G. H.

Hardy
Godfrey Harold Hardy FRS[1] (7 February 1877 – 1
December 1947)[2] was an English mathematician,
G. H. Hardy
FRS
known for his achievements in number theory and
mathematical analysis.[3][4] In biology, he is known for
the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of
population genetics.

G. H. Hardy is usually known by those outside the

field of mathematics for his 1940 essay A
Mathematician's Apology, often considered one of the
best insights into the mind of a working mathematician
written for the layperson.

Starting in 1914, Hardy was the mentor of the Indian

mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, a relationship
that has become celebrated.[5] Hardy almost Hardy, c. 1927
immediately recognised Ramanujan's extraordinary
Born Godfrey Harold Hardy
albeit untutored brilliance, and Hardy and Ramanujan
7 February 1877
became close collaborators.[6] In an interview by Paul
Cranleigh, Surrey, England
Erdős, when Hardy was asked what his greatest
contribution to mathematics was, Hardy unhesitatingly Died 1 December 1947
replied that it was the discovery of Ramanujan.[7] In a (aged 70)
lecture on Ramanujan, Hardy said that "my association Cambridge,
with him is the one romantic incident in my life".[8]: 2 Cambridgeshire, England
Nationality British
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Biography Known for Hardy–Weinberg principle
Hardy–Ramanujan
G. H. Hardy was born on 7 February 1877, in
asymptotic formula
Cranleigh, Surrey, England, into a teaching family.[9]
Critical line theorem
His father was Bursar and Art Master at Cranleigh
Hardy–Littlewood tauberian
School; his mother had been a senior mistress at
theorem
Lincoln Training College for teachers. Both of his
Hardy space
parents were mathematically inclined, though neither
Hardy notation
had a university education. He and his sister Gertrude
Hardy–Littlewood inequality
"Gertie" Emily Hardy (1878–1963) were brought up
Hardy's inequality
by their educationally enlightened parents in a typical
Hardy's theorem
Victorian nursery attended by a nurse. At an early age,
Hardy–Littlewood circle
he argued with his nurse about the existence of Santa
method
Hardy field
Claus and the efficacy of prayer. He read aloud to his Hardy–Littlewood zeta
sister books such as Don Quixote, Gulliver's Travels, function conjectures
and Robinson Crusoe.[1]: 447 Awards Fellow of the Royal
Society[1]
Hardy's own natural affinity for mathematics was
Smith's Prize (1901)
perceptible at an early age. When just two years old, he
Royal Medal (1920)
wrote numbers up to millions, and when taken to
De Morgan Medal (1929)
church he amused himself by factorising the numbers
Chauvenet Prize (1932)
of the hymns.[10] Sylvester Medal (1940)
Copley Medal (1947)
After schooling at Cranleigh, Hardy was awarded a
scholarship to Winchester College for his mathematical Scientific career
work. In 1896, he entered Trinity College, Fields Mathematics
Cambridge.[11] He was first tutored under Robert Institutions University of Cambridge
Rumsey Webb, but found it unsatisfying, and briefly University of Oxford
considered switching to history. He then was tutored
Academic A. E. H. Love
by Augustus Love, who recommended him to read
advisors E. T. Whittaker
Camille Jordan's Cours d'analyse, which taught him
for the first time "what mathematics really meant". Doctoral Mary Cartwright
students I. J. Good
After only two years of preparation under his coach,
Edward Linfoot
Robert Alfred Herman, Hardy was fourth in the
Cyril Offord
Mathematics Tripos examination.[12] Years later, he
Harry Pitt
sought to abolish the Tripos system, as he felt that it
Richard Rado
was becoming more an end in itself than a means to an
Robert Rankin
end. While at university, Hardy joined the Cambridge
Donald Spencer
Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society.[13]
Tirukkannapuram
Hardy cited as his most important influence his Vijayaraghavan
independent study of Cours d'analyse de l'École E. M. Wright
Polytechnique by the French mathematician Camille Other notable Sydney Chapman
Jordan, through which he became acquainted with the students Edward Titchmarsh Ethel
more precise mathematics tradition in continental Newbold
Europe. In 1900 he passed part II of the Tripos, and in
the same year he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity
College.[1]: 448 In 1903 he earned his M.A., which was the highest
academic degree at English universities at that time. When his
Prize Fellowship expired in 1906 he was appointed to the Trinity
staff as a lecturer in mathematics, where teaching six hours per
week left him time for research.[1]: 448

On 16 January 1913, Ramanujan wrote to Hardy, who Ramanujan Charles F. Wilson, Srinivasa
had known from studying Orders of Infinity (1910).[14][15] Hardy Ramanujan (centre), G. H. Hardy
read the letter in the morning, suspected it was a crank or a prank, (extreme right), and other scientists
but thought it over and realized in the evening that it was likely at Trinity College at the University of
Cambridge, c. 1910s
genuine because "great mathematicians are commoner than
thieves or humbugs of such incredible skill".[16] He then invited
Ramanujan to Cambridge and began "the one romantic incident in my life".[17]
In the aftermath of the Bertrand Russell affair during World War I, in 1919 he left Cambridge to take the
Savilian Chair of Geometry (and thus become a Fellow of New College[18]) at Oxford. Hardy spent the
academic year 1928–1929 at Princeton University in an academic exchange with Oswald Veblen, who
spent the year at Oxford.[3] Hardy gave the Josiah Willard Gibbs lecture for 1928.[19][20] Hardy left
Oxford and returned to Cambridge in 1931, becoming again a fellow of Trinity College and holding the
Sadleirian Professorship until 1942.[1]: 453 It is believed that he left Oxford for Cambridge to avoid the
compulsory retirement at 65.[17]

He was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1922 to 1935.[21]

In 1939, he suffered a coronary thrombosis, which prevented him from playing tennis, squash, etc. He
also lost his creative powers in mathematics. He was constantly bored and distracted himself by writing a
privately circulated memoir about the Bertrand Russell affair. In the early summer of 1947, he attempted
suicide by barbiturate overdose. After that, he resolved to simply wait for death. He died suddenly one
early morning while listening to his sister read out from a book of the history of Cambridge University
cricket.[17]

Work
Hardy is credited with reforming British mathematics by bringing rigour into it, which was previously a
characteristic of French, Swiss and German mathematics.[22] British mathematicians had remained
largely in the tradition of applied mathematics, in thrall to the reputation of Isaac Newton (see Cambridge
Mathematical Tripos). Hardy was more in tune with the cours d'analyse methods dominant in France, and
aggressively promoted his conception of pure mathematics, in particular against the hydrodynamics that
was an important part of Cambridge mathematics.

Hardy preferred to work only 4 hours every day on mathematics, spending the rest of the day talking,
playing cricket, and other gentlemanly activities.[17]

From 1911, he collaborated with John Edensor Littlewood, in extensive work in mathematical analysis
and analytic number theory. This (along with much else) led to quantitative progress on Waring's
problem, as part of the Hardy–Littlewood circle method, as it became known. In prime number theory,
they proved results and some notable conditional results. This was a major factor in the development of
number theory as a system of conjectures; examples are the first and second Hardy–Littlewood
conjectures. Hardy's collaboration with Littlewood is among the most successful and famous
collaborations in mathematical history. In a 1947 lecture, the Danish mathematician Harald Bohr reported
a colleague as saying, "Nowadays, there are only three really great English mathematicians: Hardy,
Littlewood, and Hardy–Littlewood."[23]: xxvii

Hardy is also known for formulating the Hardy–Weinberg principle, a basic principle of population
genetics, independently from Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908. He played cricket with the geneticist Reginald
Punnett, who introduced the problem to him in purely mathematical terms.[24]: 9 Hardy, who had no
interest in genetics and described the mathematical argument as "very simple", may never have realised
how important the result became.[25]: 117
Hardy was elected an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in
1921,[26] an international member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1927,[27] and an
international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1939.[28]

Hardy's collected papers have been published in seven volumes by Oxford University Press.[29]

Pure mathematics
Hardy preferred his work to be considered pure mathematics, perhaps because of his detestation of war
and the military uses to which mathematics had been applied. He made several statements similar to that
in his Apology:

I have never done anything "useful". No discovery of mine has made, or is likely to make,
directly or indirectly, for good or ill, the least difference to the amenity of the world.[30]

However, aside from formulating the Hardy–Weinberg principle in population genetics, his famous work
on integer partitions with his collaborator Ramanujan, known as the Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic
formula, has been widely applied in physics to find quantum partition functions of atomic nuclei (first
used by Niels Bohr) and to derive thermodynamic functions of non-interacting Bose–Einstein systems.
Though Hardy wanted his maths to be "pure" and devoid of any application, much of his work has found
applications in other branches of science.[31]

Moreover, Hardy deliberately pointed out in his Apology that mathematicians generally do not "glory in
the uselessness of their work", but rather – because science can be used for evil ends as well as good –
"mathematicians may be justified in rejoicing that there is one science at any rate, and that their own,
whose very remoteness from ordinary human activities should keep it gentle and clean."[32]: 33 Hardy also
rejected as a "delusion" the belief that the difference between pure and applied mathematics had anything
to do with their utility. Hardy regards as "pure" the kinds of mathematics that are independent of the
physical world, but also considers some "applied" mathematicians, such as the physicists Maxwell and
Einstein, to be among the "real" mathematicians, whose work "has permanent aesthetic value" and "is
eternal because the best of it may, like the best literature, continue to cause intense emotional satisfaction
to thousands of people after thousands of years." Although he admitted that what he called "real"
mathematics may someday become useful, he asserted that, at the time in which the Apology was written,
only the "dull and elementary parts" of either pure or applied mathematics could "work for good or
ill".[32]: 39

Personality
Hardy was extremely shy as a child and was socially awkward, cold and eccentric throughout his life.
During his school years, he was top of his class in most subjects, and won many prizes and awards but
hated having to receive them in front of the entire school. He was uncomfortable being introduced to new
people, and could not bear to look at his own reflection in a mirror. It is said that, when staying in hotels,
he would cover all the mirrors with towels.[33][34]
Socially, Hardy was associated with the Bloomsbury Group and the Cambridge Apostles; G. E. Moore,
Bertrand Russell and J. M. Keynes were friends. Apart from close friendships, he had a few platonic
relationships with young men who shared his sensibilities, and often his love of cricket.[35] A mutual
interest in cricket led him to befriend the young C. P. Snow.[33]: 10–12 [17] Hardy was a lifelong bachelor
and in his final years he was cared for by his sister.

He was an avid cricket fan. Maynard Keynes observed that if Hardy had read the stock exchange for half
an hour every day with as much interest and attention as he did the day's cricket scores, he would have
become a rich man.[35] He liked to speak of the best class of mathematical research as "the Hobbs class",
and later, after Bradman appeared as an even greater batsman, "the Bradman class".[17]

Around the age of 20, he decided that he did not believe in God, which proved a minor issue as attending
the chapel was compulsory at Cambridge University. He wrote a letter to his parents explaining that, and
from then on he refused to go into any college chapel, even for purely ritualistic duties.[17]

He was at times politically involved, if not an activist. He took part in the Union of Democratic Control
during World War I, and For Intellectual Liberty in the late 1930s.[22] He admired America and the Soviet
Union roughly equally. He found both sides of the Second World War objectionable.[17]

Paul Hoffman writes that "His concerns were wide-ranging, as evidenced by six New Year's resolutions
he set in a postcard to a friend:

(1) prove the Riemann hypothesis; (2) make 211 not out in the fourth innings of the last Test
Match at the Oval; (3) find an argument for the nonexistence of God which shall convince
the general public; (4) be the first man at the top of Mount Everest; (5) be proclaimed the
first president of the U. S. S. R. of Great Britain and Germany; and (6) murder Mussolini.[36]

Cultural references
Hardy is a key character, played by Jeremy Irons, in the 2015 film The Man Who Knew Infinity, based on
the biography of Ramanujan with the same title.[37] Hardy is a major character in David Leavitt's
historical fiction novel The Indian Clerk (2007), which depicts his Cambridge years and his relationship
with John Edensor Littlewood and Ramanujan.[38] Hardy is a secondary character in Uncle Petros and
Goldbach's Conjecture (1992), a mathematics novel by Apostolos Doxiadis.[39] Hardy is also a character
in the 2014 Indian film, Ramanujan, played by Kevin McGowan.

Bibliography
Hardy, G. H. (2012) [1st pub. 1940, with foreword 1967]. A Mathematician's Apology. With a
foreword by C. P. Snow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-29559-9.
Full text ([Link] The reprinted Mathematician's
Apology with an introduction by C.P. Snow was recommended by Marcus du Sautoy in the
BBC Radio program A Good Read in 2007.[40]
Hardy, G. H. (1999) [1st pub. Cambridge University Press: 1940]. Ramanujan: Twelve
Lectures on Subjects Suggested by his Life and Work ([Link]
 2015.212059/). Providence, RI: AMS Chelsea. ISBN 978-0-8218-2023-0.
Hardy, G. H.; Wright, E. M. (2008) [1st ed. 1938]. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers.
Revised by D. R. Heath-Brown and J. H. Silverman, with a foreword by Andrew Wiles
(6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921985-8.
Hardy, G. H. (2008) [1st ed. 1908]. A Course of Pure Mathematics. With a foreword by T. W.
Körner (10th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72055-7.
Hardy, G. H. (2013) [1st ed. Clarendon Press: 1949]. Divergent Series (2nd ed.).
Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-2649-2. LCCN 49005496
([Link] MR 0030620 ([Link]
m?mr=0030620). OCLC 808787 ([Link] Full text (https://
[Link]/details/DivergentSeries/)
Hardy, G. H. (1966–1979). London Mathematical Society committee (ed.). Collected papers
of G. H. Hardy; including joint papers with J. E. Littlewood and others ([Link]
ails/collectedpaperso0000hard). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-853340-3.
OCLC 823424 ([Link]
Hardy, G. H.; Littlewood, J. E.; Pólya, G. (1934). Inequalities ([Link]
[Link]/2012/08/[Link]) (PDF) (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hardy, G. H. (1970) [1st pub. 1942]. Bertrand Russell and Trinity. With a foreword by C. D.
Broad. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11392-2.

See also
Critical line theorem
Campbell–Hardy theorem
Hardy hierarchy
Hardy notation
Hardy space
Hardy–Hille formula
Hardy–Littlewood definition
Hardy–Littlewood inequality
Hardy–Littlewood maximal function
Hardy–Littlewood tauberian theorem
Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures
Hardy–Ramanujan Journal
Hardy–Ramanujan number
Hardy–Ramanujan theorem
Hardy's inequality
Hardy's theorem
Hardy field
Hardy Z function
Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number
Ulam spiral

Notes
References
1. Titchmarsh, E. C. (1949). "Godfrey Harold Hardy. 1877–1947" ([Link]
bm.1949.0007). Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (18): 446–461.
doi:10.1098/rsbm.1949.0007 ([Link]
S2CID 162237076 ([Link]
2. GRO Register of Deaths: DEC 1947 4a 204 Cambridge – Godfrey H. Hardy, aged 70
3. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "G. H. Hardy" ([Link]
[Link]/Biographies/[Link]), MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St
Andrews
4. G. H. Hardy ([Link] at the Mathematics Genealogy
Project
5. THE MAN WHO KNEW INFINITY: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan ([Link]
m/_i__b_the_man_who_knew_infinity__b___a_life_of_the_genius_ramanujan__i__58016.h
tm) Archived ([Link]
he_man_who_knew_infinity__b___a_life_of_the_genius_ramanujan__i__58016.htm) 5
December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
6. Littlewood, J.E.; Bollobás, B. (1986). Littlewood's Miscellany (Rev. ed.). Cambridge
[Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33058-9.
7. Alladi, Krishnaswami (19 December 1987), "Ramanujan—An Estimation", The Hindu,
Madras, India, ISSN 0971-751X ([Link] Cited in
Hoffman, Paul (1998), The Man Who Loved Only Numbers ([Link]
holovedonlyn00hoff_335), Fourth Estate, pp. 82 ([Link]
yn00hoff_335/page/n91)–83, ISBN 1-85702-829-5
8. Hardy, G. H. (1999). Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by his Life and
Work ([Link] Providence, RI: AMS Chelsea.
ISBN 978-0-8218-2023-0.
9. GRO Register of Births: MAR 1877 2a 147 Hambledon – Godfrey Harold Hardy
10. Robert Kanigel, The Man Who Knew Infinity, p. 116, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York,
1991. ISBN 0-684-19259-4.
11. "Hardy, Godfrey Harold (HRDY896GH)" ([Link]
r=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HRDY896GH&sye=&eye=&col=all&m
axcount=50). A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
12. In the 1898 Tripos competition, R. W. H. T. Hudson was 1st, J. F. Cameron was 2nd, and
James Jeans was 3rd. "What became of the Senior Wranglers?" by D. O. Forfar ([Link]
[Link]/WranglersWhatBecame2008_1_24.pdf)
13. Grattan-Guinness, I. (September 2001). "The interest of G. H. Hardy, F.R.S., in the
philosophy and the history of mathematics". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of
London. 55 (3). The Royal Society: 411–424. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2001.0155 ([Link]
1098%2Frsnr.2001.0155). S2CID 146374699 ([Link]
374699).
14. Hardy, G. H. (Godfrey Harold) (21 November 2011). Orders of Infinity: The 'Infinitärcalcül' of
Paul Du Bois-Reymond ([Link]
15. Berndt, Bruce C.; Rankin, Robert A. (August 2000). "The Books Studied by Ramanujan in
India" ([Link] The
American Mathematical Monthly. 107 (7): 595–601. doi:10.1080/00029890.2000.12005244
([Link] ISSN 0002-9890 ([Link]
[Link]/issn/0002-9890).
16. Hardy, G. H. (March 1937). "The Indian Mathematician Ramanujan" ([Link]
[Link]/doi/full/10.1080/00029890.1937.11987940). The American Mathematical Monthly. 44
(3): 137–155. doi:10.1080/00029890.1937.11987940 ([Link]
1937.11987940). ISSN 0002-9890 ([Link]
17. C. P. Snow, Variety of Men, Penguin books, 1969, pp 25–56.
18. "G H Hardy's Oxford Years" ([Link]
rdy_0.pdf) (PDF). Oxford University Mathematical Institute. Archived ([Link]
g/archive/20221009/[Link]
f) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
19. Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectures ([Link]
American Mathematical Society
20. Hardy, G. H. (1929). "An introduction to the theory of numbers" ([Link]
0002-9904-1929-04793-1). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (6): 778–818. doi:10.1090/s0002-
9904-1929-04793-1 ([Link] MR 1561815
([Link]
21. "School Notes" ([Link]
_V006_N011.pdf#page=1) (PDF). The Abingdonian. Archived ([Link]
ve/20221009/[Link]
006_N011.pdf#page=1) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
22. "G.H. Hardy" ([Link] Famous Mathematicians:
Biography and Contributions of Great Mathematicians through History. 29 March 2022.
Retrieved 29 March 2022.
23. Bohr, Harald (1952). "Looking Backward". Collected Mathematical Works. Vol. 1.
Copenhagen: Dansk Matematisk Forening. xiii–xxxiv. OCLC 3172542 ([Link]
[Link]/oclc/3172542).
24. Punnett, R. C. (1950). "Early Days of Genetics" ([Link]
Heredity. 4 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1038/hdy.1950.1 ([Link]
25. Cain, A. J. (2019). "Legacy of the Apology". An Annotated Mathematician's Apology (https://
[Link]/details/hardy_annotated/). By Hardy, G. H.
26. "Godfrey Harold Hardy" ([Link] American
Academy of Arts & Sciences. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
27. "Godfrey Hardy" ([Link]
[Link]). [Link]. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
28. "APS Member History" ([Link]
Hardy&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=adv
anced). [Link]. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
29. Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1979). Collected Papers of G. H. Hardy – Volume 7 ([Link]
org/details/[Link]-Volume7). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-853347-0.
30. Titchmarsh, E.C. (1950). "Godfrey Harold Hardy" ([Link]
MS/hardy/[Link]). J. London Math. Soc. 25 (2): 81–138. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-25.2.81
([Link]
31. Chen, John J. (1 August 2010). "The Hardy-Weinberg principle and its applications in
modern population genetics". Frontiers in Biology. 5 (4): 348–353. doi:10.1007/s11515-010-
0580-x ([Link] ISSN 1674-7992 ([Link]
[Link]/issn/1674-7992). S2CID 28363771 ([Link]
63771).
32. Hardy, G. H. A Mathematician's Apology, 1992 [1940]
33. Snow, C. P. (1967). Foreword. A Mathematician's Apology. By Hardy, G. H. Cambridge
University Press.
34. Christenson, H.; Garcia, S. (2015). "G.H. Hardy: Mathematical Biologist" ([Link]
[Link]/jhm/vol5/iss2/8/). Journal of Humanistic Mathematics. 5 (2): 96–102.
doi:10.5642/jhummath.201502.08 ([Link]
Retrieved 31 July 2024.
35. Khan, Haider Riaz (18 September 2014). "GH Hardy, the mathematician who loved cricket"
([Link] Cricket Blogs. ESPNcricinfo.
Retrieved 19 September 2014.
36. Hoffman, Paul (1998). The Man Who Loved Only Numbers. p. 81.
37. George Andrews (February 2016). "Film Review: 'The Man Who Knew Infinity' " ([Link]
[Link]/journals/notices/201602/[Link]) (PDF). Notices of the American
Mathematical Society. Archived ([Link]
[Link]/journals/notices/201602/[Link]) (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
38. Taylor, D. J. (26 January 2008). "Adding up to a life. Review of The Indian Clerk by David
Leavitt" ([Link] The Guardian. Retrieved
21 April 2016.
39. Devlin, Keith (1 April 2000). "Review: Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture by Apostolos
Doxiadis" ([Link]
Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
40. "A Good Read - Marcus du Sautoy and David Dabydeen - BBC Sounds" ([Link]
[Link]/sounds/play/b008dqy5). [Link].

Further reading
Kanigel, Robert (1991). The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan (http
s://[Link]/details/manwhoknewinfini00kani_1). New York: Washington Square Press.
ISBN 0-671-75061-5.
Snow, C. P. (1967). "G. H. Hardy" ([Link]
Variety of Men. London: Macmillan. pp. 15–46. Reprinted as Snow, C.P (2012) [1st pub.
1967]. Foreword. A Mathematician's Apology ([Link]
000hard_u4z4). By Hardy, G. H. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-29559-9.
Albers, D.J.; Alexanderson, G.L.; Dunham, W., eds. (2015). The G.H. Hardy Reader.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10713-555-0.

External links
Works by G. H. Hardy ([Link] at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about G. H. Hardy ([Link]
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 y%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Godfrey%20Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G
odfrey%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%
20OR%20title%3A%22Godfrey%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godfrey%20
Harold%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godfrey%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%2
0OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%
22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%20Harold%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hardy%2C%20G
odfrey%20H%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godfrey%20Hardy%22%20OR%20d
escription%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Godfrey%22%29%20OR%20%28%221877-1947%22%2
0AND%20Hardy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the Internet Archive
Works by G. H. Hardy ([Link] at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "G. H. Hardy" ([Link]
[Link]/Biographies/[Link]), MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St
Andrews
Quotations of G. H. Hardy ([Link]
[Link]/~history/Quotations/[Link])
Hardy's work on Number Theory ([Link]
Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1877–1947)" ([Link]
[Link]/biography/[Link]). ScienceWorld.

Retrieved from "[Link]