IGCSE Mathematics 2025 Comprehensive Summary
1. Number
- Prime Factorization: Use factor trees to find prime factors, LCM, and HCF.
- Standard Form: a * 10^n, where 1 <= a < 10.
- Fractions and Decimals: Convert between them, simplify, and perform operations.
- Percentage: Includes percentage increase/decrease and compound interest.
- Ratio and Proportion: Simplify ratios and solve problems involving direct and inverse proportion.
2. Algebra
- Simplification: Combine like terms and expand brackets.
- Equations: Solve linear, quadratic, and simultaneous equations.
- Inequalities: Represent on a number line and solve.
- Sequences: Arithmetic and geometric sequences, nth-term formula.
- Graphs: Plot and interpret linear, quadratic, and cubic functions.
3. Geometry
- Angles: Angle properties in parallel lines, polygons, and circles.
- Triangles: Pythagoras' theorem and trigonometry (sin, cos, tan).
- Transformations: Translation, rotation, reflection, and enlargement.
- Mensuration: Area and volume of 2D and 3D shapes, including cylinders, cones, and spheres.
4. Statistics and Probability
- Data Representation: Bar charts, histograms, pie charts, cumulative frequency, and box plots.
- Averages: Mean, median, mode, and range.
- Probability: Probability scale (0-1), combined events, and tree diagrams.
5. Functions
- Notation: f(x), f^(-1)(x), f(g(x)).
- Transformation of Functions: Shifting, stretching, and reflecting graphs.
6. Calculus (Optional for Core)
- Differentiation: Find derivatives to calculate gradients and stationary points.
- Integration: Basic integration to calculate the area under curves.
Key Formulae to Remember
- Quadratic Equation: x = (-b ± sqrt(b^2 - 4ac)) / 2a
- Area of Circle: A = pi * r^2
- Circumference of Circle: C = 2 * pi * r
- Volume of Cylinder: V = pi * r^2 * h
- Trigonometry Ratios: sin(theta) = opposite/hypotenuse, cos(theta) = adjacent/hypotenuse,
tan(theta) = opposite/adjacent.
