Communication (Test Bank)

1. Calculate power in each sideband, if power of carrier wave is 176W

and there is 60% modulation in amplitude modulated signal?
a) 13.36W
b) 52W
c) 67W
d) 15.84W

2. For 100% modulation, power in each sideband is ________ of that of

carrier?
a) 50%
b) 70%
c) 60%
d) 25%

3. Overmodulation results in?

a) Distortion
b) Weakens signal
c) Strengthens the signal
d) provides immunity to noise

4. Maximum power efficiency of an AM modulator is?

a) 25%
b) 33%
c) 66%
d) 100%

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5. Noise performance of a square law demodulator of AM signal is?
a) Better than that of synchronous detector
b) Weaker than that of synchronous detector
c) Better than that of envelope detector
d) Weaker than that of envelope detector

6. For getting 100% modulation, carrier amplitude should ________

a) exceed signal amplitude
b) be equal to signal amplitude
c) be lesser than signal amplitude
d) be equal to 0

7. For 100% modulation, total power is?

a) same as the power of unmodulated signal
b) twice as the power of unmodulated signal
c) four times as the power of unmodulated signal
d) one and half times as the power of unmodulated signal

8. An AM signal is represented by x(t) = (30 + 2Sin(700πt)) Cos(2πt x

10²t)V. The modulation index is ________
a) 0.7
b) 0.066
c) 0.341
d) 0.916

9. Find the total power of amplitude modulated wave?

a) 453W
b) 675W
c) 789W
d) 450W

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10. What is its sideband power?
a) 4W
b) 1W
c) 3W
d) 2W

11. AM waves is represented by which equation?

a) [1 + m(t)].c(t)
b) [1 – m(t)].c(t)
c) [1 + m(t)].2c(t)
d) [1 + 2m(t)].c(t)

12. For attenuation of high frequencies we can use ________

a) inductor
b) shunt capacitance
c) series capacitance
d) combination of inductor and resistor

13. Modulation is also called detection.

a) True
b) False

14. Modulation is also called detection.

a) True
b) False

15. Power of carrier wave is 500W and modulation index is 0.25. Find its
total power?
a) 500W
b) 415W
c) 375W
d) 516W
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16. Commercial frequency deviation is ________
a) 75 KHz
b) 80 KHz
c) 85 KHz
d) 65 KHz

17. Which of the following devices is used to generate AM waves?

a) Square-law modulator
b) Reactance modulator
c) Transmitter
d) Transducer

18. What is the disadvantage of FM over AM?

a) high modulating power is needed
b) requires high output power
c) large bandwidth required
d) high noise is produced

19. For low level amplitude modulation, amplifier must be ________

a) Class C amplifier
b) Class B amplifier
c) Class D amplifier
d) class A amplifier

20. Carrier wave carries information.

a) True
b) False

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21. What can we do to eliminate distortion in the picture?
a) use a longer transmission line
b) change the antenna orientation
c) use a short transmission line
d) connect a booster

22. For 100% amplitude modulation, the power in upper sideband when
carrier power is to be 100W?
a) 100W
b) 75W
c) 25W
d) 50W

23. With AM, which of the following conveys no information?

A) Lower sideband
B) Upper sideband
C) Both sidebands
D) Carrier

24. Digital data refers to information that is

A) Continuous
B) Discrete
C) Bits
D) Bytes
25. As compared to sound waves frequency of radio waves is
A) Lower
B) Higher
C) Equal
D) may be higher or lower

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26. Decrease in strength of signal is known as
A) tuning
B) modulation
C) attenuation
D) amplification
27. If frequency of modulated wave is less than frequency of carrier
wave, then input signal is
a) negative
b) positive
c) zero
d) infinite

28. At end of communication system, signal is converted from radio to

A) sound
B) mechanical energy
C) kinetic energy
D) potential energy

29. Energy is lost in wires due to

A) heating
B) resistance
C) conduction
D) both A and B
30. Binary system has base
A) 10
B) 11
C) 1
D) 2

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31. In FM, frequency of modulated wave varies with
A) amplitude
B) time
C) wavelength
D) energy

32. Unwanted signal that distorts a transmitted signal is called

A) analogue
B) noise
C) digital
D) tuning

33. First communication satellites used frequencies of

A) 6 GHz for uplink
B) 3 GHz for uplink
C) 6 GHz for downlink
D) 5 GHz for downlink

34. A wave of frequency 1 GHz has wavelength of

A) 0.4 m
B) 0.5 m
C) 0.2 m
D) 0.3 m
35. The principle used in the transmission of signals through a fibre optic
cable is ……….
A) Reflection
B) Refraction
C) Total internal reflection
D) Diffraction

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36. Which of the following is the channel used in Radio communication _
A) Free space
B) Twisted pair cables
C) Coaxial cable
D) Fiber optic cable
37. The range of frequencies for speech signals is 300 Hz to 3100 Hz. The
bandwidth is ____
A) 3 kHz
B) 3.4 kHz
C) 28 kHz
D) 2.8 kHz

38. In a communications system, noise is most likely to affect the signal

a. at the transmitter
b. in the channel
c. in the information source
d. at the destination

39. Indicate the false statement. Modulation is used to

A) Reduce the bandwidth used.
B) Separate differing transmission.
C) Ensure that intelligence may be transmitted over long distances.
D) Allow the use of practicable antennas.
40. Indicate the false statement. From the transmitter the signal
deterioration because of noise is usually
a. unwanted energy
b. predictable in character
c. present in the transmitter
d. due to any cause

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41. Indicate the true statement. Most receivers conforms to the
a. amplitude-modulated group
b. frequency-modulated group
c. superheterodyne group
d. tuned radio frequency receiver group

42. Indicate the false statement. The need for modulation can best be
exemplified by the following.
a. Antenna lengths will be approximately λ/4 long
b. An antenna in the standard broadcast AM band is 16,000 ft
c. All sound is concentrated from 20 Hz to 20 kHz
d. A message is composed of unpredictable variations in both amplitude and
frequency

43. Indicate the true statement. The process of sending and receiving
started as early as
a. the middle 1930s
b. 1850
c. the beginning of the twentieth century
d. the 1840s

44. Which of the steps is not included in the process of reception?

a. decoding
b. encoding
c. storage
d. interpretation

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45. Amplitude modulation is the process of
a. superimposing a low frequency on a high frequency
b. superimposing a high frequency on a low frequency
c. carrier interruption
d. frequency shift and phase shift

46. Three waves A, B and C of frequencies 1600 kHz, 5 MHz and 60 MHz,
respectively are to be transmitted from one place to another. Which of the
following is the most appropriate mode of communication:
(a) A is transmitted via space wave while B and C are transmitted via sky wave.
(b) A is transmitted via ground wave, B via sky wave and C via space wave.
(c) B and C are transmitted via ground wave while A is transmitted via sky
wave.
(d) B is transmitted via ground wave while A and C are transmitted via space
wave.

47. A 100m long antenna is mounted on a 500m tall building. The complex
can become a transmission tower for waves with λ
(a) ~ 400 m.
(b) ~ 25 m.
(c) ~ 150 m.
(d) ~ 2400 m.

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48. 1 KW signal is transmitted using a communication channel which
provides attenuation at the rate of – 2dB per km. If the communication
channel has a total length of 5 km, the power of the signal received is [gain
in dB = 10 log (Po / Pi)]
(a) 900 W.
(b) 100 W.
(c) 990 W.
(d) 1010 W.

49. A speech signal of 3 kHz is used to modulate a carrier signal of

frequency 1 MHz, using amplitude modulation. The frequencies of the
side bands will be:
(a) 1.003 MHz and 0.997 MHz.
(b) 3001 kHz and 2997 kHz.
(c) 1003 kHz and 1000 kHz.
(d) 1 MHz and 0.997 MHz.

50. A message signal of frequency ωm is superposed on a carrier wave of

frequency ωc to get an amplitude modulated wave (AM). The frequency
of the AM wave will be:

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51. I-V characteristics of four devices are shown in the following Fig:

Identify devices that can be used for modulation:

(a) ‘i’ and ‘iii’.
(b) only ‘iii’.
(c) ‘ii’ and some regions of ‘iv’.
(d) All the devices can be used.

52. A male voice after modulation-transmission sounds like that of a

female to the receiver. The problem is due to:
(a) poor selection of modulation index (selected 0 < m < 1)
(b) poor bandwidth selection of amplifiers.
(c) poor selection of carrier frequency
(d) loss of energy in transmission.

53. A basic communication system consists of

(A) transmitter.
(B) information source.
(C) user of information.
(D) channel.
(E) receiver.

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Choose the correct sequence in which these are arranged in a basic
communication system:
(a) ABCDE.
(b) BADEC.
(c) BDACE.
(d) BEADC.

54. Identify the mathematical expression for amplitude modulated wave:

(a) Ac sin [{ ωc + k1 vm(t)}t + φ ].
(b) Ac sin { ωct + φ + k2 vm(t)}.
(c) {Ac + k2 vm(t)} sin ( ωc t + φ ).
(d) Ac vm(t) sin ( ωct + φ ).

55. An audio signal of 15kHz frequency cannot be transmitted over long

distances without modulation because all of the choices except:
(a) the size of the required antenna would be at least 5 km which is not
convenient.
(b) the audio signal cannot be transmitted through sky waves.
(c) the size of the required antenna would be at least 20 km, which is not
convenient.
(d) effective power transmitted would be very low, if the size of the antenna
is less than 5 km.

56. Who undertook the first space walk and in which year?
(a) Leonov 1965
(b) Neil Armstrong, 1969
(c) Rakesh Sharma. 1998
(d) None of these
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57. The term used “to collect the information about an object and a place
without physical contact” is called:
(a) modulation
(b) communication
(c) amplification
(d) remote sensing

58. The velocity of electromagnetic wave is:

(a) 3 × 105 ms-1
(b) 3 × 106 ms-1
(c) 3 × 108 ms-1
(d) 3 × 1010 ms-1

59. The audio frequencies range from:

(a) 20 Hz to 20.000 kHz
(b) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
(c) 20 kHz to 20.000 kHz
(d) None of these

60. The wavelength of a wave of frequency 10 kHz is:

(a) 30 m
(b) 300 m
(c) 30 km
(d) 300 km

61. The area served by an antenna of height 100 m is:

(a) 109m²
(b) 4 × 109 m²
(c) 6 × 109m²
(d) 8 × 1010m²

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62. Which of the following is not transducer?
(a) Loudspeaker
(b) Amplifier
(c) Microphone
(d) All

63. The space waves which are affected seriously by atmospheric

conditions are:

(a) MF
(b) HUF
(c) VHF
(d) UHF

64. An antenna is:

(a) Inductive
(b) Capacitive
(c) Resistive
(d) A transformer

65. Broadcasting antenna are generally:

(a) Ommi directional type
(b) Vertical type
(c) Horizontal type
(d) None

66. The modulation index in amplitude modulation is:

(a) Always zero
(b) Between 0 and 1
(c) Between 1 and ∞
(d) None of these

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67. The output of a digital computer is an example of:
(a) digital signal
(b) analog signal
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b)

68. Name the man who was first to place his foot on the moon and in which
year:

(a) Neil Armstrong, 1969

(b) James Van A lien, 1971
(c) Leonov, 1965
(d) None of these

69. A microphone converts:

(a) sound signals into electrical signals
(b) electrical signals into sound signals
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)

70. A loudspeaker converts:

(a) electrical signals into sound signals
(b) sound signals into electrical signals
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b)

71. The sound produced by a tuning fork is a sort of:

(a) analog signal
(b) digital signal
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b)

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72. The length of a half wave dipole at 30 mega-hertz is:
(a) 5 m
(b) 10 m
(c) 25 m
(d) 80 m

73. In space communication, the sound waves can be sent from one place
to another:
(a) through space
(b) through wires
(c) by superimposing it on undamped electro-magnetic waves
(d) by superimposing it on damped electro-magnetic waves

74. The output of a digital computer is an example of:

(a) digital signal
(b) analog signal
(c) both (a) and (b) above
(d) neither (a) nor (b)

75. Which is more advantageous?

(a) analog data communication
(b) digital data communication
(c) both (a) and (b) are equally good
(d) depends on the situation

76. Communication channel consists of:

(a) transmission line only
(b) optical fibre only
(c) free space only
(d) All of the above

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77. AM is used for broadcasting because:
(a) it is more noise immune than other modulation system
(b) it requires less transmitting power compare with other systems
(c) its use avoids receiver complexity
(d) No other modulation system can provide the necessary bandwidth faithful
transmission

78. Digital signals:

(a) represents values as discrete steps
(b) Do not represents values as discrete steps
(c) represent values steps
(d) represent random steps

79. Digital signals:

(a) deal with all sort of values
(b) can use decimal system
(c) can use binary system
(d) (b) and (c) both

80. Increase in frequency deviation results into:

(a) increase in noise of FM receiver
(b) decrease in noise of AM receiver
(c) increase in noise of Am receiver
(d) decrease in noise of FM receiver

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81.

82.

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83.

84.

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85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

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91.

92.

93.

94.

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95.

96.

97.

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98.

99.

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100.

101) A TV tower has a height of 300m. What is the maximum distance

upto which this TV transmission can be received?
(a) 62 km
(b) 64 km
(c) 65 km
(d) 60 km

102) Three waves A, B and C of frequencies 70 MHz, 1400 kHz and 5 MHz
respectively are to be transmitted from one place to another. Which of the
following is the most appropriate mode of communication?
(a) A is transmitted via space wave while B and C are transmitted via sky wave.
(b) A is transmitted via ground wave, B via sky wave and C via space wave.
(c) A is transmitted via space wave, B via ground wave and C via sky wave.
(d) B is transmitted via ground wave while A and C are transmitted via space
wave.

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103) What should be the length of the dipole antenna for a carrier wave
of frequency 1.5×108 Hz?
(a) 1 m
(b) 0.6 m
(c) 0.5 m
(d) 0.2 m

104) A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32 m and

the height of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is the maximum distance
between them for satisfactory communication in LOS mode? Given radius
of earth 6400 km
(a) 64.5 km
(b) 51 km
(c) 40 km
(d) 45.5 km
105)

(a) a -> s, b ->r, c ->p, d-> q

(b) a -> r, b ->s, c ->p, d-> q
(c) a -> s, b ->r, c ->q, d-> p
(d) a -> p, b ->r, c ->s, d-> q

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106)

(a)a -> p, b ->q, c ->p, d-> q

(b)a -> q, b ->p, c ->q, d-> p
(c)a -> p, b ->p, c ->q, d-> p
(d) a -> q, b ->q, c ->q, d-> p

107) Digital signals:

(i) do not provide a continuous set of values,
(ii) represent values as discrete steps,
(iii) can utilize binary system, and
(iv) can utilize decimal as well as binary systems.
Which of the above statements are false?
(a) (i)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (iv)

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108) A.T.V. tower has a height of 200m. By how much the height of tower
be increased to triple its coverage range?
(a)1600 m
(b)88 m
(c)1800 m
(d)600 m

109) The super imposing of audio waves with carrier wave is called:
(a) Transmission.
(b) Reception.
(c) Modulation.
(d) Defection.

110) Audio sine waves of 3 kHz frequency are used to amplitude modulate
a carrier signal of 1.5 MHz. Which of the following statements are true?
(a) The side band frequencies are 1506 kHz and 1494 kHz.
(b) The bandwidth required for amplitude modulation is 6kHz.
(c) The bandwidth required for amplitude modulation is 3 MHz.
(d) The side band frequencies are 1503 kHz and 1497 kHz.
111) The radio waves of frequency 300 MHz to 3000 MHz belong to:
(a) High frequency band
(b) Ultra high frequency band
(c) Very high frequency band
(d) Super high frequency band
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112) Which of the following mode of propagation is used to send radio-
waves from one place to another?
(a) Space wave propagation
(b) Sky wave propagation
(c) Ground wave propagation
(d) All of them

113) A TV tower has a height of 100 m. The maximum distance upto

which the T.V. Trans- mission can be received (Radius of earth =
6400 Km)?
(a) 34.77 km
(b) 32.70 km
(c) 40 km
(d) 40.70 km
114) A carrier wave is modulated by n number of sine waves with
modulation indices μ1, μ2, μ3…. The total modulation index (μ) of the wave
is

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115) Modulation is the process of superposing
(a) high frequency audio signal on low frequency audio signal
(b) high frequency message signal on low frequency audio waves
(c) low frequency message signal on high frequency waves
(d) low frequency radio signal on high frequency audio waves

116) The circuit diagram of an AM demodulator is given below. The

correct relation between carrier frequency (f) and RC for best quality
demodulation is:

(a) RC = 1
(b) RC < 1
(c) RC ≤ 1
(d) RC >> 1
117) If both the length of an antenna and the wave length of the signal to
be transmitted are doubled, the power radiated by the antenna
(a) is doubled
(b) is halved
(c) increases 16 times
(d) remains constant

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118) Which mode of communication is/are not employed for the
transmission of T.V. signals?
(a) Ground wave propagation
(b) Sky wave propagation
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

119) A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 3200 cm

and that of the receiving antenna is 5000 cm. The maximum distance
between them for satisfactory communication in line of sight mode is:
(Radius of earth = 6.4 × 106 m)
(a) 1.5 × 103 m
(b) 5.5 × 103 m
(c) 4.5 × 103 m
(d) 4.5 × 104 m

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 Answers

1- D

m2  PC 0.62 176
= = 15.84W
4 4
2- D
m2  PC 12  PC
= = 25%
4 4
3- A

(When instantaneous level of modulating signal exceeds the value necessary

to provide 100% modulation, the signal is said to over-modulated. In other
words, when modulation index is greater than 1, it results in Overmodulation.
Thus, Overmodulation results in distortion of the modulating signal

4- B
(Efficiency (ή) = m2 / (m2 + 2), m=Modulation Index For maximum
efficiency m = 1 so, ή =1/ (1+2) = 1/3 and ή% = (1/3) x 100 =33%)

5- A

(Process of recovering message signal from received modulated signal is

called demodulation. It is exactly opposite to modulation. There are two most
used AM demodulators: Square Law Demodulator and Envelope
Demodulator. Noise performance of Square Law Demodulator is far better
than that of Synchronous Detector.)

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6- B
(Modulation index is the amount of modulation present in a carrier wave. It is
also described as the ration of the amplitude of message signal to that of
carrier signal. Modulation Index (m) = Vm/Vc, where Vm is maximum
baseband or message signal amplitude and Vc is maximum carrier signal
amplitude. So for m = 1, Vm should be equal to Vc.)

7- D (Total power, Pt = Pc (1 +m2⁄2), where m is Modulated Signal, Pc is

Power of Unmodulated Signal or Carrier Signal. So, for m=1, Pt = Pc (1 +
12/2) = 1.5 Pc.)

8- B (Given equation can be written as 30(1 + 0.066 Sin(700πt)). Comparing

it with general AM equation, s(t) = Ac(1+ m Am cos(wm t)) cos(wct), Where,
Ac =Amplitude of Carrier Signal, Am = Amplitude of Message Signal
m=Modulation Index. So modulation index (m) = 0.066.

9- d

Hence Pc = 450W.

10- D (Pt = Pc (1 +m2⁄2) * pc So, here, m=0.066, Pc=450W Pt =

(1+(0.0662/2))*450 = 451W).

11- B Sideband power i= (m2* Pc)/2 = (Pt – Pc) i.e. 451 – 450 = 1W.

12- A (Amplitude wave is represented by [1 + um(t)].c(t), where c(t) is carrier

signal, m(t) is message signal, u is Modulation Index. Generally, c(t) =
Accos(wct), Ac= Amplitude of Carrier Signal.)

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13- B (Capacitive reactance, Xc is low for high frequencies as Xc=(1/wC),
where w is the frequency and C is the capacitance. Due to this, the high
frequencies are shunted to ground and are not transmitted.)

14- B (Modulation is encoding the message signal for efficient transmission.

Whereas, Demodulation is the process to extract or decode the original
message signal from the transmitted modulated signal. Demodulation is also
called detection.)

15- D (Total Power (Pt) = (1+m2/2) *Pc So, here, m=0.25, Pc=500W Pt =
(1+(0.252/2))*500 =516W.

16- A (Frequency deviation is the difference between an FM modulated

frequency and the carrier frequency. Commercial FM broadcasting uses a
maximum frequency deviation of 75 KHz and maximum modulating
frequency is approximately 15KHz.)

17- A (AM signals are generated by Square-law modulators. The input for
generating AM signal should be of type (A + m(t)) instead of m(t). Square-
law modulator sums carrier and information signal, then passes them through
a non-linear device.)

18- A (Advantage of FM over AM is that the amplitude of an FM wave

remains constant. In FM, the power of transmitted wave depends on
amplitude of unmodulated carrier wave and hence it is constant. FM is less
prone to noise compared to AM. However, wide-band FM has a wider
bandwidth than AM as it’s BW is given by Carson’s rule which = 2*(β+1)fm,
where β = Frequency Modulation Index and fm is frequency of modulating
signal. And BW of AM = 2*fm

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19- A (In low level AM, modulation is done at low power of carrier and
modulating signal therefore output power is low. Therefore, power amplifiers
are used to boost the carrier and modulating signal. Thus, Class C amplifier is
used.)

20- B (It is a high frequency electro-magnetic wave. A carrier wave does not
have any information. One of the properties like amplitude, frequency or
phase of the carrier are modulated with respect to an input signal for the
purpose of conveying information.)

21- B

22- C (Modulation index, m = 100% = 1. Power in sidebands is (Pc x m2⁄4) .

By substituting the values, we have (100 x 1⁄4) which is equal to 25W.)

23- D

24- C

25- B

26- C

27- A

28- A

29- D

30- D

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31- B

32- B

33- A

34- D

35- C

36- A

37- D

38- B

39- A

40- B

41- C

42- A

43- D

44- B

45- A

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46-

47 -

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48 –

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49 –

50 –

51-

52-

53-

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54-

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55-

56- (a) Leonov 1965

57- (d) remote sensing

58- (c) 3 × 108 ms-1

59- (b) 20 Hz to 20 kHz

60- (c) 30 km
61- (b) 4 × 109 m²

62- (b) Amplifier

Transducer is a device used for converting a one form of energy into another.
Therefore, the term transducer is applied to gramophone pickups, microphones
and loudspeakers but not for amplifier

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63- (d) UHF

64- (a) Inductive

65- (b) Vertical type

66- (c) Between 1 and ∞

67 - (a) digital signal

68 - (a) Neil Armstrong, 1969
69 - (a) sound signals into electrical signals
70 - (a) electrical signals into sound signals
71- (a) analog signal
72- (a) 5 m
73- (c) by superimposing it on undamped electro-magnetic waves
74- (a) digital signal
75- (b) digital data communication
76- (d) All of the above
77- (c) its use avoids receiver complexity
78- (a) represents values as discrete steps
79- (d) (b) and (c) both
80- (b) decrease in noise of AM receiver
81-

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83-

84-

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86-

87-

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90-

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96-

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100-

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101) d=√2RH=√2×6400×.3=62d=2RH=2×6400×.3=62km
Hence (a) is correct

102) (c)

103) Length of dipole antenna is given by:

L=λ/2=c/ν=3×108/2×1.5×108=1 m
Hence (a) is the correct option

104)
d=√2RHT+√2RHR=√2×6400×.032+√2×6400×.050=45.5d=2RHT+2RHR=2
×6400×.032+2×6400×.050=45.5km
Hence (d) is correct

105) (a)

106) (b)

107) (d)

108) d=√2R×200d=2R×200
d1=3d=√2R×hd1=3d=2R×h
From above
√2R×h=3√2R×2002R×h=32R×200
squaring both sides, we get
2hR=9×2R×2002hR=9×2R×200
h=1800h=1800m
Increase in height of tower =1800m-200m
=1600m
Hence (a) is correct

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109) (c) Modulation

110) (b) and (d)

111) (b)
Radio waves of frequency 300 MHz to 3000 MHz belongs to ultra-high
frequency band.

112) (d)
The radio waves can be sent from one place to another through ground wave
propagation, sky wave propagation and space wave propagation.

113) (c)

114)

115) (c)
Modulation is the process of superposing the low frequency audio signal on
high frequency wave.

116) (d)
For best quality demodulation,1/f << RC or RC >> 1/f.

117) (d)
Power radiated by the antenna is proportional to (l/λ)2.
When both, the length of the antenna l and wavelength of the signal λ are
doubled then remains unchanged. So, the power radiated by antenna will
remain unchanged.
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118) (c)
The mode of communication used for T.V. signals transmission is either space
wave propagation, i.e., line of sight propagation or satellite communication.

119)

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