START WITH

BISMILLAH
 MALE Submitted by:
HORMONES • MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH
AND IT S • TEHREEM AZIZ
REGULATION • AYESHA MUSKAN
 WHAT IS HORMONE
• A hormone is a chemical substance in your body that helps control and
regulate things like growth, mood, and metabolism. It acts like a
messenger, traveling through your bloodstream to organs and tissues to
tell them what to do. For example, insulin helps control blood sugar
levels, and adrenaline helps your body respond to stress.
 MALE HORMONES
• Male hormones also known as androgen are group of hormones that play a key
role in the development of male characteristics and reproductive structures.
• Male hormones regulate sexual development, sperm production, muscle mass,
and bone health.

• Important male hormones are:

• Testosterone
• Dihydrotestosterone(DHT)
• Leutanizing hormone (LH)
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
 PRIMARY MALE HORMONES
“Primary male hormones” refers to the main hormones that play a key role in male development and
bodily functions.
These include:
1. Testosterone: The main hormone responsible for male characteristics like muscle growth, deep voice,
facial hair, and sperm production.
2. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): A powerful form of testosterone, important for the development of male
features during puberty.
3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Stimulates the testes to produce testosterone.
4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Works alongside LH to help produce sperm.
Together, these hormones control everything from physical traits to reproductive health in men.
5. Cortisol (stress hormone affecting testosterone)
 HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE
REPRODUCTIVE S YSTEM
1. Process of spermatogensis is controlled by hormonal secretions from hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
[Link] hypothalamus release gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) ,which controls the release of the
anterior pituitary gonadotrophins follicle stimulating hormone.

[Link] stimulates spermatogenesis by stimulating sertoli cells to complete the development of sperms
from spermatids.

[Link] cells nourish the spermatids .

[Link] stimulates leydig cells to release testosterone.
[Link] causes the growth and development of germinal epithelium to form sperms.
[Link] hormone is produced by the sertoli cells and serves to control spermatogenesis at normal rate.
 WHAT IS TESTOS TERONE
Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, often referred to as the
“masculine” hormone. It is responsible for developing and maintaining
male physical traits like:
• Muscle growth
• Deep voice
• Facial and body hair
• Sperm production
 FUNCTION OF TESTOSTERONE
• Sexual Development:
Deepens the voice, increases muscle mass, and promotes the growth of facial and body hair.
• Reproduction:
Essential for spermatogenesis (sperm production) in the testes.
• Physical Health:
Increases muscle mass, strength, and bone density.
Helps in the distribution of body fat and promotes fat loss.
• Mood and Behavior:
Affects mood, energy levels, and libido.
 HOW IS TESTROGEN PRODUCE?
• The production of testosterone follows the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-
Gonadal (HPG) axis:
• The hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone).
• GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH.
• LH acts on the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone.
• Testosterone then regulates sperm production and other physiological
functions.
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM OF
TESTOSTERONE
• When testosterone levels are high, the hypothalamus reduces the
release of GnRH.
• Reduced GnRH results in lower LH and FSH from the pituitary, decreasing
testosterone production.
• When testosterone levels are low, the hypothalamus increases GnRH
production to stimulate LH and FSH, promoting testosterone production.
 • Hypogonadism refers to the condition where the body doesn’t
produce enough testosterone.
Causes:
• Primary hypogonadism: Direct problems in the testes (e.g.,
injury or genetic issues).
• Secondary hypogonadism: Issues with the hypothalamus or
pituitary gland, affecting the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH.
Symptoms:
LOW • Low energy, fatigue, decreased libido, muscle loss, and mood
TESTOSTERONE changes.
(HYPOGONADISM) Diagnosis:
• Blood tests to measure testosterone levels, typically in the
morning.
• Symptoms of low testosterone are also considered.
Treatment Options:
• Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT): Can be given through
injections, gels, or patches.
 Reduced Muscle Mass and Strength:
Low testosterone leads to loss of
muscle mass and strength.
Decreased Libido (Sex desire):
Low levels cause a drop in sexual desire
and interest in sex.
EFFECT S O F Fatigue and Low Energy:
L OW Men feel constantly tired and lack
TES TO S TERO NE motivation or energy.
Mood Changes (Depression and
Irritability):
Low testosterone can cause feelings of
sadness, irritability, and mood swings.
 • Hypergonadism is the condition where
testosterone levels are abnormally high.
Causes:
• Anabolic steroid abuse.
• Testicular tumors.
• Congenital conditions (e.g., tumors in the
HIGH pituitary or adrenal glands).
T E S TO S T E R O N E Symptoms:
(HYPERGONADI • Aggression, mood swings, acne, excessive hair
SM) growth, and enlarged prostate.
Diagnosis of High Testosterone
• Blood tests: Measure elevated testosterone
levels.
• Imaging tests: Used to detect any tumors in the
testes or adrenal glands.
• Medical history: Review of anabolic steroid use or
other risk factors.
 Aggression and Irritability:
• Elevated testosterone levels can lead to
more aggressive behavior, mood swings, and
irritability.
Excessive Hair Growth:
• High levels of testosterone and DHT can
EFFECT S OF lead to unwanted facial and body hair.
HIGH Male Pattern Baldness:
TES TOS TERON • Excess testosterone or DHT can contribute
to androgenic alopecia (male pattern
E baldness).
Prostate Enlargement:
• High testosterone levels may increase the
size of the prostate gland, which can lead to
urinary issues and a higher risk of benign
prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
 REGULATION OF
TESTESTRONE
• Testosterone production is tightly regulated by a system
involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain:
• 1. : This part of the brain detects the levels of testosterone
in the blood. If levels are low, it sends signals to the pituitary
gland to produce more stimulating hormones.
• 2. Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland releases two main
hormones to regulate testosterone:
• • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Stimulates the testes to
produce more testosterone.
• • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Works with LH to
help in sperm production.
• 3. Negative Feedback Loop: Once testosterone levels rise
to an optimal level, the brain reduces the signals to the
pituitary gland, preventing overproduction. This is called a
“negative feedback loop,” which helps keep testosterone
levels balanced.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
TES TES TRONE LEVEL
• Age: Testosterone levels naturally decline after the
age of 30.
• Health Conditions: Diabetes, obesity, and chronic
illnesses can lower testosterone.
• Lifestyle: Diet, stress, and exercise affect hormone
levels. Regular exercise, especially strength training,
can boost testosterone.
• Alcohol and Drug Use: Excessive drinking or
recreational drug use can negatively affect
testosterone levels.
• Medications: Certain medications, like steroids or
opioids, can lower testosterone production.
• Genetics: Some men may have naturally lower
testosterone levels due to inherited factors.
 GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
• In the hypothalamus certain neurosecretory cell secrete gonadotropin
releasing hormone(GnRH).
• GnRH is carried by the blood to theanteriorpituatory, where it binds to
receptors on gonadotrophs.
• GnRH then stimulates gonadotrophs cells to increase secretion of two
gonadotrophic hormones:
• Lutenizing hormone(LH)
• Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
 LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

LH is secreted by the pituitary gland and plays a key role in regulating

testosterone production.
Functions of LH:
• Stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone.
• In males, it’s crucial for maintaining normal levels of testosterone.
LH in Puberty:
• During puberty, an increase in LH stimulates the testes to produce more
testosterone, leading to sexual maturation.
 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

FSH is also secreted by the pituitary gland and works with testosterone to support
sperm production.
Functions of FSH:
• Stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes, which provide nourishment to
developing sperm.
• FSH, in combination with testosterone, plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis
(sperm formation).
FSH and Testosterone:
• FSH does not directly stimulate testosterone production but works alongside it
to maintain healthy sperm production.
 DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE (DHT)

DHT is a metabolite of testosterone, produced by the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase.

Functions of DHT:
• Responsible for external male genitalia development during embryonic life.
• Promotes facial and body hair growth.
• Affects prostate development and contributes to male pattern baldness.
DHT vs. Testosterone:
• DHT is more potent than testosterone in terms of its effects on hair follicles and the
prostate.
 INHIBIN – REGULATOR OF FSH

• Inhibin is a hormone produced by Sertoli cells in the testes.

• Function of Inhibin:
• Inhibits FSH production by the pituitary to regulate sperm
production.
• Helps maintain the balance between testosterone and sperm
production by controlling the amount of FSH released.
 R O L E O F C O R T I S O L I N M A L E H O R M O N E R E G U L AT I O N

• Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

• High levels of cortisol can:
• Suppress testosterone production.
• Lower libido and energy levels.
• Increase fat accumulation and negatively impact muscle mass.
• Chronic stress or overtraining can lead to cortisol dominance, which may
affect testosterone balance.
 AGING AND MALE HORMONES
• Testosterone levels naturally decline with age:
• After age 30, testosterone levels drop by about 1% per year.
• Symptoms of low testosterone with aging include:
• Reduced muscle mass, fatigue, decreased libido, and mood
changes.
• Other hormones like FSH and LH may rise in response to
declining testosterone levels.
 HORMONAL IMBALANCE OR
INFERTILIT Y
Low Testosterone can lead to infertility:
• Reduced sperm production (spermatogenesis) in the testes.
• Impaired libido and sexual dysfunction.
High Testosterone can also cause fertility issues:
• Excess testosterone (often from steroids) can lead to low sperm count
due to suppression of FSH and LH.
 • Exercise: Regular physical activity • Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in
(especially strength training) can vitamins (D, B12), minerals (zinc), and
naturally boost testosterone levels. healthy fats supports hormone
production.
LIFESTYLE
M O D I F I CAT I O N
IN HORMONAL
IMBALANCE

• Sleep: Getting 7-9 hours of quality • Stress Management: Reducing stress

sleep per night is critical for and managing cortisol levels through
testosterone production. techniques like meditation, yoga, and
relaxation exercises.