MID-TERM REVIEWER IN IWR
LESSON 3: BUDDHISM; THE MIDDLE WAY
BUDDHISM- - began in India in the 6th century BCE.
-founder: Siddhartha Gautama.
-is a highly diverse religion of about 400 million people.
THE DHARMA OR DHAMMA- Buddhists are followers of the dharma, or dhamma, the principle of cosmic
order, but other branches of Buddhism vary as to how the dharma can be achieved.
FAT/ LAUGHING BUDDHA- Hotei or Budai, originates from China, came from folklores.
- symbolizes luck, happiness, and wealth.
SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA- was a Nepali prince who was born around 563 BCE.
-Father: King Suddhodana
-Mother: Queen Maha Maya
-Prophecy: It is said that he was going to be a great political leader or a homeless monk.
SHAKYA CLAN- Siddhartha’s family clan
KING SUDDHODANA- Father of Siddhartha
QUEEN MAHA MAYA- Mother of Siddhartha
FOUR PASSING SITES
1. A DISTRESSED OLD MAN
2. A MAN INFLICTED BY ILLNESS
3. A DEAD MAN BEING CARRIED ON A FUNERAL
4. A RELIGIOUS ASCETIC CALMLY WALKING ALONE IN A YELLOW ROBE
GREAT RENUNCIATION-
BODHI TREE- Siddhartha sat under it and told himself that he won’t rise until he reached a state of spiritual
enlightenment in Bodh Gaya.
MARA- god of desire and death, tempted Siddhartha to back to the palace, He rejected.
BUDDHA- represents enlightenment. “ the enlightened one”.
KING ASHOKA- Mauryan Empire, renounced his violent ways and accepted the teachings of the Buddha. In 270
BCE, Ashoka became the monarch of northern India and stayed in power for about 35 years.
- Using his authority, Ashoka commanded that his subjects follow the Buddha's teachings and even
sent missionaries abroad to spread Buddhist teachings as far as the Middle East and the
Mediterranean.
SRI LANKA- today, remains as one of the centers of preservation of early Buddhist history.
THREE PATHS OF BUDDHISM
THERAVADA - literally means "the way of the elders”.
-considered as the conservative school of Buddhist thought as it is the only survivor among other
conservative Buddhist schools of thought.
- follows the purest form of the true message of the Buddha.
-Their attempts to reconstruct the Buddha's life and teachings are based on the earliest evidence
of Buddhist tradition
-HINAYANA- small vehicle/ raft. (in Mahayana Terms)
MAHAYANA--literally means "large vehicle”.
-can be better understood when taken in the context of the Indian worldview where the cycle of
rebirth is portrayed as a riverbank on the other side represents liberation. The function of religion
in Indian thought, therefore, is to carry the human person from his current riverbank to the
riverbank of human liberation.
VAJRAYANA-Literally means "thunderbolt, or diamond vehicle".
-Although Vajrayana Buddhism is recognized as a sub-branch of Mahayana Buddhism, it is
considered as the esoteric school and is today known as Tibetan Buddhism or Zen Buddhism.
THE FOUR NOVEL TRUTHS
DUKKHA, SUFFERING- The Buddha identified the most fundamental problem as inherent to human existence:
suffering, or dukkha. To exist is to suffer. To be born is to suffer. To die is to suffer. To be ill is to
suffer. To hate is to suffer. To be separated is to suffer. To need is to suffer. In simpler words,
according to the Buddha, to live is to suffer. The spiritual journey, according to the Buddha, begins
with the acceptance that suffering in life is inevitable, as the Buddha himself witnessed and
experienced.
TANHHA, DESIRE- The main cause of suffering is the desire for sensual pleasure, the desire to be born again,
the desire for life to end. In simpler words, the Buddha taught that the cause of suffering is the
desire, or tanha, leads to attachment Suffering is borne out of the desire to become attached to
things or people.
NIRVANA, THE END OF DESIRE AND SUFFERING- The Buddha's third idea is that an existence that is marked by
suffering does not have to end in suffering) If the Buddha himself found a way to escape from
suffering, so can those who follow his teachings, specifically on how one finds a way to the end of
desire and suffering, or nirvana.
A common image of nirvana is the lotus flower. The lotus grows in marshy and murky areas, but grows a
lovely, white flower which symbolizes purity in the midst of the muddy waters. Like the lotus flower, a person
in the state of nirvana is not tainted by the stains of life.
ARHANT- A person who follows the teachings of the Buddha and has consequently achieved enlightenment.
NIRVANA- is a state of calm, peace, joy, bliss, and perfection.
THE EIGHTFOLD PATH-
1. RIGHT BELIEF- also known as right understanding or right view, means having a proper
perspective of the nature of reality.
2. RIGHT ASPIRATION- also known as right purpose or right thought, means liberating one's
mind from the desires of the senses such as malice and greed.
3. RIGHT SPEECH- involves not bearing false witness to other persons, not spreading gossips,
not using harsh words, not speaking vulgar or injurious talk, and not falling into the habit of
useless conversation.
4. RIGHT CONDUCT - also known as right action, means not killing other living things, not
stealing, avoiding illegal sexual relations, and avoiding gambling.
5. RIGHT MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD - involve earning a living in ways consistent to the Buddhist
teachings.
6. RIGHT ENDEAVOUR- also known as right effort, means avoiding any form of action that will
cause a negative karmic influence, and instead pursuing beneficial actions.
7. RIGHT MINDFULNESS- also known as right alertness, means giving oneself diligently to
focused observation of oneself and others.
8. RIGHT MEDITATION- Wisdom or Prajna, is based on right belief and right aspiration.
LESSON 4: CONFUCIANISM AND TAOISM; THE WAYS OF VIRTUE AND NATURE
CONFUCIANISM- was commonly agreed to be formed under the hands of Confucius. He was the one
responsible for the creation of its fundamental doctrines. Therefore, Confucianism is a school of
thought founded by Confucius.
CONFUCIUS- the name was only given by Catholic missionaries in the 16TH century.
-Latin translation of the Chinese "Kong Fuzi" or Master Kong.
KONG FUZI- the name by which the great philosopher was known.
- “Kong”, his family name, “fu” an honorary addition, “zi” meant master or teacher.
KONG QUI- Confucius' original Chinese name.
The titles PERFECT SAGE and ANCIENT TEACHER were given to CONFUCIUS.
CONFUCIAN SCHOOL- After the death of Confucius, the Confucian School of thought remained as one of the
many schools existing in China. It was only in of thought the time of the reign of the Emperor Wu
that Confucianism became a dominant school and an orthodox ideology.
JIAO- Confucianism was given the name jiao, which implies a system of observance of rituals, discipline of
behavior and faith in the teachings of the founder of a tradition.
TAOISM- Taoism, indigenous religio-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000
years. In the broadest sense, a Taoist attitude toward life can be seen in the accepting and yielding,
the joyful and carefree sides of the Chinese character, an attitude that offsets and complements
the moral and duty-conscious, austere and purposeful character ascribed to Confucianism.
(Strickmann, Ames, 2024; Britannica.com)
LAO TZU- was a Chinese philosopher credited with founding the philosophical system of Taoism.
- Taoism’s legendary forefather, Lao Tzu, was said to have been born to a virgin, at around 604 BCE.
- “The Old Master.”
According to Taoist tradition, Lao Tzu travelled away from society riding an ox. The gatekeeper to the western
regions recognized Lao Tzu and did not allow him to pass through the gate until Lao Tzu wrote down his life's
philosophy. Through short, perplexing poems, Lao Tzu wrote a discourse on how one must live, and called it
the TAO TE CHING, which is sometimes simply known as the Lao Tzu.
TAO TE CHING is made up of just 81 brief chapters.
THE FIVE CLASSICS (WUJING)
CLASSIC OF POETRY (SHIJING)- This Confucian classic is also known as the Book of Odes or
Book of Songs. It is considered the oldest collection of Chinese poetry, composed of 305 poems that deal with
different topics. Some poems in the Shijing talk about love, war, and/or the daily lives of people.
CLASSIC OF HISTORY (SHUJING)- This Confucian classic is also known as the Book of Documents.
It is considered as the first historical narrative of prominent figures in ancient China, containing 58 chapters
that depict events in ancient Chinese history. The collection has also been a basis of Chinese political
philosophy for 2,000 years.
CLASSIC OF CHANGES (YIJING)- This Confucian classic is more popularly known as I Ching.
It contains systems of divination practices, some of which are still used in China. I Ching is an influential text
that is read in most parts of the world as it provides inspiration to the disciplines of religion, psychoanalysis,
business, literature, and art.
CLASSIC OF RITES (LIJI)- This Confucian classic contains descriptions of social norms, governmental
organization, and the ritual conduct present during the age of Zhou Dynasty. According to this record of rites,
proper ritual conduct and emphasis on the virtue of piety is important for the maintenance of harmony in an
empire.
SPRING AND AUTUMN ANNALS (CHUNQIU)- This Confucian classic is also called as the Chronicles of
the Spring and Autumn Period. Though it is also a narrative of the events in ancient China, it differs from the
classic of history. Unlike the classic o history, these chronicles were specifically created for chronicling purposes
only as it serves as the official chronicle of the state of Lu. These records include the list of marriages, deaths,
and funerals of rulers, battles fought, won and lost, sacrificial rituals observed, celestial phenomena and
natural disasters.
THE FOUR BOOKS (SI SHU)
The Si Shu are four classic texts that form the other half or the Confucian canon. They were mainly composed
way after the death of Confucius, during an attempt to revive his teachings. The Si Shu illustrate the core values
and belief systems in Confucianism. Therefore, the Si Shu are embodiments of the Confucian teachings and
traditions.
Later on, they were made the core of the official curriculum for civil service examinations in China.
THE GREAT LEARNING (DAXUE)
THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN (ZHONGYONG)
THE BOOK OF MENCIUS (MENGZI)
ANALECTS (LUNYU)
YIN AND YANG- The dynamism of the yin and the yang, the view that two intermingling and interdependent
forces are present in reality, was made popular ever before the Confucian and Taoist philosophies
took their forms.
YIN- is the feminine force, symbolized by the dragon. The yin and the yang share an eternal complementarity.
It is male and female, front and back, right and left, up and down, in and out, sound and silence,
birth and death.
YANG- is labelled to be active, hard, warm, dry, bright, positive and procreative. The yang is the dark, negative
and destructive force.
TAO- is which that cannot be named or explained.
JUNZI- or the Superior Man, The goal of all Confucian spirituality.
WU WEI- is to be one’s simple, natural self.
MID-TERM REVIEWER IN CPAR
CPAR CHAPTER 2, LESSON 1: PHILIPPINES ART
LEO BENESA- “What is Philippine about Philippine Art?”
The discussion of what is Philippine about Philippine Art, conveyed by Leo Benesa (2015)
demonstrated that there are various bases of what makes artwork, and an artist considered to
be a “Filipino-ness” piece.
“FILIPINO-NESS”- There are Filipino artists considered to be a very Filipino painters due to the fact that these
artists’ approach in their arts are incredibly and undoubtedly painted-well and memorably.
Being a Filipino and creating art wholeheartedly representing our country should the things
need to idealize to make a Filipino artist more Filipino.
GENRE- It is used to be the major consideration in determining the “Filipino-ness” of a work of art.
PLANTING RICE- Fernando Amorsolo
SPOLARIUM- Juan Luna
CPAR CHAPTER 2, LESSON 2: PHILIPPINES POPULAR ART
POP ART- is short for popular art.
It refers to works that are generally recognized, consumed and enjoyed by the majority of the Filipino people
or the so-called “masang Pilipino.”
PHILIPPINES MOST COMMON ART FORMS OF POP ART CULTURE
Philippine Popular Literature,
Philippine Popular Music,
Philippine Popular Dance,
Philippine Popular Movie.
PHILIPPINE POPULAR LITERATURE-is a treasure of written or spoken works from the Philippines.
-This literature is a reflection of the country's history, culture, and experiences of its
people.
BOB ONG- He is a contemporary Filipino author and one of the most notable people in literature.
FAMOUS WORKS:
• ABNKKBSNPLAko?
• Bakit Baliktad Magbasa Ng Libro Ang Mga Pilipino?
• MacArthur
PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC-Philippine music industry, Original Pinoy Music (OPM) or Pinoy pop has been
regularly showcased in the live band scene.
-In the millennium up to the 2010s, famous Filipino pop music artists include
Sarah Geronimo, Erik Santos, and Yeng Constantino.
PHILIPPINE POPULAR DANCE- In the field of dancing, Filipino still ranked up and holds the title for being the
best.
-Some of the most famous dance groups in the Philippines are Philippine All Star
Dance Crew, Ateam, XB Gensan, and El Gamma Penumbra.
PHILIPPINE POPULAR MOVIE- In the movie industry, it is good to know that there are more indie films that are
being produced nowadays than mainstream movies.
-Some examples of them are Heneral Luna, Ang babae sa Septic Tank, Die
Beautiful, and many more.
CPAR CHAPTER 2, LESSON 3: NATIONAL ART CENTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES- (CCP) is the premiere showcase of the arts in the Philippines.
-It is founded in 1969 and has been producing and presenting music,
dance, theater, visual arts, literary, cinematic and design events from
the Philippines and all over the world for more than forty years.
- has a purpose of promoting and preserving the best of Filipino arts
and culture.
NINE RESIDENT COMPANIES,
Ballet Philippines,
Philippine Ballet Theater,
Tanghalang Pilipino,
Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group,
the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company,
Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra,
UST Symphony Orchestra,
Philippine Madrigal Singers,
The National Music Competition for Young Artists Foundation
(NAMCYA).
NATIONAL CENTERFOR CULTURAL ART- (NCCA), Philippines is the overall policy making body, coordinating,
and grants giving agency for the preservation, development, and
promotion of Philippine arts and culture.
-The government’s support for cultural development is particularly
highlighted by the passage of R.A. 7356 that created the NCCA.
CPAR CHAPTER 2, LESSON 4: NATIONAL ARTISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN
NATIONAL ARTIST- is a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of National Artist in recognition of
his or her significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts and letters.
-National artists have made significant contributions in their own field of expertise, earning
them the Order of National Artists.
ORDER NATIONAL ARTIST- (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is a rank, title and a wearable
award that represents the highest national recognition given to Filipinos who have made
distinct contributions in the field of arts and letters.
THE ISIGNIA OF THE ORDER NATIONAL ARTISTS-The insignia of the Order of the National Artists is composed
of a Grand Collar featuring circular links portraying the arts, and an eight-pointed
conventionalized sunburst suspended from a sampaguita wreath in green and white
enamel.
The central badge is a medallion divided into three equal portions, red, white, and blue, recalling the Philippine flag
KKK- with three stylized letter Ks - the “KKK” stands for the CCP’s motto: “katotohanan, kabutihan, at
kagandahan” (“the true, the good, and the beautiful”).
POST HUMOUS AWARD- is granted after the recipient has died.
GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA) OR NATIONAL LIVING TREASURES AWARD
An award which honors artists who have made significant mark in folk or traditional arts and who have
reached a high level of technical skill and artistic excellence.
MID-TERM REVIEWER IN EAPP
LESSON 3: LOCATING SOURCES IN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TEXT
PLAGIARISM- The act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as
your own without giving credit.
-may be intentional, reckless, and unintentional.
SID MASON- “Plagiarism is lying, cheating, and stealing all at once.”
COMMON EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM
- Turning in someone else’s work as your own.
- Copying ideas from other without giving credit.
- Failing to put quotation marks.
- Giving incorrect information about the quotation.
- Changing words but copying the structure without giving credit.
-Copying so many words/ ideas that it makes up the majority of your work.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
DIRECT PLAGIARISM- Word-for-word transcription of someone’s work without credit.
SELF PLAGIARISM- Submitting own previous work.
MOSAIC PLAGIARISM- Borrowing the phrases from the source without quotation marks or using
synonyms from the author language while keeping the same structure.
ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM- Neglecting to cite sources, unintentionally without attribution.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE PLAGIARIZE
1. Laziness
2. Fame
3. Fear of Success
4. Procrastination
5. Panic
6. Misbelief and misinformation
7. Apathy and indifference
CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM (ACADEMIC)
-Failure in task/class.
-Disciplinary Action
-Academic Dismissal
-Withdrawal of diploma/ degree
CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM (PROFESSIONAL)
-Loss of employment
-Fines/ Penalties
-Lawsuits
-Loss of reputation
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
1. Put everything in your own words. DO NOT copy.
2. Give credit where credit is due.
INCORPORATING SOURCES IN ACADEMIC AND PRODESSIONAL TEXT
SUMMARIZING- Short statement of the main idea or key points of a text.
PARAPHRASING-Restating a statement or passage in your own words.
LITERAL PARAPHRASING- changing the vocabularies with the same structure.
STRUCTURAL PARAPHRASING- changing the whole structure of the source.
ALTERNATIVE PARAPHRASING- Imposing a question then answering it by connecting the ideas.
CITATION-The way you tell your readers that certain materials in your work came from another sources.
WHAT TO INCLUDE IN CITATION
1. Author background
2. Title
3. Publishing Company
4. Page Numbers
CITATION STYLES
-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)- Education, Psychology, and Science.
-MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)- Humanities
-CHICAGO/ TURABIAN- Business, History and Fine Arts
ORIENTATION OF CITATION
-AUTHOR- ORIENTED CITATION
-TEXT- ORIENTED CITATION
ACCORDING TO…
LESSON 4: WRITNG STRATEGIES FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TEXTS
WRITING AN ACADEMIC ESSAY BY DANIEL TARKER
ESSAY- exigere which means: Examine, Test, Drive out.
- A piece of writing that informs or persuades its audience by reasoned discourse.
REASONS FOR WRITING ESSAY
-Discover Knowledge
-Make a point
-Persuade the reader
-Share information
-Synthesize information
-Analyz a topic
-All of the Above
THREE-PART OF ESSAY STRUCTURE
1. INTRODUCTION
- Provides reader with a clear idea of the focus and aim of the text.
- Presents the topic of the essay or article.
- Often accompanied by a thesis statement (the claim that the writer wishes to make)
- Context or Background
- Introduces, Theoretical perspectives, terminology, etc.
-Explains how the writing will be organized.
2. BODY
-Where the essays or article’s argument, ideas, and results are developed and discussed.
3. CONCLUSION
-Contains a brief restatement of the arguments and facts that have been said in the body.
GETTING IDEAS on WHAT TO WRITE
-Read texts related to your topic
-Brainstorming techniques; Listing Ideas, Clustering/ Mind Mapping, Free writing
-Discuss the issue with others
-Research the topic
WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
a. Hook the reader
b. Contextualize your arguments or topic.
c. Provide necessary background information about the topic.
TYPES OF HOOK STATEMENT
-Question Hook
-Strong Statement Hook
-Statistic or Fact Hook
-Smile or Metaphor Hook
-Story Hook
-Description Hook
-Quotation Hook
WRITING THE BODY
-Use transition words to create COHERENCE and bridge ideas so the reader does not get
confused. (Example: First, Second…., In Addition…., Nevertheless…, etc)
WRITING THE CONCLUSION
-Re-state your thesis statement in different way.
-Make Strong closing comment.
-Leave the reader with a closing thought.
