SR.

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You can very easily see the structural similarities/variations OR Both in the external
1. Both 84
morphology of the larger living organism, both plants and animals.
Similarly, if we were to study the internal structure, one also finds several/few similarities 84
2. Several
as well as differences.
3. Study of internal structure of plants is called_____. anatomy 84
cells 84
Plants have ________ as the basic unit______are organised into tissues and in turn the
4. , cells
tissues are organised into______
organs.
5. Different organs in a plant show differences in their internal/ external both structure. Internal 84

6. Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are also seen to be anatomically ________ different. 84

7. Internal structures also show_____________to diverse environments. adaptations 84

A tissue is a group of cells having a same/ common origin and usually performing a 84
8. same
same/common function.
different kinds 84
9. A plant is made up of different /same kind/(s)s of tissue/(s).
of tissues.
Tissues are classified into two main groups, namely, meristematic and permanent tissues are capable 84
10. based on whether the cells being formed__________________ of dividing or
not.
Growth in plants is largely restricted to specialised regions of active/passive __________________ active cell 84
11.
called meristems (Gk. meristos: divided). division
Plants have 84
12. Plants have different kinds of meristems./ Plants have same kind of meristem different kinds
of meristems
The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots and produce primary tissues are apical 84-
13.
called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Figure 6.1). meristems 85
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Root apical meristem occupies the _____________ while the shoot apical meristem occupies
14. tip of a root 85
the distant most region of the stem axis.
During the formation of leaves and elongation of stem, some cells_____ _______’ from shoot 85
15. ‘left behind
apical meristem, constitute the axillary bud.
Such buds are present in the axils of leaves and are capable of forming a__________ or branch or a 85
16.
_______ flower.
intercalary 85
17. The meristem which occurs between mature tissues is known as ___________ ___________.
meristem
Intercalary meristems occur in grasses and __________ parts removed by the grazing 85
18. regenerate
herbivores.
Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are_______ __________ because they primary 85
19.
appear early in life of a plant and contribute to the formation of the primary plant body. meristems
The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots of many plants, secondary or 85
20. particularly those that produce woody axis and appear later than primary meristem is lateral
called the_____________________________________ meristem.
21. They are cylindrical/ circular meristems. Cylindrical 85
Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium are examples of Lateral 85
22.
_______ meristems. These are responsible for producing the _________tissues. secondary
both primary 85
and as well as
Following divisions of cells in primary only/ secondary only /both primary and as well as secondary
23. secondary meristems, the newly formed cells become 1.__________ and 2. meristems,
___________specialised and3. ______ the ability to divide. Structurally
functionally
lose
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permanent or 85
24. Such cells are termed___________ or _________ and constitute the permanent tissues.
mature cells
85
dermal
During the formation of the primary plant body, specific regions of the apical meristem tissues,
25.
produce ___________, _________ and ____________ tissues. ground tissues
and vascular

26. The cells of the permanent tissues do not always/ generally divide further. generally 86
Permanent tissues having all cells similar in__________ and _________ are called simple structure and 86
27.
tissues. function
28. Permanent tissues having many different types of cells are called_______ tissues. complex 86

29. A simple tissue is made of only one type of cell/ cells cells 86
The various simple tissues in plants are___________ , _________ and 86
__________ (Figure 6.2).

parenchyma,
collenchyma
30.
and
sclerenchyma
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Figure 6.2 Simple tissues :

(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma
Major 86
31. Parenchyma forms the few /major component on/within organs. within

32. The cells of the parenchyma are generally____________ isodiametric. 86

spherical, 86
oval, round,
33. They may be _________,_______,_______ and ___________in shape.
polygonal or
elongated
Thin 86
34. Their walls are thin/ thick and made up of cellulose/ pectin both
Cellulose
Closely 86
35. They may either be loosely/ closely packed or have small/ large intercellular spaces. Small

photosynthesi 86
36. The parenchyma performs various functions like ________, ______and ________ s, storage,
secretion.
The ____________occurs in layers below the epidermis in most/ all of the dicotyledonous Collenchyma 86
37.
plants. Most
homogeneous 86
38. It is found either as a ____________________________ or in patches.
layer
It consists of cells which are much thickened at the corners due to a deposition of cellulose, 86
39. _________, ____________ and _________ hemicellulose
and pectin.
Collenchymatous cells may be _____,________ and ________ and often contain oval, spherical 86
40.
chloroplasts. or polygonal
41. These cells assimilate food when they contain ____________. chloroplasts. 86

42. ______________ spaces are absent. Intercellular 86

They provide ___________ ___________to the growing parts of the plant such as young stem mechanical 86
43.
and petiole of a leaf. support
long, narrow 86
cells with
Sclerenchyma consists of short/ long, narrow/ wide cells with thin/thick and lignified cell
44. thick and
walls having a few/ numerous/ few or numerous pits.
lignified
few or
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numerous pits
45. Sclernchyma are usually dead and with /without protoplasts. Without 86
form, 86
structure,
On the basis of variation in 1 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , 2 . _ _ _ _ _ _ , 3 . _ _ _ _ _ a n d 4 . _ _ _ _ _ _ , origin and
46.
sclerenchyma may be fibres/ sclereids/ either fibres or sclereids. development
either fibres
or sclereids
thick- 86
The fibres are thinwalled/ thick-walled, elongated and pointed cells/spherical , walledelonga
47.
generally occuring in groups, in various parts of the plant. ted and
pointed cells
spherical, oval
The sclereids are spherical/oval/ spherical,oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells 86-
48. or cylindrical,
with very narrow/ slightly wide cavities (lumen). 87
very narrow
Nuts
guava, pear
These are commonly found in the fruit walls of _____; pulp of fruits like ____,_______ and and sapota
49. 87
_______; seed coats of __________ and ________ legumes and
leaves of tea.

mechanical 87
50. Sclerenchyma provides __________ ___________ to organs.
support
The complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells and these work together as a together as a 87
51.
unit/ independently of each other . unit.
52. Xylem and phloem constitute the___________ tissues in plants (Figure 6.3). complex 87
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Figure 6.3 (a) Xylem

(b) Phloem
water and 87
Xylem functions as a conducting tissue for ___________and ______ from roots to the minerals
53.
stem/ leaves/ stem and leaves. stem and
leaves
Mechanical 87
54. Xylem also provides _____________ ___________to the plant parts.
strength
tracheids, 87
vessels, xylem
55. It is composed of four different kinds of elements, namely, fibres and
xylem
parenchyma.
56. Gymnosperms lack -________ in their xylem. vessels 87
elongated or 87
Tracheids are____________ ______ ______ with thick and lignified walls and
57. tube like cells
__________ends.
tapering ends.
58. These are dead and arewith / without protoplasm. without 87

59. The inner layers of the cell walls have thickenings which vary ___ __________. in form 87
water 87
60. In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main _______ ____________elements.
transporting
61. Vessel is a _______ ___________ , _____like structure made up of many cells called vessel long 87
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cylindrical
members, each with lignified walls and a small/ large central cavity. tube-like
small
62. The vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm. T/F T 87

63. Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common/ lateral walls. Common 87

64. The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of ______________. angiosperms 87

65. Xylem fibres have highly /less thickened walls and obliterated central lumens. Highly 87
either be 87
66. Xylem fibres are septate/ aseptate/ either be septate or aseptate. septate or
aseptate
Xylem parenchyma cells are living and thick /thin-walled, and their cell walls are made up Thin 87
67.
of cellulose/pectin/ both. Cellulose
They store food materials in the form of starch/fat/ protein , and other substances like starch or fat 87
68.
_______. tannins
The radial/transverse/ both conduction of water takes place by the ray parenchymatous 87
69. radial
cells.
protoxylem 87
70. Primary xylem is of two types – and
metaxylem.
The first formed primary xylem elements are called __________and the later formed primary protoxylem 87
71.
xylem is called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ metaxylem.
centre (pith) 87
In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the ______ ______-and the metaxylem lies towards the
72. periphery of
___________________.
the organ
73. This type of primary xylem is called _________ endarch. 87

74. In _________, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre. roots, 87

75. Such arrangement of primary xylem is called__________ exarch. 87

76. ___________ transports food materials, usually from leaves to other parts of the plant. Phloem 87
sieve tube
Phloem in angiosperms is composed of 4 components elements,
1. companion
87-
77. 2. cells, phloem
88
3. parenchyma
4. and phloem
fibres.
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albuminous
78. Gymnosperms have _________ and__________.instead of companion cells and sieve tubes cells 88
sieve cells
lack sieve 88
tubes and
79. Gymnosperms lack
companion
cells.
Sieve tube elements are also long/ short , tube-like structures, arranged Long, 88
80.
h o r i z o n t a l l y / longitudinally and are associated with the companion cells. Longitudinally
81. Their end walls are perforated in a sieve-like manner to form the __________ ______ sieve plates. 88
Peripheral 88
A mature sieve element possesses a________cytoplasm and a large/small vacuole but lacks
82. Large
a ___________
Nucleus
The functions of sieve tubes are controlled by the nucleus / cytoplasm/ mitochondria of 88
83. Nucleus
companion cells.
The companion cells are specialised parenchymatous/ collenchymatous cells, which are Parenchymat 88
84.
closely associated with sieve tube elements. ous
The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected by ____________ present 88
85. pit fields
between their common lateral/ longitudinal walls.
pressure 88
86. The companion cells help in maintaining the ________ in the sieve tubes.
gradient
elongated, 88
Phloem parenchyma is made up of______________, ________ which have dense tapering
87.
cytoplasm and nucleus. cylindrical
cells
The cell wall is composed of cellulose and has pits through which _______________ exist plasmodesmat 88
88.
between the cells. al connections
food 88
The phloem parenchyma stores________material and other substances like _____,
resins, latex
89. _______ and ___________
and
mucilage.
monocotyled 88
90. Phloem parenchyma is absent in most of the ___________.
ons.
bast 88
91. Phloem fibres (_______ fibres) are made up of __________cells. sclerenchymat
ous
These are generally absent in the primary/ secondary phloem but are found in the Primary 88
92.
primary /secondary phloem. Secondary
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These are much shortened/elongated,branched/ unbranched and have pointed, needle like Elongated 88
93.
apices. Unbranched
94. The cell wall of phloem fibres is quite ______. thick 88
At 88
95. At/ before/ only after maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become ______
thick
Of 88
96. Phloem fibres of / like jute, flax and hemp are used ____________
commercially.
The first formed primary phloem consists of __________ sieve tubes and is referred to as narrow 88
_____________ and the later formed phloem has _____ sieve tubes and is referred to as Protophloem
97.
_______________. bigger
metaphloem.
98. Let us now consider how tissues vary depending on their_________in the plant body. location 88
structure and 88
99. Their ________ and __________ would also be dependent on location.
function
100. structure and 88
On the basis of their _________ and ____________, there are three types of tissue systems.
location
epidermal 88
tissue system,
the ground or
These are the
fundamental
101. 1.
tissue system
2.
and the
3.
vascular or
conducting
tissue system.
outer-most 88
The epidermal tissue system forms the ______________covering of the whole plant body and
102. Epidermal
comprises __________ cells, ________and the epidermal appendages like/ and the trichomes
stomata
and hairs.
like
103. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the primary/ secondary/ both primary and secondary 88
Primary
plant body.
elongated,
104. It is made up of elongated/ short , compactly/ loosely arranged cells, which form a 88-
compactly
continuous/ discontinous layer. 89
Continous
105. single-
Epidermis is usually ______ -___________ . 89
layered.
106. Epidermal cells are parenchymatous with a_______ amount of cytoplasm lining the cell Small 89
wall and a_______vacuole. large
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107. The outside of the epidermis is often covered with a_______ thick layer called the _______ Waxy 89
which prevents the loss of water. cuticle
108. 89
Cuticle is_________ in roots. absent
109. 89
Stomata are structures present in the _________ of leaves. epidermis
transpiration 89
110.
Stomata regulate the process of _____________ and ____________- and gaseous
exchange.
111. Each stoma is composed of two bean- shaped cells known as guard cells which enclose 89
stomatal pore.
________-
112. 89
In grasses, the guard cells are____________shaped. dumb-bell
Thin 89
113. The outer walls of guard cells (away from the stomatal pore) are______ and the inner walls
highly
(towards the stomatal pore) are__________ _______.
thickened
114. 89
The guard cells possess _________ and regulate the opening and closing of stomata. chloroplasts
115. Sometimes, a few epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard cells become specialised in their 89
shape and size and are known as subsidiary cells.
The stomatal aperture, guard cells and the surrounding subsidiary cells are together called 89
stomatal apparatus (Figure 6.4).

116.

117. 89
The cells of epidermis bear a number of hairs.
118. The root hairs are ________ elongations of the epidermal cells and help absorb water and 89
unicellular
minerals from the soil.
119. 89
On the stem the epidermal hairs are called_________ trichomes.
120. 89
The trichomes in the shoot system are usually____________. multicellular
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branched or 89
121.
They may be branched / unbranched/branched or unbranched and soft/ stiff/soft or stiff. unbranched
soft or stiff.
122. 89
They may even be _________ secretory.
123. 89
The trichomes help in preventing water loss due to _______________ transpiration.
124. ground 89
All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute the__________-
tissue.
parenchyma, 89
125. It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma/, collenchyma / collenchyma
sclerenchyma./parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma and
sclerenchyma
cortex, 89
pericycle, pith
126. Parenchymatous cells are usually present in ( 3 tissues), in the primary/ secondary/ both
and medullary
primary and secondary stems and roots.
rays
Primary
127. In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin/ thick -walled chloroplast containing cells and 89
thin
is called mesophyll.
the phloem 90
128.
The vascular system consists of complex tissues, _____________ and ___________ and the
xylem.
The xylem and phloem together constitute vascular bundles (Figure 6.5). 90

129.

Figure 6.5 Various types of vascular bundles :

(a) radial (b) conjoint closed
(c) conjoint open
130. In dicotyledonous stems, cambium is present between ____________ and _________. phloem and 90
Such vascular bundles because of the presence of cambium possess the ability to form xylem
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Secondary
primary/ secondary/ both primary and secondary xylem and phloem tissues, and hence are
open vascular
called____________
bundles.
131. 90
In the monocotyledons, the vascular bundles have no __________ present in them. cambium
132. 90
Hence, since they do not form secondary tissues they are referred to as ________ closed.
133. When xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle are arranged in/ within an alternate 90
radial
manner along the different radii, the arrangement is called _______such as in roots.
In conjoint type of vascular bundles, the xylem and phloem are jointly situated along the 90
134.
_________ _________ of vascular bundles. same radius

135. stems and 90

Such vascular bundles are common in_________ and -_________
leaves.
136. The conjoint vascular bundles usually have the phloem located only on the _____ ______ 90
outer side
xylem.
For a better understanding of tissue organisation of roots, stems and leaves, it is 90
137. Transverse
convenient to study the transverse/ longitudinal sections of the immature/ mature zones
Mature
of these organs.
Look at Figure 6.6 (a), it shows the transverse section of the sunflower root. 90

138.

T.S. : (a) Dicot root (Primary)

139. 90
The internal tissue organisation is as follows:The outermost layer is _________ epiblema.
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140. 90
Many of the cells of epiblema protrude in the form of__________ root hairs. unicellular
141. The cortex consists of several layers of_____________ parenchyma cells with thin-walled 90-
no intercellular/ intercellular spaces. Intercellular 91
142.
The innermost layer of the cortex is called ____________ endodermis. 91
Single layer 91
143. Endodermis comprises a single/ few layer / layers of ______-shaped cells without barrel
intercellular/ intercellular spaces. Without
intercellular
144. The tangential as well as radial walls of the endodermal cells have a deposition of water- casparian 91
[eermeable /impermeable, waxy material suberin in the form of ______________ strips.
Next to endodermis lies a few layers of thin/thick-walled parenchyomatous cells referred to 91
145. Thick
as ___________
pericycle.
lateral roots 91
146. Initiation of __________ and ____________________ during the secondary growth takes
and vascular
place in these cells.
cambium
small or 91
147.
The pith is _____________________________ inconspicuo
us.
148. The parenchymatous cells which lie between the xylem and the phloem are called conjuctive 91
____________ tissue.
149. 91
There are usually ________________xylem and phloem patches. two to four
150. xylem and 91
Later, a cambium ring develops between the_____________.
phloem
innerside of 91
the
endodermis
151. All tissues on the________________________,such as _____________, __________ and such as
__________constitute the stele. pericycle,
vascular
bundles and
pith
152. 91
The anatomy of the monocot root is similar to the dicot root in many respects (Figure 6.6 b).
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(b) Monocot root

153. 91
Monocot root has epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and ___. pith
154. As compared to the dicot root which have fewer xylem bundles, 91
More than six
there are usually more than six/ six (polyarch) xylem bundles in the monocot root.
155. 91
Pith is large and less/ well developed. well
156. Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo any primary/secondary/ both primary and 91
secondary
secondary growth.
The transverse / longitudinal section of a typical young dicotyledonous stem shows that the
157. Transverse 91-
____________is the outermost protective layer of the stem (Figure 6.7 a).
epidermis 92
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(a) Dicot
Thin
158. Covered with a_______ layer of cuticle, it will always/ may bear trichomes and few/ no
May 92
stomata.
few
159. The cells arranged in few/ multiple layers between epidermis and pericycle constitute the 92
Multiple
cortex.
160. 92

Few 92
It consists of three [Link] outer hypodermis, consists of a few/ many/ single layers of
161. mechanical
collenchymatous cells just below the epidermis, which provide _____________ to the young/
strength
mature/either stem.
Young
Cortical layers 92
162. ___________ _______ below hypodermis consist of rounded thin/ thick walled Thin
parenchymatous cells with conspicuous nucleus / intercellular space . intercellular
spaces
163. Layer 92
The innermost layer / layers of the cortex Is/are called the endodermis.
Is
starch grains 92
164. The cells of the endodermis are rich in starch grains and the layer is also referred to as and the layer
the starch sheath/ starch grains layer is called starch sheath is also
referred to as
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the starch
sheath/
on the inner
side of the
endodermis
Pericycle is present on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem in the form and above the
165. 92-
of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma./ on the inner side of the endodermis above the phloem in the
93
phloem in the form of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma form of semi-
lunar patches
of
sclerenchyma
166. In between the vascular bundles there are a few layers of transversly/ radially placed
radially 93
parenchymatous cells, which constitute medullary rays.
167. A large number of vascular bundles are arranged in a ring ; the ‘ring’ arrangement of vascular 93
dicot
bundles is a characteristic of_______ stem.
conjoint, 93
168.
Each vascular bundle is _______ , ________ and ________ protoxylem. open, and
with endarch
A large number of rounded/oval/either, parenchymatous cells with small/large Rounded 93
169.
intercellular spaces which occupy the central/peripheral portion of the stem constitute the Large
pith. centre
The monocot stem has a ______________ hypodermis, a large number/ few of scattered 93
vascular bundles, each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath, and a
_________ ___________ parenchymatous ground tissue (Figure 6.7b).

Sclerenchymat
ous
170. A large
number
large,
conspicuous

(b) Monocot
171. conjoint and 93
Vascular bundles in monocot stem are .
closed
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172. 93
Peripheral vascular bundles are generally smaller/ larger than the centrally located ones. Smaller
173. The phloem parenchyma is________, and water-containing cavities are________within Absent 93
the vascular bundles. present
epidermis, 93
174. The vertical section of a dorsiventral leaf through the lamina shows three main parts, mesophyll and
namely, ______________, ________________ and ___________ vascular
system.
Adaxial 93
175. The epidermis which covers both the upper surface (____________ epidermis) and lower
Abaxial
surface (__________ epidermis) of the leaf has a hardly any /conspicuous cuticle.
Conspicous
176. 93
The abaxial epidermis generally bears more/ less stomata than the adaxial epidermis. More
177. 93
The latter ( adaxial ) may even lack stomata. T/F T
178. 93
The tissue between the upper and the lower epidermis is called the ______________ mesophyll.
Mesophyll, which possesses __________ and carry out photosynthesis, is made up of 93
179. Chloroplasts
___________________
parenchyma.
the palisade 93
parenchyma
180.
It has two types of cells – _______________________ and _________________________ and the
spongy
parenchyma.
Elongated 93
181. The adaxially placed palisade parenchyma is made up of _____________ cells, which are
vertically and
arranged_____________ and __________to each other.
parallel
oval or round 93
182. The __________,_______ and ____________arranged spongy parenchyma is situated below
and loosely
the palisade / epidermis is and extends to the lower epidermis.
Palisade
large spaces 93
183.
There are numerous___________ _________ and air cavities between these cells. and air
cavities
184. Vascular system includes vascular bundles, which can be seen in the _________ and veins and the 93
_______________ midrib.
185. 93
The size of the vascular bundles are dependent on the size of the_______ in monocot leaf veins.
186. 93
The _________vary in thickness in the reticulate venation of the dicot leaves. veins
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187. 93
The vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer ofthin/ thick walled bundle sheath cells. thick
Look at Figure 6.8 (a) and find the position of xylem in the vascular bundle. 93

188.

(a) Dicot
189. 93
The anatomy of isobilateral leaf is similar to that of the dorsiventral leaf in many ways.T/ F T
In an isobilateral leaf, the stomata are present___________ surface (s) of the epidermis; and
the mesophyll is / is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma (Figure 6.8 b).

190. on both the 93-

Is not 94

(b) Monocot
Adaxial
191. In grasses, certain adaxial/ abaxial epidermal cells along the/ along with the veins modify
Along the 94
themselves into small/ large, empty, colourless [Link] are called bulliform cells.
Small
192. When the bulliform cells in the leaves have absorbed water and are ________, the leaf surface 94
turgid
is exposed.
193. When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves _____ _______ to minimise 94
curl inwards
water loss.
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194. The parallel venation in monocot leaves is reflected in the near similar/ same sizes of 94
Near similar
vascular bundles (except in main veins) as seen in vertical sections of the leaves.
195. The growth of the roots and stems in length with the help of______meristem is called the apical 94
________ growth. primary
196. dicotyledonou 94
Apart from primary growth most ___________plants exhibit an increase in girth.
s
197. secondary 94
This increase in girth is called the _________________________
growth.
vascular 94
198. The tissues involved in secondary growth are the two lateral meristems: ___________ and cambium and
________________ cork
cambium.
199. The meristematic layer that is responsible for cutting off vascular tissues – ______ and xylem and 94
_______– is called vascular cambium. pholem
200. In the young stem it is present in patches as a single layer / a few layer between the xylem 94
A single layer
and phloem.
201. 94
Later vascular cambium forms a _________ ________. complete ring.
202. In dicot stems, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is intrafascicular 94
the _________________________ cambium.
The cells of medullary rays,below/above/ adjoining these intrafascicular cambium become
203. Adjoining
meristematic and form the interfascicular [Link], a continuous ring of _______ is 95
cambium
formed.
The cambial ring becomes ________ and begins to cut off new cells, both towards the 95
204.
inner and the outer [Link] cells cut off towards pith, mature into secondary xylem and active
the cells cut off towards periphery mature into secondary phloem
Inner side 95
205. The cambium is generally more active on the inner side than on the outer/ outer side
than on the
than on the inner side
oute
206. As a result, the amount of secondary xylem produced is less than/ more than secondary 95
More than
phloem and soon forms a compact mass.
207. The primary / secondary / primary and secondary phloems get gradually crushed due to primary and 95
the continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem. secondary
208. 95
The primary xylem however remains more or less intact, in or around the_______- centre.
At some places, the cambium forms a board/ narrow band of parenchyma, which passes Narrow 95
209. through/by the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem in the radial [Link] Through
are the ____________________________ secondary
medullary
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rays
95

210.

many 96
physiological
211.
The activity of cambium is under the control of_____________ and ________________. and
environmental
factors
212. 96
In temperate regions, the climatic conditions are/are not uniform through the year. Are not
very active 96
213. In the spring season, cambium is ______ _________and produces a large number xylary
of___________ _______ having vessels with narrower/ wider cavities. elements
Wider
214. spring wood 96
The wood formed during this season is called___________ or ____________.
or early wood
215. In winter, the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylary elements that have narrow autumn wood 96
vessels, and this wood is called _____________ _________________ or late wood.
216. The spring wood is ________ in colour and has a higher /lower density whereas the autumn Lighter 96
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Lower
wood is ______and has a _______ density. Darker
higher
217. The two kinds of woods that appear as alternate concentric rings, constitute 96
annual ring.
an_____________
218. age of the 96
Annual rings seen in a cut stem give an estimate of the_________________.
tree
tannins, resins, 96
oils, gums,
In old trees, the greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown due to deposition of organic aromatic
219.
compounds like ________________________________________(6) examples _______ the substances and
__________ or ________ layers of the stem. essential oils
central or
innermost
hard, durable 96
and resistant
220. These substances make it ______, ________ and __________ to the attacks of ________ and
micro-
_________
organisms and
insects.
221. 96
This region comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls and is called ________ heartwood.
222. mechanical 96
The heartwood does not conduct water but it gives_______________ to the stem.
support
223. 96
The peripheral region of the secondary xylem, is lighter in colour and is known as the _______- sapwood
Water and 96
224.
It is involved in the conduction of ___________ and ________ from root to leaf/ leaf to root minerals
Roof to leaf
increase in 96
As the stem continues to____________________ due to the activity of vascular cambium,
225. girth outer
the outer/inner cortical/ epidermis/ cortical and epidermis layers get broken and need to be
cortical and
replaced to provide new protective cell layers.
epidermis
226. Hence, sooner or later, another meristematic tissue called ________ or cork cambium 96
____________develops, usually in the cortex region. or phellogen
227. Couple of 96
Phellogen is a couple of layers thick/ a layer thick.
layer thick
narrow, thin- 96
228.
It is made of narrow/ board, thick/thin-walled and nearly rectangular / spherical cells. walled and
nearly
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rectangular
cells.
229. 96
Phellogen cuts off cells on one side/ both sides. Both sides
230. The outer cells differentiate into ______ or _____________ while the inner cells differentiate cork or 96
into secondary cortex or phelloderm. phellem
231. impervious 96
The cork is____________to water due to ________ deposition in the cell wall.
suberin
232. parenchymat 96
The cells of secondary cortex are_______________.
ous
233. 96
Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are collectively known as __________. periderm
peripheral to
234. Due to activity of the cork cambium, pressure builds up on the remaining layers phellogen 96-
___________ __ _______ and ultimately these layers _____ and _________ ____ die and slough 97
off.
235. Bark is a technical /non-technical term that refers to all tissues interior/ exterior to the Non technical
97
vascular cambium, therefore including secondary phloem. Exterior
periderm and 97
236.
Bark refers to a number of tissue types, viz., ______ and ________. secondary
phloem
237. 97
Bark that is formed early in the season is called _____ or ______bark. early or soft
238. 97
Towards the end of the season, _______ or _______ bark is formed. late or hard
239. 97
Name the various kinds of cell layers which constitute the bark.
240. At certain regions, the phellogen cuts off closely/loosely arranged parenchymatous Closely 97
cells on the outer side instead of______ cells. cork
241. These parenchymatous cells soon rupture the___________, forming a lens- shaped 97
epidermis
openings called lenticels.
242. Lenticels permit the exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere and the external/ 97
Internal
internal tissue of the stem.
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97

These occur in most woody/ young trees

243.
woody

Figure 6.10 (a) Lenticel and (b) Bark

244. 97
In the dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely/ partly secondary in origin. Completely
phloem 97
bundles
pericycle
It originates from the tissue located just below the ______ _________, a portion
245. Above
of_______tissue, above/ below the protoxylem forming a _____________ and ___________
complete and
_____ring, which later becomes wavy/ circular (Figure 6.11).
continuous
wavy
Circular
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246. dicotyledon
Further events are similar to those already described above for a ______________ 97
stem.
247. Different
Anatomically, a plant is made of similar/ different kinds of tissues. 98
kinds
apical, lateral 98
248. The plant tissues are broadly classified into meristematic (_____,_________ and ________) and intercalary
and permanent (_________ and ________). simple and
complex
249. Assimilation of food and its storage, transportation of water, minerals and _______________, photosynthate 98
and mechanical support are the main functions of tissues. s
– epidermal, 98
250.
There are three types of tissue systems _____________________ ground and
vascular.
epidermal 98
251. cells, stomata
The epidermal tissue systems are made of
and the
epidermal
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appendages.
cortex, 98
252.
The ground tissue system forms the main bulk of the [Link] is divided into three zones – pericycle and
pith.
253. xylem and 98
The vascular tissue system is formed by the ______ and _______.
phloem
254. On the basis of presence of _________, location of xylem and phloem, the vascular 98
cambium
bundles are of different types.
water, 98
255. The vascular bundles form the conducting tissue and translocate water, minerals and
minerals and
food material/waterand minerals only
food material.
256. Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants show marked variation in their internal
true 99
structures.T/F
257. type, number 99
They differ in _________,____________ and _________ of vascular bundles.
and location
vascular 99
The secondary growth occurs in most of the dicotyledonous roots and stems and it increases
258. cambium and
the girth (diameter) of the organs by the activity of the __________________ and
the cork
_________________
cambium.
259. Secondary 99
The wood is actually a primary xylem/secondary xylem/ both.
xylem
composition 99
260.
There are different types of wood on the basis of their______ and ______________ and time of
production.
State the location and function of different types of meristems. 99

261.
exercise

262. exercise Cork cambium forms tissues that form the cork. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. 99
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263. exercise Explain the process of secondary growth in the stems of woody angiosperms with the help 99
of schematic diagrams. What is its significance?
exercise Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between 99
264.
(a) Monocot root and Dicot root
(b) Monocot stem and Dicot stem
exercise Cut a transverse section of young stem of a plant from your school garden and observe it 99
265.
under the microscope. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot stem or a dicot
stem? Give reasons.
exercise The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features - (a) 99
266.
the vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous
bundle sheaths. (b) phloem parenchyma is absent. What will you identify it as?
267. exercise 99
Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues?
268. exercise 99
What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram.
269. exercise Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under 99
each system.
270. exercise 99
How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
271. exercise 99
What is periderm? How does periderm formation take place in the dicot stems?
272. 99
exercise Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams.