Internet of Things (IoT)
• Internet of Things is a system of interrelated computing devices or objects which
have the ability to transfer the data over a network without requiring any human to
human or human to computer interaction uniquely addressable, based on standard
communication protocol.
• It is a giant network of connected things, capturing the data about the way they are
used and the environment around them.
• When we speak about the “Things” in IoT, these are objects not precisely
identifiable.
• The sensors are used in the devices and objects and these feed the data to various
IoT platforms.
• Further, IoT platforms are used to gather the pinpointed information, detect
patterns.
• Thus, with the above process the IoT helps the organizations and institutions in
reducing the cost through improved processes efficiency, asset utilization and
productivity.
Different Names of IoT
• Internet of Everything • Smarter Planet
• Machine to Machine (M2M) • The Fog
• T-sensors (Trillion Sensors) • The Industrial Internet
• Industry 4.0 • Internet of Things (IoT)
Reasons of IoT
Data deluge: The explosion of the amount of data collected and exchanged is one of the major
reason why IoT came in existence. Forecasts indicate that in the year 2015 more than 220
Exabytes
of data are stored. So we need novel mechanisms to find, fetch, and transmit data.
There is decrease in energy required to operate intelligent devices. The search will be for a
zero
level of entropy where the device or system will have to harvest its own energy.
Miniaturization of devices: the devices are becoming increasingly smaller.
Autonomic management: the devices/systems of future will have self-management, self-
healing,
and self-configuration capabilities.
IPv6 as an integration layer: allows to exploit the potential of IPv6 and related standards.
Internet of Things Enablers
• Energy • Intelligence • Communication
• Integration • Interoperability • Standards
• Internet for Devices • Internet for Non Human
• Internet for M2M communication
Major Components of IOT
The following are the core components of IoT.
1. Sensor device:
They are mainly input components
Use of sensors such as accelerometers, GPS, etc and collect surrounding information
from multiple sources.
Basically, three types:
Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
Challenged by power consumption, security, interoperability
2. Networks (Connectivity):
data is collected and sent to cloud storage.
Use of cellular, satellite, Wi-Fi Networks to promote a gateway for connection.
Challenged by the enormous growth in number of connected devices; availability of
networks coverage; security and power consumption
3. Standards(processing):
software performs big data analytics for the collected data;
helps to detect unauthorized activity; sends an alert notification to end-user
4. Intelligent Analysis (User interface): provides detailed processed information of the data
provided via dashboards
Sensors
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically, three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
IoT Threats
• Default, weak, and hardcoded credentials
• Firmware and OS are difficult to update
• Lack of vendor support for repairing vulnerabilities
• Web interface vulnerability
• Open ports can be vulnerable
• Error in Coding
• Distributed Denial-of-Service
• Physical theft and tampering
Q2. IoT is revolutionizing industries by connecting devices and enabling real-time data-driven decisions.
In key industries like smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, and logistics, IoT technology is driving
efficiency and innovation. An IoT application is a system that connects everyday devices — like sensors,
machines, or gadgets — to the internet or wireless connection, allowing them to collect and share data.
These applications help monitor, automate, and improve various tasks, from tracking your health to
managing city traffic. By gathering real-time information, IoT applications make everything work more
smoothly and efficiently, whether it’s on a farm, in a hospital, or in a smart home.
Implementing IoT products brings exciting benefits that can completely transform the way businesses
operate:
Boost Efficiency: IoT automates routine tasks and optimizes resources, meaning faster operations with
less waste.
Real-Time Control: IoT gives businesses instant access to valuable big data, helping them solve problems
as they happen.
Cut Costs: Predictive maintenance and smarter energy use keep expenses low.
Greater Security: IoT tracks everything in real time, improving safety for assets and employees.
Personalized Experiences: For customers, IoT offers tailored services, making interactions smoother and
more engaging.
