Cloud Computing

BCSE408L

Dr. Naveenkumar Jayakumar

Associate Professor
Department of Computational Intelligence
PRP 217-4
[email protected]
 MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION
 Cloud Computing - Definition

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient,

on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.
 Cloud Computing - Definition
§ Cloud computing is the delivery of various services through the
internet, including data storage, servers, databases, networking,
and software.

§ It allows users to access and store data on remote servers, which

can then be accessed via the internet.

§ This technology provides scalable computing resources, enabling

users to pay only for what they use, like a utility service.
 Cloud Computing - Evolution
§ Early Beginnings (1950s-1980s):
§ Mainframe Era (1950s): The concept of cloud computing can be traced
back to the 1950s with the rise of mainframe computers. These powerful
machines were shared among multiple users through "time-sharing"
techniques, laying the groundwork for the concept of shared resources.

§ Distributed Systems (1960s-1980s): The idea of distributing computing

tasks across multiple machines emerged in the 1960s and 1980s. This
marked a shift from centralized computing to a more collaborative
approach.
 Cloud Computing - Evolution
§ Building Blocks Emerge (1990s-2000s):
§ Grid Computing (1990s): The 1990s saw the introduction of grid computing, which
allowed geographically dispersed computers to work together on large tasks. This
concept laid the foundation for resource pooling, a key aspect of cloud computing.
§ Virtualization (1970s-2000s): Virtualization technology, developed in the 1970s, gained
traction in the 2000s. It enabled the creation of multiple virtual machines on a single
physical server, maximizing resource utilization and paving the way for on-demand
resource allocation.
§ Utility Computing (1990s-2000s): The concept of utility computing, where computing
resources are treated like a utility such as electricity, emerged in the 1990s and gained
momentum in the 2000s. This laid the groundwork for the pay-as-you-go pricing
model that is central to cloud computing today.
 Cloud Computing - Evolution
§ The Cloud Takes Shape (2000s-Present):
§ Birth of Cloud Services (2000s): The early 2000s witnessed the birth of cloud service
providers like Salesforce.com, offering software as a service (SaaS) solutions. This
marked a significant shift towards delivering applications over the internet.
§ Rise of Cloud Giants (2006-Present): The launch of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
(EC2) in 2006 by Amazon Web Services (AWS) is considered a watershed moment. It
allowed users to rent virtual servers on-demand, revolutionizing the way computing
resources are accessed and consumed. Similar offerings from Microsoft Azure and
Google Cloud Platform followed, solidifying the dominance of cloud giants.
§ Maturation and Innovation (2010s-Present): The past decade has seen the continuous
evolution of cloud computing with the introduction of new service models like Platform
as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Cloud services have become
more sophisticated, secure, and scalable, catering to a wider range of business needs.
 Cloud Computing - Evolution
§ Cloud Still Evolving:
§ Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Environments: Businesses are increasingly adopting
hybrid and multi-cloud strategies, utilizing a combination of public, private, and
edge clouds to optimize their IT infrastructure.
§ Security and Compliance: As cloud adoption grows, security and compliance
will remain top priorities. Cloud providers will continue to invest in robust
security measures and offer services that meet industry-specific compliance
requirements.
§ Serverless Computing: Serverless computing, where users pay only for the code
they execute, is gaining traction and is expected to become a more prominent
cloud service model
 Cloud Computing

§ Cloud computing is an abstraction based on the notion of pooling

physical resources and presenting them as a virtual resource.

§ It is a new model for provisioning resources, for staging

applications, and for platform-independent user access to
services.
 Cloud Computing - Characteristics
§ On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision computing capabilities as
needed without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

§ Broad Network Access: Capabilities are available over the network and
accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous
thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and
workstations).

§ Resource Pooling: The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve

multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and
virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to
consumer demand.
 Cloud Computing - Characteristics
§ Rapid Elasticity: Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and
released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and
inward commensurate with demand.

§ Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize

resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both
the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
 Cloud Computing - Benefits
1. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the capital expense of buying hardware and software and
setting up and running on-site data centers.

2. Scalability: Easily scale computing resources up or down as needed, ensuring you only
pay for what you use.

3. Performance: Major cloud services run on a worldwide network of secure data centers,
which are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing
hardware.

4. Speed and Agility: Vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in minutes,
allowing for a lot of flexibility and efficiency.

5. Security: Many cloud providers offer a set of policies, technologies, and controls that
strengthen your security posture overall, helping protect data, apps, and infrastructure
from potential threats.
 Cloud Computing - Benefits
6. Reliability: Cloud computing can make data backup, disaster recovery, and
business continuity easier and less expensive, as data can be mirrored at
multiple redundant sites on the cloud provider’s network.

7. Collaboration Efficiency: Improves collaboration by allowing employees to

access the same files and applications from anywhere in the world.
8. Automatic Updates: Ensures that you have access to the latest technology and
improvements without having to maintain and update systems manually.
9. Access from Anywhere: Provides access to applications and data from any
location with an internet connection, facilitating remote work and mobility.

10. Environmental Benefits: Optimizes server use and energy consumption,

reducing carbon footprint compared to traditional data centers.
 Cloud Computing - Benefits
11.Resource Optimization: Enables organizations to focus on core business
activities by outsourcing infrastructure management and maintenance.
12.Innovation and Competitiveness: Access to the latest technologies and
tools can foster innovation and help maintain a competitive edge.
13.Flexibility: Offers a variety of service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) to suit
different business needs and technical requirements.
14.Enhanced Collaboration: Facilitates better teamwork and productivity
through shared resources and collaborative tools.
15.Business Continuity: Ensures continuity with built-in redundancy and
disaster recovery options
 Cloud Computing - Challenges
1. Security and Privacy: Concerns about data breaches, loss of control over
sensitive data, and compliance with regulatory requirements.
2. Downtime: Cloud service outages can affect the availability of critical
applications and data.
3. Cost Management: Uncontrolled usage can lead to unexpected costs,
requiring careful monitoring and management.
4. Data Transfer and Bandwidth: Limited bandwidth and high data transfer
costs can impact performance and costs, especially for large datasets.
5. Vendor Lock-In: Dependence on a single cloud provider can create
challenges if the provider changes pricing, policies, or services.
 Cloud Computing - Challenges
6. Limited Control and Flexibility: Less control over the infrastructure and
limited customization options compared to on-premises solutions.
7. Compliance and Legal Issues: Ensuring compliance with local and
international laws, regulations, and industry standards can be complex.
8. Performance Variability: Shared resources can lead to variable
performance and latency issues.
9. Integration with Existing Systems: Integrating cloud services with on-
premises systems and legacy applications can be challenging.
10.Data Management and Governance: Ensuring proper data management,
quality, and governance across multiple cloud environments.
 Cloud Computing - Challenges
11. Complexity of Multi-Cloud Environments: Managing and orchestrating
services across different cloud providers can increase complexity.
12. Migration Challenges: Moving existing applications and data to the cloud can be
complex and time-consuming, with potential for data loss or corruption.
13. Skill Shortages: A lack of expertise in cloud technologies can hinder effective
implementation and management.

14. Vendor Stability and Reliability: The risk of cloud service providers going out of
business or discontinuing services.

15. Data Sovereignty: Concerns about data residing in different jurisdictions with
varying data protection laws.
 Cloud Computing - Challenges
16.Cost of Training and Change Management: Transitioning to
cloud-based systems requires investment in training staff and
managing organizational change.

17.Environmental Impact: While more efficient than traditional

data centers, cloud data centers still consume significant
energy and resources.
 Cloud Computing - Services

§ Cloud services refer to a wide range of services delivered on

demand to companies and customers over the internet.

§ Instead of having your own physical servers and infrastructure,

you can rent these resources on-demand, like renting an
apartment instead of buying a house.
Cloud Computing - Models
Cloud
Computing
Models

Deployment
Service Model
Model

Public IaaS

Private PaaS

Hybrid SaaS

Community
 Cloud Computing - Models

• Deployment models: This refers to the location and

management of the cloud’s infrastructure.

• Service models: This consists of the types of services that you

can access on a cloud computing platform.
Cloud Computing – NIST Model
 Cloud Computing - Services
§ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
§ The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing,
storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources
where the consumer can deploy and run arbitrary software, which
can include operating systems and applications.
§ The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and
deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select
networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
 Cloud Computing - Services
§ Platform as a Service (PaaS):
§ The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created
using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools
supported by the provider.
§ The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.
 Cloud Computing - Services
§ Software as a Service (SaaS):
§ The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure.
§ The applications are accessible from various client devices through
either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-
based email), or a program interface.
§ The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,
storage, or even individual application capabilities, except for
limited user- specific application configuration settings.
Cloud Computing - Services
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
• Cloud deployment models refer to the ways in which cloud
computing resources and services are deployed and managed.

• There 4 types of models:

• Private
• Public
• Community
• Hybrid
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
§ Private cloud:
§ The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a
single organization comprising multiple consumers (e.g.,
business units).

§ It may be owned, managed, and operated by the organization,

a third party, or some combination of them, and it may exist
on or off premises.
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
§ Public cloud
§ The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the
public.
§ It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business,
academic, or government organization, or some combination of
them.
§ It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
§ Community cloud
§ The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific
community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns
(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations).

§ It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the

organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of
them, and it may exist on or off premises.
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
§ Hybrid cloud
§ The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud
infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique
entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary
technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud
bursting for load balancing between clouds).
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
§ Choosing the Models – Select based on
§ Public cloud: Ideal for cost-effectiveness, scalability, and development/testing
environments.

§ Private cloud: Suitable for organizations with strict security and compliance
needs, or those with highly sensitive data.

§ Hybrid cloud: Offers a balance of control, security, and scalability for

organizations with diverse needs.

§ Community cloud: is a good option if you belong to a group with specific needs
and trust, and want a cost-effective, secure, and collaborative cloud
environment.
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
Access Management Cost Security Scalability Control Examples

Dedicated Managed by Higher cost Highest level Less scalable Most control A company's
infrastructure you or a third- due to the of control and than public over the on-premises
for a single party provider. need to security as clouds. infrastructur data center
organization maintain you manage Scaling up e, configured as a
your own everything. resources can configuratio private cloud,
Private
infrastructur be slower. n, and or a private
e. security. cloud service
offered by a
hosting
provider.
Shared Managed by Generally, Good security Highly Least control Amazon Web
infrastructure the cloud the most measures, but scalable. over the Services (AWS),
accessible to provider. cost-effective less control Easy to add underlying Microsoft
anyone with an option due to compared to or remove infrastructur Azure, Google
Public internet economies of private clouds. resources on- e and Cloud Platform
connection. scale. Pay- demand. security (GCP)
as-you-go settings.
pricing.
 Cloud Computing – Deployment Models
Access Management Cost Security Scalability Control Examples

Shared Can be Generally cost- Offers a good Scalable based Organizations A group of
infrastructure managed by effective due to balance on the needs of within the universities
but limited to a one or more economies of between the community community sharing a cloud
specific group organizations scale shared security and but may not be may have some infrastructure
of organizations within the within the openness, with as flexible as influence over for research
with common community, or community. shared security public clouds. the computing, or
Community interests, like by a third-party measures infrastructure government
government provider. appropriate for and security agencies within
agencies, the specific policies. a region
universities, or community's collaborating on
healthcare needs. a cloud for
providers. public services.

Combines Managed by Can be cost- Security Offers the Provides a Organizations

public and you, potentially effective by depends on the scalability of balance using a mix of
private clouds. with different utilizing public configuration of the public between control AWS for
providers for cloud resources both private cloud for and flexibility. development
public and for non-critical and public specific needs and on-
Hybrid private tasks and cloud while premises
portions. keeping environments. maintaining servers for core
sensitive data secure private financial
in the private cloud storage. applications
cloud.
 Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
• Identifies the major actors, their activities and functions in cloud
computing.

• Facilitate the understanding of the requirements, uses, characteristics

and standards of cloud computing

• Reference architecture defines five major actors: cloud consumer,

cloud provider, cloud carrier, cloud auditor and cloud broker.

• Each actor is an entity (a person or an organization) that participates

in a transaction or process and/or performs tasks in cloud computing.
Cloud Computing – Actors
Cloud Computing – Actors Interaction
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Broker
• A cloud consumer may request service from a cloud broker instead of
contacting a cloud provider directly. The cloud broker may create a new
service by combining multiple services or by enhancing an existing service.

• The actual cloud providers are invisible to the cloud consumer and the
cloud consumer interacts directly with the cloud broker.
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Broker
• A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance
and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships
between cloud providers and cloud consumers.

• Service Intermediation:
• A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some specific
capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers.
• The improvement can be managing access to cloud services, identity
management, performance reporting, enhanced security, etc.
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Broker
• A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance
and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships
between cloud providers and cloud consumers.

• Service Aggregation:
• A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services into one or
more new services.
• The broker provides data integration and ensures the secure data
movement between the cloud consumer and multiple cloud providers.
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Broker
• A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance
and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships
between cloud providers and cloud consumers.

• Service Arbitrage:
• Service arbitrage is like service aggregation except that the services being
aggregated are not fixed.
• Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility to choose services
from multiple agencies. The cloud broker, for example, can use a credit-
scoring service to measure and select an agency with the best score.
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Auditor
• A cloud auditor conducts independent assessments of the
operation and security of the cloud service implementation. The
audit may involve interactions with both the Cloud Consumer
and the Cloud Provider.
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Auditor
• A cloud auditor is a party that can perform an independent
examination of cloud service controls with the intent to express
an opinion thereon.

• Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards through

review of objective evidence.

• A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud

provider in terms of security controls, privacy impact,
performance, etc.
 Cloud Computing – Actors – Cloud Carrier
• A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides connectivity and
transport of cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud
providers.

• Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network,

telecommunication and other access devices.

• A cloud provider will set up SLAs with a cloud carrier to provide

services consistent with the level of SLAs offered to cloud consumers
and may require the cloud carrier to provide dedicated and secure
connections between cloud consumers and cloud providers.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Composition of system components, its arrangement,

coordination and management of computing
resources
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Composition of system components, its arrangement,

coordination and management of computing
resources
Cloud Providers define interfaces for Cloud
Consumers to access the computing services
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Composition of system components, its arrangement,

coordination and management of computing
resources
Cloud Providers define interfaces for Cloud
Consumers to access the computing services
Contains the system components that Cloud
Providers use to provide and manage access to the
physical computing resources - Hypervisor
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Composition of system components, its arrangement,

coordination and management of computing
resources
Cloud Providers define interfaces for Cloud
Consumers to access the computing services
Contains the system components that Cloud
Providers use to provide and manage access to the
physical computing resources - Hypervisor

Control the resource allocation, access control, and

usage monitoring to enable resource pooling,
dynamic allocation, and measured service
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Includes all the physical computing resources - CPU

and memory, networks - routers, firewalls, switches,
network links and interfaces etc.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Includes all the physical computing resources - CPU

and memory, networks - routers, firewalls, switches,
network links and interfaces etc.

Includes heating, ventilation and air conditioning

(HVAC), power, communications and other resources
to maintain data center site
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Includes all the service-related functions that are

necessary for the management and operation of
those services
Entails the set of business-related services dealing
with clients and supporting processes
§ Customer Management,
§ Contract Management,
§ Services catalog,
§ Accounting & Billing,
§ Reporting & Auditing
§ Pricing
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Includes all the service-related functions that are

necessary for the management and operation of
those services
Entails
§ Rapid Provisioning
§ Resource changing/configuration
§ Hardware monitoring & Reporting
§ Metering
§ SLA management
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Includes all the service-related functions that are

necessary for the management and operation of
those services
Entails
Can customers move their data or applications across
multiple cloud environments ?
§ Data Portability - Copy data objects into or out of a cloud
§ Service Portability - use their data and services across
multiple cloud providers with a unified management
interface.
§ System Portability - Migration of a fully-stopped virtual
machine instance or a machine image from one provider
to another provider or migrate applications
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Includes all the service-related functions that are

necessary for the management and operation of
those services

Entails
Capability to communicate between or among
multiple clouds.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture
Cloud Provider

Entails Protect personal information

§ Authentication, (PI) and personally identifiable
§ Authorization, information (PII)
§ Availability,
§ Confidentiality,
§ Identity management,
§ Integrity,
§ Audit,
§ Security monitoring,
§ Incident response, and
§ Security policy management
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.1 Public Cloud

§ A public cloud is one in which the cloud infrastructure and

computing resources are made available to the

§ general public over a public network.

§ A public cloud is owned by an organization selling cloud services,

and serves a diverse pool of clients
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.1 Public Cloud

Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.2 Private Cloud

A private cloud gives a single Cloud Consumer's organization the

exclusive access to and usage of the infrastructure and computational
resources.

It may be managed either by the Cloud Consumer organization or by a

third party and may be hosted on the organization's premises (i.e., on-
site private clouds) or outsourced to a hosting company (i.e.,
outsourced private clouds).
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.2 Private Cloud

Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.3 Community Cloud

§ A community cloud serves a group of Cloud Consumers which have shared

concerns such as mission objectives, security, privacy and compliance
policy, rather than serving a single organization as does a private cloud.

§ Similar to private clouds, a community cloud may be managed by the

organizations or by a third party and may be implemented on customer
premise (i.e., on-site community cloud) or outsourced to a hosting company
(i.e. outsourced community cloud).
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.3 Community Cloud

Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.4 Hybrid Cloud

A hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (on-site

private, on-site community, off-site private, off-site community or
public) that remain as distinct entities but are bound together by
standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and
application portability.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

1. Service Deployment

1.4 Hybrid Cloud

Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

2. Service Orchestration

§ Service Orchestration refers to the composition of system components

to support the Cloud Providers activities in arrangement, coordination
and management of computing resources to provide cloud services to
Cloud Consumers.

§ Service layer, this is where Cloud Providers define interfaces for Cloud
Consumers to access the computing services. Access interfaces of
each of the three service models are provided in this layer.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

2. Service Orchestration
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

2. Service Orchestration

§ Resource abstraction and control layer - This layer contains the

system components that Cloud Providers use to provide and
manage access to the physical computing resources through
software abstraction.

§ Examples of resource abstraction components include software

elements such as hypervisors, virtual machines, virtual data
storage, and other computing resource abstractions.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

2. Service Orchestration

§ The resource abstraction needs to ensure efficient, secure, and reliable

usage of the underlying physical resources.

§ The control aspect of this layer refers to the software components that
are responsible for resource allocation, access control, and usage
monitoring. This is the software fabric that ties together the numerous
underlying physical resources and their software abstractions to
enable resource pooling, dynamic allocation, and measured service.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

2. Service Orchestration
§ The physical resource layer, which includes all the physical computing
resources.
§ This layer includes hardware resources, such as computers (CPU and
memory), networks (routers, firewalls, switches, network links and
interfaces), storage components (hard disks) and other physical computing
infrastructure elements.
§ It also includes facility resources, such as heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC), power, communications, and other aspects of the
physical plant.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

§ Cloud Service Management includes all the service-related

functions that are necessary for the management and operation
of those services required by or proposed to cloud consumers.

§ Cloud service management can be described from the perspective

of business support, provisioning and configuration, and from
the perspective of portability and interoperability requirements.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.1. Business Support

Business Support entails the set of business-related services

dealing with clients and supporting processes.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.1. Business Support

§ Customer management: Manage customer accounts,

open/close/terminate accounts, manage user profiles, manage
customer relationships by providing points-of-contact and
resolving customer issues and problems, etc.

§ Contract management: Manage service contracts,

setup/negotiate/close/terminate contract, etc.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.1. Business Support

§ Inventory Management: Set up and manage service catalogs, etc.

§ Accounting and Billing: Manage customer billing information,

send billing statements, process received payments, track
invoices, etc.

§ Reporting and Auditing: Monitor user operations, generate

reports, etc.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.1. Business Support

§ Pricing and Rating: Evaluate cloud services and determine prices,

handle promotions and pricing rules based on a user's profile,
etc.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.2. Provisioning and Configuration
§ Rapid provisioning: Automatically deploying cloud systems based on
the requested service/resources/capabilities.
§ Resource changing: Adjusting configuration/resource assignment for
repairs, upgrades and joining new nodes into the cloud.
§ Monitoring and Reporting: Discovering and monitoring virtual
resources, monitoring cloud operations and events and generating
performance reports.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.2. Provisioning and Configuration

§ Metering: Providing a metering capability at some level of

abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).

§ SLA management: Encompassing the SLA contract definition

(basic schema with the QoS parameters), SLA monitoring and
SLA enforcement according to defined policies
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

3. Cloud Service Management

3.3. Portability and Interoperability

§ Portability: Customers are interested to know whether they can

move their data or applications across multiple cloud
environments at low cost and minimal disruption.

§ Interoperability: Users are concerned about the capability to

communicate between or among multiple clouds.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components
3. Cloud Service Management

3.3. Portability and Interoperability

§ Data portability is the ability of cloud consumers to copy data objects into or out of
a cloud or to use a disk for bulk data transfer.

§ Service interoperability is the ability of cloud consumers to use their data and
services across multiple cloud providers with a unified management interface.
§ System portability allows the migration of a fully-stopped virtual machine instance
or a machine image from one provider to another provider or migrate applications
and services and their contents from one service provider to another.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

4. Security

§ Security is a cross-cutting aspect of the architecture that

spans across all layers of the reference model, ranging from
physical security to application security.

§ Address security requirements such as authentication,

authorization, availability, confidentiality, identity
management, integrity, audit, security monitoring, incident
response, and security policy management.
Cloud Computing – NIST Reference Architecture Components

5. Privacy
§ Cloud providers should protect the assured, proper, and consistent
collection, processing, communication, use and disposition of personal
information (PI) and personally identifiable information (PII) in the cloud
§ PII is the information that can be used to distinguish or trace an
individual's identity, such as their name, social security number, biometric
records, etc. alone, or when combined with other personal or identifying
information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual, such as date
and place of birth, mother's maiden name, etc.
 Cloud Computing – Traditional Business Model

Build Platform Hosting

Transaction
Sell Marketing Selling
Automation

Buy Implementation Support

Services