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MEC331
Machine Element Design
Chapter 3:
Rivets and Bearings
Sub-Chapter: Bearings
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3.3 Rolling-Element Bearing
3.4 Selection Rolling-Contact Bearing
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Bearings
Introduction, Terminology, Classification
and Designation
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Introduction, Terminology, Classification and Designation
• Functions:
▫ to provide relative positioning and rotational freedom
while transmitting a load between two parts.
▫ To carry load - refers to contacting surfaces through
which a load is transmitted.
▫ to reduce the friction, wear and heating between two
surfaces.
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Introduction, Terminology, Classification and Designation
• 2 common types of bearing:
▫ sliding / journal bearings
support loads perpendicular to the shaft axis by
pressure developed in the liquid.
▫ rolling-element bearing.
known as rolling bearings or antifriction bearings.
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Bearings
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
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3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association
(AFBMA) and ISO standardized bearing dimensions and
basis for their selection.
• 3 groups of rolling bearing:
▫ Radial for carrying loads
▫ Thrust or axial contact for supporting loads
▫ Angular contact for carrying combined axial and radial loads.
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3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• 2 types:
▫ ball bearing
capable for higher speed
▫ roller bearings
greater loads
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3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Basic configuration
▫ inner ring
▫ outer ring
▫ balls/roller
▫ separator/retainer
• Raceways
▫ curvilinear groove to increase contact area.
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3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Types of ball bearing:
▫ Deep-groove:
can stand radial and thrust/axial load
▫ Angular contact:
can support greater thrust and radial load
▫ Self-aligning:
can support both radial and thrust loads
▫ Thrust bearing:
can support thrust loading only
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3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Types of ball bearing:
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3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Roller bearing
• Roller
▫ straight, tapered or contoured cylindrical roller.
• Application
▫ shock and impact load; can support much higher static and
dynamic loading.
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Roller bearing
• 5 basic types:
▫ cylindrical roller
▫ spherical roller
▫ tapered thrust roller
▫ needle roller
▫ tapered roller
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Straight roller
▫ purely radial load.
• Spherical roller
▫ accommodate misalignment.
• Needle
▫ radial space is limited.
• Tapered
▫ can stand either radial or thrust load or combinations
single row -> wheel bearing
double and four-row -> heavier loads.
• Special Bearing
▫ pillow block and flange.
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Nomenclature of a Ball Bearing
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Standard Dimension
D = bearing bore
Do = outside diameter
w = width
ds = shaft shoulder diameter
dh = housing diameter
r = fillet radius
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Bearings are identified by 2-digit number (by AFBMA)
called dimension series code.
▫ First digit = width
▫ Second digit = diameter
• May refer to Table 10.3 (page 407) and Table 10.4 (page 408)
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Rolling bearing life
• Stress occurs on the raceways and rolling
element.
• The bearing has a limited life.
• Type of failure:
▫ Pitting
▫ Spalling
▫ Chipping load carrying surfaces.
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Bearing life
▫ number of revolutions or hours at some uniform speed at which
the bearing operates until fatigue failure.
• Rating life L10 = # of rev (or hrs at uniform speed)
▫ 90% of a group of identical roller bearings will complete or
exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops.
• Median life, L5
▫ 50% of the group of bearings would complete or exceed.
▫ 5 times L10.
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
• Basic dynamic load rating C
▫ the constant radial load that a group of identical bearings can
take for a rating life of 1 million rev of the inner ring in a stationary
load (outer ring does not rotate).
• Basic static load rating Cs
▫ maximum allowable static load that does not impair the running
characteristics of the bearing.
▫ depends on bearing material, number of rolling elements per row,
bearing contact angle, the ball or roller diameter.
• May refer to Table 10.3 (page 407) and Table 10.4 (page 408)
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Equivalent Radial Load
• The maximum of the values of P:
P = XVFr + YFa
P = VFr
P = equivalent radial load
Fr = applied radial load
Fa = applied axial load (thrust)
V = a rotation factor = 1.0 (inner ring) or 1.2 (outer ring)
X = a radial factor
Y = a thrust (axial) factor
• Refer to table 10.5 and10.6
3.2 Rolling-Element Bearing
Equivalent shock loading
• Shock loadings has the effect of increasing the
equivalent radial load.
• Shock or service load, Ks
▫ can be accounted for any shock or impact subjected to bearings.
P = K s ( XVFr + YFa )
P = K sVFr
• Refer to table 10.7
3.4 Selection Rolling-Contact Bearings
Selection of rolling bearings
• Bearings may differ metallurgically, surface finish,
roundness of rolling element etc.
• No two bearings within same family have the exact
number of operating hours to fatigue failure after
subjected to identical speed and load condition.
3.4 Selection Rolling-Contact Bearings
• Selection of bearings made from standard table
containing load and life ratings.
• Cs
▫ has little effect in bearing selection.
▫ However, if bearing is subjected to load higher
than Cs for extended period of time, local
deformation can occur.
3.4 Selection Rolling-Contact Bearings
• Rating life of bearings can be estimated by : (revolutions)
a
C a = 3 (for ball bearings)
L10 =
P a = 10/3 (for roller bearings)
• Alternatively, it can be determined by: (hours)
a
106 C
L10 =
60n P
• When 2 groups of identical bearings are run with different
loads P1 and P2;
▫ the ratio of rating lives: '
L10 P2
a
=
''
L10 P1
3.4 Selection Rolling-Contact Bearings
Reliability Requirement
• Rating life based on 90% reliability (or 10% failure).
• AFBMA recommend life adjustment factors, Kr, plotted in the graph.
• Applied for both ball and roller bearings.
• It is restricted to reliabilities no greater than 99%.
• Rating life; C
a
L5 = K r
P
▫ L5 = rating life for any given reliability greater than 90%.
Important notes!!
Student should know what is rating life, median life and rating life for reliability greater than
90%
1) Rating life (reliability = 90%, failure= 10%)- L10
2) Median life – 5 times Rating life
3) Rating life (for reliability > 90%, failure < 10%)
L5 = Kr (C/P)a
