group are lions and tigers.

Secondly, there are herbivores. They are animals that depend mainly on plants. They have
broad, flat teeth for grinding and chewing the food. Examples are cows, elephants, and goats.

Finally, there are omnivores. They are animals that depend on both animals and plants for their
diet. They have a specialized digestive system. Humans and birds are examples of that group.

To conclude, animals can be classified into three groups. They are carnivores, herbivores and
omnivores. There are other ways to classify animals. This is just one way of classifying.

Draw a tree diagram below.

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Criteria of Classification
When you write a classification essay, you have to think of the reason why you separated the groups.
This depends on the topic and the relation between the different categories.
Below are some examples of common criteria of classification.

Biological
• shape
• size
• color
• physical characteristics (presents or absence of)
o +/- backbone
o +/- hair
o +/- teeth
o +/- segmentation
• habitat (i.e. environment)
• distribution (i.e. continents, countries, cities)
• behavior
o nocturnal, diurnal, etc.
o parasitic, symbiotic, etc
• diet: food
• reproduction
• number of
o legs
o wings

Chemical/ physical
• state: solid, liquid, gas
• composition, components
• properties
• formation
• effect: manner of operation, how they
• number of
o bonds
o strands
o cells

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Exercise: Look at the following simple diagrams below. Can you identify the criteria for

classification. There could be more than one possible criterion.

Note: learning about scientific prefixes & suffixes can help you identify the differences. (Check Appendix)

……………………………………… …………………………………………..

…………………………………………. …………………………………………

………………………………………..… …………………………………………

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Present Tense Verbs
Classification essays are based on scientific observations and facts. Thus, the present tense is
mostly used. You can use the present simple or present passive depending on use or meaning.

Present simple: consists of one verb.

E.g.
• Compounds are substances that have two or more elements.
• They form different types of bonds.
• They have their own chemical formula.

Present passive: consists of verb to be (is/are) + past participle of the verb

E.g.
• Wolves are found in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Personal computers are used at homes or small businesses.
• Plastic is composed of synthetic polymers.

Passive Modal Verbs

when you write your thesis statement, you can use passive modals.
This consists of a modal verb like “can” or “may”, the word “be” and a past participle.

can + be + -ed
may + be + -ed
E.g.
• Hydrocarbons may be categorized into two groups.
• Reptiles may be grouped into four classes.
• Substances can be divided into three groups.
• Animalia can be separated into two groups.
• Elements can be arranged into three categories.

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Parts of Speech
You will notice in the tree diagrams that the characteristics are written in noun form. When you write
your essay, you have to change these nouns into suitable verb equivalents, whether it is present simple
or present passive.
Look at the following examples:
Habitat: hot and humid regions
These parrots live in hot and humid regions. (present simple)
Function: store data and instructions
Computers are used to store data and instructions. (present passive)

Exercise: Look at the following criteria. Write them as simple sentences by changing them into
suitable verbs. There can be more than one possible expression.
1. Location: Southeast Asia
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Height: 2.5 meters
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Weight: 20-25 Kg
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Length: 1.20 meters
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Reproduction: 3 babies a year
________________________________________________________________________________
6. Source: deep layers of ocean
________________________________________________________________________________
7. Diet: leafy green vegetables
________________________________________________________________________________
8. Composition: carbon and silicon atoms
________________________________________________________________________________

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 Exercise: Read the following diagram, then complete the essay below with suitable verbs.

What is the
reason for
classification?

Change the
criteria into
suitable verbs

Classifying Wolves

Wolves _____ the largest nondomestic members of the dog family. They are known as

predatory animals, they mostly feed on smaller mammals. Wolves ____ _____ separated into two

main species which are red wolves and gray wolves based on their physical appearance (color).

The first type _____ the red wolves which _____ reddish fur. They _____ 4 feet long, and they

_______ about 45 to 80 pounds. They ____ ______ in the United States. The African red wolf is an

example of this species.

The second type _____ the gray wolves that ____ gray fur. They _____ 6 feet long and

________ about 100 pounds. They _____ mostly _______ in Alaska and Canada. An example is the

Arctic wolf.

To conclude, there ____ two main species of wolves, the red and gray wolves. There ____ other

possible ways to classify wolves. This _____ just one example.

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Writing Practice: write a classification essay based on the diagrams provided. Identify the
criteria of classification and write grammatically complete sentences.

Diagram 1:

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 Diagram 2:

*Annual: yearly

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Diagram 3:

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 Diagram 4:

*Resilience: ability to survive in hard conditions

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Diagram 5:

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Expanded Activity

Create your own classification chart by searching or looking at any topic related to your major. Then
write an essay based on it.

• Choose a specific group. What do you know about it?

• How many subgroups can/ does it have?
• What is the reason for classification?
• Give details for each type/ category.

You must follow the format taught in class. This is how your writing will be evaluated.

Criteria Excellent Very Average Poor Fail/

Good lacking
Content 2.5 2 1.5 1 0
The information is complete and
related to the diagram
Organization 2.5 2 1.5 1 0
-The essay follows taught format.
Vocabulary 5 4 3.5 3 2.5-0
The essay shows correct use of
transitions and expressions
Mechanics: 5 4 3.5 3 2.5-0
The essay has correct punctuation,
capitalization and spelling
Grammar 15 14-13 12-11 10-9 8-0
The essay demonstrates knowledge of
taught grammar
Total =
____/ 30

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Before you submit your essay, check the following.

• Is your title centered & capitalized?

• Did you write your criteria of classification (reason) in the introduction?

• Did you include enough details and examples in the body paragraphs?

• Are the sentences complete and logical?

• Are there any fragments / run on sentences?

• Do the sentences have correct subject verb agreement?

• Did you use connectors and transitions appropriately?

• Did you summarize the main groups in the conclusion?

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 Paraphrase & Summary

Learning Objectives

• Read different types of academic texts

• Distinguish between main ideas and details
• Use different methods of paraphrasing
• Synthesize information and write a summary

Language Focus

• Synonyms
• Using connectors & transitions
• Sentence Types

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Introduction

Paraphrasing and summarizing are two important academic skills. They both involve reading texts
from other sources, understanding the ideas and writing them in your own words. These skills help to
improve your writing during your college studies.

Let’s begin by comparing the two skills:

Paraphrasing means restating someone else’s ideas in your own words, without shortening it. On the
other hand, summarizing is writing the main ideas of a text in a brief format, also in your own words
Look at the chart below for more details.

Criteria SUMMARY PARAPHRASE

Definition a brief statement that contains the an expression of someone else’s’

main points of the passage. ideas using your own words. Use
simple words, to make it clearer to
understand.

Focus main Ideas simplification and clarification

Length shorter, usually 1/3 of original text similar length

Objective to gather the gist of someone else's to simplify the writer’s work in a clear
work and avoid unnecessary details. manner if the words are too complex.

When used when you want to give a quick when you want to use your own
overview of the idea or concept given words to present the original material
in a text. of a text.

Does not unnecessary details, examples and same words as used in the original
include reader's own opinion. text.

Cited from: Difference Between Summary and Paraphrase (with Comparison Chart) - Key Differences

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Read the following examples and look at the differences.

Original Text
The most apparent reason why consumers prefer to eat organic food is to avoid pesticides and
artificial chemicals. This is because these are detrimental to health. Freshness is another good
reason for consuming organic food products.

Paraphrase
There are many reasons why people choose to buy organic food. One reason is to stay away from
chemicals that have a negative effect on their health. Another reason is that organic food is usually
fresher.

Summary
Costumers prefer to eat organic food because it is healthier and fresher.

Original Text
Hair care market has witnessed several changes over the past decade, with the development of
various hair styling products. Owing to the advancements in ingredients and technologies, hair care
products that treat hair loss have become more on demand. Furthermore, with men becoming more
conscious about their hairstyles, they have been increasingly buying more products.

Paraphrase
In the past 10 years, there were many changes in the hair care market. Thanks to major advances
in technology and new substances, products that specifically treat hair loss problems have become
very popular. Also, men are taking care of their appearance more than before, so they are more
interested in hair products.

Summary
In the past decade, there was more demand for hair loss products, and men have become more
interested in hair products.

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Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing means presenting someone else’s ideas in your own words. To paraphrase a source,
you have to rewrite the passage without changing the meaning of the original text. Paraphrasing is an
important writing technique or skill, especially in academic writing. it shows that that you have
understood the source and makes your work more original. This also makes you avoid “plagiarism”;
the act of copying from an original source without referring to it. As this is considered a form of
cheating or “stealing” in academic and professional settings.

How to Paraphrase?

There are some simple strategies that you can use in combination for effective paraphrasing:

1. Using Synonyms

Synonyms are words that have the same or similar meaning. You can look up for synonyms by using
a “Thesaurus”: For example, you can replace the essential words of an original passage with other
words that mean the same thing, such as using “scientist” for “researcher,” or “seniors” for “the
elderly.” This is a common approach to paraphrasing, but it’s not enough on its own. Combine this
strategy with some of the others below to make your writing original.

Original text
Some plants release certain aromas to alert their plant neighbors that they’re under
attack.
Paraphrase
Some plants produce special scents to warn other plants that there’s danger nearby.

Practice: Change the following sentences by using synonyms when possible.

1. Scientists use various methods when they prove or disprove a theory.

2. All organisms need food and energy to survive on the planet.

3. It is estimated that over 22 million children are severely obese.

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4. According to research, 64% of American adults consume coffee every day.

5. The primary global cause of death is heart disease.

2. Changing Word Form

Sometimes, you can rephrase a sentence by changing the parts of speech, such as changing a verb

into a noun, or turning an adjective into an adverb. This strategy depends on the wording of the

original passage. You should use this strategy with other strategies here for more original writing.

Original text
The professor’s explanation of the lesson was clear.

Paraphrase
The professor explained the lesson clearly.

Practice: Change the following sentences by changing word form when possible.

1. The experiment was conducted in the lab successfully.

2. The athletes performed excellently during the competition.

3. The main functions of computers are: receiving, displaying, and storing data.

4. Computers are useful because they are efficient and time saving.

5. Bees have a number of ways to communicate such as; dance, vibrations, or sounds.

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3. Changing Sentence Structure

You can switch around the order of certain phrases and clauses, or mix and match them from other
sentences, to create new sentences. The passive voice is preferable especially in scientific texts.

Original text
While experimenting with electrical currents, the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen
discovered the X-rays in 1895.

Paraphrase
The X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Rontgen, a German physicist, while he was
experimenting with electrical currents in 1895.

Practice: Change the following sentences by changing the order/ sentence structure.

1. The tiny particles that make up elements are known as atoms.

2. Thousands of homes were destroyed by Hurricane Michael in 2018.

3. Mobile addiction can cause physical problems like neck pain and poor posture.

4. Many consumers prefer online shopping because it is affordable and convenient.

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4. Using Transitions & Connectors

Connectors can be used in two ways. If the sentence or text is a bit long, you can break it down by
adding punctuation or using different connectors. Also, you can join short or relevant pieces of
information in one long sentence.
Original Text

Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns primarily due
to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas.

Paraphrase

Climate change is the long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns. This is caused
by burning fossil fuel, such as coal, oil, and gas.

Practice: Change the following sentences by adding punctuation or connectors where needed.
1. Although tigers and lions are both mammals, they differ in their appearance and behavior.

2. Rice is a major grain crop in China which can be found in many regions like: Fujian, Guangdong,
and Guangxi.

3. Around 68% of U.S. households have a pet since pets can decrease stress, improve heart health,
and even help children with their emotional and social skills.

4. Online learning can have many advantages like low cost and flexibility. However, it can be stressful
and uninteresting to some people.

5. High air pollution rates can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, wheezing, coughing and
breathing difficulties, and eye, nose and throat irritation

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Practice: Read the following sentences which are extracted from reading unit 2. Discuss with
your teacher/ class the possible ways to paraphrase. You can use more than one method.
1. The ability of some species to create light is known as bioluminescence.

2. Certain types of shrimp can alter how much light they give off.

3. There is no way to hide in the ocean, so being invisible is very important.

4. A prey produces light to startle a predator, making it easy to escape.

5. A male bird is attempting to impress a row of females that are watching him.

6. It seems that the more extreme the male costumes and colors are, the better his chances of
attracting a mate.

7. The male bird of paradise shows off his feathers in a display called a “butterfly dance”.

8. In New Guinea, fruits and insects are abundant all year round, and predators are few.

9. Over millions of years, birds have slowly undergone changes in their colors, feathers and talents.

10. The Island of New Guinea is home to nearly 40 species of birds of paradise.

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 Practice: Read the following sentences. Discuss with your teacher/ class the possible ways to
paraphrase. You can use more than one method.
1. It is estimated that each year in the United States, 48 million people suffer from foodborne
diseases.

2. Oil prices have dramatically increased in the past year. As a result, the cost of transportation, heat
and electrically has risen.

3. Water bodies can be polluted by a wide variety of substances, including organic waste, fertilizers,
toxic chemicals, petroleum, and radioactive substances.

4. The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and
water is called photosynthesis.

5. Obesity is a disease which can be caused by different variables. Genetics, illnesses, physical
activity levels, and sleeping patterns are some of these factors.

6. In recent years, bacteria found in foods are posing increased health risks-particularly to people with
weakened immune systems.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

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How To Write a Summary?
A summary is a brief statement of the main points of a text. Writing a good summary shows that you
clearly understand a text and that you can effectively extract the information and express it in your
own words. You can write a summary by following the steps below.

1. Read the text and identify the main ideas. Distinguish the main ideas from the details.

2. Write the main ideas in phrase form to begin with. The main ideas can be noted in an

outline, diagram, or a web chart.

3. Begin the summary with a topic sentence. It is an introductory statement to your summary.

4. Turn the main ideas into sentences. Include details only when it is necessary to support the

main idea.

5. Use transition words and connectors to join between the sentences.

6. Review the summary. Check the following.

a. The length must be one-third of the original text.

b. It is usually in present tense unless it was about a historical event.

c. It must not include personal opinions.

d. It must have proper punctuation, spelling, sentence structure, and content.

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Summarizing Sentences
When summarizing sentences, follow the steps above. While reading, mark or highlight the important
key words. Remember to use the paraphrasing methods discussed earlier.
Look at the following example. Discuss with the class the differences between the original text the
summary.

Original Text
There are obvious benefits to being bilingual. It can improve your brain and memory functions,
boost your creativity and confidence, help in your career opportunities, as well as increase your
understanding of the language you already speak.

Summary
Speaking a second language can have many benefits; mentally, socially, and career wise.

Practice: Read the sentences below. Circle /highlight the main keywords then summarize into
one sentence (10-15 words).
1. Hybrid cars combine a conventional petrol or diesel engine with an electric motor that aids cars to
consume less fuel and emit less emissions. Hybrid cars can save you considerable costs on fuel and
even recharge their batteries without being plugged in.

2. Common effects of computer addiction are the Inability or difficulty of interacting with people
socially in real life and the loss of pleasure in activities that take place in real life.

3. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global tourism. Statistics showed that the
number of international flights has dropped by 78% in 2020.

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4. Grains, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are the world’s most popular food crops. They constitute for
almost 80% of world consumption.

5. Owning a pet can have a number of significant benefits for people. Pet ownership has critical
mental health advantages, such as relieving stress, anxiety, and depression.

6. A vegan diet involves eating only foods comprising plants. Those who follow this diet avoid all
animal products, including meat, dairy, and eggs. Some people also avoid eating honey. Being vegan
is a dietary choice, while for others, it is a lifestyle choice.

7. Space travel is likely to become possible and advanced in the future. Currently, both
government agencies like NASA and private companies like Space X have already made
significant progress in this field.

8. Solar energy is obtained from the sun’s radiation which can be converted to electricity or heat. It
has the least negative impact on the environment compared to any other energy source since It does
not produce greenhouse gases or pollute the water.

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Summarizing Paragraphs

When you summarize paragraphs or longer texts, you can use the following template.

1. List the main ideas in phrase form.

•
•
•
•

2. Write your topic sentence; an introductory sentence that states the topic of the summary.

3. Turn the main ideas into sentences using your own words. You can combine some of the main
ideas into one sentence.

4. Add transition words to connect between your sentences. Here are some examples below.
first, next, finally, before, after, during, later, also, another, in addition, in conclusion, similarly,
however, most important, for example, as a result, therefore.

5. Review and edit your summary.

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Practice: Read the following paragraphs. Use the summary template provided to guide you
through the steps. Your summary should be around 25 words.

1. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perform tasks that are typically associated
with human intelligence, such as learning and problem-solving. AI applications include advanced web
search engines like Google Search, recommendation systems that are used by YouTube, Amazon,
and Netflix, understanding human speech, such as Siri and Alexa, self-driving care, e.g. Waymo,
generative or creative tools ,e.g. ChatGPT and AI art, and competing at the highest level in strategic
games, such as chess and Go. (75 words)

2. Sabah Al Ahmad Natural Reserve is a wildlife sanctuary in the Aljahra area in Kuwait. This reserve
is part of Kuwait’s efforts towards conserving the wildlife and natural environment in the country. This
is an excellent spot for birdwatchers and photographers as many exotic species of endemic as well
as migratory birds are regularly spotted in this reserve. Those who want to experience the wildlife of
Kuwait should give this place a visit. (73 words)

3. The Keto diet is a term for a low-carb diet. The idea is to get more calories from protein and fat
and less from carbohydrates, like sugar, soda, pastries, and white bread. When you eat less than 50
grams of carbs a day, your body eventually runs out of fuel (blood sugar) it can use quickly. Then
you’ll start to break down protein and fat for energy, which can make you lose weight. This is called
ketosis. (77 words)

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4. Bacteria are the most abundant form of life on the planet. They are found in almost every
environment, from Antarctic ice, to boiling hydrothermal vents, to inside your stomach. Most of these
organisms are very important to our survival. Bacteria help many animals to digest food, they help
trees grow, and they are important in the recycling of nutrients in the environment. They are also used
in biotechnology applications to produce everything from food to energy to clean water. (79 words)

5. Plastics are widely used that imagining our lives without them is impossible. They are one of the
best substitutes for wood, thus reducing the cutting of trees and helping the environment. On the
other hand, sometimes they pose problems too. When it comes to their disposal. Upon usage,
products made from plastic become weak or fragile, so it is necessary to dispose of them
appropriately. (71 words)

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Summarizing Long Texts
Write a summary for the following texts. Work alone or in pairs. Make sure to include the most
important points, and paraphrase when possible. Your summary should be 1/3 in length of the
original text.

Reading 1

Camels

1 Camels, though popular because of their humps, are one of the most unique mammals in the
world. The name camel comes from the Greek word ‘kámēlos’, from the Hebrew ‘Gamal’, or Arabic
‘Jamal’. Camels are “ungulates’, which means hoofed animals.

2 The two main species of camels are called the Dromedary Camel (or Arabian Camel) and
the Bactrian Camel. The Dromedary Camel has a single hump and usually lives in warmer climates.
On the other hand, the Bactrian Camel has two humps and lives in rocky cold climates. There are
currently about 14 million Dromedary camels which are domesticated, meaning they are trained,
mostly living in Somalia, Sudan, Mauritania and nearby countries. There are only about 1.4 million
Bactrian camels.

3 Camels are very well known for their humps which can rise about 30 inches out of their bodies.
Contrary to popular belief, camels do not store water in their humps, though they do serve an
important purpose for the camel. The humps are a tank of fatty tissue, but the water is stored in their
blood. When the fatty tissue is “digested” it becomes a source of energy, and it allows the camel to
survive about two weeks without water and up to one month without food.

4 Camels have several features to protect them from heat. Their thick coats reflect sunlight.
Shaved camels must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating. Also, they can stay farther away from the
ground, plus their feet are very tough, so they can endure the hot desert. Finally, camels’ mouths are
strong, and they can chew spiky desert plants. They have long eyelashes and ear hairs, and together
with closeable nostrils, they form an effective barrier against sand. Camels’ widened feet help prevent
them from sinking into the sand. (298 words)

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Reading 2

COVID-19

1 Coronavirus (COVID-19) has been part of everyone’s life since mid-March 2020, when most
schools, businesses, and communities quickly changed how they operated to prevent the spread of
the virus. Because the disease infected a large number of people all over the world, experts called
this a pandemic.

2 The term "coronavirus" refers to a family of viruses that causes many different types of
diseases, including the common cold. COVID-19 is considered a new disease which was unfamiliar to
scientists and doctors. Its name is actually a mash-up of three words: CO stands for "corona," which
means "crown" in Latin, and the viruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface; VI
stands for "virus"; and D is for "disease." The "19" comes from the year 2019, when the disease was
first detected.

3 COVID-19 can be transmitted by little droplets from coughs or sneezes, which is why doctors
say people should wear masks when they’re indoors or close to others. According to the Center for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there's no evidence that a dog, cat, or any other pet can
transmit COVID-19. But more studies are needed to understand how COVID-19 could affect different
types of animals.

4 For over a year, many children attended school mostly from their houses. Some employees
worked from home, too. This was all to avoid catching the virus from other people outside the home.

5 Nearly 675 million people around the world have been infected by COVID-19, and more than
6.8 million people have died. However, the good news is that the number of people getting the virus
nowadays has significantly decreased, thanks to testing, vaccines, and other preventative measures,
like wearing masks and social distancing. (287 words).

36
Reading 3

Vitamin A

1 Vitamin A is a nutrient that is found only in yellow animal fats, like egg yolk, milk and
cheese. It is particularly plentiful in fish-liver oils. Fish-liver oils are used for preventing and curing
illnesses caused by lack of vitamin A. In a well-fed, healthy human being, the liver can store up
sufficient vitamin A to meet the body's requirements for up to six months.

2 Although vitamin A is not present in plants, many plants produce a substance called
carotene, formed from leaf-greens which our bodies can convert into vitamin A. Carotene is the
yellowish-red coloring substance found in carrots. The greener a leaf is, the more carotene it usually
contains. That is why it is important to include green, leafy vegetables in your diet as a source of
carotene. Tomatoes, papayas, mangoes and bananas contain more carotene than most other fruits.

3 Vitamin A encourages healthy growth and physical fitness. Young animals soon stop
growing and die if vitamin A is not present in their diet. This vitamin keeps the moist surfaces lining
the digestive canal, the lungs and air passages healthy. It also helps to maintain the various glands,
the tissue that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eyeball functional. As vitamin A helps
these tissues build up resistance to infection, it is often called the anti-infection vitamin.

4 Some of the most common disorders in people are caused by a shortage of vitamin A,
when the moist tissues become dry and rough. This often causes serious eye disease, followed by
infection of the air-passages. The skin may also become flaky and rough. Another condition caused
by shortage of vitamin A is 'night-blindness', when the affected person has clear vision only in bright
light.

5 As the body cannot produce vitamin A, it has to come from external sources. Therefore, a
well-balanced diet is required and is usually sufficient to provide the necessary amount. There is no
need to supplement the need in the form of pills. (331 words)

37
Reading 4

Heredity

1 Everyone gets certain traits or characteristics from his parents. Heredity is the passing on of
these specific characteristics from one generation to the next. These traits are passed on by genes in
our DNA.

2 DNA is a material found in chromosomes. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of

every cell in the human body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell. Each child
receives one-half of its chromosomes (23) from each parent, for a total of 46. Therefore, each child
inherits one-half of its DNA from his father and one-half from his mother.

3 Pieces of information inside a DNA molecule are called genes. A gene gives instructions about
making a certain protein to determine a trait for the person, like color of eyes or hair. A person has a
hair color gene, but inside the gene is a specific pattern which makes the hair black, brown or blonde,
for example. This is called an allele.

4 Each child inherits two genes for each trait, like hair color or eye color. Some genes are
more dominant than others. That means they win out over the other gene which is called recessive.
Brown-eyed genes win out over blue-eyed genes, unless a person inherits two blue-eyes genes, one
from each parent. Sometimes genes have codominance, meaning that neither gene is dominant over
the other. An example of this is blood type. If one parent has type A and the other has type B, the
child will have type AB blood. A trait may not show up in an individual but can still pass on to the next
generation.

5 A mutation Is a change which occurs in a DNA sequence in a chromosome. This change may
be due to the effects of smoking, alcohol or other environmental effects or mistakes within the cell
itself. The results may be damaging to the body. A mutation can be passed down to a child. Because
of certain mutations, diseases can run in families. (332 words)

38
Reading 5
The Brain

1 The brain is the main part of the body's nervous system constantly sending signals to the body.
The brain has several different parts working together to help a person live their life each day. The
five main parts of the brain include the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, pituitary gland, and
hypothalamus.

2 The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum, making up about 85% of the brain's weight.
The cerebrum allows a person to think and control voluntary muscles, which a person is able to
control. A person can kick a ball, walk down, the street, or jump in the air because they control the
muscles and movements. Memory is a part of the cerebrum, including short-term memory, recalling a
morning event, or long-term, a memory from several years ago.

3 The cerebellum controls a person's balance, movement, and coordination. This includes how a
person stands, moves, and balances. The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain under the
cerebrum, but it is only about one-eighth the size of the cerebrum. Without the cerebellum, a person
would have very little ability to move.

4 The brain stem is responsible for all of the functions of the body for a person to remain alive,
including breathing, food digestion, and blood circulation. It is located below the cerebrum, in front of
the cerebellum, it connects the rest of the brain to a person's spinal cord. The brain stem
controls involuntary muscles. The muscles are located in the heart, stomach or other parts of the
body. It tells the heart to pump blood to the body, and stomach muscles to break food down.

5 The pituitary gland controls the growth of a person's body by producing and releasing
hormones into the body. The gland also controls sugars and water in the body, as well as keeping
the metabolism of the body going, which is related to the body's use of energy.

6 The final part of the brain is the hypothalamus, which basically controls the temperature of the
body. When the body is too hot, this part of the brain tells the body to sweat. If it’s too cold, it tells the
body to shiver. (366 words)

39
This is how your summary will be evaluated.

Criteria Excellen Very average Poor Fail

t Good
Content 10 9-8 7.5 7-6 5-0
Summary includes main points of the
original text. It has the supporting details
In the same order as original.
Appropriate length:(1/3) of original text.
Grammar 10 9-8 7.5 7-6 5-0
Correct use of sentence structure & taught
grammar

Language 5 4 3.5 3 2.5-0

Appropriate use of transitions.
The student’s own words/ used taught methods
of paraphrasing

Mechanics 5 4 3.5 3 2.5-0

Correct spelling, punctuation, and
capitalization.

Total __________ / 30

40
 APPENDICES

o Language Focus
o Vocabulary Lists
o Common Prefixes, Roots & Suffixes

41
 Language Focus
Subject verb Agreement

When writing a sentence, the subject and the verb should be similar.

If the subject is singular, the verb should be single too

1. The microscope is on the table.

2. A hexagon has six sides.
3. The Polar bear lives in the Arctic region.
4. A robot doesn’t understand human emotions.
5. There is a missing tool in the lab.

If the subject is plural, the verb should be plural too.

1. Viruses are microscopic agents.

2. Wolves have a strong sense of smell.
3. Penguins usually live in the southern hemisphere.
4. Some Birds don’t eat meat
5. There are many endangered animals on the planet.

Irregular plurals are nouns that don’t end with –s. e.g men, bacteria, cacti, nuclei..etc.
They are used with plural verbs.
1. The people at the office are very professional.
2. Children learn languages much faster than adults.
3. The data in the report are not accurate.

Non countable nouns have no plural form. They require a single verb e.g information, money,
water, nitrogen, oxidation, plastic..etc.
1. Water doesn’t boil at 70 degrees.
2. Oxygen has many interesting properties.
3. Respiration is the process by which organisms breathe.
42
 Connectors & Transitions

Connectors and transitions are used to link words, phrases and sentences. You can also use them to
connect paragraphs to give them coherence. Sentence connectors can be placed at the beginning or
middle of sentences. They have different functions or meaning. When you use them, you should pay
attention to the placement and punctuation of the connectors.

Function Connectors Examples

Addition Also James works part time in the café. Also, he studies Accounting at AUK.
And I like to read classic novels. My friend also likes to read similar stories.
In addition Robots can be used for industrial purposes, and they are used at homes.
Moreover Plastic can harm marine animals in the ocean. In addition, it affects bird
Furthermore species
Organic shampoos are affordable. Moreover, they are free from toxins.
Exercising helps you to lose weight. Furthermore, it can make you more
relaxed.
Contrast But Bactrian camels have two humps, but Arabian camels have one.
Yet Golf in an interesting sport, yet it is not popular in Kuwait.
However Dogs are common house pets. However, wolves are wild animals.
On the other Apples are sweet. On the other hand, lemons are sour.
hand Hydrogen is flammable. In contrast, helium is nonflammable.
In contrast Although real diamonds are very expensive, most customers still prefer
Although them.
Cause Since Since medical care has greatly improved, people are living longer.
Due to Due to heavy traffic, we were late for class.
Because “of” More teenagers are becoming violent because they are affected by video
games.
Because of modern technology, we are able to communicate with others
easily.
*due to + because of  noun phrase
Effect So The weather was bad, so the field trip was cancelled.
As a result The exam was very difficult. As a result, many students failed.
Therefore More people are reading e-books. Therefore, books and magazines are
Consequently losing popularity.

43
 There are many college graduates nowadays. Consequently, getting a job is
more competitive.
Exemplification For example There are many ways you can lose weight. For example, you can train in a
For instance gym.
Like You should be kind to people. For instance, say thank you when they help
Such as you.
You could try a team sport, like football or basketball, if you are interested.
Citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits, are high in vitamin C.
Sequence First, Second, First, you should prepare for your classes.
Third, Secondly, you should ….
First of all, The first group is….
Lastly, The second type is …
Finally, Finally, you must be ….

44
Sentence Fragments

What is a Complete Sentence?

A complete sentence is not just a group of words with a capital letter at the beginning and a period or
question mark at the end. A complete sentence has three components:

1. a subject
2. a verb
3. a complete thought (it can stand alone and it makes sense—it’s independent).

What is a Fragment?

A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete because they lack
either a subject or a verb, or both. Sometimes they have a subject and a verb, so they look like
complete sentences, but they don’t express a complete thought.

Examples of Fragments:

1. Missing a Subject

If the subject is missing, we don’t know who or what did the action

Finished the report.* Salem finished the report.

Started the meeting. * The manager started the meeting.

2. Missing a Verb

If the verb is missing, we don’t know what the subject did or was?

The large bear. * The large bear attacked the people in the area.

The students in the classroom.* The students in the classroom were noisy.

3. Missing Subject and Verb

Some fragments miss both a subject and a verb. This means we don’t know who did the action , or
what happened.

On the table* The keys are on the table

For example, rice and wheat*. For example, rice and wheat are common crops.

45
4. Dependent Clause

A dependent clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb but is not complete by itself. To
fix this you have to add an independent clause before or after it. Don’t forget to add punctuation.

Because he was late* (what happened?)

After I finish work.* (what will he do?)

When the doctor comes.* (what will happen?)

If you want to succeed (what’s the result?)

46
Run on Sentences
Run-on sentences, also known as fused sentences, occur when two complete sentences are joined
together without using a coordinating conjunction or proper punctuation, such as a period or a
semicolon.

E.g.

There are many types of hair products they have different uses depending on the hair type.*

(no punctuation)

Many people are not interested in recycling, as a result governments are still passive about it.

(wrong punctuation)

You can fix or avoid having a run sentence by doing the following:

1. Add a suitable connector in the right place.

e.g. Sara was feeling very tired, so she went to the hospital.

2. Add a subordinating connector to your sentence.

e.g. Animals have different ways of communication. For example, they can use sounds, body
movements or facial expressions.

3. Add correct punctuation like a comma or period to separate the ideas.

e.g. When I visited Spain last summer, I had a wonderful time.

47
 162 Vocabulary List

Unit 2: Natural Attraction

V N ADJ ADV

2A 1 Bioluminescence
2 Emit Emission Emitting / Emitted
3 Flash Flash Flashing
4 Astonish Astonishment Astonishing/ Astonished
5 Peculiarity Peculiar Peculiarly
6 Invisibility Invisible Invisibly
7 Descend Descendent Descending
8 Factor
9 Layer Layer Layered
10 Penetrate Penetration Penetrated/Penetrating
11 Predator Predatory
12 Transparent
13 Disturb Disturbance Disturbed
14 Viscosity Viscous
15 Countless Countlessly
16 Defend Defense Defensive Defensively
17 Offense Offensive Offensively
18 Reproduce Reproduction Reproduced/Reproducing
2B 19 Nobleness Noble
20 Commence Commencement Commencing
21 Bounce Bounciness Bouncing
22 Absurdity Absurd Absurdly
23 Resemble Resemblance Resembling
24 Display Display Displaying
25 Prominence Prominent Prominently
26 Contradict Contradiction Contradicting
27 Evolve Evolution Evolving
28 Harshness Harsh Harshly
29 Abundance Abundant Abundantly
30 Undergo
31 Barrier
32 Ritual
33 Breed Breeding
34 Conserve Conservation Conversational

48
 Unit 3: Food & Health

V N ADJ ADV

3A 1 Bacteria Bacterial
2 Immune system Immunized
Immunity
3 Sanitariness Sanitary
4 Food borne
5 Hazard Hazardous
6 Contaminate Contamination Contaminated
7 Integral Integrally
8 Digest Digestion Digestive
9 Confine Confinement Confined/ Confining
10 Investigate Investigation Investigative
11 Outbreak
12 Determine Determination Determined
13 infect Infection Infected/Infectious
14 Nationwide
15 Compulsory Compulsorily
16 Optimism Optimistic Optimistically
17 Feasibility Feasible Feasibly
3B 18 Revolutionize Revolution Revolutionary
19 Nutrition Nutritional
20 Notwithstanding
21 Alter Alteration Alternative Alternatively
22 Trait
23 Conventional Conventionally
24 Insert Insertion Inserted
25 Vary Variety /Variousness Various Variously
26 Modify Modification Modified
27 Allergy Allergic
28 Eliminate Elimination Eliminated
29 Deficiency Deficient
30 Diminish Diminishment Diminished/Diminishing

49
 Unit 11: Green Solutions

V N ADJ ADV

11A 1 Divert Diversion Diverted

2 Surpass Surpass
3 Shorten Shortage
4 Dilemma Dilemmatic
5 Sustain Sustainability Sustainable / sustainably
Sustained
6 Extend Extension Extent
7 Crisis
8 Consume Consumption Consumed
9 Related to
10 Replenish Replenishment Replenished
11 Catastrophe Catastrophic
12 Inherit Inheritance Inherited inherently
13 Conserve Conservation Conservational
14 Desalinate Desalination Desalinated
15 Dedicate Dedication Dedicated
11B 16 Pile Pile
17 Scrap
18 Obsoleteness Obsolete
19 Discard Discard Discarded /
Discardable
20 Landfill
21 Substances
22 Toxin Toxic
23 Notify Notification Notified
24 Hazard Hazardous Hazardously
25 Infrastructure
26 Distress Distress Distressing /
Distressed
27 Transition Transitional
28 Remoteness Remote Remotely

50
 Scientific Prefixes, Roots & suffixes
a-; an- not; without; encphal- brain
lacking; deficient epi – upon; above;
over
aden- gland eso- inward; within;
adip- fat inner
aero- air ex- out of; away
from
agri- field; soil fibr- fiber; thread
ameb- change; -flect; -flex bend
alternation foli- leaf
amni- fetal membrane fract- break
amphi-; ampho- both gastr- stomach
amyl- starch geo- land; earth
andro- man; masculine gluc-; glyc- sweet; sugar
aqu- water gymno- naked; bare
archaeo- primitive; ancient gyn- female
arteri- artery halo- salt
arthr- joint; articulation hapl- simple
-ase forms names of hem- blood
enzymes herb- grass; plants
ather- fatty deposit hetero- different; other
atmo- vapor hist- tissue
auto- self homo- (Latin) man;
human
bacter-; bactr- bacterium, stick; homo- (Greek) same;
club alike
bi- (Latin) two; twice hort- garden
bi-; bio- (Greek) life; hydr- water
living hyper- above; beyond;
-blast- sprout; germ; bud over
bronch- windpipe hypo- below; under;
less
de- away from: down in-; il-; im-; ir- to; toward; into
deca- ten infra- below; beneath
deci- tenth inter- between
derm- skin intra- within; inside
di-; dipi- (Latin) two; iso- equal; same
double -itis inflammation;
digit- finger; toe disease
dorm- sleep -kary- cell nucleus
dors- back lact- milk
dys- bad; abnormal; -less without
difficult lip- fat
ecto- outside or lumin- light
-emia blood -lys-; -lyt-; -lyst decompose;
split;
en-; endo-; ent- in; into; within dissolve
51
-emia blood -lys-; -lyt-; -lyst decompose;
split;
en-; endo-; ent- in; into; within dissolve
macr- large sol- sun
mamm- breast somn- sleep
micro- small; millionth -sperm- seed
mill- thousandth -spor- seed
mono- one; single strat- layer
morph- shape; form sub- under; below
my- muscle super-; sur- over; above; on
myc- fungus top
necr- corpse; dead sym-; syn- together
nephro- kidney telo- end
neur- nerve terr- earth; land
ocul- eye tetr- four
oct- eight -therm- heat
olf- smell trache- windpipe
omni- all trans- across
oo- egg tri- three
orb- circle; round; ring -troph- nourishment;
one
oscu- mouth who feeds
-osis abnormal uni- one
condition ur- urine
oste- bone vit-; viv- life
oto- ear xyl- wood
ov- egg zo-; -zoa animal
paleo- old; ancient zyg- joined together
-ped- foot
-ped- child
phag- eat
-phil- loving; fond of
photo- light
-phyll leaf
phyt-; -phyte plant
pino- drink
pleur- lung; rib; side
pneumo- lungs; air
-pod foot
poly- many; several
pseudo- false; deceptive
pulmo- lung
pyr- heat; fire
quadr- four
quin- five
ren- kidney
rhag-; -rrhage burst forth

52