Second language teaching and learning: a bibliography on

research design and methods

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Second language learning research
ª Overviews # Research manuals # Surveys of research tends # Discussion and
debate # Research and teaching # Research areas
Quantitative research
ª Overviews and research manuals # Experimental research # Surveys and
questionnaires # Statistics
Qualitative research
ª Overviews and research manuals # Discussion and debate
ª Ethnography # Narrative and life history research # Introspective diary study #
Interviewing # Observation
Case study
Classroom research
Action research
Think aloud and stimulated recall
Programme evaluation
Text-based research
ª Discourse analysis # Conversation analysis # Corpus research

Qualitative Research in education, the humanities and social science

ª Overviews # Collections # Paradigms #Research Writing
ª Action research # Biography, Life history, Narrative analysis # Case Study #
Ethnography # Grounded Theory # Interviewing # Phenomenology

Second language teaching and learning research

Overviews
Duff, P. A. (2002). Research approaches in applied linguistics. In R. Kaplan (Ed.), The
Oxford handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 13-23). Oxford University Press.
Nunan, D. (2000). Research methods. In M. Byram (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of
language teaching and learning (pp. 501-505). London: Routledge.

Research manuals
Allison, D. (2002). Approaching English language research. Singapore: Singapore
University Press.
Brown, J. D., & Rodgers, T. S. (2002). Doing second language research. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Johnson, D. M. (1992). Approaches to research in second language learning. New York:
Longman.
McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language teachers.
London: Arnold.
Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design.
Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Perry, F. L. (2005). Research in applied linguistics: Becoming a discerning consumer.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
See also Burns (1999) # McKay (2006) # Porte (2002) # Richards (2003) #
Seliger & Shohamy (1989) # Wallace (1998)

Research trends
Catford, J. C. (1998). Language Learning and applied linguistics: A historical sketch.
Language Learning, 48(4), 465-496.
Gao, Y. H., Li, L. C., & Lü, J. (2001). Trends in research methods in applied linguistics:
China and the West. English for Specific Purposes, 20, 1-14.
Lazaraton, A. (2000). Current trends in research methodology and statistics in applied
linguistics. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 175-181.
Lazaraton, A. (2005). Quantitative research methods. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of
research in second language learning (pp. 209-224). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Nunan, D. (1991). Methods in second language classroom-oriented research: A critical
review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 249-274.

Discussion and debate

Beretta, A. (1991). Theory construction in SLA: Complementarity and opposition. Studies in
Second Language Acquisition, 13, 493-511.
Block, D. (1996). Not so fast: Some thoughts on theory culling, relativism, accepted findings
and the heart and soul of SLA. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 63-83.
Block, D. (2003). The social turn in second language acquisition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Canagarajah, A. S. (1996). From critical research practice to critical research reporting.
TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 321-330.
Corson, D. (1997). Critical realism: An emancipatory philosophy for applied linguistics?
Applied Linguistics, 18, 166-168.
Duff, P. A., & Bailey, K. M. (Eds.). (2001). Identifying research priorities: Themes and
directions for the TESOL International Research Foundation. TESOL Quarterly, 35(4),
595-616.
Firth, A., & Wagner, J. (1997). On discourse, communication and some fundamental
concepts in SLA research. Modern Language Journal, 81, 285-300.
Frowley, W., & Lantolf, J. P. (1984). Speaking and self-order: A critique of orthodox L2
research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 6(2), 143-159.
Kasper, G. (1997). “A” stands for acquisition: A response to Firth and Wagner. Modern
Language Journal, 81(3), 307-31.
Lantolf, J. P. (1996). Second language acquisition theory-building: ‘Letting all the flowers
bloom!’ Language Learning, 46(4), 713-749.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition.
Applied Linguistics, 18(2), 141-165.
Lee, E., & Simon-Maeda, A. (2006). Racialized research identities in ESL/EFL research.
TESOL Quarterly, 40(3),573-594.
Long, M. (1990). The least a second language acquisition theory needs to explain. TESOL
Quarterly, 24(4), 649-666.
Long, M. H. (1997). Construct validity in SLA research: A response to Firth and Wagner.
Modern Language Journal, 81(3), 318-323.
Low, M. (1999). Exploring cross-cultural inscriptions and difference: The effects of
researchers’ positionalities on inquiry practices. TESOL Quarterly, 33, 292-298.
Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Sealey, A., & Carter, B. (2004). Applied linguistics as social science. London: Continuum.
Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., & Cohen, A. D. (Eds.) (1994). Research methodology in second-
language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
van Lier, L. (1994). Forks and hope: Pursuing understanding in different ways. Applied
Linguistics, 15(3), 328-346.

Research and teaching

Crookes, G. (1997). What influences what and how second and foreign language teachers
teach? Modern Language Journal, 81(1), 67–79.
Goldstein, T. (1997). Language research methods and critical pedagogy. In N. H. Hornberger
& D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 67-78).
Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Johnson, K. E. (1996). The role of theory in L2 teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 30(4),
765-771.
Markee, N. (1997). Second language acquisition research: A resource for changing teachers'
professional cultures? Modern Language Journal, 81(1), 80-93.
McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1990). What's the use of research? ELT Journal, 44(2),
102-109.
Stewart, T. (2006). Teacher-researcher collaboration or teachers’ research? TESOL Quarterly,
40(2), 421-430.
Toohey, K. (1995). Qualitative research and teacher education: from the ethnography of
communication to critical ethnography in ESL teacher education. TESOL Quarterly,
29(3), 576-581.

Research areas
Byram, M. (Ed.). (2000). Routledge encyclopedia of language teaching and learning. London:
Routledge.
Carter, R., & Nunan. D. (Eds.). (2001). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to speakers
of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Corson, D. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of language and education. 8 volumes. Amsterdam:
Kluwer.
Cummins, J., & Davison, C. (Eds.). (2007) The international handbook of English language
teaching. 2 volumes. Norwell , MA : Springer.
Davies, A., & Elder, C. (Eds.). (2004). The handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Doughty, C. J., & Long, M. H. (Eds.). (2003). The handbook of second language acquisition.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Hinkel, E. (Ed.). (2005). Handbook of research in second language learning. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kaplan, R. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H. (Eds.). (2001). The handbook of discourse analysis.
Oxford: Blackwell.

Quantitative research
Overviews and research manuals
Brown, J. D. (1988). Understanding research in second language learning. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Brown, J. D. (2004). Resources on quantitative/statistical research for applied linguists.
Second Language Research, 20(4), 372-393.
Henning, G. (1986). Quantitative methods in language acquisition research. TESOL
Quarterly, 20, 701-708.
Porte, G. K. (2002). Appraising research in second language learning: A practical approach
to critical analysis of quantitative research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Seliger, H. W., & Shohamy, R. (1989). Second language research methods. Oxford
University Press.
See also, Second language teaching and research manuals
Experimental research
Verhoeven, L. (1997). Experimental methods in researching language and education. In N. H.
Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp.
79-88). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 10) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 2) #

Surveys and questionnaires

Baker, C. (1997). Survey methods in researching language and education. In N. H.
Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp.
35-46). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Brown, J. D. (2001). Using surveys in language programmes. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction,
administration, and processing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 11) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 7)
Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 7)

Statistics
Brown, J. D. (1991). Statistics as a foreign language – Part 1: What to look for in reading
statistical language studies. TESOL Quarterly, 25(4), 569-585.
Brown, J. D. (1992). Statistics as a foreign language – Part 2: More things to consider in
reading statistical language studies. TESOL Quarterly, 26(4), 629-664.
Hatch, E. (1991). The research manual: Design and statistics for applied linguistics. Boston,
Mass.: Heinle & Heinle.
Woods, A., Fletcher, P., & Hughes, A. (1986). Statistics in language studies. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Qualitative research
Overviews and research manuals
Holliday, A. (2002). Doing and writing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Matsuda, T. K., & Silva, T. (Eds.) (2005) Second language writing research : perspectives on
the process of knowledge construction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Richards, K. (2003). Qualitative inquiry in TESOL. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
See also, Second language teaching and research manuals
Discussion and debate
Blot, R. K. (1991). The role of hypothesis testing in qualitative research: A second researcher
comments. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 202-205.
Cumming, A. (1994). Alternatives in TESOL research: Descriptive, interpretive, and
ideological orientations. TESOL Quarterly, 28(4), 673-583.
Davis, K. A. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative research: Another researcher
comments. TESOL Quarterly, 26(3), 605-608.
Davis, K. A. (1995). Qualitative theory and methods in applied linguistics research. TESOL
Quarterly, 29(3), 427-453.
Edge, J., & Richards, K. (1998). May I see your warrant, please? justifying outcomes in
qualitative research. Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 334-356.
Freeman, D. (1991). Asking “good” questions: Perspectives from qualitative research on
practice, knowledge, and understanding in teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3),
Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in second
language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187-214.
Holliday, A. (2004). Issues of validity in progressive paradigms of qualitative research.
TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 731-734.
Johnson, D. M., & Saville-Troike, M. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative research:
Two researchers comment. TESOL Quarterly, 26(3), 602-605.
Lazaraton, A. (1995). Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A progress report. TESOL
Quarterly, 29(3), 455-472.

Lazaraton, A. (2003). Evaluative criteria for qualitative research in applied linguistics: Whose
criteria and whose research? Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 1-12.
Norton Pierce, B. (1995). The theory of methodology in qualitative research. TESOL
Quarterly, 29(3), 569-576.
Ulichny, P. (1991). The role of hypothesis testing in qualitative research: A researcher
comments. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 200-202.

Ethnography
Garcez, P. M. (1997). Microethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research
methods in language and education (pp. 187-198). Encyclopedia of Language and
Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Harklau, L. (2005). Ethnography and ethnographic research on second language teaching and
learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language learning (pp.
179-194). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Holliday, A. (1996). Developing a sociological imagination: Expanding ethnography in
international English language education. Applied Linguistics, 17(2), 234-255.
Holliday, A. (2004). The value of reconstruction in revealing hidden or counter cultures.
Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 275-294.
May, S. A. (1997). Critical ethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research
methods in language and education (pp. 197-206). Encyclopedia of Language and
Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Ramanathan, V., & Atkinson, D. (1999). Ethnographic approaches and methods in L2 writing
research. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 44-70.
Watson-Gegeo, K. A. (1988). Ethnography in ESL: Defining the essentials. TESOL Quarterly
22(4), 575-592.
Watson-Gegeo, K. A. (1997). Classroom ethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson
(Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp.135-144). Encyclopedia of
Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 3)

Example studies
Canagarajah, A. S. (1993). Critical ethnography of a Sri Lankan classroom: Ambiguities in
student opposition to reproduction through ESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 601-626.
Goldstein, T. (1997). Two languages at work: Bilingual life on the production floor. New
York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lam, W. S. E. (2000). L2 literacy and the design of the self: A case study of a teenager
writing on the Internet. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 457-482.
McKay, S., & Wong, S. L. (1996). Multiple discourses, multiple identities: Investment and
agency in second-language learning among Chinese adolescent immigrant students.
Harvard Educational Review, 66(3), 577-608.
Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change.
London: Longman.
Toohey, K. (2000). Learning English at school: Identity, social relations and classroom
practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Willett, J. (1995). Becoming first graders in an L2: An ethnographic study of L2 socialization.
TESOL Quarterly, 29(3), 473-504.

Narrative and life history research

Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative inquiry: More than just telling stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36,
207-218.
Benson, P. (2004). (Auto)biography and learner diversity. In P. Benson & D. Nunan (Eds.),
Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (pp. 4-21).
Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, D. (2000). Difficult subjects. Critical Quarterly, 42(4), 89-94.
Johnston, B. (1997). Do EFL teachers have careers? TOFEL Quarterly, 31(4), 681-712.
Kouritzin, S. (2000). Bringing life to research: Life history research and ESL. TESL Canada
Journal, 17(2), 1-35.
Pavlenko, A. (2001). Language learning memoirs as a gendered genre. Applied Linguistics,
22(2), 213-240.
Pavlenko, A. (2002). Narrative study: Whose story is it, anyway? TESOL Quarterly, 36, 213-
218.

Example studies
Benson, P., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2002). The experience of language learning. Special issue
of the Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2).
Benson, P., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2004). Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in
language learning. Cambridge University Press.
Casanave, C. P., & Schecter, S. R. (Eds.). (1997). On becoming a language educator:
Personal essays on professional development. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Evans, C. (1988). Language people: The experience of teaching and learning modern
languages in British universities. Milton Keynes: Society for Research into Higher
Education & Open University Press.
Kanno, Y. (2000). Bilingualism and identity: The stories of Japanese returnees. International
Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 31, 1-18.
Kouritzin, S. (2000). Immigration mothers redefine access to ESL classes: Contradiction and
ambivalence. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21(1), 14-19.
Polanyi, L. (1995). Language learning and living abroad: Stories from the field. In B. F.
Freed (Ed.), Second language acquisition in a study abroad context (pp. 271-291).
Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Introspective diary study

Bailey, K. M. (1991). Diary studies of classroom language learning: The doubting game and
the believing game. In E. Sadtono (Ed.), Language acquisition and the second/foreign
language classroom (pp. 60-102). RELC Anthology Series 28, Singapore: RELC.
Bailey, K. M., & Ochsner, R. (1983). A methodological review of the diary studies: Windmill
tilting or social science? In K. M. Bailey, M. H. Long & S. Peck (Eds.), Second
language acquisition studies (pp. 188-198) Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Grotjahn, R. (1987). On the methodological basis of introspective methods. In C. Faerch & G.
Kasper (Eds.), Introspection in second language research (pp. 54-81). Clevedon:
Multilingual Matters.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 8) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 6)

Example studies
Bailey, K. M. (1980). An introspective analysis of an individual’s language learning
experience. In R. C. Scarcella & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Research in second language
acquisition (pp. 58-65). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Campbell, C. (1996). Socializing with the teachers and prior language learning experience: A
diary study. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.), Voices from the language classroom.
(pp. 201-223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, F. R. (1994). The lone language learner: A diary study. System, 22, 441-454.
Schmidt, R., & Frota, S. (1986). Developing basic conversational ability in a second language:
A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese. In R. Day (Ed.), Talking to learn (pp.
237-326). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Schumann, F. M., & Schumann J. H. (1977). Diary of a language learner: An introspective
study of second language learning. In H. D. Brown, C. A. Yorio & R. Crymes (Eds.),
On TESOL ’77 teaching and learning English as a second language: Trends in
research and practice (pp. 241-249). Washington, DC: TESOL.

Interviewing
Block, D. (1995). Social constraints on interviews. Prospect, 10(3), 35-48.

Block, D. (2000). Problematizing interview data: Voices in the mind's machine? TESOL
Quarterly, 34, 757-763.
Goldstein, T. (1995). Interviewing in multicultural/multilingual settings. TESOL Quarterly,
29(3), 587-593.
Rubio, O. (1997). Ethnographic interview methods in researching language and education. In
N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education
(pp. 153-164). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht:
Kluwer.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 11) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 2)
Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 7)

Observation
Allwright, D. (1988). Observation in the language classroom. London: Longman.
Bailey, K. M. (2001). Observation. In R. Carter & D. Nunan (eds.) The Cambridge Guide to
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, pp.
114-119.
Wajnryb, R. (1993). Classroom observation tasks: A resource book for language teachers
and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burns, 1999 (Chapter 4), McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 7)
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 5) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 3) # Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 6).

Example studies
Bailey, K. M., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (1996). Voices from the language classroom. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
 Case study
Overviews
Faltis, C. (1997). Case study methods in researching language and education. In N. H.
Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp.
145-153). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
van Lier, L. (2005). Case study. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second
language learning (pp. 195-208). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 13), Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 4), Wallace, 1998
(Chapter 6).

Example studies

Longitudinal research
Overviews
Ortega, L., & Iberri-Shea, G. (2005). Longitudinal research in second language acquisition:
Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 26-45.
Brown & Rodgers, 2002 (Chapter 4)

Example studies

Classroom research
Overviews
Allwright, D., & Bailey, K. M. (1991). Focus on the language classroom: An introduction to
classroom research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McKay, S. L. (2006). Researching second language classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Tsui, A. 2001. Classroom interaction. In R. Carter & D. Nunan (eds.) The Cambridge Guide
to Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 4) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 5)

Example studies
Bailey, K. M., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (1996). Voices from the language classroom. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
 Action research
Overviews
Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative action research for English language teachers. Cambridge
University Press.
Crookes, G. (1993). Action research for second language teachers: Going beyond teacher
research. Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 130-144.
Edge, J. (Ed.). (2001). Action research. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Inc.
Freeman, D. (1998). Doing teacher-research: From inquiry to understanding. Pacific Grove,
CA: Heinle & Heinle.
Wallace, M. J. (1998). Action research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.

Example studies
Hanauer, D. I. (2001). The task of poetry reading and second language learning. Applied
Linguistics, 22(3), 295-323.

Think aloud and stimulated recall

Gass, S. M. (2001). Innovations in second language research methods. Annual Review of
Applied Linguistics, 21, 221-232.
Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2000). Stimulated Recall Methodology in Second Language
Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 3) # McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 12) #
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 6)

Programme evaluation

Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 8), Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 9)

 Text-based research
Discourse analysis
Cazden, C.B. (2001). Classroom discourse: The language of teaching and learning.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Cazden, C.B., & Beck, S.W. (2003). Classroom Discourse. In A.C. Graesser, M.A.
Gernsbacher, S. Goldman (Eds.), Handbook of discourse processes (p. 165-198). Mahwah,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Celce-Murcia, M., & Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching: A
guide for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Christie, F. (2002). Classroom discourse analysis: A functional perspective. London:
Continuum.
Davis, K. A., & Henze, R. C. (1998). Applying ethnographic perspectives to issues in cross-
cultural pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 399-419.
Gee, J.P. (2005). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York :
Routledge, 2005.
Gibbons, P. (2006). Bridging discourses in the ESL classroom: Students, teachers and
researchers. London: Continuum.
Green, J. L., & Nixon, C. N. (2002). Exploring differences in perspectives on microanalysis
of classroom discourse: Contributions and concerns. Applied Linguistics, 23, 393-406.
Hammersley, M. (1990). Classroom ethnography: Empirical and methodological essays.
Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Heap, J. L. (1997). Conversation analysis methods in researching language and education. In
N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education
(pp. 217-226). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht:
Kluwer.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (1999). Critical classroom discourse analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3),
453-484.
Kumpulainen, K., & Wray, D. (Eds.). (2002). Classroom interaction and social learning:
From theory to practice. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Lazaraton, A. (2002). Quantitative and qualitative approaches to discourse analysis. Annual
Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 32-51.
Norton, B. (1997). Critical discourse research. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),
Research methods in language and education (pp. 207-216). Encyclopedia of
Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Rampton, B., Roberts, C., Leung, C., & Harris, R. (2002). Methodology in the analysis of
classroom discourse. Applied Linguistics, 23(3) , 373-392.
Riggenbach, H. (1999). Discourse analysis in the language classroom. Volume 1: The spoken
language. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Rogers, R. (Ed.). (2004). An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education. Mahwah,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. New York : Routledge.
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 8) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 3)

Example studies

Conversation analysis
Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Markee, N. (2000). Conversation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Remlinger, K.A. (2005). Negotiating the classroom floor: Negotiating ideologies of gender
and sexuality. In M.M. Lazar (Ed). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Gender,
power, and ideology in discourse (p. 114-138). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Seedhouse, P. (2004). The interactional architecture of the language classroom: A
conversation analysis perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Example studies

Corpus research
Baker, P. (2006). Using corpora in discourse analysis. London: Continuum.
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2001). Quantitative corpus-based research: much more than bean
counting. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 331-336.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language
structure and use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kennedy, G. (1998). An introduction to corpus linguistics. London: Longman.
McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2001). Size isn’t everything: Spoken English, corpus, and the
classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 337-340.

Example studies
Qualitative research in the humanities and social sciences
Overviews
Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary
research strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cresswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded
sourcebook. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
Silverman, D. (1993). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and
interaction. Newbury Park: Sage.
Stebbins, R. (2001). Exploratory research in the social sciences. London: Sage.

Collections
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research. 2nd ed. (1st
ed., 1994) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Paradigms
Benton, T., & Craib, I. (2001). Philosophy of social science: The philosophical foundations
of social thought. London: Palgrave.
Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1990). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K.
Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). 2nd
ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Qualitative research writing

Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. (1997). Composing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Wolcott, H. F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Action Research
Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of action research. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.

Biography, Life history, Narrative analysis

Atkinson, R. (1998). The life story interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bertaux, D. (Ed.). (1981). Biography and society: The life history approach in the social
sciences. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 8, 1-21.
Chamberlayne, P., Bornat, J., & Wengraf, T. (Eds.). (2000). The turn to biographical
methods in social science: Comparative issues and examples. London: Routledge.
Cortazzi, M. (1993). Narrative analysis. London: Falmer Press.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Goodley, D., Lawthorm, R., Clough, P., & Moore, M. (2004). Researching life stories:
Method, theory, and analyses in a biographical age. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Goodson, I., & Sikes, P. 2001. Life history research in educational settings: Learning from
lives. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (Eds.). (1993). The narrative study of lives. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis
and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State
University of New York Press.
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Roberts, B. (2002). Biographical research. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Rustin, M. (2000). Reflections on the biographical turn in social science. In P. Chamberlayne,
J. Bornat & T. Wengraf (Eds.), The turn to biographical methods in social science:
Comparative issues and examples (pp. 33-52). London: Routledge.

Example studies
Goodson, I. (Ed.). (1992). Studying teachers’ lives. London: Routledge.

Case study
Bassey, M. (1999). Case study research in educational settings. Buckingham: Open
University Press.
Gomm, R., Hammersley, M., & Foster, P. (Eds.). (2000). Case study method. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln. (Eds.), Handbook of
qualitative research. (2nd ed.) (pp. 435-454) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Yin, R. (1994). Case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ethnography
Fetterman, David M. (1989). Ethnography step by step. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography. London: Routledge.
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Grounded theory
Dey, I. (1993). Grounding Grounded Theory. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for
qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded Theory methodology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S.
Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research, (1st ed.) (pp. 273-85). Thousand
Oaks, CA.: Sage.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures
for developing Grounded Theory. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Example studies
Glaser, B. G. (Ed.). (1993). Examples of Grounded Theory: A reader. Mill Valley, CA:
Sociology Press.

Interviewing
Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. London:
Sage.
Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Wengraf, P. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing: Biographic narrative and semi-
structured methods. London: Sage.

Phenomenology
Maso, I. (2001). Phenomenology and ethnography. In P. Atkinson, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of
ethnography (pp. 136-144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography - Describing conceptions of the world around us.
Instructional Science, 10, 177-200.
Moustakas, K. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pollo, H. R., Henley, T. B., & Thompson, C. J. (1997). The phenomenology of everyday life.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive
pedagogy. New York: State University of New York Press.