Comprehensive Guide to Computer Hardware Maintenance
Ensuring Optimal Performance and Longevity of Computer Systems
Author: Emmanuella (Ella)
Institution: Oak Business School
Date: November 2024
Table of Contents
1. 1. 1. Introduction to Computer Hardware
2. 2. 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. 3. 3. Random Access Memory (RAM)
4. 4. 4. Storage Devices
5. 5. 5. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
6. 6. 6. Preventive Maintenance Schedule
7. 7. 7. Troubleshooting Common Issues
8. 8. 8. Documentation and Record Keeping
9. 9. 9. Conclusion and References
Introduction to Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. Proper
maintenance is crucial for ensuring the optimal functioning of these components.
### Importance of Regular Maintenance
- **Extends Hardware Lifespan:** Ensures components remain operational for a longer
time.
- **Maintains Optimal Performance:** Prevents slowdowns caused by accumulated dust or
thermal inefficiencies.
- **Prevents Data Loss:** Reduces risks of hardware failure that could lead to loss of
important files.
- **Reduces Repair Costs:** Routine maintenance prevents expensive repairs.
- **Ensures System Reliability:** Minimizes unexpected system crashes.
### Essential Tools for Maintenance
- **Anti-static Wrist Strap:** Prevents static electricity damage.
- **Compressed Air Canister:** Safely removes dust from hard-to-reach areas.
- **Precision Screwdriver Set:** Useful for disassembling components.
- **Thermal Paste and Removal Solution:** Used for reapplying on CPUs and GPUs.
- **Isopropyl Alcohol (90%+):** Ideal for cleaning contacts and thermal paste removal.
- **Hardware Diagnostics Software:** Tools like HWMonitor help monitor system health.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for processing instructions. Proper care is
essential to ensure its performance.
### Function and Architecture
- **Control Unit (CU):** Fetches and decodes instructions, coordinating with other
components.
- **Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):** Handles calculations and logical operations.
- **Registers:** Temporary storage for immediate tasks.
- **Cache Memory:** Speeds up data access with levels L1, L2, and L3 caches.
### Maintenance Procedures
#### Cooling System Maintenance
1. **Heatsink Cleaning:**
- Remove the heatsink and clean old thermal paste using isopropyl alcohol.
- Apply a pea-sized amount of new thermal paste and reinstall.
2. **Fan Maintenance:**
- Clean blades using compressed air.
- Check for unusual noise and replace faulty fans.
#### Temperature Monitoring
- Use tools like HWMonitor.
- Normal idle temperature: 30-40°C, under load: 60-80°C.
#### Performance Optimization
- Update CPU microcode via BIOS.
- Ensure proper power management settings are enabled.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM temporarily stores data for processing. Regular maintenance ensures seamless
performance.
### Types and Specifications
- **DDR4:** Voltage: 1.2V, Speed: 2133-4800 MHz.
- **DDR5:** Voltage: 1.1V, Speed: 4800-6400 MHz.
### Maintenance Procedures
1. **Installation Best Practices:**
- Align notches carefully before inserting.
- Ensure matched pairs for dual-channel operation.
2. **Cleaning Procedures:**
- Clean contacts with isopropyl alcohol.
- Use compressed air for dust removal.
3. **Performance Testing:**
- Use MemTest86+ for stability testing.
- Verify timing settings in BIOS.
