WEEK 4

DAY 1: PROGRESSIVE TEST 1

READING PASSAGE 1:
1/205
-where dolls were produced in large quantity ~ In Germany, where millions were mass-produced.
C
2. An explanation for why certain dolls had female characteristics = their feminine features suggest that
they may be connected to fertility.
3. a material that made dolls look more human = started making dolls’ faces out of porcelain to give them a
more lifelike skin tone.
4. The earliest dolls = The first dolls.
-Have been found = were discovered
5. Were decorated with = were adorned with.
-squares and triangles ~ shapes

-vary widely in both construction and purpose : rất đa dạng về cấu tạo và mục đích sử dụng.
-Contemporary /kənˈtemprəri/ (a) (B2): belonging to the same time
 We have no contemporary account of the battle (= written near the time that it happened).
 contemporary with somebody/something He was contemporary with the dramatist Congreve.
 The amphitheatre is roughly contemporary with the Colosseum in Rome.
-Egyptian paddle dolls : búp bê mái chèo Ai Cập
-Speculation /ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/ (B2) (C/U): the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might
happen without knowing all the facts
 His private life is the subject of much speculation.
 speculation that… There was widespread speculation that she was going to resign.
 speculation about something Today's announcement ends months of speculation about the
company's future.
 speculation over something The president’s absence led to speculation over his health.
 She dismissed the newspaper reports as pure speculation.
 Our speculations proved right.
-Representation /ˌreprɪzenˈteɪʃn/ (C1) [uncountable, countable] the act of presenting somebody/something in a
particular way; something that shows or describes something SYNONYM portrayal
 the negative representation of single mothers in the media
 The snake swallowing its tail is a representation of infinity.
-Fertility /fəˈtɪləti/ (U): the ability to produce babies, young animals, fruit or new plants
 Anxiety and stress affect fertility in both men and women.
 male/female fertility
 fertility treatment/drugs (= given to a person to help them have a baby)
-Rebirth (U): a period of new life, growth or activity
 the seasonal cycle of death and rebirth
 The company underwent a rebirth five years ago and is now a market leader.
 the rebirth of a ferry link between Liverpool and Ireland
-Deceased (a) (C2) (law or formal) dead
 her deceased parents
-primitive toys intended for children in the afterlife : Những món đồ chơi của xã hội nguyên thủy dành cho trẻ
em ở kiếp sau.
-Intended (a) (B2): planned or designed for somebody/something
 intended for somebody/something The book is intended for children.
 The rooms were intended for use as laboratories.
 intended as something The notes are intended as an introduction to the course.
 intended to be/do something This list is not intended to be a complete catalogue.
-adorn /əˈdɔːn/ to make something/somebody look more attractive by decorating it or them with something
 adorn something/somebody Gold rings adorned his fingers.
 (ironic) Graffiti adorned the walls.
 adorn something/somebody/yourself with something The walls were adorned with paintings.
 The children adorned themselves with flowers.
- afterlife /ˈɑːftəlaɪf/ (U): a life that some people believe exists after death
  Most Christians believe in an afterlife of some sort, often referred to as heaven.
-may also have been used as offerings to the gods or as charms to ward off bad luck: Còn được dùng làm vật
cúng tế cho các vị thần hoặc làm bùa chú để xua đuổi vận rủi.
-ward off ward somebody/something off to protect or defend yourself against danger, illness, attack, etc.
o to ward off criticism
o She put up her hands to ward him off.

-the use of dolls for purposes other than play was also common in Japan : Sử dụng búp bê cho các mục đích
khác ngoài mục đích vui chơi cũng rất phổ biến ở Nhật Bản.
-Dogu doll:

-Haniwa doll:

-the highly stylished Dogu: Búp bê cách điệu Dogu

/ˈstaɪlaɪzd/drawn, written, etc. in a way that is not natural or realistic
 a stylized drawing of a house
 the highly stylized form of acting in Japanese theatre
If something is stylized, it is represented with an emphasis on a particular style, especially a style in which
there are only a few simple details
-The clay figures: Tượng đất sét.
-figure
-funerary /ˈfjuːnərəri/ [only before noun] (formal) connected with a funeral (= ceremony for a dead person) or
remembering the dead
 funerary rites/monuments
-military outfits: Trang phục quân đội.
-Spirituality /ˌspɪrɪtʃuˈæləti/ (U):
the quality that involves deep feelings and beliefs of a religious nature, rather than the physical parts of life
-Superstition /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (often disapproving)
the belief that particular events happen in a way that cannot be explained by reason or science; the belief that
particular events bring good or bad luck
 According to superstition, breaking a mirror brings bad luck.
 Most cultures have their superstitions.

-Diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ (C1) [intransitive, transitive] to become smaller, weaker, etc.; to make something become
smaller, weaker, etc. SYNONYM decrease
 The world's resources are rapidly diminishing.
 His influence has diminished with time.
 diminish something The new law is expected to diminish the government's chances.
-Doll developed a more recognizable and child-focused form: Búp bê được thiết kế bắt mắt và tập trung vào
trẻ con hơn.
- recognizable /ˌrekəɡˈnaɪzəbl/ (a) recognizable (as something/somebody) easy to know or identify
 The building was easily recognizable as a prison.
 After so many years she was still instantly recognizable.

-Coincide /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/ [intransitive] (of two or more events) to take place at the same time
 It's a pity our trips to New York don't coincide.
 coincide with something The strike was timed to coincide with the party conference.
 The singer's arrival was timed to coincide with the opening of the festival.
-Mass-produced (a): được sản xuất hàng loạt.
-Consumer item (C): mặt hàng tiêu dùng
-Lifelike /ˈlaɪflaɪk/ (a): exactly like a real person or thing SYNONYM realistic
 a lifelike statue/drawing/toy

-These dolls were more clearly defined as children’s toys because they were made to look like childlike:
những con búp bê này được xác định rõ là đồ chơi trẻ em vì chúng được tạo hình giống với trẻ em hơn
-became more firmly associated with girls during this period: trở nên gắn bó mật thiết hơn với các bé gái
trong thời kỳ này
-More emphasis was placed on their clothing and accessories : quần áo và phụ kiện của chú được chú trọng
nhiều hơn
-launch /lɔːntʃ/ (B2) an event at which something is made available to the public for the first time
 a book/product launch
 Speaking at the launch of her new book, she thanked her family for their support.
 About 50 artists attended the official launch of the exhibition.

READING PASSAGE 2
6. C
-Has lengthened = ismuch longer than it once was
7.B
-National parks are often located in relatively extreme environments
-most impacted = more exposed
8.False
- all water is used for farming >< supply around 1/4 of all the water in North America.
9.NG
Cho biết số lượng cây dương lá rung sẽ giảm khoảng 61%, còn vùng đất nơi cây lá kim phát triển sẽ giảm
khoảng 50% diện tích, chứ không cho biết loại cây nào biến mất trước cây nào.

-stretching across 3000 miles of the North American continent : trải dài trên 3000 dặm ở lục địa bắc mỹ
-contain many vital natural resources, the most abundant of which is water : chứa nhiều nguồn tài nguyên
thiên nhiên quan trọng trong đó dồi dào nhất là tài nguyên nước.
- is used for both consumption and agricultural irrigation : được sử dụng cho cả mục đích sinh hoạt và tưới
tiêu nông nghiệp
-this mostly untouched terrain: địa hình đa số còn hoang sơ của núi này
-terrain /təˈreɪn/ (C/U): used to refer to an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features, for
example, if it is rough, flat, etc.
 difficult/rough/mountainous terrain
 They walked for miles across steep and inhospitable terrain.
-delicate ecosystem: hệ sinh thái mỏng manh
-has already been a 3.4°F increase in average annual temperatures: nhiệt độ trung bình hằng năm đã tăng 3,4
độ F
-Fahrenheit /ˈfærənhaɪt/
-this is expected to continue: Điều này được dự đoán vẫn còn tiếp diễn
-with some models suggesting the temperature will go up by another 6.5°F by 2050: một số mô hình cho thấy
nhiệt độ sẽ tăng thêm 6,5 độ F
-model (B2) (C): a simple description of a system, used for explaining how something works or calculating
what might happen, etc.
 the standard economic model of supply and demand
 to propose/construct/test a model
 She developed a computer model to help farmers with pest control.
 a mathematical model for determining the safe level of pesticides in food
 according to a model According to this model, by the middle of the century temperatures will rise by
1–3℃.
-the Rockie’s immense forests: rừng bạt ngàn của dãy núi Rocky
-would be severely threatened by a such temperature rise: sẽ bị đe dọa nghiêm trọng bởi sự gia tăng nhiệt độ
này
-the main tree species forming the Rocky Mountain forests will have largely died out by 2016 due to higher
temperatures: loài cây chủ đạo tạo nên khu rừng Rocky khi phần lớn sẽ chết vào năm 2060
-aspen /ˈæspən/ a type of poplar tree, with leaves that move even when there is very little wind

-conifer /ˈkɒnɪfə(r)/ any tree that produces hard dry fruit called cones. Most conifers are evergreen (= have
leaves that stay on the tree all year).
TOPICS Plants and treesC2
- emphasized just how disastrous this could be: đã nhấn mạnh điều này có thể thảm khốc đến mức nào
-a further damaging effect of climate change within the Rocky Mountains: một ảnh hưởng gây hại nữa của
biến đổi khí hậu đối với dãy núi Rocky
-its impact on the area as a water source: tác động của nó ở những khu vực đóng vai trò là nguồn nước
-collectively feed 19 western states with water for drinking and crop irrigation: cung cấp nước uống và tưới
tiêu nông nghiệp cho cả 19 bang ở phía tây.
-collectively /kəˈlektɪvli/ (adv) in a way that is done or shared by all members of a group of people; in a way
that involves a whole group or society
 the collectively agreed rate
 We have had a successful year, both collectively and individually.
-these are fed by the melting of the Rocky Mountains snowpack: những vùng này đủ cung cấp nước nhờ sự
tan chảy của lớp băng tuyết ở núi Rocky.
-could be significantly reduced in size by any rise temperatures:
-snowmelt and runoff are shifting earlier: hiện tượng tuyết tan về dòng chảy chuyển dịch sớm hơn.
-snowmelt (n): tuyết tan
-runoff [uncountable, countable] rain, water or other liquid that runs off land into streams and rivers: dòng
chảy (nước chảy đi mà không ngấm xuống đất)
 Agricultural run-off containing pesticides is polluting the river.
-shift (B2) [intransitive] (of a situation, an opinion, a policy etc.) to change from one state, position, etc. to
another
 Public attitudes towards marriage have shifted over the past 50 years.
 constantly shifting alliances
 The press's attention shifted elsewhere, at least temporarily.
 The public's attitude had shifted dramatically.
 shift (away) from somebody/something to/towards somebody/something The balance of power
shifted away from workers towards employers.
 shift (away) from somebody/something I felt the advantage had suddenly shifted away from us.
 shift to/towards/toward somebody/something Her sympathies gradually shifted to the side of the
protesters.

-snowpack /ˈsnəʊ.pæk/ [ C or U ] ENVIRONMENT specialized

a mass of snow that has been pressed down so that it forms a hard layer:
Measuring changes in the size of glaciers and snowpacks provides one way
of measuring the effects of climate change.
 Cánh đồng băng cánh đồng bị bao phủ bởi tuyết đóng cục (sẽ trở thành nguồn nước và mùa hè)
READING PASSAGE 3
10. Topic sentence: the first sentence
- consciousness was not enough to explain = consciousness alone cannot explain
11. Topic sentence: the first sentence
-factors that make people seem attractive = aspects of human attraction: những khía cạnh ở sự thu juts con
người.
12. Topic sentence: the first sentence
-Khi tương tác trong bất kỳ mối quan hệ nào, có khả năng con người sẽ sử dụng hình thức giao tiếp vô thức.
+giao tiếp vô thức xuất hiện khi nào và đưa ra những ví dụ.
13. prejudices that are ingrained ~ inherent biases
14. Để cho thấy tiềm thức con người bị ảnh hưởng dễ dàng như thế nào một sinh viên cao học hệ tiến sĩ đại
học Yale đã thiết kế một thí nghiệm đơn giản.
V Bằng chứng cho thấy tiềm thức dễ bị ảnh hưởng
15. an obscured Desire ~a hidden yearning
16. if one friend likes to stand very close during conversation or feels the need to use energetic gestures or
touch the other person, is could result in the other person backing way: một người thích đứng rất gần khi trò
chuyện họ cảm thấy cần phải sử dụng các cử chỉ nhiệt tình hoặc chạm vào người kia nó có thể khiến người kia
lùi lại.
17. Consciously celebrate diversity ~ think that they support diversity
-hidden fears or preferences may guide their hiring decisions ~ three might not direct who they are actually
hire

-explain the workings of the human mind : lý giải hoạt động của tâm trí con người
-working [countable, usually plural] working (of something) the way in which a machine, a system, an
organization, etc. works
 an introduction to the workings of Congress
 the workings of the human mind
 the machine’s inner workings
-contend /kənˈtend/ (C1): [transitive] contend that… (formal) to say that something is true, especially in an
argument SYNONYM maintain
 I would contend that the minister's thinking is flawed on this point.
TOPICS Opinion and argumentC1
-the bulk of these were determined by unconscious mind : phần lớn trong số đó được quyết định bởi tâm trí vô
thức
-bulk /bʌlk/ (C1) [singular] the bulk (of something) the main part of something; most of something
 The bulk of the population lives in cities.
 The great bulk of the work has now been done.
-determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ [transitive] to officially decide and/or arrange something
 determine something A date for the meeting has yet to be determined.
 determine (that)… The court determined (that) the defendant should pay the legal costs.
[transitive, intransitive] to decide definitely to do something
 determine to do something They determined to start early.
 determine on something The government determined on a change of policy.
 determine (that)… From that moment, I determined that it should not happen again.

-have been removed from the realm of the conscious: được loại ra khỏi phạm trù ý thức
-it served as a sort of the mask, concealing some of the deepest aspects of our personalities: nó như một tấm
mặt nạ, che giấu một số khía cạnh sâu kín nhất trong tính cách của chúng ta
- hidden attributes: những thuộc tính bị che dấu
-arise from the unconscious: bắt nguồn từ vô thức
-mutual attraction is a strong motivator for starting relationships :, sở hữu thu hút lẫn nhau là một động lực
mạnh mẽ để bắt đầu các mối quan hệ.
-may not realize the underlying, subconscious, causes for it : không nhận ra nguyên nhân căn bản trong tiềm
thức.
-underlying /ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ/(C1) [only before noun] important in a situation but not always easily noticed or
stated clearly
  The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.
 Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.
-subconscious /ˌsʌbˈkɒnʃəs/ [usually before noun] connected with feelings that influence your behaviour even
though you are not aware of them
 subconscious desires
 the subconscious mind
 Many advertisements work at a subconscious level.
-this superficial awareness may be the result of an obscured yearning for beautiful offspring : thứ nhận thức bề
nổi này có thể là kết quả của một khao khát thầm kín muốn có con cháu xinh đẹp.
-obscured (a): thầm kín
-yearning /ˈjɜːnɪŋ/ [countable, uncountable] (formal) a strong and emotional desire SYNONYM longing
 yearning (for somebody/something) a yearning for a quiet life
 yearning to do something She had no great yearning to go back.
-a person who is attracted to someone who is confident, strong and successful may have a subconscious
yearning for stability, security and someone to look after them: một người bị thu hút bởi những ai tự tin, mạnh
mẽ và thành công có thể có khao khát trong tiềm thức về sự ổn định, an toàn và mong ai đó chăm lo cho mình.
-both in verbal and non-verbal forms of communicating: cả bằng lời và không lời.
-reflexive /rɪˈfleksɪv/ (a): mang tính phản chiếu
-direct (B1) [transitive] direct somebody/something to control or be in charge of somebody/something
 He was asked to take command and direct operations.
 A police officer was directing traffic.
 How much should the teacher guide and direct the students?
 A new manager has been appointed to direct the project.
 The campaign was carefully directed from party central office.
-this pulling away: sự tránh né này
-pull away If you pull away from someone who is holding you, you suddenly move your body backwards,
away from them:
She pulled away just as he was about to kiss her.

-is merely an automatic and unconscious response: chỉ đơn thuần là một phản ứng tự động và vô thức
-communicates that the friend has invaded his or her personal space: thông báo rằng người bạn kia đã xâm
phạm không gian cá nhân của họ.
-Contained within the subconscious mind are prejudices that are ingrained (đảo ngữ): tiềm thức chứa những
định kiến đã ăn sâu
-These biases impact people's views of other people naturally, without any conscious awareness: những thành
kiến này tác động một cách tự nhiên lên quan điểm của con người về người khác, chứ không phải là nhận thức
có ý thức.
-inherent biases may be in complete opposition to a person’s conscious opinion: những thành kiến cố hữu của
một người có thể hoàn toàn đối lập với quan điểm có ý thức của họ
-to better visualize this : để hình dung rõ hơn về điều này
-to show the ease with which people subconscious is influenced : để cho thấy tiềm thức của con người bị ảnh
hưởng dễ dàng như thế nào
-ease /iːz/ (C1) (U): lack of difficulty
 with ease He passed the exam with ease.
 The ease with which she learns languages is astonishing.
 for ease of something All important points are numbered for ease of reference (= so that you can
find them easily).
 This computer is popular for its good design and ease of use.
-during each ascent : trong mỗi lần đi lên
-ascent /əˈsent/ [countable, usually singular] the act of climbing or moving up; a journey that goes up
something
 the first ascent of Mount Everest
 The cart began its gradual ascent up the hill.
 The rocket steepened its ascent.
 ascent to something their ascent to the summit
-hold her coffee while she wrote down some notes: cầm hổ cóc cà phê để cô viết một vài ghi chép
-rated...more favourably: đánh giá thiện chí hơn.
-favourably /ˈfeɪvərəbli/ in a way that is positive and shows a good opinion of somebody/something
SYNONYM positively (2)
 He speaks very favourably of your work.
 I was very favourably impressed with her work.
TOPICS Opinion and argumentC1
-inherent /ɪnˈhɪərənt/ (C1) (a) inherent (in somebody/something) that is a basic or permanent part of
somebody/something and that cannot be removed SYNONYM intrinsic
 the difficulties inherent in a study of this type
 Violence is inherent in our society.
 an inherent weakness in the design of the machine
 danger/risk inherent in There are dangers/risks inherent in almost every sport.
 I have an inherent distrust of lawyers.

DAY 2: PROGRESSIVE TEST 2

READING PASSAGE 1
1. well-preserved = in a good condition
2. Survived on Wrangle Island in the Arctic Circle = were alive in the Arctic Circle
3. Gradually changed from grassy terrain to wetlands = the mammoth steppe began transforming into a
wetland
4. Has been settled >< are still debated
5. Were useless against mammoths >< so developing new weapons which could have allowed them to hunt
large creatures like mammoths

-the classic ice age creature: loài sinh vật cổ ở kỷ băng hà

-classic (B2) (also less frequent classical) with all the features you would expect to find; very typical
 a classic example of poor communication
 This was a classic case of what not to do.
 She displayed the classic symptoms of depression.
 I made the classic mistake of clapping in a pause in the music!
 classic example He's a classic example of a kid who's clever but lazy.
 classic symptom He had all the classic symptoms of the disease.

-often depicted wandering the steppe and towering over human: thường được miêu tả là loài lang thang trên
thảo nguyên và to lớn hơn con người rất nhiều
-depict /dɪˈpɪkt (C1-C2) to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with
a picture
 depict somebody/something The novel depicts French society in the 1930s.
 depict somebody/something as somebody/something The advertisements depicted smoking as
glamorous and attractive.
-steppe (including freezing temperatures and a dry climate) /step/ [countable, usually plural, uncountable]
a large area of land with grass but few trees, especially in south-east Europe and Siberia
 the vast Russian steppes
 The Cossacks are best known as the roving horsemen of the Russian steppes.
a large area of land with grass but no trees, especially in eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia
-tower [ I usually + adv/prep ] to be very tall or large, usually in a way that makes people feel respect:
We turned the corner and there was the cathedral, towering in front of us.
-their closest contemporary relatives are elephants: họ hàng gần nhất hiện nay của chúng là voi
-a covering of shaggy brown hair: da phủ một lớp lông nâu bờm xờm
-covering /ˈkʌvərɪŋ/ a layer of something that covers something else
 a thick covering of snow on the ground
-shaggy /ˈʃæɡi/ (a) (of hair, fur, etc.) long and untidy
 a shaggy mane of hair
 The dog has a thick, shaggy white coat.
-with the biggest species reaching heights of around 13 feet at the shoulder: với loài to nhất đạt chiều cao
khoảng 13 feet tính đến vai.
-woolly /ˈwʊli/ (a) covered with wool or with hair like wool
 woolly monkeys
-specimen /ˈspesɪmən/ (C1) (C) tiêu bản
Tiêu bản là mẫu vật được bảo quản nguyên dạng dùng cho mục đích nghiên cứu.
-at between 9 and 11 feet tall: cao từ 9 đến 11 feet
-Holocene /ˈhɒl.ə.siːn/ GEOLOGY from or referring to the period of time beginning at the end of
the Pleistocene (= around 11,000 years ago) and continuing to the present:
the Holocene epoch
an early Holocene archeological site
-this could have forced mammoths into much smaller habitats: điều này có khả năng để buộc voi ma mút lui
vào các môi trường sống nhỏ hơn nhiều.
-could be easily targeted by human hunters: có thể dễ dàng trở thành mục tiêu của những kẻ đi săn là con
người
-target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/ [often passive] (B2) to aim an attack or a criticism at somebody/something
 target somebody/something He accused the group of deliberately targeting civilians.
 The company has been targeted by animal rights groups for its use of dogs in drugs trials.
 target something at somebody/something The criticism was targeted chiefly at the managing
director.
 The missiles were mainly targeted at the United States.
-reside /rɪˈzaɪd/ [intransitive] (formal) + adv./prep. to live in a particular place
 He returned to Britain in 1939, having resided abroad for many years.
 Their passports do not give them the right to reside in Britain.
-These small, isolated populations of mammoths were prey to disease and general weakness because of
inbreeding: những quần thể voi ma mút nhỏ lẻ biệt lập này là “miếng mồi” của bệnh tật và thể trạng yếu đuối
nói chung bởi sự giao phối cận huyết
-inbreeding /ˈɪnbriːdɪŋ/ (U) breeding (= producing young) between closely related people or animals

READING PASSAGE 2:
6. Commemorate the passing of the seasons ~ celebrated seasonal changes.
7. Chỉ cho biết đá xanh có nguồn gốc từ những ngọn núi ở xứ Wales cách Stonehenge khoảng 140 dặm
8. The stones were randomly chosen >< the particular choice of stone was no accident.
9-10
A= his fascination with the Druid faith has been criticized as an indicator of strong bias in his research.
D= modern dating methods (~ dating technology) have also cast doubt on this theory.

-people in what is today the United Kingdom : cư dân tại vùng đất thuộc nước Anh ngày nay
-though probably twice that many have been lost to time: dù có thể gấp đôi số này đã mất đi theo thời gian
-various explanations for their existence have been put forward: người ta đưa ra nhiều cách lý giải cho sự tồn
tại của chúng
-ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ (C/U) (C1): a series of actions that are always performed in the same way, especially as part of
a religious ceremony
 religious rituals
 She objects to the ritual of organized religion.
-commemorate /kəˈmeməreɪt/ (C2) to remember officially and give respect to
a great person or event, especially by a public ceremony or by making a statue or special building:
Gathered all together in this church, we commemorate those who lost their lives in the war.
A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet's birthday.
-the passing of seasons: sự chuyển mùa
-a huge collection of five-tonne bluestones surrounded by much heavier standing stones : một tập hợp nhiều
tảng đá xanh nặng 5 tấn bao quanh là những tảng đá dựng đứng
-sarsen stones:

-there is an ongoing controversy about whether they were moved by glaciers or humans: các cuộc tranh cãi về
việc chúng được vận chuyển bởi sông băng hay bởi con người vẫn đang tiếp diễn.
-if the latter is true the tremendous effort involved indicates that they were valued for some extraordinary ,
perhaps mystical, reason : nếu quả thật là con người di chuyển thì những nỗ lực ấy cho thấy các tảng đá này
rất có giá trị vì một lý do lạ thường nào đó, có lẽ là bí ẩn
-made the bold contention that the stone represented healing powers: đưa ra luận điểm táo bạo rằng những
tảng đá này tượng trưng cho sức mạnh chữa lành bệnh tật
-was a destination for those seeking relief for their ailments: là điểm đến cho những người mong cầu bệnh tật
giảm nhẹ
-supernatural forces: lực lượng siêu nhiên
-somewhat more plausible explanation: có vẻ hợp lý hơn
-somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒt/ (C1): to some degree
 somewhat different/similar
 I was somewhat surprised to see him.
 The situation has changed somewhat since we last met.
 What happened to them remains somewhat of a mystery.
 My options are somewhat limited.
-plausible /ˈplɔːzəbl/ (C2): (of an excuse or explanation) reasonable and likely to be true
 Her story sounded perfectly plausible.
 The only plausible explanation is that he forgot.
-priest /priːst/ (B1) (C): a person who is qualified to perform religious duties and ceremonies in the Roman
Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Churches
 a parish priest
 the ordination of women priests
 The candles had been blessed by a priest.
 the priest who was celebrating Mass
 Only one or two new priests were ordained each year.
-fascination /ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃn/(C1) [uncountable, singular] the state of being very attracted to and interested in
somebody/something
 in fascination The girls listened in fascination as the story unfolded.
 They stared in horrified fascination as the snake approached.
 fascination with somebody/something the public’s enduring fascination with the Royal Family
 fascination for somebody/something (informal) She shared his fascination for motorbikes.
-faith (B2) [uncountable, singular] strong religious belief
 to have faith
 to lose your faith
 Faith is stronger than reason.
 a woman of strong religious faith
 faith in somebody/something He started questioning his faith in God.
-has been criticized as an indicator of strong bias in his research: đã bị phê phán có thiên kiến rõ rệt trong
nghiên cứu.
-mainstream /ˈmeɪnstriːm/ (a) (C1-C2): considered normal because it reflects what is done or accepted by most
people: chính thống
 mainstream culture/politics
 mainstream economists/journalists
 the mainstream press/media
-that construction of the stone circles was carried out in stages by different cultures over the course of many
centuries: việc xây dựng vòng tròn đế này được thực hiện theo nhiều giai đoạn thuộc các nền văn hóa khác
nhau trong suốt nhiều thế kỷ.

READING PASSAGE 3:
11. Đoạn A không có câu chủ đề, chủ yếu đề cập đến việc tên địa danh có thể bị biến đổi vì lý do chính trị
hoặc lý do dân tộc.
+ there are often specific political reasons for their use
+ ethnic considerations also play a key role
12. Topic sentence: 1st sentence
-a system of standardization = a standard system
13. Topic sentence: 1st sentence
-Carry a definite article = include the definite article
-which names ~ The Bahamas + The Gambia
14. Topic sentence: 1st sentence
-complicated by linguistic issues = language complicates
15. Topic sentence: 1st sentence
-A lack of widespread uniformity = a lack of consistency

-arbitrarily /ˌɑːbɪˈtrerəli/ (adv) in a way that does not seem to be based on a reason, system or plan and
sometimes seems unfair
 The leaders of the groups were chosen arbitrarily.
-reflect the interests of the ruling class and change over time as regimes change:
-ethnic considerations: phản ánh lợi ích của giai cấp thống trị và thay đổi theo thời gian khi chế độ thay đổi.
-regime /reɪˈʒiːm/ (C1-C2): a method or system of government, especially one that has not been elected in a
fair way
 a fascist/totalitarian/military, etc. regime
 an oppressive/brutal regime
-such variability in geographical names can impede communication, so a system will standardization is
desirable: sự khác nhau về địa danh như vậy có thể cản trở giao tiếp ,vì vậy còn có một hệ thống địa danh
chuẩn hóa
-impede /ɪmˈpiːd/ impede something to delay or stop the progress of something
SYNONYM hinder, hamper
 Work on the building was impeded by severe weather.
 A number of practical difficulties impeded the process.
 In what ways did economic factors impede progress?
-desirable /dɪˈzaɪərəbl/ (a) (C1): (formal) that you would like to have or do; worth having or doing
 She chatted for a few minutes about the qualities she considered desirable in a secretary.
 Such measures are desirable, if not essential.
 The house has many desirable features.
 Experience of computers is highly desirable.
 It is desirable that… (British English) It is desirable that interest rates should be reduced.
 (especially North American English) It is desirable that interest rates be reduced.
 It is desirable (for somebody) (to do something) It is no longer desirable for such young children
to take formal written tests.
-commander /kəˈmɑːndə(r)/(B2): a person who is in charge of something, especially an officer in charge of a
particular group of soldiers or a military operation
 military/allied/field/flight commanders
 the commander of the expedition
 General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Western Europe.
 the commander of US forces in Iraq
-sets and applies the rules for all geographical names in the UK: đặt ra và áp dụng các quy tắc cho toàn bộ địa
danh ở Anh
-publishes a list of all recognized conventions for foreign place names and promotes the international
standardization of geographical names in cooperation with the United Nations:
công bố danh sách tất cả các hiệp định để được công nhận đối với địa danh nước ngoài và hợp tác với liên hợp
quốc để thúc đẩy quá trình chuẩn hóa quốc tế cho địa danh.
-publish (A2): [transitive] publish something to make information available to the public
SYNONYM release
 to publish work/research/results
 The findings of the committee will be published on Friday.
 The study was published online.
 publish something on something according to the information published on their website
 The report will be published on the internet.
 The team's report will be published in the journal on 18 August.
 This data set is based on a previously published report.
-geographic = geographical
-the most challenging decision in practice for many people: quyết định khó khăn nhất trong thực tế đối với
nhiều người.
-the PCGN still has a 1964 letter from the Prime Minister of Gambia specifically instructing the committee to
use “the Gambia”: ủy ban thường trực địa danh vẫn giữ một lá thư từ năm 1964 của thủ tướng Gambia đã đặc
biệt chỉ thị cho ủy ban này sử dụng các tên “The Gambia.”
-instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/ (C1): (formal) to tell somebody to do something, especially in a formal or official way
SYNONYM direct, order
 instruct somebody to do something The letter instructed him to report to headquarters
immediately.
 instruct somebody where, what, etc… You will be instructed where to go as soon as the plane is
ready.
 instruct somebody She arrived at 10 o'clock as instructed.
 instruct that… He instructed that a wall be built around the city.
 (British English also) He instructed that a wall should be built around the city.
 instruct (somebody) + speech ‘Put it there,’ she instructed (them).
-…, reportedly to help distinguish itself from another African country with the similar name: Zambia
Được cho là để phân biệt bản thân nước họ với một quốc gia châu Phi khác có tên tương tự là Zambia.
-reportedly /rɪˈpɔːtɪdli/(C1-C2) (adv): according to what some people say
 The band have reportedly decided to split up.
 The move, reportedly the President’s idea, has come in for a lot of criticism.
-this official position on geographical names is sometimes complicated by linguistic issues: quan điểm chính
thức về địa danh này đôi khi trở nên phức tạp bởi các vấn đề về mặt ngôn ngữ.
-when inserted into sentences, …: khi được chèn vào câu
-require the definite article to meet grammatical expectations or simply to sound natural: cần có mạo từ xác
định để đáp ứng các đòi hỏi về mặt ngữ pháp hoặc đơn giản là để nghe tự nhiên hơn.
-this is particularly true with country names that are associated with geographical features such as rivers,
islands, or deserts: điều này đặc biệt đúng với các tên quốc gia gắn liền với những đặc điểm địa lý như sông,
đảo hoặc sa mạc.
-it makes perfect sense: sẽ hoàn toàn có lý khi
-capitalize /ˈkæpɪtəlaɪz/ capitalize something to write or print a letter of the alphabet as a capital; to begin a
word with a capital letter
 All capitalized words are explained in the glossary.
-there is a lack of widespread uniformity in the way people implement the prescribed standards: vẫn còn thiếu
sự thống nhất trên diện rộng về cách thức mọi người thực hiện các tiêu chuẩn theo quy định.
-prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ (C2) (of a person or an organization with authority) to say what should be done or how
something should be done
SYNONYM stipulate
 prescribe something The prescribed form must be completed and returned to this office.
 prescribe that… Police regulations prescribe that an officer's number must be clearly visible.
 prescribe which, what, etc… The syllabus prescribes precisely which books should be studied.
-embassy /ˈembəsi/ (C) (C1): a group of officials led by an ambassador who represent their government in a
foreign country
 embassy officials
 to inform the embassy of the situation
-the name of the country should not be accompanied by the definite article in text written after 1991: tên của
đất nước này không được đi kèm với mạo từ xác định trong các văn bản viết kể từ sau năm 1991.
-stems from the period of Soviet rule: bắt nguồn từ thời kỳ Liên Xô cai trị
-The Ukrainian Soviet socialist Republic: Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa xô viết Ukraine
-many writers who routinely retain the definite article to refer to this period are technically incorrect: nhiều
nhà văn đã sai khi vẫn giữ thói quen sử dụng mạo từ xác định để nhắc đến thời kỳ này.
-technically (C1-C2) (adv): according to the exact meaning, facts etc.
 Technically (speaking), the two countries are still at war.
 It is still technically possible for them to win (= but it seems unlikely).
-retain /rɪˈteɪn/ retain something to keep something; to continue to have something SYNONYM preserve
 to retain your independence
 He struggled to retain control of the situation.
 The house retains much of its original charm.
 She retained her tennis title for the third year.

-expecting the general population to keep track of changes like this is a tall order: việc trông đợi toàn thể
người dân phải theo dõi những thay đổi như thế này thì lại là một đòi hỏi quá đáng.
-tall order: a request that is difficult to fulfill:
 Asking me to be charming at 7 a.m. is a pretty tall order.

DAY 3: PROGRESSIVE TEST 3

READING PASSAGE 1/ 220:
1. Use an axe to cut away part of the pine trees = The pine tree will be hacked away with an axe to expose...
2. Metal trough = trough made of metal
-BĐ CĐ
3. CĐ  BĐ
4. is commonly used as an ingredient for food >< not common in edible products although it is found in food
glazing substances as well as many perfumes.
5. One of the most sustainable forms of land use ~ an eco-friendly form

-resin /ˈrezɪn/ /ˈrezn/ a thick, sticky substance that is produced by some trees and that becomes yellow and
hard after it is collected, or any of various similar substances produced by a chemical process for use
in industry:
pine resin

-sap /sæp/ [uncountable] the liquid in a plant or tree that carries food to all its parts
 Maple syrup is made from sap extracted from the sugar maple tree.
TOPICS Plants and treesC2
-tree tapping (U): rạch cây
-an ancient means of extracting substances from trees or other plants: một phương pháp có từ lâu đời để chiết
xuất các chất có trong cây cối hoặc các loại thực vật khác.
-it takes different forms around the world depending on the type of tree and the substance being extracted:
rạch cây có nhiều dạng khác nhau trên khắp thế giới tùy theo loại cây và chất được chiết xuất
-Sap from the sugar maple tree, for example, is used to make maple syrup: tắm từ cây phong đường được dùng
để làm siro phong.
-The sap of the aloe vera plant is now a common element in many cosmetics: nhựa lỏng từ cây lô hội hiện là
một thành phần phổ biến trong nhiều loại mỹ phẩm.
-is used in the production of varnishes and adhesives for woodwork: được sử dụng trong sản xuất véc ni và
chất kết dính cho đồ mộc.
-varnish /ˈvɑːnɪʃ/ (C/U): a liquid that is painted onto wood, metal, etc. and that forms a hard shiny surface that
you can see through when it is dry
 I’ll give the shelves a coat of varnish.
(lớp phủ ngoài cứng trong và bóng áp lên bề mặt, nhất là của đồ gỗ hoặc đồ sắt)

-food glazing substances: các chất làm bóng thực phẩm

-glaze /ɡleɪz/ 3. [transitive] glaze something (with something) to cover something with a glaze to give it a
shiny surface
 Glaze the pie with beaten egg.
-practitioner /prækˈtɪʃənə(r)/ (C) (C1) : a person who regularly does a particular activity, especially one that
requires skill
 one of the greatest practitioners of science fiction
-use a variation on a common method: sử dụng các cách thức đều là biến thể cùng một phương pháp.
-usually of the slash pine or longleaf variety: thường là thông lá đơn hoặc thông lá dài.
-variety /vəˈraɪəti/ (B1) [countable] a type of a thing, for example a plant or language, that is different from the
others in the same general group: biến thể
 Apples come in a great many varieties.
 variety of something different varieties of English
 This is a very rare variety of orchid.
 A typical estate in the region will grow at least three grape varieties.
 My cooking is of the ‘quick and simple’ variety.
-slash pine: thông lá đơn
-longleaf pine:
an evergreen tree (= one that never loses its leaves) that has long leaves like needles and grows mainly in
the southeastern US:
Native species such as longleaf pine survived the hurricane much better than species planted
primarily for logging.
The property includes one of the last remaining examples of a longleaf pine forest.

-bark /bɑːk/ [uncountable, countable] the outer layer of a tree

 The bark peels off in summer.
 The people strip the bark and use it in medicines.
TOPICS Plants and treesC1
-hack away /hæk/ [transitive, intransitive] to hit and cut somebody/something in a rough, heavy way
 hack somebody/something + adv./prep. I hacked the dead branches off.
 They were hacked to death as they tried to escape.
 We had to hack our way through the jungle.
 + adv./prep. We hacked away at the bushes.
-to expose a six-inch tall area of wood: để lộ ra mảng gỗ cao khoảng 6 inch
-expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ (B2): to show something that is usually hidden SYNONYM reveal
 expose something He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly white teeth.
 Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.
 My job as a journalist is to expose the truth.
 expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone.

-trough /trɒf/ (C): a long, narrow open container for animals to eat or drink from cái máng
- will be nailed to the bottom of this: được đóng đinh vào đáy của mảng gỗ này.
-nail /neɪl/ nail something (+ adv./prep./adj.) to fasten something to something with a nail or nails
 I nailed the sign to a tree.
 Wooden boards had been nailed across the windows.
 The shutters had been nailed shut.
 There’s no need to nail the wood down.
-beneath this trough, a metal bucket is hung onto another nail: bên dưới máng, một xô kim loại được treo và
một cái đinh khác
-sapwood /ˈsæpwʊd/ (U): the soft younger outer layers of the wood of a tree, inside the bark
dác gỗ (lớp liền sau vỏ cây có màu trắng về mềm nằm bên ngoài phần gỗ)
-drip downwards: nhỏ giọt xuống dưới
-the tree will repair the damage done to it through producing this resin: chữa lành những vết thương để được
tạo ra bằng cách tiết ra loại nhựa đặc.
-also drip into the bucket where it can be collected over a series of days: cũng sẽ nhỏ giọt vào xô để có thể thu
hoạch trong nhiều ngày
-latex /ˈleɪteks/ (U): mủ cao su
-procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/(B2) (C/U): a set of actions that is the official or accepted way of doing something:
The company has new procedures for dealing with complaints.
You must follow correct procedure at all times.

-require some skill to do correctly: đòi hỏi kỹ năng thực hiện chính xác.
-skill (A1): [uncountable] the ability to do something well
 The job requires skill and an eye for detail.
 skill in (doing) something What made him remarkable as a photographer was his skill in capturing
the moment.
 skill at (doing) something I admired her skill at catching fish.
 with skill She plays the part with great skill.
 I enjoy playing squash, despite my lack of skill.
-this is because only 1/2 of the tree is used at a time to allow the other half of the tree to heal: điều này là do
mỗi lần chỉ có một nửa cây được sử dụng, cho phép nửa cây còn lại được phục hồi.
- a common practice in many parts of Southeast Asia: một cách làm phổ biến tại nhiều vùng ở Đông Nam Á
-mucilage [ˈmjuːsɪlɪdʒ] (U): chất nhầy

-at one time: có lần

(C2) in the past:
At one time, George Eliot lived here.
At one time, old houses like this were relatively cheap to buy.
Spanish was at one time the main language here.
This whole area was at one time under water.
At one time these birds were very common here.
At one time they employed over a sixth of the population in this small town.
-it is most famous as the basis for marshmallows: được biết đến nhiều nhất như là thành phần chính của kẹo
dẻo.

READING PASSAGE 2
6. Seeking ways to increase = looking for ways to add
7. Learned that = discovered that
-a type of beetle larva eats (một loại ấu trùng bọ cánh cứng ăn) = mealworms, the larvae of a species beetle,
devour (ấu trùng của một loài bọ cánh cứng là sâu bột/ ăn)
8.
-converting plastic waste into this precious commodity = turning plastic into a valuable product
9. Most recycling centers do not take it = most recycling centers do not accept it
10.
-found in the connective tissue of animals = found in animal tissue
-plastic waste: chất thải nhựa
-a mere 10% of plastic garbage is recycled: chỉ có 10% rác thải nhựa được tái chế
-once it is in the ecosystem or in landfill sites, plastic takes many years to decompose: nhựa ở trong hệ sinh
thái hoặc ở các bãi chôn lấp rác, phải mất nhiều năm để phân hủy.
-decompose /ˌdiːkəmˈpəʊz/ [intransitive, transitive] to be destroyed gradually after death by natural processes
SYNONYM decay, rot
 a decomposing corpse
 The garden was dank with decomposing vegetation.
 decompose something a decomposed body
 [intransitive, transitive] decompose (something) (into something) (chemistry) (of a chemical
compound) to break down something into smaller and simpler parts; to break a substance down into
smaller and simpler parts
o Water decomposes into oxygen and hydrogen.
o As the waste materials decompose, they produce methane gas.
-viable /ˈvaɪəbl/ (a) (C1): that can be done; that will be successful SYNONYM feasible
 a viable option/proposition
 There is no viable alternative.
 to be commercially/politically/financially/economically viable
 If there was any delay then the rescue plan would cease to be viable.
-convert the plastic into light crude oil: biến nhựa thành dầu thô nhẹ
-light crude oil
Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density and flows freely at room temperature.[1] It has a
low viscosity, low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of
light hydrocarbon fractions.[2] It generally has a low wax content. Light crude oil receives a
higher price than heavy crude oil on commodity markets because it produces a higher percentage
of gasoline and diesel fuel when converted into products by an oil refinery.

-geochemist (C): nhà địa hóa học.

-commodity /kəˈmɒdəti/ (economics) a product or a raw material that can be bought and sold
 rice, flour and other basic commodities
 a drop in commodity prices
 Crude oil is the world's most important commodity.
 basic agricultural commodities

-put the process into practice: đưa quy định này vào thực tế.
-the process starts by putting various plastic items in a shredder: quy trình này bắt đầu bằng việc cho các vật
dụng bằng nhựa khác nhau vào máy cắt vụn.
-the shredded plastic is then heated repeatedly to produce vapour, which is collected and distilled: nhựa vụn
được nung nhiều lần để tạo ra hơi, hơi này sẽ được gom lại về chưng cất.
-shred /ʃred/ shred something to cut or tear something into small pieces
 Serve the fish on a bed of shredded lettuce.
 He was accused of shredding documents relating to the case (= putting them in a shredder).
 Shred the lettuce leaves finely.
-distill /dɪˈstɪl/ distil something (from something) to make a liquid pure by heating it until it becomes a gas,
then cooling it and collecting the drops of liquid that form
 to distil fresh water from seawater
 distilled water
-the distilled vapour creates consumer products such as gasoline for fuel: hơi được chưng cất tạo ra các sản
phẩm tiêu dùng như xăng dầu làm nhiên liệu.
-the remaining solid by-products can be used in the production of rubber: các sản phẩm phụ rắn còn lại có thể
được sử dụng trong sản xuất cao su
-by-product /ˈbaɪ prɒdʌkt/ (C): a substance that is produced during the process of making or destroying
something else
 When burnt, plastic produces dangerous by-products.

something that is produced as a result of making something else, or something unexpected that happens as
a result of something else:
The deep depression he fell into was a byproduct of his disease.
-film [countable, usually singular] a thin layer of something, usually on the surface of something elseS
YNONYM coat, coating, layer
 Grease coated everything in a thin film.
 film of something Everything was covered in a film of dust.

-plastic film : màng bọc bằng nhựa

-is rarely recyclable due to food contamination: khó có thể tái chế được do bị dính bẩn từ thực phẩm
-substitute /ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/ (C1) (C): a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or
have
 a meat substitute
 a substitute family
 substitute for somebody/something Paul's father only saw him as a substitute for his dead brother.
 The course teaches you the theory but there's no substitute for practical experience.
 The local bus service was a poor substitute for their car.
-collagen film
-fibrous /ˈfaɪbrəs/ (a) [usually before noun] (specialist) made of many fibres; looking like fibres
 fibrous tissue
 fibrous roots
-connective /kəˈnektɪv/(a) (medical or formal) that connects things
 connective tissue

-collagen is a fibrous material found in the connective tissues of animals: collagen là một vật liệu dạng sợi
được tìm thấy trong mô liên kết của động vật.
-if it is combined with water and a moisture-preserving substance, collagen can be transformed into the plastic
like material : nếu được kết hợp với nước về chất giữ ẩm, collagen có thể chuyển hóa thành vật liệu giống như
nhựa
-...that is nearly transparent and easily adheres to slightly damp food like meats: ..., gần như trong suốt và dễ
dàng dính vào thực phẩm hơi ẩm như thịt.
-One downside to most of the collagen film currently available is that it is not as water resistant as plastic : một
nhược điểm của hầu hết các loại màng collagen hiện nay là chúng không có khả năng chống thấm nước như
nhựa
-downside /ˈdaʊnsaɪd/ (C): the disadvantages or less positive aspects of something
 The downside of all this success is that I don't get to spend much time with my family.
 On the downside, such improvements in efficiency often mean job losses.
 This is good news for farmers, but I do see a downside.

-increase the water resistance of this natural biodegradable film: tăng khả năng chống thấm nước của loại
màng phân hủy sinh học, tự nhiên này
-mealworm /ˈmiːlwɜːm/ a larva which is used to feed pet birds: sâu bột

Sâu mealworm là thức ăn xanh vô hại, giàu chất dinh dưỡng cho những loại vật nuôi trong nhà như chim, cá
cảnh, bò cạp, các loại gia súc,...
-beetle /ˈbiːtl/ (C): an insect, often large and black, with a hard case on its back, covering its wings. There are
several types of beetle.
 a black beetle
 a dung beetle

-devour /dɪˈvaʊə(r)/ devour something to eat all of something quickly, especially because you are very
hungry SYNONYM gobble
 He devoured half of his burger in one bite.
 The animal quickly devoured its prey.

-break down the plastic into a biodegradable form so that it can be safely used as an horticultural potting mix
or incorporated into the soil for agricultural: phân hủy nhựa thành dạng phân hủy sinh học có thể sử dụng an
toàn như một loại đất sạch trồng chậu hoặc được bón cho đất nông nghiệp.

-horticultural /ˌhɔːtɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ (a): connected with the study or practice of growing flowers, fruit and
vegetables
 a horticultural show

-potting mix: đất sạch trồng chậu

-has since made a similar discovery with a species of caterpillar that is even more effective at consuming
plastics: đã có phát hiện tương tự với một loài sâu bướm thậm chí ăn nhựa còn hiệu quả hơn.
- caterpillar /ˈkætəpɪlə(r)/ a small creature like a worm with legs that develops into a butterfly or moth (=
flying insects with large, sometimes brightly coloured, wings).
Caterpillars eat the leaves of plants.
-..., suggesting that insects may be the answer to humanity's plastic problem: cho thấy rằng côn trùng có thể là
câu trả lời cho vấn đề nhựa của nhân loại.

READING PASSAGE 3:
11. animals can exhibit altruism = possibility of altruism in the natural world
Topic sentence: 2nd sentence
12. Đoạn B không có câu chủ đề, chủ yếu đề cập đến việc huấn luyện tinh tinh để chúng tham gia trò chơi lần
lượt kéo sợi dây nhằm xác minh lòng vị tha ở loài vật này.
13. Why male chimps embark on risky patrol missions = Why male chimps undertake risky patrols
14. Chimp generosity = chimp altruism
-there is no basis for thinking that their behavior is altruistic and that chimps are in fact indifferent to altruism.
15.Empathy can be often observed among animals >< While this is a basic human emotion, it is not usually
apparent in animal world.
16. Chỉ cho biết việc này giúp những con tinh tinh khác có cơ hội chọn phần thưởng cho Tai.
17. Pro-social behavior actually developed later in evolution after our split with the other apes
~ humans developed as social creatures after evolving from apes.

-altruistic /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/(a) caring about the needs and happiness of other people and being willing to do things
to help them, even if it brings no advantage to yourself
 altruistic behaviour
-that they may choose generosity over self-interest, appears to contradict the basic tenets of the natural world :
rằng chúng có thể chọn rộng lượng thay vì tư lợi, có vẻ trái ngược với nguyên lý cơ bản của thế giới tự nhiên.
-contradict /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/ (C1) (of people) to say the opposite of what someone else has said, or (of
one fact or statement) to be so different from another fact or statement that one of them must be wrong:
 contradict something All evening her husband contradicted everything she said.
 contradict somebody/yourself You've just contradicted yourself (= said the opposite of what you
said before).
 contradict (somebody) + speech ‘No, it’s not,’ she contradicted (him).
-tenet /ˈtenɪt/ (C) (formal): one of the principles or beliefs that a theory or larger set of beliefs is based on
 one of the basic/central tenets of Christianity
- animals can exhibit altruism by choosing to sacrifice their own gain so that another can benefit : động vật có
thể thể hiện lòng vị tha bằng cách chọn hy sinh lợi ích của mình để con khác có thể hưởng lợi.
-exhibit /ɪɡˈzɪbɪt/ 2. [transitive] exhibit something (formal) to show clearly that you have or feel a particular
quality, ability, feeling or symptom SYNONYM display
 The patient exhibited signs of fatigue and memory loss.
 The three novels exhibit a growing confidence in the author's use of language.
-chimpanzee /ˌtʃɪmpænˈziː/ tinh tinh

-to whom humans are closely related: loài có quan hệ gần gũi với con người
-which means that it could also offer insights into how self-sacrifice and altruism influenced the development
of cooperative human social groups: tức là nghiên cứu này cũng có thể đem đến những hiểu biết sâu sắc về
đức hy sinh về lòng vị tha đã ảnh hưởng ra sao đến sự phát triển các nhóm hợp tác xã hội ở loài người.
-are capable of experiencing empathy: có khả năng đồng cảm.
-experience (B1) experience something to have and be aware of a particular emotion or physical feeling
 I have never experienced such pain before.
 I experienced feelings of sadness and loss.
 I experienced a moment of panic as I boarded the plane.
-a game in which a pair of them will take turns pulling for ropes: một trò chơi trong đó từng cặp minh tinh sẽ
thay phiên nhau kéo 4 sợi dây.
-pellet /ˈpelɪt/(C) a small hard ball of any substance, often of soft material that has become hard
 food pellets for chickens
 owl pellets (= the dried waste material from owls)
 slug pellets (= to kill slugs)
-which they did 75% of the time by choosing the rope that gave treats to both partners : với 75% số lần chơi
chúng để chọn sợi dây đem về thức ăn cho cả cặp tinh tinh.
-reciprocity /ˌresɪˈprɒsəti/ (U) (formal): a situation in which two people, countries, etc. provide the same help
or advantages to each other.
-a landmark of human cooperation: một đặc điểm nổi bật của sự hợp tác ở con người
-landmark /ˈlændmɑːk/(C1) landmark (in something) an event, a discovery, an invention, etc. that marks an
important stage in something SYNONYM milestone
 The ceasefire was seen as a major landmark in the fight against terrorism.
 a landmark decision/ruling in the courts
- embark on/upon something (formal) to start to do something new or difficult
o She is about to embark on a diplomatic career.
o Remember these basic rules before embarking upon major home improvements.

-patrol /pəˈtrəʊl/ (C1) [countable, uncountable] the act of going to different parts of a building, an area, etc. to
make sure that there is no trouble or crime
 Security guards make regular patrols at night.
 on patrol a police car on patrol
-these involve circling their group’s territory to sniff out any intruders: nhiệm vụ này đòi hỏi phải đi vòng
quanh lãnh thổ của đàn để đánh hơi ra kẻ xâm nhập.
-circle /ˈsɜːkl/ [intransitive, transitive] to move in a circle, especially in the air
 The helicopter was circling slowly, very low.
 circle above/over something Police helicopters circled above the park.
 circle around something He flew lower and circled around the lake.
 circle around above/over something Seagulls circled around above his head.
 circle overhead A buzzard was circling overhead.
 circle somebody/something The plane circled the airport to burn up excess fuel.
 The bell rang and the two boxers began circling each other.
-sniff out
sniff somebody/something out
to discover or find somebody/something by using your sense of smell
o The dogs are trained to sniff out drugs.
-intruder /ɪnˈtruːdə(r)/ (C2): a person who enters a building or an area illegally
 The intruder fired at least one more shot at the guard, then fled.
 Intruder alarms are being fitted in many schools as a way of improving security.
a person who is somewhere where they are not wanted
 The people in the room seemed to regard her as an unwelcome intruder.
-while this activity would make sense if the chimps were protecting their children,...: công việc này sẽ là
chuyện dễ hiểu nếu tinh tinh muốn bảo vệ con cái của chúng
-Found that almost 1/4 of the male chimps who went on the patrol did not have any relations in the groups:
nhận thấy rằng 1/4 số tinh tinh được đi tuần không có bất kỳ quan hệ gia đình nào trong đàn.
-Were motivated by something called ‘group augmentation’: được thúc đẩy bởi một thứ phải là sự mở rộng
đàn.
-augmentation /ˌɔːɡmenˈteɪʃn/ [uncountable, countable] (formal) the act or process of increasing the amount,
value, size, etc. of something
 the augmentation of the money supply
 breast augmentation surgery
 With such a host of new features and augmentations, the new version of the game is a must-buy.
-an increased amount of patrolling would allow the chimps to hold on to their territory and attract more
females, it would eventually increase every male chances of reproducing: số cuộc tuần tra sẽ giúp tinh tinh giữ
gìn lãnh thổ của mình tốt hơn và hấp dẫn được nhiều con cái hơn, cuối cùng, sẽ tăng cơ hội sinh sản của mọi
con đực.
-hold on to

-suppress /səˈpres/ (C1) suppress something to prevent yourself from having or expressing a feeling or an
emotion
 to suppress a smile
 She was unable to suppress her anger.
 He had suppressed the painful memories of his childhood.
 He could hardly suppress his surprise.
 Her face was charged with barely suppressed anger.
 She was unable to suppress a giggle.
 The disloyal thought was instantly suppressed.
 He couldn't suppress the excitement in his voice.
-suppress their self-interest because they were motivated by long term benefits: kiềm chế lợi ích bản thân vì
chúng được thúc đẩy bởi những lợi ích lâu dài
-serve as building blocks for the subsequent evolution of even more sophisticated cooperation later in human
evolution: đóng vai trò như yếu tố cơ bản tạo nên sự tiến hóa kế tiếp, một số hợp tác thậm chí còn phức tạp
hơn trong quá trình tiến hóa của loài người sau này.
- building blocks
[plural] parts that are joined together in order to make a large thing exist
 Single words are the building blocks of language.

-appear to present compelling evidence for chimp generosity: có vẻ đã đưa ra bằng chứng thuyết phục về sự
rộng lượng của tinh tinh.
-compelling /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ (a) If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it
because it is so strong:
compelling evidence
It's a fairly compelling argument for going.
-there is no basis for thinking that their behavior is altruistic and that chimps are in fact indifferent to altruism :
không có cơ sở để cho rằng hành vi của chúng là vị tha và rằng tinh tinh thật ra không quan tâm tới lòng vị
tha.
- indifferent /ɪnˈdɪfrənt/ (a) [not usually before noun] indifferent (to somebody/something) having or
showing no interest in somebody/something
 The government cannot afford to be indifferent to public opinion.
-glass panel (C): tấm kính
-the chimp subject was not rewarded in any way for his or her actions: đối tượng tinh tinh được nghiên cứu ở
đây không được thưởng theo bất kỳ hình thức nào cho hành động của chúng.
-the chimp was not more likely to release the food when it could see other chimp through the glass:
tinh tinh có vẻ sẽ không buông thức ăn khi chúng trông thấy con tinh tinh khác qua tấm kính
-…, suggesting that are not altruistic when there are no immediate or long-term gain for themselves:
từ đó cho thấy rằng tinh tinh không có lòng vị tha khi không có lợi ích tức thời hoặc lâu dài cho bản thân
chúng.
- Pro-social behavior actually developed later in evolution after our split with the other apes:
hành vi hướng tới xã hội thực ra đã phát triển sau trong quá trình tiến hóa, “sau khi chúng ta tách khỏi những
loại vươn khác.”
-Prosocial behavior, or intent to benefit others, is a social behavior that "benefit[s] other people or society as
a whole", "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering".

DAY 4: PROGRESSIVE TEST 4

READING PASSAGE 1:
1. Invented the stream-of-consciousness style of writing >< she is credited with perfecting the stream-of-
consciousness style pioneered by Dorothy Richardson.
2. was educated but did not attend a school = was home schooled
3. Không đề cập đến việc trở thành thành viên nổi tiếng nhất.,
4. In the years following her marriage = after her marriage
5. Could not have been as successful as he had been = despite having been endowed with all the talent of her
brother, is trapped in her home.

-a defining figure in 20th century literature: nhân vật nổi tiếng trong ngành văn học thế kỷ xx.
-defining (a) that describes or shows the essential meaning of something
 The EU referendum was a defining moment for our nation.
 Front porches are a defining characteristic of Garfield's architecture.
 He believed that liberty was a defining characteristic of a civilized society.
 Advertising is one of the defining features of our age.
A defining moment, feature, etc. is so important that it is or becomes part of
the basic meaning or description of something.
-notable for its experimentation: nổi bật với tính thử nghiệm
- experimentation /ɪkˌsperɪmenˈteɪʃn/ the activity or process of doing scientific experiments
 Further experimentation is needed to verify this hypothesis.
 experimentation on something Many people object to experimentation on embryos.
TOPICS Scientific researchC1
the activity or process of trying or testing new ideas, methods, etc. to find out what effect they have
 He has a flair for musical experimentation.
 experimentation with something experimentation with new teaching methods
-credit /ˈkredɪt/ (B2) [usually passive] to believe or say that somebody is responsible for doing something,
especially something good
 be credited All the contributors are credited on the title page.
 be credited as somebody/something She has been wrongly credited as the author.
 be credited with doing something The group has been widely credited with creating the sound of
heavy metal.
 The company is credited with inventing the industrial robot.
 be credited with something This therapy has long been credited with many benefits.
 be credited for doing something Ray Charles is largely credited for creating soul music.
 be credited for something Matthews was credited for the winning goal.
 be credited to something The invention of the industrial robot is credited to the company.

-encapsulate emotional suffering and social strife: tóm lược những cảm xúc đau khổ và những xung đột xã hội
-suffering /ˈsʌfərɪŋ/ (B2): [uncountable] physical or mental pain
  Death finally brought an end to her suffering.
 This war has caused widespread human suffering.
(C1) sufferings [plural] feelings of pain and unhappiness
 The hospice aims to ease the sufferings of the dying.
-strife /straɪf/ [uncountable] (formal or literary) anger or violence between two people or groups of people
who disagree SYNONYM conflict
 civil strife
 The country was torn apart by strife.
 internecine strife among the nationalities of the empire
-encapsulate /ɪnˈkæpsjuleɪt/ encapsulate something (in something) to express the most important parts of
something in a few words, a small space or a single object SYNONYM sum up
 The poem encapsulates many of the central themes of her writing.
-homeschool /ˌhəʊmˈskuːl/ homeschool somebody to educate a child at home, not in a school
 They homeschooled their children.
-well-connected (a) (of a person) having important or rich friends or relatives: có quan hệ với những người
giàu có hoặc giới thượng lưu
-benefit from the broad selection of acquaintances who would visit her family home: được hưởng lợi từ mạng
lưới rộng khắp những người quen hay tới lui nhà.
-selection (B2): [countable] a number of people or things that have been chosen from a larger group
 selection of something A selection of readers' comments is published below.
 selection from something The orchestra played selections from Hollywood musicals.
-a loss that led to Woolf’s first nervous breakdown and begin her lifelong battle with mental health: mất mát
này để khiến cho Woolf có biểu hiện suy nhược thần kinh đầu tiên và bắt đầu chiến đấu với chứng bệnh tâm
thần cả đời.
-artistic and political radicalism: chủ nghĩa cấp tiến về nghệ thuật về chính trị.
- radicalism /ˈrædɪkəlɪzəm/ (U): the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change:
Evidence of his youthful radicalism remained buried in his poems of the period.
Combatting radicalism and alienation has become a priority for the government.
Chủ nghĩa tiến bộ hay chủ nghĩa cấp tiến (tiếng Đức: Progressivismus từ tiếng Latinh: Progressio, Tiến bộ)
biểu thị một triết lý chính trị được xây dựng trên ý tưởng về sự tiến bộ, khẳng định sự tiến bộ trong khoa học,
công nghệ, phát triển kinh tế, tổ chức xã hội là rất quan trọng để cải thiện tình trạng của con người. Vì vậy, nó
là phong trào chống lại chủ nghĩa bảo thủ.
- the stream-of-consciousness technique: kỹ thuật dòng ký ức

-a society lady: một phụ nữ giới thượng lưu

-well-regarded (a): used to describe someone or something about which people have a good opinion:
The airline is well-regarded by passengers.
-foreshadowed feminism with its argument that ‘woman must have money and a room of her all if she is to
write’: báo hiệu trước cho chủ nghĩa nữ quyền với lập luận rằng một người phụ nữ phải có tiền và một căn
phòng riêng nếu cô ta muốn sáng tác.
-foreshadow /fɔːˈʃædəʊ/ foreshadow something to be a sign of something that will happen in the future
to act as a warning or sign of a future event:
 His sudden death had been foreshadowed by earlier health scares.
 These measures were foreshadowed in last year’s Health Committee report.

-illustrates her point through a depiction of...: thể hiện quan điểm của mình qua việc mô tả
- endowed with all the talent of her brother, is trapped in her home: được trời phú cho đầy đủ tài năng như anh
trai, song lại mắc kẹt trong căn nhà của mình.
-endow /ɪnˈdaʊ/
be endowed with something (C2) (formal) to naturally have a particular feature, quality, etc.
o She was endowed with intelligence and wit.
o The stones are believed to be endowed with magical powers.
-she took her own life: bà đã tự sát
- take your (own) life to kill yourself
o She took her own life.
-her reputation has soared: danh tiếng của bà ngày càng lan xa
-her works are now cherished around the world: các tác phẩm của bà hiện được yêu mến trên khắp thế giới
-cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/ 1. cherish somebody/something to love somebody/something very much and want to protect
them or it
 Children need to be cherished.
 her most cherished possession
-soar /sɔː(r)/ (C1-C2) [intransitive] if the value, amount or level of something soars, it rises very quickly
SYNONYM rocket
 soaring costs/prices/temperatures
 Air pollution will soon soar above safety levels.
 Unemployment has soared to 18 per cent.

READING PASSAGE 2:
6. highlight ~ emphasise
-came up with ~ coined with
7. This term pertains to ~ the term refers to
-the distance food travels from the producer ~ how far food travels from the producer
8.C
-Beef production generates 1.5 times more greenhouse gas emissions than producing chicken.
9.B
-A common calculation used by corporations for their emissions multiplies...

-tremendously /trəˈmendəsli/ (adv) (B2):

to a very great degree
 tremendously exciting
 People vary tremendously in their individual dietary requirements.
extremely well
 This area of research has progressed tremendously in the past few years.
-the amount of food being flown in/ doubled during 1990s: lượng thực phẩm được vận chuyển tăng gấp đôi
trong những năm 1990.
-these trends have raised concerns about the environmental impact of shipping food: những xu thế này đã làm
dấy lên lo ngại về tác động môi trường của việc vận chuyển thực phẩm
-coin coin something to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use
 The term ‘cardboard city’ was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard
boxes.
 He was the first to coin the motto ‘Make Love, Not War’.
-the ecological danger of long-distance food transport: mối nguy hiểm sinh thái của việc vận chuyển thực
phẩm đường dài
-in its simplest form: nói đơn giản,
-retail consumer: khách hàng lẻ
-‘farm-to-table’ concept, which involves by in only fresh, local food: hình thức từ nông trại đến bàn ăn, tức là
chỉ mua thực phẩm tươi ở ngay tại địa phương để thay thế
-Farm-to-table food or cooking uses fresh ingredients grown or produced not far from where they are eaten:
They offer a unique farm-to-table eating experience in the rustic ambience of their olive groves.

-the ‘miles’ must be calculated using additional information, such as the quantity of energy used and the
amount of carbon emitted: các dạng thực phẩm phải được tính toán dựa trên nhiều thông tin bổ trợ, chẳng hạn
như năng lượng đã được dùng và lượng carbon đã thải trên.
-the goal is to determine the level of pollution a given shipment creates overall: mục đích là để xác định mức
độ ô nhiễm tổng thể mà một lô hàng nhất định tạo ra.
-shipment [countable] a load of goods that are sent from one place to another
 arms shipments
 a shipment of arms
-A common calculation used by corporations for their emissions multiplies...: phép tính phổ biến được các
công ty sử dụng để đo lượng phát thải của họ là nhân....
- corporation /ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃn/ (abbreviation Corp.) tập đoàn
-multiply in the distance and weight provides the number of tonne-kilometers: việc nhân khoảng cách và trọng
lượng sẽ ra số tấn-km
-a truck travelling 1000 kilometers with 10 tons of cargo results in 10,000 tonne- kilometers: một xe tải đi
1000 km chở 10 tấn hàng hóa có kết quả là 10 nghìn tấn-km.
- the emission factor is a known rate for a given truck: hệ số phát thải là mức xác định cho mỗi loại xe tải nhất
định.
-that focusing on post-production food miles obscures the big picture: chú trọng vào dặm thực phẩm sau quá
trình sản xuất đã che giấu bức tranh toàn cảnh.
-big picture the big/ bigger picture (informal) the situation as a whole (idiom)
o Right now forget the details and take a look at the big picture.
the most important facts about a situation and the effects of that situation on other things:
In my political work I try to concentrate on the big picture and not be distracted by details.
- have compared the greenhouse gas emission of long- distance future transport with those of food production
process itself:
đã so sánh lượng khí thải nhà kính của quá trình vận chuyển thực phẩm đường dài với lượng khí thải của
chính quá trình sản xuất ra thực phẩm đó
-transportation from producer to consumer represents all the 4% of the total carbon footprint: vận chuyển từ
nhà sản xuất đến người tiêu dùng chỉ chiếm 4% trong tổng dấu chân carbon
-The actual production of food represents an astonishing 83%: quá trình sản xuất thực phẩm trên thực tế chiếm
tới con số đáng kinh ngạc là 83%
- eating food that can be produced with less energy has a much bigger impact than simply buying food
produced closer to home:
ăn đồ ăn được sản xuất với ít năng lượng hơn sẽ có tác động lớn hơn nhiều so với chỉ đơn thuần là mua thực
phẩm được sản xuất ở gần nhà hơn.
-substituting chicken for beef at muse would significantly cut these food-related emissions:
thay thịt bò bằng thịt gà trong các bữa ăn sẽ cắt giảm đáng kể lượng khí thải liên quan đến loại thực phẩm này.
-substitute /ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt/ (C1): to take the place of somebody/something else; to use somebody/something
instead of somebody/something else
 substitute for somebody/something Nothing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give
you.
 Can you find someone to substitute for you at the meeting?
 substitute A for B Margarine can be substituted for butter in this recipe.
 substitute B with/by A Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.
 substitute somebody/something Kane was substituted in the second half after a knee injury (=
somebody else played instead of Kane in the second half).

READING PASSAGE 3:
10. The growth of the population = a growing population
-essential ~ important
-produced enough food ~ allowed humans to produce a surplus of food
11. The types of plants that were being grown ~ the type of crops that were harvested
12-13
-Led to the spread of disease and infection ~ contributed to an increase in illnesses
-it meant that the nutrition levels of settled populations were substandard compared to those of hunter-
gatherers ~ promoted an unhealthy diet.
14. All domesticated animals in Neolithic Europe were probably from the Levant ~ Levantine animals were
used in Neolithic Europe.
15. forcibly push the European hunter-gatherers out of their territory ~ forced the hunter-gatherers out
16. the most likely scenario ~ it is most likely that
-were spread solely through migration >< which combines migration and trade
17. Chỉ cho biết các nhà khảo cổ cũng lập luận rằng việc sống trong các khu định canh thực ra khiến tuổi thọ
trung bình thấp hơn, cơ thể yếu ớt và nhỏ nhắn hơn; chứ không đề cập đến việc cơ thể nhỏ hơn của người thời
kỳ đồ đá khiến họ dễ bị tấn công hơn.
18. Were aware of the long-lasting impact of agriculture on them >< these long-term consequences were not
visible to the Neolithic people themselves and are only evident when events are viewed through the long lens
of history.

-The Neolithic /ˌniːəˈlɪθɪk/ of the later part of the Stone Age

 Neolithic stone axes
 Neolithic settlements
TOPICS HistoryC2
- marks humanity’s shift from hunting its food to farming it:
đánh dấu sự thay đổi của nhân loại từ săn bắt sang trồng trọt thực phẩm.
-palaeolithic /ˌpeɪliəˈlɪθɪk/ (a): đồ đá cũ
-derived from the Greek for stone, ‘lithic’, and ‘neo’, meaning new.
-around 7000 BCE, which is when the first farming communities appeared in Greece:
khoảng 7000 năm trước công nguyên khi các cộng đồng nông dân đầu tiên xuất hiện ở Hy Lạp.
-the Neolithic expansion then gradually moved from the Southeast to the Northwest of Europe:
sự mở rộng cuối thời kỳ đồ đá mới đã dịch chuyển dần từ phía Đông Nam sang phía Tây Bắc của châu Âu.
-spreading at a space of 1 kilometre every year and thereby overlapping with both the Mesolithic era and the
Bronze Age:
lan ra với tốc độ 1km trên năm, do đó nó trùng với thời đại đồ đá giữa về thời đại đồ đồng.
-which saw a large-scale change in human existence:
cuộc cách mạng này chứng kiến sự thay đổi trên diện rộng trong sự tồn tại của loài người.
-the fundamental difference was the shift away from the hunter-gather lifestyle towards settled agriculture: sự
khác biệt cơ bản là việc chuyển dịch từ lối sống săn bắn và hái lượn sang nền nông nghiệp định canh.
-agricultural techniques such as irrigation were essential to this shift since they allowed humans to produce a
surplus of food, which would subsequently facilitate the growth of population:
các kỹ thuật nông nghiệp như tưới tiêu rất quan trọng đối với sự chuyển dịch này, vì chúng giúp con người tạo
ra lượng thực phẩm thặng dư, tạo điều kiện cho sự tăng trưởng dân số sau đó
-surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/(C1-C2) [countable, uncountable] an amount that is extra or more than you need
 food surpluses
 in surplus Wheat was in surplus that year.
-confine /kənˈfaɪn/ (C1): [often passive] to keep somebody/something inside the limits of a particular activity,
subject, area, etc. SYNONYM restrict
 be confined to (doing) something The work will not be confined to the Glasgow area.
 confine yourself to (doing) something I will confine myself to looking at the period from 1900 to
1916.
-lentil /ˈlentl/ a small green, orange or brown seed that is usually dried and used in cooking, for example in
soup or stew TOPICS FoodC1

Lentil là một loại hạt nhỏ, tròn, phẳng, được nấu chín và ăn trong các món súp và các món ăn khác 12.
Lentil còn được gọi là đậu lăng3.
Lentil có nguồn gốc từ vùng Đông Địa Trung Hải và đã được trồng và sử dụng trong ẩm thực từ hàng ngàn
năm trước đây3.
Lentil là một loại thực phẩm thực vật giàu dinh dưỡng và phổ biến trên toàn thế giới 3.
-barley /ˈbɑːli/ (U): a plant grown for its grain that is used for making food, beer and whisky; the grains of this
plant: lúa mạch
 Feed barley prices are set to rise.
 Malt whisky is made from malted barley.

-einkorn /ˈaɪn.kɔːn/ a very old type of wheat (= a grain used for

making flour) with red grains, grown especially in southeast Europe and southwest Asia, often
as food for animals: lúa mì einkorn
Einkorn is one of the oldest cultivated grains known to man.
The frequent rain and mild conditions allowed farmers to grow rye, lentils and einkorn wheat.
-are divided on how exactly this influence occurred: chia phe về cách mà các ảnh hưởng này đã xảy ra
-3 competing models have been proposed to explain how Europeans adopted agriculture: 3 mô hình đối lập
nhau đã được nêu ra để lý giải về cách người châu Âu tiếp nhận nền nông nghiệp.
-replacement model: mô hình thay thế
-migrating farmers managed to oust the European populations: những người nông dân di trú để cố xoay sở để
hất cẳng người châu Âu.
-oust /aʊst/ to force somebody out of a job or position of power, especially in order to take their place
 oust somebody (as something) He was ousted as chairman.
 oust somebody (from something) The rebels finally managed to oust the government from power.
 She is a strong supporter of the recently ousted president.
-the cutural diffusion model: mô hình truyền bá văn hóa
-diffusion /dɪˈfjuːʒn/ (U): (formal) the act of spreading something widely in all directions; the fact of being
spread in all directions
 the diffusion of Marxist ideas
-the pioneer model, which synthesises the two other models: mô hình khai phá là tổng hợp của 2 mô hình trên
-synthesise /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/ 3. synthesize something to combine separate ideas, beliefs, styles, etc.
  Students learn to synthesize information and search for what is relevant.
- be descended from somebody (C2): to be related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the
past:
Her father is descended from Greek royalty.
Humans are descended from (= developed from) ape-like creatures.
I'm descended from immigrants on both sides of the family.
They found that she was descended from Edward III.
The population is descended from a relatively small number of settlers.

- forcibly push the European hunter-gatherers out of their territory: buộc những người săn bắt hái lượm châu
Âu phải rời khỏi lãnh thổ của mình.
-forcibly /ˈfɔːsəbli/ (adv): in a way that involves the use of physical force
 Supporters were forcibly removed from the court.
-the irregular spread of agriculture: sự lan rộng không theo quy luật nào của nền nông nghiệp
-eventually survived on a diet of locally grown crops and domesticated animals: cuối cùng đã sống sót được là
nhờ thức ăn từ lương thực trồng tại địa phương và các loại gia súc
-settled polulations: các nhóm dân cư định cư
-were substandard compared to those of hunter gatherers: có tiêu chuẩn thấp hơn so với mức dinh dữơng của
những người săn bắt hái lượm.
-substandard /ˌsʌbˈstændəd/ (a): below a satisfactory standard:
substandard housing/accommodation
substandard work/goods
-wild produce: thực phẩm hoang dã
-living in agricultural settlements actually led to lower life expectancy and a weaker, smaller body: sống trong
các khu định canh thật ra lại khiến tuổi thọ trung bình thấp hơn cơ thể yếu ớt và nhỏ nhắn hơn.
-settlement (C1) [countable] a place where people have come to live and make their homes, especially where
few or no people lived before
 signs of an Iron Age settlement
 a mining settlement

-the average height of people living in the Neolithic period fell by around 5 inches and did not recover until
the 20th century: chiều cao trung bình của những người sống ở thời kỳ đồ đá mới đã giảm khoảng 5 inch và
cho đến thế kỷ 20 mới đạt chiều cao như cũ
-the settled existence of Neolithic farmers led to the spread of disease and infection either from human waste
or from animals: cuộc sống định cư của nông dân thời kỳ đồ đá mới đã dẫn đến sự lây lan bệnh tật và nhiễm
trùng từ chất thải của con người hoặc từ động vật.

DAY 5: PROGRESSIVE TEST 5

READING PASSAGE 1:
1. There is a wide variety of food available >< food diversity is low
2.NG
-chỉ cho biết hơn một nửa trong số này là cây giống rau cải bó xôi và khoảng 1/3 là cải xoăn.
3. Enrich the soil ~ make it fertile
4. Clear away ~ removed
-3 feet (~ 1m/ 0.9144m) ~ a deep layer
-To determine if it was contaminated ~ to find out if it was polluted
5. Linked to water tank ~ connected to water tank
6. Remove zinc ~ take zinc out of soil

-is expected to be urban: dự kiến sẽ là người thành thị

-food insecurity: tình trạng mất an ninh lương thực
-undernourishment /ˌʌndəˈnʌrɪʃmənt/ (U): the condition of being in bad health because of a lack of food or a
lack of the right type of food
TOPICS Health problemsC2
-due to both an inability to afford fresh produce, and a lack of any retailers providing fruit and vegetables
within their slums themselves:
đương đầu với tình trạng mất an ninh lương thực do không đủ khả năng chi trả cho sản phẩm tươi cũng như
tình trạng thiếu đơn vị bán lẻ cung cấp trái cây hoặc rau quả trong chính các khu ổ chuột.
-turn to urban farming as a solution: chuyển sang canh tác đô thị như một giải pháp.
-uran farming: occurs when someone living in a city or heavily populated town repurposes their green space to
grow food and/or raise smaller animals (think goats, rabbits, chickens, turkeys). Not every urban farm has to be
at the owner's house; some urban farmers lease land and work the soil in other backyards, utilize rooftops or
even farm indoors. Unlike a personal garden, an urban farmer grows to feed the community, sometimes selling it
for little or no profit.

-create an urban mini-farms using sacks full of soil: tạo ra các trang trại nhỏ trong đô thị bằng cách sử dụng
các bao tải đầy đất.
-sack /sæk/ [countable] a large bag with no handles, made of strong rough material or strong paper or plastic,
used for storing and carrying, for example flour, coal, etc.
 They filled the sacks with potatoes.
 bulging sacks of toys

-‘farm-in-a-sack’: trang trại trong bao tải

-seedling /ˈsiːdlɪŋ/ (C): a young plant that has grown from a seed
 tomato seedlings
TOPICS Plants and treesC2
-spinach /ˈspɪnɪdʒ/ (U):
-kale /keɪl/ (U):

-2 pepper plants and 1 spring onion seedling: 2 cây hồ tiêu và một cây giống hành lá
-soil mix
Giá thể là các vật liệu để trồng cây, có khả năng giữ nước, có độ thoáng tạo môi trường thuận lợi cho sự phát
triển của cây trồng. Giá thể có thể được trộn từ các vật liệu hữu cơ hoặc khoáng chất như vỏ cây, xơ dừa, rêu,
than bùn, vermiculite, đá bọt, đá trân châu.... Giá thể có thể thay thế đất trong trồng cây
-the appropriate watering schedule to implement: triển khai tưới nước phù hợp
-selling surplus items at a profit: bán thu lời những sản phẩm dư
-the way of alleviating the problems with food supply: cách để xoa dịu vấn đề nguồn cung lương thực
-alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ alleviate something to make something less severe SYNONYM ease
 to alleviate suffering
 A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.

-acre /ˈeɪkə(r)/ (in Britain and North America) a unit for measuring an area of land; 4 840 square yards or
about 4 050 square metres
 3 000 acres of parkland
 a three-acre wood
 (informal) Each house has acres of space around it (= a lot of space).
TOPICS FarmingC1, Maths and measurementC1
-vegetable scraps: phế phẩm rau củ
-scrap
-create compost to enrich the soil since most of the soil in Kibera is infertile: tạo phân trộn giúp đất màu mở
hơn vì phần lớn đất ở Kibera đã bạc màu.
-compost (U): a mixture of decayed (= destroyed by natural processes) plants, food, etc. that can be added to
soil to help plants grow
 potting compost (= a mixture of soil and compost that you can buy to grow new plants in)

READING PASSAGE 2:
8. The diamond pattern of sharkskin ~ the diamond shapes in sharkskin
9. Reduction in the need for continual hand sanitization ~ reduce the need for hand sanitization
10. C
Da cá mập không loại bỏ hoàn toàn được vi sinh vật vì vậy còn kết hợp những biện pháp phòng ngừa khác
chẳng hạn như thuốc khử trùng.

-sunken /ˈsʌŋkən/ (a): [only before noun] that has fallen to the bottom of the sea or the ocean, or of a lake or
river
 a sunken ship
 sunken treasure
-accumulation /əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/(C1-C2):
[uncountable] the process of gradually increasing or getting more and more of something over a period of time
 the accumulation of wealth
[countable] an amount of something that has gradually increased over a period of time
 an accumulation of toxic chemicals
-that normally build up on underwater surfaces: thường tích tụ bám trên các bề mặt ở dưới nước
-scale /skeɪl/ [countable] any of the thin plates of hard material that cover the skin of many fish and reptiles
 The beast was a dragon, with great purple and green scales.
-in a distinctive geometric pattern: xếp theo kiểu hoa văn hình học đặc biệt
-Antibacterial properties: đặc tính kháng khuẩn
-a sharkskin-like pattern resulted in an 85% reduction in microorganism colonization compared to smooth
surface: hoa văn giống như da cá mập đã làm giảm 85% sự tích tụ vi sinh vật so với một bề mặt nhẵn.
-colonisation /ˌkɒlənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ (U): (biology) the fact of animals or plants living or growing in large numbers in
a particular area
 plant colonization

-the diamond pattern of sharkskin: hoa văn hình kim cương của da cá mập
-he's now marketing his product to hospitals and other medical facilities, where antibiotics are essential for
preventing the spread of disease: hiện ông đang tiếp thị sản phẩm của mình tới các bệnh viện và các cơ sở y tế
khác những nơi rất cần thuốc kháng sinh để ngăn chặn sự lây lan bệnh.
-promote the products by comparing it to the use of antibiotics: quảng cáo sản phẩm bằng cách so sánh nó với
việc sử dụng thuốc kháng sinh.
-antibiotics produce resistant bacteria or ‘superbugs’, which are hard to destroy: thuốc kháng sinh tạo ra vi
khuẩn kháng thuốc hay còn gọi là siêu vi khuẩn rất khó tiêu diệt.
-antibiotics must also be replenished regularly so that hospitals have an available supply: thuốc kháng sinh
phải được bổ sung thường xuyên để bệnh viện có nguồn cung luôn sẳn sàng.
-replenish replenish something (with something) to make something full again by replacing what has been
used SYNONYM top up
 to replenish food and water supplies
 Allow me to replenish your glass.
+ Ý nghĩa: Làm đầy, bổ sung vào vật gì đó cho đầy bằng việc thay thế những vật đã sử dụng.
+ Sự khác biệt: Động từ replenish bao hàm phạm vi hẹp hơn so với restock. Theo đó, nó chỉ thể hiện việc thay
thế, bổ sung vật gì đó bằng việc thay thế những vật đã sử dụng. Trong khi đó với restock, bạn hoàn toàn có thể
sử dụng với bất kỳ vật gì. Với mục đích làm mới lại, thay thế hay bổ sung cho cái đã dùng, đã cũ.
Ví dụ:
 Because of our currently unavailable merchandise. The manager asked the marketing department to
submit sales initiatives before replenishing our stock. (Bởi vì hàng hóa trưng bày của chúng ta hiện
không có sẵn. Người quản lý đã yêu cầu phòng tiếp thị nộp những sáng kiến bán hàng trước khi bổ
sung hàng hóa).
-reduce infection rates without the risk of superbugs or the constant cost of restocking antibiotics: Giảm tỷ lệ
nhiễm trùng mà không tạo ra nguy cơ mắc siêu vi khuẩn hoặc khoáng phí cố định dùng cho việc dự trữ thuốc
kháng sinh.
-restock
Ý nghĩa: Thay thế hoặc bổ sung thêm vật gì đó cho cái hiện có nhưng đã cũ, hư hỏng hoặc bị bán / lấy đi. Với
ý nghĩa này, restock bao hàm phạm vi vật thay thế / bổ sung rất rộng, không chỉ là hàng hóa. Bởi lẽ gốc từ
“stock” dễ làm người dùng liên tưởng đến danh từ chỉ nghĩa “hàng hóa lưu giữ trong kho”.
+ Sự khác biệt: Với restock, bạn hoàn toàn có thể sử dụng với bất kỳ vật gì với mục đích làm mới lại, thay thế
hay bổ sung cho cái đã dùng, đã cũ. Tuy nhiên, bạn lưu ý rằng restock được dùng cho vật chất, không bao hàm
đối tượng tinh thần (như refresh, re-strengthen). Đồng thời, phạm vi sử dụng của restock rộng hơn replenish
(làm đầy bằng việc thay thế cái mới cho những cái đã được sử dụng). Do đó restock mang hàm ý và phạm vi
sử dụng khá bao quát.
Ví dụ:
 In order to make water in this river fresh as soon as possible, the local government along with
Japanese experts have had a discussion about restocking it. (Để làm cho nước trong con sông này
trong lành càng sớm càng tốt; chính quyền địa phương cùng với các chuyên gia người Nhật đã thảo
luận với nhau về việc thay, làm mới nó).
 After the successful sales campaign last month, currently, we are planning to restock a variety of
goods. (Sau chiến dịch bán hàng thành công tháng trước, hiện tại chúng tôi đang lập kế hoạch để thay
thế, bổ sung nhiều loại hàng hóa khác nhau).

-a means of stopping infections from spreading by touch: một cách ngăn chặn sự nhiễm trùng lây lan qua sự
đụng chạm
-frequently touched items could be covered with sharkskin-inspired material to create a surface area that are
unfavorable for bacterial growth: các vật thường xuyên được đụng vào có thể được phủ bằng vật liệu mô
phỏng da cá mập để tạo ra các bề mặt không có lợi cho sự phát triển của vi khuẩn.
-a significant reduction in the need for continual hand sanitization after touching these objects: giảm đáng kể
nhu cầu vệ sinh tay liên tục sau khi chạm vào các vật dụng này
-inhibits the spread of microbes it doesn't eliminate their presence entirely: sự lây lan của vi khuẩn nhưng nó
không loại bỏ hoàn toàn sự hiện diện của chúng.
-inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt/(C1) inhibit something (formal) to prevent something from happening or make it happen
more slowly or less frequently than normal
 A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child.
 Financial considerations are inhibiting access to higher education.
 Alcohol significantly inhibits the action of the drug.
- in conjunction with somebody/something (formal) together with somebody/something
o The police are working in conjunction with tax officers on the investigation.
o The software can be used in conjunction with any other application.
-the presence of even a small number creates significant risk in medical environment: chỉ một lượng nhỏ vi
khuẩn đó xuất hiện cũng tạo rủi ro lớn trong môi trường y tế.

READING PASSAGE 3:
11. This idea of Japanese homogeneity obscures the history of the Ainu people ~ the Ainu have been hidden
due to ideas of Japanese homogeneity.
12. before ~ pre-
-there was no conflict between the Ainu and the Japanese >< Japanese gradually dominated the Ainu which
led to several violent uprisings.
13. NG
14. Officially estimated to be ~ the government figure
15. Have regained most of their cultural ~ has already been permanently lost due to assimilation.
16. From youth ~ from very young age
17. encircling their lips in a black tattoo ~ had a black, circular tattoo
18. were required to give up their traditions and adopt Japanese names ~ were also forced to take on Japanese
names and give up cultural practices

-has a reputation as an ethnically homogeneous nation: nổi tiếng là quốc gia thuần nhất về dân tộc
-homogenous /ˌhɒməˈdʒiːniəs/ /həˈmɒdʒənəs/ consisting of things or people that are all the same or all of the
same type
 a homogeneous group/mixture/population
 a culturally homogeneous society
 Old people are not a homogeneous group, as some people seem to think.

-populated almost entirely by Japanese people with a limited number of foreign immigrants: với dân cư hầu
như toàn bộ là người Nhật và một số lượng hạn chế người nhập cư nước ngoài.
-populate /ˈpɒpjuleɪt/(C1) [often passive] populate something to live in an area and form its population
SYNONYM inhabit
 a heavily/densely/sparsely/thinly populated country
 The island is populated largely by sheep.
 (figurative) the amazing characters that populate her novels
-homogeneity /ˌhəʊməʊdʒəˈniːəti/ /ˌhɒməʊdʒəˈniːəti/ (U): the quality in a group of people or things of being
all the same or all of the same type
 Cultural homogeneity is created by education and the media.
-obscure /əbˈskjʊə(r)/ obscure something to make it difficult to see, hear or understand something
 The view was obscured by fog.
 We mustn't let these minor details obscure the main issue.
 A shadow fell across her face, obscuring her expression.
-were largely destroyed by the Japanese government's efforts to enforce homogeneity: phần lớn đều bị phá
hủy bởi những nỗ lực của chính phủ nhật hòng cưỡng ép họ đồng hóa.
-are now experiencing a renaissance and are gradually resurrecting their cultural identity: hiện họ đang trải
qua giai đoạn phục hưng về dòng khôi phục bản sắc văn hóa của mình
-renaissance /rəˈneɪ.səns/ (S): a situation when there is new interest in a particular subject, form of art, etc.
after a period when it was not very popular SYNONYM revival
 The British film industry is currently enjoying something of a renaissance.
 to experience a renaissance
a new growth of activity or interest in something, especially art, literature, or music:
-resurrect /ˌrezəˈrekt/ resurrect something to bring back into use something such as a belief, a practice, etc.
that had disappeared or been forgotten SYNONYM revive
 The campaign for spelling reform has been resurrected.
 He has succeeded in resurrecting his career in television.

-merchant /ˈmɜːtʃənt/ (C1) a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who imports
and exports goods
 a coal/wine merchant
 Venice was once a city of rich merchants.
-particularly in terms of their amount of body hair: đặc biệt về số lượng lông trên cơ thể
-they had hair all over their bodies: họ có lông khắp người
-give rise to (C2):

-encircle /ɪnˈsɜːkl/ (formal) encircle somebody/something to surround somebody/something completely in a

circle
 Jack's arms encircled her waist.
 The island is encircled by a coral reef.
 Snow covered the encircling hills.
-beaded /ˈbiːdɪd/ (a): decorated with beads
 a beaded dress
-restoration /ˌrestəˈreɪʃn/ [uncountable] restoration (of something) (to somebody/something) the act of
returning something to its correct place, condition or owner
 the restoration of the Elgin marbles to Greece
-annex /ˈæneks/ (T): to take possession of an area of land or a country, usually by force or without permission:
sáp nhập
The UK annexed this small island west of Scotland in 1955.

-cultural practices: các tập tục văn hóa

-animal sacrifice: hiến tế động vật
-marginalize /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəlaɪz/ marginalize somebody to make somebody feel as if they are not important and
cannot influence decisions or events; to put somebody in a position in which they have no power
TOPICS Social issuesC2
-exacerbated this marginalization: đã làm trầm trọng thêm tình trạng cô lập đó
-exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ exacerbate something to make something worse, especially a disease or problem
SYNONYM aggravate
 His aggressive reaction only exacerbated the situation.
 The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs.
-severed the connection between: cắt đứt mối liên hệ giữa
-sever /ˈsevə(r)/ sever something to completely end a relationship or all communication with somebody
SYNONYM break off
 The two countries have severed all diplomatic links.
 She has severed all contact with her family.

-if those who have assimilated are taken into account: nếu tính cả những người để bị đồng hóa
-rectify /ˈrektɪfaɪ/(C1) rectify something to put right something that is wrong SYNONYM correct
 to rectify a fault
 We must take steps to rectify the situation.
Rectify is a verb that means to correct something that is wrong or to make something right. It is often used
in situations where a mistake has been made and needs to be fixed. The word rectify comes from the Latin
word “rectificare,” which means to make right or to straighten.
Rectify can be used in a variety of contexts, such as in business, law, and engineering. In business, rectify
may refer to correcting a mistake in financial statements or resolving a customer complaint. In law, rectify
may refer to correcting an error in a legal document or fixing a mistake made during a trial. In engineering,
rectify may refer to fixing a malfunctioning machine or correcting an error in a design.

-have experienced some success: đã thu được một số thành công

-make amends for: bù đắp cho
make amends (to somebody) (for something/for doing something) to do something for somebody in order
to show that you are sorry for something wrong or unfair that you have done SYNONYM make up for
something
o She tried to make amends for what she had said to her mother by buying her some flowers.
o The team is desperate to make amends for two successive defeats.

ACTUAL TEST
READING PASSAGE 1:
1. Topic sentence: 1st sentence
-for centuries ~ centuries-old
2. The two categories of tickling ~ two types of tickling
-The two categories of tickling:
+1st category: knismesis
+On the other hand, gargalesis is
3. Đoạn C không có câu chủ đề, chủ yếu đề cập đến hành động cù lét có thể được coi là nghi thức củng cố
quan hệ giữa các cá nhân và đây là hoạt động cần thiết giữ liên kết quan hệ gia đình và bạn bè.
4. Topic sentence: 1st sentence
5. Đoạn E không có câu chủ đề, chủ yếu đề cập đến quan điểm của một số nhà nghiên cứu cho rằng phản ứng
khi bị nhột có thể là hành động phản xạ tự vệ và tiếng cười khi bị nhột có thể là chức năng phòng ngự.
6. Appears to be an entirely useless trait ~ does not seem to have been practical use
7. -is more of… a social phenomenon ~ may be a social explanation
8. gentle ~ mild
-similar to feeling itchy ~ more like a ‘moving itch.’
9. Most ticklish ~ most vulnerable to tickling
10. Prompt laughter ~ encourages laughter
11. Other common responses include…twitching ~ cause… twitching
12. An essential trust building exercise ~ an important way of creating trust
13. The use of tickling as a torture mechanism ~ tickling was used as the form of torture

-ticklish /ˈtɪklɪʃ/ (a): (of a person) sensitive to being tickled

 Are you ticklish?
-a basic human attribute: một tính cơ bản của con người
-shared by almost everybody to varying degrees: hầu hết ai cũng có ở các mức độ khác nhau
-intrigue /ɪnˈtriːɡ/ [transitive] to make somebody very interested and want to know more about something
 intrigue somebody The idea intrigued her.
 You've really intrigued me—tell me more!
 There was something about him that intrigued her.
 it intrigues somebody that… It intrigues me that no one appears to have thought of this before.
TOPICS FeelingsC1
-particularly as it appears to be an entirely useless trait: đặc biệt khi nó có vẻ là một đặc điểm hoàn toàn vô
dụng
-baffle /ˈbæfl/ to confuse somebody completely; to be too difficult or strange for somebody to understand or
explain
 baffle somebody His behaviour baffles me.
  be baffled (as to) why, how, where, etc… I'm baffled as to why she hasn't called.
 I'm baffled why she hasn't called.

-why does it only work when someone else does it? Tại sao nó chỉ có tác động khi người khác làm điều đó?
-the evolutionary basic for...: cơ sở tiến hóa
-a sensitivity to touch should prompt laughter: sự nhạy cảm của xúc giác sẽ tạo ra tiếng cười.
-counter-intuitive /ˌkaʊntər ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/(a) the opposite of what you would expect or what seems to be obvious
 These results seem counter-intuitive.

Something that is counterintuitive does not happen in the way you would expect it to:
It may seem counterintuitive to open a shop in the middle of a recession.
Steering a sailboat is counter-intuitive - you push the tiller the opposite way to the way you want to
go.
His careful and counterintuitive analysis of the market brought him great success.

-other common responses include involuntary twitching, goose bumps and a rapid withdrawal from the tickler:
Các phản ứng phổ biến khác bao gồm co rúm, sởn da gà và rụt lại thật nhanh khỏi người cù.
-involuntary /ɪnˈvɒləntri/ (a): an involuntary movement, etc. is made suddenly, without you intending it or
being able to control it
 an involuntary cry of pain
-a mild but irritating sensation and is more like a ‘moving itch’: một cảm giác nhẹ nhưng khó chịu và giống
với vết ngứa di động.
-this can be prompted by very light pressure on the skin, rather like when someone with very gently strokes a
feather across your arm, and it's generally only sets off a bout of scratching:
nó có thể được tạo ra bởi áp lực rất nhẹ lên da, giống như khi ai đó vuốt một chiếc lông rất nhẹ lên cánh tay
thường chỉ gây tê đừng một đợt gãi ngứa
-induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/ (C1): induce something (formal) to cause something
 drugs that induce sleep
 a drug-induced coma
 Hearing loss is often induced by exposure to loud noise.
-bout /baʊt/ a short period of great activity; a short period during which there is a lot of a particular thing,
usually something unpleasant
 They had been fighting after a drinking bout.
 bout of something/of doing something the latest bout of inflation
 There has been a severe bout of inflation over recent months.
 Regular exercise is better than occasional bouts of strenuous activity.

a short period of illness or involvement in an activity:

UK a bout of flu
US a bout with the flu
He suffered from periodic bouts of insanity.
a drinking bout (= short period of drinking a lot of alcohol)
-set off (C2): to start a process or series of events
 Panic on the stock market set off a wave of selling.
TOPICS Change, cause and effectC2
-this involves pressure from another individual on certain parts of the body, particularly the feet, armpits,
under arm area, and ribs and causes a wrippling laughter which is a mixture of pleasure and pain:
nó liên quan đến áp lực từ một cá nhân khác lên các phần nhất định của cơ thể, đặc biệt là bàn chân, nách,
vùng dưới cánh tay về xương sườn gây ra tiếng vừa quằn quại trộn lẫn với những khoái cảm và đau đớn.
-the hand has many more nerves relating to touch than the foot:
bàn tay có nhiều dây thần kinh liên quan đến xúc giác hơn so với bàn chân.
- tickling is not simply a side effect of human beings’ sensitivity to touch: việc bị nhột không chỉ đơn thuần là
một tác dụng phụ của sự nhạy cảm nơi xúc giác của con người.
-a tickler from a stranger could very easily prompt anger rather than laughter and can be a form of harassment:
Hành động cù từ một người lạ có thể khiến bạn tức giận hơn là buồn cười và đó có thể là một hình thức quấy
rối.
-tickle /ˈtɪkl/ [usually singular] an act of tickling somebody
  She gave the child a little tickle.
-interpersonal relationships: mối quan hệ giữa các cá nhân
-characterise tickling as an integral bonding activity: coi cù lét là một hoạt động gắn kết không thể thiếu
-characterise (C1): to describe or show the qualities of somebody/something in a particular way
 characterize somebody/something How would you characterize the mood of the 1990s?
 characterize somebody/something as something activities that are characterized as ‘male’ or
‘female’ work
-an essential trust building exercise which teaches children about touch and sensation: một hoạt động xây
dựng lòng tin cần thiết để dạy trẻ em về xúc giác và cảm giác.
-exercise 5. [countable] an activity that is designed to achieve a particular result
 a public consultation exercise
 a communications exercise
 In the end it proved a pointless exercise.
 exercise in something an exercise in public relations
 Staying calm was an exercise in self-control.
-categorize tickling within the highest grade of social intimacy which can exist between individuals, whether
they are family members or friends: phân loại cù lét trong mức độ thân thiết xã hội cao nhất có giữa các cá
nhân, dù đó là thành viên gia đình hay bạn bè
-intimacy /ˈɪntɪməsi/ [uncountable, singular] the state of having a close personal relationship with somebody
 She isn't capable of real intimacy.
 intimacy between A and B The old intimacy between them had gone for ever.
 intimacy with somebody He enjoys an intimacy with the president.
-depends on anticipation of the tickle as much as actual contact: phụ thuộc vào sự lường trước về cảm giác bị
nhột cũng như việc động chạm thực sự.
-anticipation /ænˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃn/ (U): the fact of seeing that something might happen in the future and perhaps
doing something about it now
 in anticipation of something He bought extra food in anticipation of more people coming than he'd
invited.
-contact (B2): [uncountable] the state of touching something
 a fear of physical contact
 The disease is spread by contact.
 infections transmitted through sexual contact
 in contact with something His fingers were briefly in contact with the ball.
 This substance should not come into contact with food.
 on contact This pesticide kills insects on contact (= as soon as it touches them).
 on contact with something This chemical is liable to explode on contact with water.
 contact of something + adv./prep. She blushed at the sudden contact of his hand against her arm.
-tickling can be unpleasant for many people, and that even though they're laughing this may be masking a
feeling of anxiety: cảm giác bị nhột có thể gây khó chịu cho nhiều người, và dù họ cười nhưng điều này có thể
loại ẩn náu cảm giác lo lắng.
-mask /mɑːsk/ mask something to hide a feeling, smell, fact, etc. so that it cannot be easily seen or noticed
SYNONYM disguise, veil
 She masked her anger with a smile.
-this lack of consensus about the pleasure of tickling suggests that, as a bonding experience, it may be more
ambiguous: sự thiếu đồng thuận về việc có thích bị cù hay không cho thấy rằng hành động này có lẽ còn chưa
rõ ràng trong vai trò là trải nghiệm gắn kết.
-ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/ (a) (C2): that can be understood in more than one way; having different meanings
 an ambiguous word/term/statement
 Her account was deliberately ambiguous.

not clearly stated or defined

 His role has always been ambiguous.
-consensus /kənˈsensəs/ (U): an opinion that all members of a group agree with
 consensus (about/on something) She is skilled at achieving consensus on sensitive issues.
 There is a growing consensus of opinion on this issue.
 an attempt to reach a consensus
 There now exists a broad political consensus in favour of economic reform.
  consensus politics (= that people in general agree with)
 consensus (among somebody) (about/on something) There is a general consensus among teachers
about the need for greater security in schools.
 consensus that… There seems to be a consensus that the plan should be rejected.
 by consensus They have always governed by consensus.
-the use of tickling as a torture mechanism, a practice that was common in both Europe and Japan in medieval
times: việc sử dụng như một phương pháp tra tấn một cách thức phổ biến ở cả châu Âu và Nhật Bản thời kỳ
Trung cổ.
-mechanism (C1) a method or a system for achieving something
 mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public
 The college has established an effective student support mechanism.
-a victim’s feet were covered in salty water, and a goat was encouraged to continue lick them: chân của nạn
nhân bị tráng nước mặn, và một con dê bị kích động để liên tục liếm bàn chân đó.
- ‘merciless tickling’ were inflicted on reluctant victims: ‘Cù không thương tiếc’ được áp dụng với những nạn
nhân không chịu hợp tác.
-inflict /ɪnˈflɪkt/ (C1) to make somebody/something suffer something unpleasant
 inflict something on/upon somebody/something They inflicted a humiliating defeat on the home
team.
 Heavy casualties were inflicted on the enemy.
 (humorous) Do you have to inflict that music on us?
 inflict something They surveyed the damage inflicted by the storm.
 The rodent’s sharp teeth can inflict a nasty bite.
 When someone deliberately inflicts damage, it is a matter for the police.
-the unpleasantness of being tickled as evidence that tickling could be part of our natural defense mechanisms:
Cảm giác khó chịu khi bị nhột như bằng chứng cho thấy rằng bị nhột có thể là một phần của cơ chế phòng vệ
tự nhiên
-the response to tickling is a protective reflex: phản ứng khi bị cù là phản xạ tự vệ.
-kin /kɪn/ [plural] (old-fashioned or formal) your family or your relatives
 Marriage between close kin is prohibited.
-the laughter is a sign of surrender, and it signals a person's submission to the tickler: tiếng cười là dấu hiệu
của sự đầu hàng và nó báo hiệu sự phục tùng của người bị cù đối với người cù.
-surrender /səˈrendə(r)/ (U) surrender (to somebody/something) an act of admitting that you have been
defeated and want to stop fighting
 They demanded (an) unconditional surrender.
 He raised his hands in surrender.
-submission /səbˈmɪʃn/ (C1) [uncountable] the act of accepting that somebody has defeated you and that you
must obey them SYNONYM surrender
 a gesture of submission
 to beat/force/starve somebody into submission
 His response was one of resistance, not submission.

READING PASSAGE 2:
14. The inexpensive mass production of steel ~ cheaply produce large quantities of steel
15. Make a better quality of steel for his clock springs ~ make better steel for clocks
16. Made of two types of iron ~ produced through combining wrought iron and high-quality cast iron.
17. Invented ~ invention of
18. Constructed a huge steel business in America ~ built a massive steel empire, which stretched across the
United States.
19. The creation of stainless steel ~ the invention of stainless steel
-was further established ~ grew significantly
20. It led to the use of steel tools in ~ steel could now be used in
21. resulted in a spike in production of steel ~ the steel industry expanded further
22. Steel was still relatively abundant ~ there were still enough steel
23. Only exported to the Middle East >< exported throughout the world.
24. A form of the Bessemer process was used in China before its use in Europe.
~ methods of steel production was in use in China from at least…, including an early version of the Bessemer
process which would revolutionize European steel manufacturing...
25. Wrought iron rails lasted longer than steel ones ~ still became the most important material… where it
could soon replace less durable wrought iron rails.
26. chỉ biết cầu Brooklyn -cây cầu treo bằng thép đầu tiên.

-high tensile strength: độ bền chịu lực kéo cao

-tensile /ˈtensaɪl/ /ˈtensl/ (a): [only before noun] used to describe the extent to which something can stretch
without breaking
 the tensile strength of rope
 This experiment demonstrates the tensile strength of the wire.
TOPICS Physics and chemistryC2
-in modern construction: trong các công trình hiện đại
-steel: an alloy of iron and carbon: hợp kim của sắt và cacbon
-alloy /ˈælɔɪ/(C/U): a metal that is formed by mixing two types of metal together, or by mixing metal with
another substance
 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
 alloy steel
TOPICS Physics and chemistryC2
-iron ore: quặng sắt
-ore (C/U): rock, earth, etc. from which metal can be obtained
 iron ore
 ore smelted with charcoal
 smelting the ore with charcoal
-in blast furnaces: trong lò cao
-furnace /ˈfɜːnɪs/ (C) (especially North American English) (also boiler British and North American English)
a container in which water is heated to provide hot water and heating in a building or to produce steam in an
engine
a container that is heated to a very high temperature, so that substances that are put inside it, such as metal,
will melt or burn:
-impurity /ɪmˈpjʊərəti/ [countable] a substance that is present in small amounts in another substance, making it
dirty or of poor quality
 A filter will remove most impurities found in water.
 The substance is free of impurities.
 The water contains impurities which make it unsuitable for drinking.
-blacksmith /ˈblæksmɪθ/ a person whose job is to make and repair things made of iron, especially horseshoes:
Thợ rèn
-was stronger when heated by charcoal: trở nên cứng hơn khi được nung bằng than
-charcoal /ˈtʃɑːkəʊl/ (U): a black substance made by burning wood slowly in an oven with little
air. Charcoal is used as a fuel or for drawing.
 charcoal-grilled steaks
 a charcoal drawing

-wootz steel: thép wootz

-prevalent /ˈprevələnt/ (a) (formal): that exists or is very common at a particular time or in a particular place
SYNONYM common, widespread
 a prevalent view
  prevalent among somebody These prejudices are particularly prevalent among people living in the
North.
 prevalent in somebody/something The disease is even more prevalent in Latin America.
-crucible /ˈkruːsɪbl/ a container in which metals or other substances can be heated to very high temperatures

-temper (specialist) to make metal as hard as it needs to be by heating and then cooling it: tôi luyện
 be tempered The blade is hardened and tempered so that it resists damage.
 tempered steel
-brittleness /ˈbrɪtlnəs/ (U): the fact of being hard but easily broken: độ giòn gãy
 the hardness and brittleness of coal
-onwards /ˈɒnwədz/ from… onwards continuing from a particular time
 They lived there from the 1980s onwards.
 The pool is open from 7 a.m. onwards.
-wrought /rɔːt/ iron (U): a form of iron used to make attractive fences, gates, etc.
iron that can be bent into attractive shapes and used to make gates, furniture, etc.:
 The gates were made of wrought iron.
 wrought-iron gates
-cast iron /ˌkɑːst ˈaɪən/ (U): a hard type of iron that does not bend easily and is shaped by pouring the hot
liquid metal into a mould (= a container with a particular shape): gang
-steel manufacturing: ngành sản xuất thép
- this steel bloom well facilitated by several innovations: sự bùng nổ về thiết này để được tạo đà bởi một số
sáng tạo
-a method that gave the resulting steel a more uniform composition: phương pháp này giúp thép thành phẩm
có thành phẩm đồng nhất hơn
-boosted demand for steel: thúc đẩy nhu cầu về thép
-steel rolling system: hệ thống cán thép
-led to a much higher output: khiến sản lượng thép cao hơn rất nhiều
-the Bessemer process

-impurities were removed through the instruction of air to molten iron: các tạp chất được loại bỏ bằng cách
thêm không khí vào sắt nóng chảy
-following the adoption of this process: áp dụng quy trình này
-it could be now produced at prices low enough to make it a cost-effective material for large-scale buildings:
giờ đây thép có thể được sản xuất với giá thành đủ thấp để trở thành vật liệu có hiệu suất giá thành cao dùng
cho các tòa nhà quy mô lớn.
-the first steel suspension bridge: cầu treo bằng thép đầu tiên
-suspension bridge /səˈspenʃn brɪdʒ/ a bridge that hangs from steel cables that are supported by towers at each
end TOPICS BuildingsC2
-cost-effective (also cost-efficient) giving the best possible profit or benefits in comparison with the money
that is spent
 a cost-effective way to fight crime

-symbolized America's new position as global leader in steel production: tượng trưng cho vị thế mới của mỹ
trên cương vị nhà sản xuất thép hàng đầu thế giới
- built a massive steel empire: đã xây dựng một đế chế thép khổng lồ
-steelworks (plural steelworks)[countable + singular or plural verb]
a factory where steel is made
-stainless steel /ˌsteɪnləs ˈstiːl/ (U) a type of steel that does not rust (= change colour)
 knives made of stainless steel
-this rust-resistant material increased the range of applications in the which steel could be used: vật liệu chống
gỉ này để làm tăng phạm vi ứng dụng của việc sử dụng thép
-rust (U): a red-brown substance that is formed on some metals by the action of water and air
 pipes covered with rust
 rust spots
  a rust-coloured dress
 The lock was covered with rust.
 The old padlock was red with rust.

(-resistant) -resistant (in adjectives)not damaged by the thing mentioned

 disease-resistant plants
 fire-resistant materials

-spike [countable, usually singular] a sudden large increase in something

 a spike in oil prices
TOPICS Change, cause and effectC2
-for the duration of the Second World War: trong suốt thế chiến thứ 2

READING PASSAGE 3:
27. The nature of human emotion ~ the essence of emotion
28. Usually associated with sleeping ~ often related to sleeping
29. Unconscious changes in the nervous system ~ changes that are not conscious in the nervous system
30. Produced by an external stimulus ~ set off by an outside stimulus
31. arises through social interaction ~ Comes about through social interaction
32. a child’s growing awareness of himself or herself ~ an increasing self-awareness in infants
33. Smiles should be categorized according to anatomical movements >< this view is partly a result of
unscientific attempts to directly connect human emotion with anatomical movements, which have been proved
to be incorrtect.
34. NG
35. Only occurs when there is emotion involved ~ happen in the absence of emotion.
36. easy to do >< difficulty
37. -babies were cautiously attentive to their mother’s response to strangers
If the mother smiled a stranger the baby was far more likely to smile.
38. The term may be even to extended to describe how an infant smiles that in inaminate, though familiar,
objects like teddy bears

-unlock the secrets of human emotion: khám phá bí mật về cảm xúc của con người
-young babies can provide indicators of early emotional growth and development: trẻ sơ sinh có thể cung cấp
các chỉ số về sự phát triển về tăng cường của cảm xúc sơ khai
-provide cues for determining how an infant's reaction to a given experience or situation conveys meaning:
đưa ra gợi ý để xác định phản ứng của trẻ sơ sinh đối với một trải nghiệm hoặc tình huống nhất định truyền
đạt ý nghĩa gì.
-infants’facial expressions are particularly useful for understanding the nature of human emotion because there
have not yet been significant conditioned by social norms or conventions:
Nét mặt trẻ sơ sinh đặc biệt hữu ích để tìm hiểu về bản chất của cảm xúc con người vì chúng vẫn chưa được
định hướng nhiều bởi các quy ước và chuẩn mực xã hội
-convention /kənˈvenʃn/ (B2-C1): [countable, uncountable] the way in which something is done that most
people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it
 the rigid social conventions of Victorian Britain
 She is a young woman who enjoys flouting conventions.
 by convention By convention the deputy leader was always a woman.
 Convention demands that a club member should resign in such a situation.
-endogenous /enˈdɒdʒənəs/(a): (formal) having a cause that is inside itself
 endogenous to something Money is endogenous to the economy.
-in the first week of following birth: tuần đầu tiên sau khi sinh
-a smile reflex produced by an external stimulus (n.p): phản xạ cười được gây ra bởi các kích thích bên ngoài
-particularly associated with grinning in response to seeing the faces of mothers and other caregivers as well
as hearing their voices:
đặc biệt liên quan đến việc trẻ cười tươi khi nhìn thấy khuôn mặt mẹ và những người chăm sóc khác, cũng
như khi nghe thấy giọng nói của họ.
- grin /ɡrɪn/ (I/T): to smile widely  cười tươi
 They grinned with delight when they heard our news.
 Stop grinning and tell me what happened!
 grin at somebody She grinned amiably at us.
 grin something He grinned a wide grin.

-inanimate /ɪnˈænɪmət/ (a): having none of the characteristics of life that an animal or plant has:
inanimate object He looks at me as if I'm an inanimate object.
-selective social smiling begins: nụ cười xã giao có chọn lọc bắt đầu
- the social smile as a strong indicator of infants’growing curiosity and a higher level of engagement with their
surroundings:
nụ cười sẽ giao là dấu hiệu rõ ràng của sự tò mò ngày càng tăng ở trẻ sơ sinh và mức độ tương tác cao hơn
với môi trường xung quanh trẻ.
-It logically follows that: Theo logic
-explicit /ɪkˈsplɪsɪt/ (a) (C1) (of a statement or piece of writing) clear and easy to understand, so that you have
no doubt what is meant
 He gave me very explicit directions on how to get there.
 The reasons for the decision should be made explicit.
 She made some very explicit references to my personal life.

-as a distinct individual and active agent in a social environment: như một cái thể riêng biệt và như một tác
nhân chủ động trong môi trường xã hội
-of crucial importance is what is known as social referencing: tham chiếu xã hội là thứ có tầm quan trọng chủ
chốt.
-social referencing
-distress /dɪˈstres/ [uncountable] (C1) a feeling of great worry or unhappiness; great mental pain
 The newspaper article caused the actor considerable distress.
 She sensed his deep emotional distress.
 in distress She was obviously in distress after the attack.
-babies were cautiously attentive to their mother’s response to strangers: đứa bé để ý cẩn thận phản ứng của
mẹ với người lạ.
-the zygomaticus major muscles: các cơ gò má lớn.

-responsible for raising the corners of the lips: phụ trách việc nâng khóe môi
-if smiles are accompanied by open mouths and contraction of the orbicularis oris muscles: nếu nụ cười đi
kèm mở miệng và cơ vòng môi.
-that make the outer corners of the eyes wringkle: Khiến khóe mắt ngoài nheo lại
-attempted to give emotion as an objective basis and allow investigators to identify emotional expressions
without cultural bias:
đã nỗ lực cung cấp một cơ sở khách quan cho cảm xúc và giúp các nhà điều tra xác định những biểu hiện cảm
xúc mà không bị ảnh hưởng bởi thành kiến văn hóa.
-a false smile: nụ cười giả tạo
-the social smile at times may be nothing more than an attempt to get some form of support from the mother:
nụ cười sẽ giao đôi khi chỉ có thể là một cố gắng để có được sự hỗ trợ từ mẹ
-frown /fraʊn/ [usually singular] a serious, angry or worried expression on a person’s face that causes lines on
their forehead
 A small frown creased her forehead.
 She looked up with a puzzled frown on her face.
 a slight frown of disapproval/concentration, etc.
-There is a spectrum of facial expression and emotional states between the two extremes: có một phổ rộng
những biểu hiện khuôn mặt về trạng thái cảm xúc giữa 2 thái cực này.
-social smiles can vary tremendously in the extent of emotion they convey from simple grins that may show a
less intense emotion to fuller smiles involving the whole face that are displays of pure joy:
nụ cười xã giao có thể cực kỳ khác nhau về mức độ cảm xúc mà chúng truyền đạt từ nụ cười tươi ít biểu lộ
cảm xúc sâu xa cho đến những nụ cười rạng rỡ hơn sử dụng cả khuôn mặt để thể hiện niềm vui thuần túy.