The Java 2 Platform includes a rich set of libraries that support a wide variety of pro-

gramming tasks.
In this appendix we briefly summarize details of some classes and interfaces from the
most important packages of the Java 2 Platform API. A competent Java programmer
should be familiar with most of these. This appendix is only a summary, and it should be
read in conjunction with the full API documentation.

K.1 The java.lang package

Classes and interfaces in the java.lang package are fundamental to the Java language.
As such, this package is automatically imported implicitly into any class definition.

package java.lang - Summary of the most important classes

class Math Math is a class containing only static fields and methods. Values for the
mathematical constants e and it are defined here, along with
trigonometric functions, and others such as abs, min, max, and sqrt.
class Object All classes have Object as a superclass at the root of their class
hierarchy. From it all objects inherit default implementations for important
methods such as equals and t o S t r i n g . Other significant methods
defined by this class are clone and hashCode.
class S t r i n g Strings are an important feature of many applications, and they receive
special treatment in Java. Key methods of the S t r i n g class are
charAt, equals, indexOf, length, s p l i t , and substring. Strings
are immutable objects, so methods such as t r i m that appear to be
mutators actually return a new S t r i n g object representing the result of
the operation.
class S t r i n g B u f f e r The S t r i n g B u f f e r class offers an efficient alternative to S t r i n g when
it is required to build up a string from a number of components: e.g. via
concatenation. Its key methods are append, i n s e r t , and t o S t r i n g .
 K: Important library classes 451

K.2 The j a v a . u t i l package

The j a v a . u t i l package is a relatively incoherent collection of useful classes and interfaces.

package j a v a . u t i l - Summary of the most important classes and interfaces

interface C o l l e c t i o n This interface provides the core set of methods for most of the
collection-based classes defined in the j a v a . u t i l package, such as
A r r a y L i s t , HashSet, and LinkedList. It defines signatures for the
add, clear, i t e r a t o r , remove, and s i z e methods.
interface I t e r a t o r I t e r a t o r defines a simple and consistent interface for iterating over
the contents of a collection. Its three methods are hasNext, next,
and remove.
interface L i s t List is an extension of the Collection interface, and provides a
means to impose a sequence on the selection. As such, many of its
methods take an index parameter: for instance, add, get, remove, and
set. Classes such as ArrayList and LinkedList implement List.
interface Map The Map interface offers an alternative to list-based collections by
supporting the idea of associating each object in a collection with a
key value. Objects are added and retrieved via
its put and get methods. Note that a Map does not return an
I t e r a t o r , but its keyset method returns a Set of the keys, and its
values method returns a C o l l e c t i o n of the objects in the map.
interface Set Set extends the C o l l e c t i o n interface with the intention of
mandating that a collection contains no duplicate elements. It is worth
pointing out that, because it is an interface, Set has no actual
implication to enforce this restriction. This means that Set is actually
provided as a marker interface to enable collection implementers to
indicate that their classes fulfill this particular restriction.
class A r r a y L i s t An implementation of the L i s t interface that uses an array to provide
efficient direct access via integer indices to the objects it stores. If
objects are added or removed from anywhere other than the last
position in the list, then following items have to be moved to make
space or close the gap. Key methods are add, get, i t e r a t o r ,
remove, and size.
class C o l l e c t i o n s C o l l e c t i o n s is a collecting point for static methods that are used to
manipulate collections. Key methods are binarySearch, f i l l , and
sort.
class HashMap HashMap is an implementation of the Map interface. Key methods are
get, put, remove, and size. Iteration over a HashMap is usually a
two-stage process: obtain the set of keys via its keySet method, and
then iterate over the keys.
class HashSet HashSet is a hash-based implementation of the Set interface. It is
closer in usage to a C o l l e c t i o n than to a HashMap. Key methods
are add, remove, and size.
class LinkedList LinkedList is an implementation of the L i s t interface that uses an
internal linked structure to store objects. Direct access to the ends of
the list is efficient, but access to individual objects via an index is less
efficient than with an A r r a y L i s t . On the other hand, adding objects
or removing them from within the list requires no shifting of existing
objects. Key methods are add, g e t F i r s t , getLast, i t e r a t o r ,
removeFirst, removeLast, and size.
452 Appendices

package j a v a . u t i l - Summary of the most important classes and interfaces

class Random The Random class supports generation of pseudo-random values -

typically random numbers. The sequence of numbers generated is
determined by a seed value, which may be passed to a constructor or
set via a call to setSeed. Two Random objects starting from the same
seed will return the same sequence of values to identical calls. Key
methods are next-Boolean, nextDouble, n e x t l n t , and setSeed.
class StringTokenizer The StringTokenizer class provides an alternative to the s p l i t
method of S t r i n g for breaking up strings. It uses a set of delimiters
to identify the boundaries between tokens. Key methods are
countTokens, hasMoreTokens, and next Token.

K.3 The java.io package

The j a v a . i o package contains classes that support input and output. Many of the input/
output classes are distinguished by whether they are stream-based - operating on binary
data - o r readers and writers - operating on characters.

package j a v a . i o - Summary of the most important classes and interfaces

interface S e r i a l i z a b l e The S e r i a l i z a b l e interface is an empty interface requiring no code
to be written in an implementing class. Classes implement this
interface in order to be able to participate in the serialization process.
S e r i a l i z a b l e objects may be written and read as a whole to and
from sources of output and input. This makes storage and retrieval of
persistent data a relatively simple process in Java. See the
ObjectlnputStream and ObjectOutputStream classes for
further information.
class BufferedReader BufferedReader is a class that provides buffered character-based
access to a source of input. Buffered input is often more efficient than
unbuffered, particularly if the source of input is in the external file
system. Because it buffers input, it is able to offer a readLine method
that is not available in most other input classes. Key methods are
close, read, and readLine.
class BufferedWriter Buf f eredWriter is a class that provides buffered character-based
output. Buffered output is often more efficient than unbuffered,
particularly if the destination of the output is in the external file system.
Key methods are close, f l u s h , and w r i t e .
class F i l e The F i l e class provides an object representation for files and folders
(directories) in an external file system. Methods exist to indicate
whether a file is readable and/or writeable, and whether it is a file or a
folder. A F i l e object can be created for a non-existent file, which may
be a first step in creating a physical file on the file system. Key methods
are canRead, canWrite, createNewFile, createTempFile,
getName, getParent, getPath, i s D i r e c t o r y , i s F i l e , and
listFiles.
 K: Important library classes 453

package j a v a . i o - Summary of the most important classes and interfaces

class FileReader The FileReader class is used to open an external file ready for
reading its contents as characters. A FileReader object is often
passed to the constructor of another reader class (such as a
Buff enedReader) rather than being used directly. Key methods are
close and read.
class F i l e W r i t e r The F i l e W r i t e r class is used to open an external file ready for
writing character-based data. Pairs of constructors determine whether
an existing file will be appended or its existing contents discarded. A
F i l e W r i t e r object is often passed to the constructor of another
writer class (such as a BufferedWriter) rather than being used
directly. Key methods are close, f l u s h , and w r i t e .
class IOException IOException is a checked exception class that is at the root of the
exception hierarchy of most input/output exceptions.

K.4 The java.net package

The j a v a . n e t package contains classes and interfaces supporting networked appli-
cations. Most of these are outside the scope of this book.

package java.net - Summary of the most important classes

class URL The URL class represents a Uniform Resource Locator: in other words, it
provides a way to describe the location of something on the Internet. In
fact, it can also be used to describe the location of something on a local
file system. We have included it here because classes from the
j a v a . io and javax.swing packages often use URL objects. Key
methods are getContent, g e t F i l e , getHost, getPath, and
openStream.

K.5 Other important packages

Other important packages are
java.awt
java.awt.event
javax.swing
javax.swing.event
These are used extensively when writing graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and
they contain many useful classes that a GUI programmer should become familiar
with.