EE2001E SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Pre-requisites: NIL
L T P O C
3 1 0 5 3
Total Lecture Sessions: 39

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Design and validate simple first order and second order linear continuous-time systems in various domains
by analytical as well as experimental methods.
CO2: Evaluate multi-order LTI System designs by Impulse Response Test
CO3: Evaluate stability and stability margins of a proposed CT-LTI design by transfer function approach.
CO4: Design simple first-order and second-order systems for basic signal/energy processing applications from
given transfer function/ impulse response/ steady-state requirements in electrical and thermal domains.
CO5: Evaluate the signal distortion characteristics of a given transmission channel.

First Order CT- LTI Systems in Time-domain

Signals and Systems - System as interconnection of elements – electrical system elements, thermal system
elements, translational and rotational mechanical system elements.
Signal definition – Size of a signal - Classification of signals – Basic signal operations – Commonly used signal
models (impulse, step, ramp, complex exponential etc), even and odd components of a signal.
Linearity of system elements – element relation – superposition principle – Time-invariance - Bilateral versus
unilateral elements
Independent source elements – voltage, current, force, velocity, heat, temperature sources - Interconnection of
elements – interconnection laws for electrical, mechanical and thermal systems
Formulation of System Differential Equation - Formulation of differential equation for Series and Parallel RC
circuits, Series and Parallel RL circuits, mass-damper system, single body heating and cooling system – need
for initial condition specification - equivalence between impulse excitation and initial conditions
First-Order Dynamics- Source-free response of RC circuit – time constant – Source-free response of RL circuit
– time constant –Source-free response of first order mechanical system and thermal system – mechanical time
constant, thermal time constant – DC switching problem in RC and RL Circuits with and without initial energy
storage– Natural response and forced response – transient response – Rise time and fall time in first order
systems – Difference between DC switching and applying step input - Complete Solution for
step/impulse/sinusoid inputs – First order mechanical system impulse and step response - First order thermal
system impulse and step response, generalisations for all first order systems (Eg. Mechanical systems, Thermal
Systems etc.)– zero-input response and zero-state response – relation between them to natural response and
transient response – superposition principle as applied to various response components.
Concept of steady-state – DC steady-state in RC and RL Circuits – Sinusoidal steady-state in first order systems
- sinusoidal steady-state frequency response function of first order systems – periodic steady-state in first order
systems.

Higher Order CT - LTI Systems in Time-domain – Impulse Response Description

Time-domain analysis of second-order systems – The mass-spring-damper system (for example, an ammeter or
voltmeter) - series and parallel RLC – initial conditions – zero-state and zero-input response components -
impulse response – step response – undamped and damped natural frequencies – damping factor – quality factor
– undamped spring-mass system and LC system – weakly damped spring-mass system and LC system – Q
factor versus rate of decay in stored energy in a weakly damped system - time-domain specifications for a
second order system.
Time-domain analysis of higher order systems – Formulation of differential equation for multi-mesh circuits –
determination of initial conditions - solution of nth order Linear ODE using material learnt from Maths Courses
- natural frequencies – natural frequencies versus stability – frequency response function in terms of coefficients
of differential equation - generalisations for nth order linear time-invariant system - Instability in circuits
involving dependent sources.
Convolution Integral – Impulse decomposition of an arbitrary input– convolution integral for zero-state response
of a
LTI system – importance of impulse response – scanning function – depth of memory of an LTI system and
duration of impulse response – relation between DC steady-state output and impulse response – relation between
AC steadystate frequency response function and impulse response.
Properties of systems – linearity, time-invariance, causality and stability in terms of impulse response – cascading
LTI systems with and without inter-stage interaction.
Zero-state output of an LTI System for complex exponential input – condition of ‘dominance’ - eigen function –
eigen value versus system function – system function H(s) of a nth order LTI system

CT- LTI Systems in Frequency-domain - with Arbitrary Inputs

[Revise Fourier Series and analysis of LTI Systems for periodic inputs using Fourier Series and Frequency
Response Function – No class time allotted.]
Signal Expansion in terms of e-st kind of signals – Fourier Transforms (FT)
Aperiodic inputs – Fourier Transform from Fourier Series – interpretation of Fourier transform – revise what
was learnt in Maths I (properties and theorems)– frequency response function and its role in LTI system solution
for aperiodic inputs – band-limiting versus time-limiting of signals – continuity of Fourier transform –
convolution theorem – modulation theorem.
Linear distortion in signal transmission context – amplitude and phase distortion – conditions for distortion-free
transmission – why such conditions cannot be met in practice – Practical distortion criterion for pulse
transmission in terms of energy content of output.
Sampling of CT signals and reconstruction – Nyquist’s Theorem on sampling – ideal interpolation versus practical
interpolation.
Signal Expansion in terms of e-st kind of signals – Laplace Transforms (LT)
Laplace transform from Fourier transform – LT as signal expansion in terms of complex exponential functions
– ROC – revise what was learnt in Maths – Unilateral Laplace Transform – Shifting theorem - use of LT for
solving complete response of LTI system – transfer function and its relation with what was called system
function earlier – poles, zeros- impulse response from pole-zero plot – relation between transfer function and
frequency response

References:

1. Lathi, B.P., Signal Processing and Linear Systems, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006
2. Lathi, B.P., Signals, Systems and Communication, BS Publications, Hyderabad, 2008
3. K.S. Suresh Kumar, Electric Circuits and Networks, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2009
4. Alan V Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd ed., Pearson Education
India Pvt. Ltd., 2014.
5. Charles L. Phillips, John M. Parr & Eve A. Riskin, Signals, Systems and Transforms, 5th ed., Pearson
Education, 2013
6. Simon Haykin, Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, 2nd ed., Wiley India, 2009
 EE2002E MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS

Pre-requisites: NIL
L T P O C

2 1 2 4 3
Total Sessions: 26 (L) + 13(T) + 26(P)

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Explain the basics of Digital Systems.

CO2: Discuss the working of a microprocessor/controller.
CO3: Develop and test programs for processors using assembly / high-level language.
CO4: Test the working of different peripherals in a digital system.
CO5: Design, modify, compile, and debug an assembly / C-Program and generate an executable file for PIC
microcontroller from the code.

Basics of computer
Number systems – Computer languages of different levels – compilers – cross compilers- History of
Microprocessors – Computer architecture (Block diagram) – Memory types, Addressing concept, Timing
diagrams. Memory organization –CISC Vs RISC design philosophy, Von-Neumann Vs Harvard architecture

Experiment:

1. Convert from given number (Including floating point numbers) from any number system to any other
(among
1.Decimel, 2.Hexadecimal, 3.Binary and 4.Octal systems).

Microcontrollers
Microchip PIC 18F 452 Microcontroller - Introduction - Architecture –. AssemblyLanguage programming –
simulation using MPLAB IDE - Programming of I/O ports – Addressing modes. PIC Bank switching – Table
processing – Timers and its programming – Interrupt programming - Example Programs in all these topics.
Concept of development of single board computers – HW using PIC. Programming PIC using C -Language.

Experiment:
2. Write Assembly language program for solving engineering problems such as serialisation, checksum
calculation and verification etc.
3. Download, install and configure MPLAB IDE in a system.
4. Familiarisation of IDE concepts (Various components in IDE, Creation of projects for interworking of
different software in IDE), using MPLAB IDE as a tool.
5. Create a project and attach a source code (Assembly and C) to it, compile and run the code without any
error reported.
6. Simulate a code by single stepping and validate the logical correctness of the code by verifying the
effected registers in each of the step.
7. Using debugging and verification tools of MPLAB IDE , such as logic analyser, stopwatch, variable / IO
port watch etc., verify the code for blinking an LED connected to Port-B pin-2 with 0.5 sec ON and 0.5
Sec OFF time.
8. Use ‘Stimulus’ feature of MPLAB IDE to create an external interrupt and verify the corresponding ISR.
9. Solder a simple PIC circuit in the general purpose PCB , Burn the code (for blinking an LED connected
to any port pin) in the PIC18Fxxx ROM and execute it.
Microprocessors
Intel 8086 processor- Pin configuration of 8086 – Architecture. 8086Vs Low power RISC processor e.g. PIC18F
- 8086 addressing modes – 8086 Instruction set – Assembly Language Programming.
Intel 8086 processor - Interrupts–– Minimum and maximum mode –address decoding.

Experiment:
10. Simulate I8086 assembly codes in any of the software tools.

Interfacing ICs
Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255) - Programmable timer (8253)- -Serial communication interface
(8251) – DMA controller (8257) - Programmable Interrupt Controller (8259). Connecting the interfacing ICs in
a microprocessor-based system.

References:

1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi et al., PIC Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C,
Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2021.
2. Lyla B Das, The x86 Microprocessors, Pearson Education India, 2nd Edition, 2014.
3. Gaonker R.S.,Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and applications with 8085, Penram
International, 3rd edition, 1997.
4. Hall D.V., Microprocessors & Interfacing, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Brey B.B., The Intel Microprocessors - Architecture, Programming & Interfacing, Prentice Hall, 6th
edition, 2004.
6. Liu Y.C. & Gibson G.A., Microcomputer System: The 8086/8088 Family, Architecture Programming
and Design, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd edition, 2004.
7. Uffenbeck J.E., The 8086/8088 Family: Design, Programming & Interfacing, Pearson Education, 3rd
edition, 2002.
8. Ray A.K.& Bhurchandi K.W., Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals, Tata McGraw Hill.
9. Ayala K.J., The 8051 Micro controller, Architecture, Programming and Applications, Penram
International Publishing (India).
10. Trebel, Walter A Singh, Avtar, 8088 and 8086 microprocessors, Programming Interfacing, Software,
Hardware and Aplications, Pearson Education, 4th edition, 2004, 11. Intel Data Book Vol.1 Embedded
Microcontrollers and Processors.

EE2003E ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

Pre-requisites: NIL
L T P O C

3 1 0 5 3
Total Lecture Sessions: 39
Course Outcomes:

CO1: Discuss the fundamental principles and classification of electromagnetic machines.

CO2: Analyse constructional details and principle of operation of dc machines.
CO3: Evaluate the operation, testing and applications of dc generators and motors.
CO4: Discuss constructional details and principle of operation of transformers.
CO5: Apply knowledge about the testing and applications of transformers.

Electromagnetic Machines
Fundamental principles - classification - generators, motors and transformers - elements of electromagnetic
machines - armature windings - single layer winding and double layer winding - lap winding and wave winding
- commutator winding - phase winding - single phase winding and three phase winding - MMF of a winding -
space harmonics - torque developed in a winding - emf developed in a winding - distribution factor - chording
factor.

DC Machines
Construction - principle of operation - magnetic circuit - flux distribution curve in the air-gap - emf equation -
armature reaction - demagnetising and cross magnetising ampere turns - commutation - methods of excitation -
generators and motors.

DC Generators and Motors

Generators - power flow diagram - circuit model - magnetisation characteristics - process of voltage build up -
terminal characteristics - control of terminal voltage - parallel operation - motors - power flow diagram - circuit
model - back emf - torque and speed equations - performance characteristics - starting methods - design of
starters - methods of speed control - testing - Swinburne's test - Hopkinson's test - separation of losses -
retardation test - permanent magnet dc motor - applications.

Transformers
Types and construction - principle of operation - magnetising current - harmonics - ideal and real transformer -
dot convention - current and voltage ratio - equivalent circuit - phasor diagram - per unit impedance - losses -
efficiency and regulation - all day efficiency - OC and SC tests - Sumpner's test - Parallel operation - tap
changing - switching transients - auto transformers - voltage and current relationships - saving of copper -
different connections of three phase transformers - notations - Scott connection - cooling methods.

References:

1. Clayton A E & Hancock N N, Performance and Design of DC Machines, ELBS,1971.

2. Langsdorf A S, Theory of DC Machinery, McGraw Hill, 1999.
3. Nagarath I J & Kothari D P, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999.
4. Say M G, The Performance and Design of AC Machines, CBS, 1983.
5. Chapman S J, Electric Machine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, 1999.
6. Toro V D, Electrical Machines and Power Systems, Prentice Hall, 1988.

EE2004E ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS – II

Pre-requisites: EE1003E
L T P O C

3 1 0 5 3
Total Lecture Sessions: 39
Course Outcomes:

CO1: Design discrete transistor (BJT, JFET, MOSFET) based amplification circuits with given gain and
bandwidth. CO2: Design simple linear signal processing application circuits using general purpose Opamps
CO3: Apply various fixed and adjustable voltage regulator ICs for power supply design.
CO4: Carry out stability analysis on amplifying circuits, evaluate gain margin and phase margin of such circuits
and design suitable compensators for achieving specified phase margins in amplifier design context.
CO5: Design audio/medium frequency amplitude-stabilized sinusoidal oscillators using Opamps.
CO6: Design transistorized Bistable, Astable and Monostable circuits for given specifications.

Frequency Response of Discrete Amplifiers (s-domain approach)

Distortion in amplifiers – Non-linear distortion versus linear distortion – linear distortion due to frequency
response – amplitude distortion and phase distortion - conditions for distortion-less amplification.Low
Frequency response of BJT and FET Amplifiers - Dominant Time Constant in low-frequency range -Selection
of Coupling and Bypass Capacitors for BJT (CE, CB, and Emitter Follower) and FET & MOSFET Amplifiers
(Common Source) for a given lower cut-off frequency.
High Frequency Response of CE current gain of a BJT- -cut off and cut off frequencies - Gain-Bandwidth
productMiller Effect- Dominant Time Constant for high-frequency behavior in a CE Amp, CE Amplifier at high
frequencies, CB Amplifier at high frequencies, Emitter Follower at high frequencies- Effect of Miller
capacitance on bandwidth in each case
High frequency response of CS-FET and CS-MOSFET amplifiers at high frequencies- Dominant Time Constant
for high-frequency behavior in JFET and MOSFET Common Source Amplifiers Cascade Amplifiers – BJT
discrete version, BJT IC version, MOSFET IC version

Basic Opamp Circuits

BJT Differential Amplifiers- Common Mode and Differential Mode gains-CMRR-Current Source Biasing-Offset
behavior - Current Sources for biasing inside an IC.
Operational Amplifier - ideal opamp properties-properties of practical opamps (LM741, LM324, LM358,
LF351, OP07, TL082)-different stages in an opamp-internally compensated and externally compensated
opamps-slew rate - offsets. - Various types of Opamps and their application, Power supply configuration for
Opamps, Interpretation of
Opamp data sheet – Comparison of LM714 and TL082
Analysis of opamp circuits using ideal opamp model- Concept of Feedback-Negative and Positive Feedback-
Loop Gain- Closed Loop Gain - concept of virtual short and its relation to negative feedback – Offset model
of a practical opamp-
Linear Applications of Opamps - Non inverting Amplifier-Gain bandwidth product-Voltage Follower-Inverting
Amplifier-Summing Amplifier-Offset analysis of Non inverting and inverting amplifiers-Subtracting
CircuitInstrumentation Amplifier-Voltage to Current Converter for floating and grounded loads-Opamp
Integrator-Opamp
Differentiator- Series Voltage Regulators-Monolithic Regulators-Three terminal regulators., Fixed and adjustable
Voltage Regulators – Voltage Reference ICs
Some Non-linear Applications of Opamps - Comparison Operation, Opamp as a Comparator, Employing
Positive feedback in Comparators, Non-Inverting and Inverting Comparators with Hysteresis using Opamps -
Astable Multivibrator using Opamp, Square - Triangle Generator, Effect of Opamp Slew rate on Square-Triangle
Generator, Linear VCO using Square-Triangle Circuit, Ramp Generator - Precision Half wave and Full wave
Rectification.
Feedback Amplifiers, Stability and Oscillators (s-domain approach is envisaged)
Voltage Series Feedback on a single time constant voltage to voltage amplifier - Advantages of negative
feedback in a single time constant voltage to voltage amplifier - gain, input and output resistances, rise time,
bandwidth, nonlinearity etc- stability and positive feedback in the above amplifier
Voltage Shunt, Current series and Current Shunt topologies and properties – Discrete Transistor Amplifier
Examples for various feedback topologies.
Voltage Series feedback on a second order amplifier - Closed Loop poles and loop gain - Transient Response of
Closed Loop Amplifier vs Loop Gain
Voltage Series Amplifier with third order open loop amplifier - pole migration to right half of s-plane – Bode Plots
of Loop Gain
Barkhausen’s criterion for stability of feedback amplifiers - Gain Margin and Phase Margin - Introduction to
amplifier compensation-dominant pole compensation- Lag Compensation – Lead-lag Compensation - Sinusoidal
Oscillators -
Phase Shift Oscillator & Wein’s Bridge Oscillator using Opamps – Non-linear Amplitude Limiting in Oscillators
– Non-linear Amplitude stabilization of oscillators – Frequency stability in sinusoidal oscillators – Crystal
oscillators. Bistable and Metastable Transistor Circuits – BJT Circuits with positive feedback – Collector
coupled Bistable, Astable and Monostable Multivibrator Circuits, Emitter coupled Astable Transistor Circuit.

References:

1. A.S Sedra and K.C Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, 5th Edn,2009
2. Millman J, Microelectronic, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,2005.
3. Schilling & Belove, Electronic Circuits – Discrete and Integrated, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi,2006
4. Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi, 2005
5. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1994
6. Gayakwad R.A, OPAMPS & Linear Integrated Circuits, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall of India,1995.
7. Clayton G.B, Operational Amplifiers, 5th edition, Oxford ,2004
8. Frederiksen T.M, Intuitive Operational Amplifiers, McGraw Hill,1996.
 EE2091E ELECTRONICS LABORATORY I

Pre-requisites: NIL
L T P O C

0 0 2 1 1
Total Practical Sessions: 26

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Use different meters and instruments for measurement of electronic quantities
CO2: Study the characteristics of different semiconductor devices like diode, BJT, FET, UJT etc. experimentally
CO3: Design and test various application circuits using diodes
CO4: Design and test various signal and power amplifier circuits using BJTs and FETs
CO5: Design voltage regulation circuits for given specifications.

List of Experiments:

1. Use of CRO: a) Measurement of current, voltage, frequency, and phase shift.

2. Semiconductor diodes: V-I and transfer characteristics of Si, Ge, and Zener diodes.
3. Characteristics of clipping and clamping circuits using diodes and Zener diodes.
4. Rectifiers and filters with and without shunt capacitors- Characteristics of half-wave, full wave, and bridge
rectifiers- Ripple factor, Rectification efficiency, and % regulation.
5. Transistor characteristics in CB and CE configurations - Identification of cut off, active and saturation
regions.
6. JFET characteristics in the common source configuration- determination of equivalent circuit parameters.
7. Characteristics of voltage regulators- Design and testing of:
a) Simple Zener voltage regulator
b) Zener regulator with emitter follower output.
8. UJT Characteristics and UJT relaxation oscillator- Design for a particular frequency.
9. RC coupled amplifier using BJT in CE configuration- measurement of gain, input and output impedance
and frequency response
10. BJT emitter follower- Measurement of voltage gain, current gain, input impedance, output impedance and
load characteristics
11. FET amplifier- Measurement of voltage gain, current gain, input, and output impedance.
12. Power amplifiers- Class AB (complementary symmetry).

Note: Normally the practical classes are administered in two cycles. Depending on the availability of equipment
and time, class coordinators may choose the experiments for each cycle.

References:

1. Boylested &Nashesky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10th Edn, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2009