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UNDERSTANDING

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THE SELF
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THE SELF ACCORDING TO ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS

1. SOCRATES (496-399 B.C.)

✓ Forerunner of Western Philosophy
✓ Self is composed of:
o Physical, Tangible & Mortal Aspects (Body); changing Soul-Immortal & Unchanging
✓ Body and soul are attached when alive
o BOTH parts of our self are present in the PHYSICAL REALM

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o Upon death, soul travels to the IDEAL REALM
o Thus, making our soul IMMORTAL.
✓ THE TRUE SELF is NOT to be identified with what we own, with our social status, with our
reputation, or even with our body.

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✓ Instead Socrates maintained that our TRUE SELF is our SOUL.
✓ Socrates is known for his dictum: "IGNORANCE IS THE BEGINNING OF WISDOM"

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✓ and his advice, "Know Thyself"

2. PLATO (428-348 B.C)

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✓ "Self is an IMMORTAL Soul in a MORTAL perishable body."
✓ Soul is TRIPARTITE in nature.
✓ In short, each person's soul is divided into 3 different parts.
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o Immortal, Rational (Soul)
o Courage (Spirited) Part
o Appetitive Part
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3. ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C)

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✓ The human person is NOT a soul DISTINCT from a human body.

✓ The human person is COMPOSITE of BODY & SOUL.
✓ SELF is composed of:
o Body and Soul
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o Passion and Reason

o Mind and Matter
o Sense and Intellect
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The Self from a SOCIOLOGICAL Perspective

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Socialization- The process of INTERNALIZING the norms of society which influence one's beliefs,
actions and behavior.
1. George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
✓ Self is NOT there at birth
✓ NOT based on inherited traits
✓ Self is developed from Social Experiences & Activities
✓ Other people play a significant role in HOW we VIEW OURSELVES.
✓ The influence is RESTRICTED only to a "significant others" & a certain periods ✓
Children act based on personal beliefs but also on what SOCIETY EXPECTS of them. ✓
Types Personality: I and ME
 o The "I" is the natural, existential aspect of the self which represents our individual's
identity.
o The “ME" refers to the SOCIALIZED me or the CULTURED SELF; conventional
individua, this also refers to the SOCIALIZED aspect of the individual.
2. CHARLES COOLEY (1864- 1929)
✓ Looking-Glass Self Theory We learn to view ourselves as we think OTHERS VIEW us. has a
major impact on one's SELF-IMAGE
✓ Three (3) STEPS (Looking Glass Self)
✓ We imagine HOW we APPEAR to others
✓ We imagine HOW OTHERS JUDGE our appearance.

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✓ WE develop FEELINGS about & RESPONSES to these judgments.
✓ We are NOT influenced by other people's opinion per se.
✓ We are influenced by our own imagination or perceptions on how o thers see us. ✓
When learners are ACCEPTED & VALUED by others, they tend to feel HIGH SELF- ✓

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ESTEEM.

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The Self from ANTHROPOLOGICAL Perspective

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Anthropology - employs a HOLISTIC approach to the study of the self.

Naomi Quinn - Self is a "TOTALITY of what an organism is PHYSICALLY,

✓ BIOLOGICALLY, PSYCHOLOGICALLY, SOCIALLY & CULTURALLY.
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Anthropology seeks to discover the INTERRELATIONSHIPS between various SCIENTIFC
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MODELS of human beings.

They are concerned with human UNIVERSALS as well as human VARIETY
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Two Common Pitfalls that must be avoided in our study of the self:
STRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH - Stacking independent models one after another
WITHOUT interrelating them; NO INTEGRATION of the different selves.
REDUCTIONISM- attempts to interpret all observations by
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REDUCING them to SINGLE LEVEL analysis. Example: Life is defined ONLY in terms of
chemical reactions.
Understanding of the self from ANTHROPOLOGICAL point of view necessarily inciudes a
study of CULTURE
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A person's culture influences his/her PHYSICAL being.

People's physical being also affects the kind of culture they build and the ways in
which they relate to fellow human being.
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2 Contrasting Models of Self

Egocentric Self - focuses on individual self
Sociocentric View of Self - focuses on one's social group; socially-oriented
The Self from a PSYCHOL0GICAL Perspective
Psychology - in psychology, the SENSE of SELF is defined as the way a person thinks about
and views his or her traits, beliefs and purpose within the world.
Self- Is a MULTILEVEL system that emerges from MULTIFACETED interactions of
mechanisms operating at NEURAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL & SOCIAL levels
1. William James (1842 -1910)
Self is the totality of ALL that a person can call his or hers.
Two divisions of the self:
self-as-subject
The thinker that does the thinking
Pure ego
"ME" self-as-object
observing"
o Material self

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o Spiritual self
o Social Self

Empirical Me

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✓ SELF-"It is an OBJECT that can be observed and a SUBJECT, an agent that does the

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Material Self
✓ The core of the material self is the body. Associated with the body are clothes, family, home,
& material possession.

Social Self
✓ is who a person is in a social situation
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Western - the person given recognition by others
✓ A person has MANY SOCIAL selves as the number of social situations
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✓ he/she participates in.

✓ Social selves may be CONTRADICTORY, depending on how others view you.
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Spiritual Self
• It is the person's SUBJECTIVE & MOST INTIMATE self.
• Includes personality, core values, conscience
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Asks spiritual, moral and intellectual questions

The Self in WESTERN & ORIENTAL Thought
• Oriental (Eastern)
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• One integrated whole

• One with society
• Collectivism is strong
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• Individualistic in nature
• Independent part of the universe
• Individualism is strong

GENDER IDENTITY
• An INTERNAL AWARENESS of where the individual belongs in the feminine and masculine
categories

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
• Refers to the DIRECTION of one's SEXUAL & ROMANTIC INTERESTS
Example: heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual

MAMAWAW
• Men-Are-Men-And-Women-Are-Women
• Views sex or gender as based on CORE or INNATE differences
• "Female Hormones" & "Male Hormones" fuel the different sexes leading to differences in their
shape & behavior.

GENDER IDENTITY TERMINOLOGIES

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1. Cisgender
• More often referred to as "cis"
• The Latin prefixcis" means " "on this side"

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• Referring to everyone either asa MAN or a WOMAN
• Is a MALE or a FEMALE that identifies with the sex that was assigned at birth
2. Genderqueer

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• Is used to describe a gender identity when the binary conceptualization of • gender, male or
female, does NOT accurately describe an individual's gendered outlook or self-concept

3. Intersex
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• Describes a variety of medical conditions wherein an individual's reproductive anatomy or
genitals do NOT fit the BINARY definitions of male or female
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4. Transgenderman
• Female to Man (FtM)
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• Is a MAN whose SEX is FEMALE but he lives and identifies as MALE

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5. Transgender Woman
• Male to Female (MF)
• Is a WOMAN whose SEX is MALE but she lives and identifies as FEMALE
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GENDER EXPRESSION
• The MANNER by which people express themselves & behave.
• There are some people whose gender expression does NOT MATCH their gender identity
and who are more comfortable dressing up and presenting themselves as OPPOSTE SEX.
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PAYERENCE

SEXUAL ORIENTATION ePCKENLE

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• Refers to the DIRECTION of one's SEXUAL & ROMANTIC INTERESTS

SEXUAL ORIENTATION TERMINOLOGIES

1. ASEXUAL
• Refers to the ABSENCE of PHYSICAL or SEXUAL attraction to another human being.
2. GAY
• An asexual man or woman can have romantic, intellectual, or emotional attractions to other
people but they DO NOT ENGAGE İn PHYSICAL SEXUAL ACTS.
3. BISEXUAL
• The sexual orientation that describes either a male or a female who is attracted to BOTH
MALES & FEMALES.
• Can refer to either gay males and/or lesbians
• Gay males are self-identified men who are emotionally, physically, romantically and/or
sexually attracted to people who identify as male.
4. LESBIAN
• A self-identified FEMALE who is emotionally, physically, romantically and/or sexually attracted
to people who identify as female.

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5. HETEROSEXUAL
• An individual who identifies as either male or female (cisgender, FtM, or MtF) and is attracted
to individuals of the OPPOSITE SEX

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6. QUEER
• An umbrella term that is used to describe an individual's self-concept of their sexual
orientation identity.

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Factors Contributing to Sexual Orientation
1. Biological Factor
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• The probability of becoming a homosexual man increases with the number of older brothers,
as compared to men who have no siblings, have younger siblings only, or older sisters
(Blanchard & Lippa, 2007; Blanchard, 2004)
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• MATERNAL IMMUNE HYPOTHESIS
o There are some mothers who become progressively IMMUNE to MASCULINIZING
hormones as they bear male fetuses and such hormones may be DEACTIVATED in
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the later pregnancies of their sons (Blanchard, 2004)

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2. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
• SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES
o Early exposure to an enjoyable male-male or female-female sexual encounters o
Unavailability of a sexual partner of the opposite sex in one's cultural group o An
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experience of childhood sexual abuse by someone of the same gender that influences
their sexual orientation
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THE MATERIAL SELF

• It is a dimension of the self that relates to physical materials.
• Material self refers to ourbody, as well as the tangible objects, places, things that we describe
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as "My" or "Mine"
• 2 Subclasses:
1. The BODY SELF - referring to our body and all its part
2. The EXTRA-CORPOREAL SELF - beyond the body which is our EXTENDED self.
It includes all the people, places, things that we regard as OURS
William James said that the material self basically refers to our (1) body, (2) clothes,
(3) immediate family and (4) home
Roland Barthes (1915-1980), a French critical theorist, was the first to observe
the relationship that people have with objects.
Two Elements of a Sign
1. Signifier - referring to its PHYSICAL form
2. SIGNIFIED - referring to one's MENTAL concept about the object and its EFFECT on him.
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
• It is another dimension of the SELF.
• It is referred to as the REAL, TRUE or AUTHENTIC YOU without influence, stereotypes, or
assumptions.
• It is not related to our race, our religion, gender nor our concerns NOT even our physical
appearance.

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• It is the YOU without patterns.
• It is the beautiful YOU in appearance form.

SPIRITUALITY

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• Is usually associated with our own existence and a search for the purpose and meaning of life
• It is a universal human experience that has touched all of us.
• Spirituality may be connected to some larger questions about life and identity. • Questions like

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"Am l a good person? Why do I have to go through thís difficulty? Why are these things
happening to me?"

RELIGIOSITY
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• Defined by Sherkat (2015) as characteristic of individuals and collectivities that displays
various features of beliefs about the supernatural.
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• Macayan, et. al, (2018) refers to religiosity as the adherence to a belief system and practices
associated with a tradition in which there is agreement about what is belleved and practiced. •
This includes proscriptions of a particular church, like manner of dressing when attending
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church activities, obligatory contributions for the support of their church, proper observance of
feasts and rituals, even in the choice of hair style, the kind of food to be eaten or not eaten, etc.
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• RELIGIOSITY- COMMUNAL happening in communities and in groups

• SPIRITUALITY - INDIVIDUAL - conversion is something personal, because individual behave
and react differently to the same situations and events.
• SPIRITUALITY we find answers to such questions as:
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• Where do I find meaning?

• How do I feel connected?
• How should I live?
• RELIGIOSITY- lead us to respond to such questions as:
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• What practices, rules or rituals should I follow?

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THE POLITICAL SELF

• Political Self and the Filipino ldentity
• Political Self- helps individuals understand and function effectively in society. • National
identity - includes territorial, tribal/ethnic, religious, linguistic, class and gender identities
• (LINGUISTIC) Filipino and English - the Philippines' official languages 182 living languages; 4
extinct languages
• (RELIGIOUS) Religions in the Philippines
• Catholics
• Protestants
• Muslims
Integration of different social identities COLLECTIVE SELF

Government- tasked to balance the need for national unity

ETHNIC vs. NATIONAL identities

ETHNIC IDENTITY - source of individual pride among cultural minorities Ethnic distinctiveness (in
group favoritism) - creates cultural and political divide, weakens common bonds, intensifies group
conflict

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NATIONAL IDENTITY-boost one's sense of duty as a citizen of a particular country.

Has 3 dimnensions:
• Self-categorization - identification with a group and a sense of

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• psychological belongingness (relates to birthplace, age, social status,
• religion - with political consequences)

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Affect "identification with" a particular group (psychological attachment rather than group
membership)

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"Blind patriotism", "chauvinism" extreme belief that one's country is

superior Ethnocentrism - own group superior vs. other groups

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Normative contents - particular set of ideas about what makes a nation distinctive (members, core
values, goals, territory, relations to other nations)
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Symbols - promote national consciousness (ex. Flag, costume, fruit, animal, etc.)
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