Gender

Lesson 2
Gender Analysis.
• Is a systematic way of exploring the current and potential
roles and responsibilities of men and women and their
access to and control over resources and benefits within a
particular setting.
• It is a close examination of a problem or situation in Gender
analysis is carried out because of the following:-
• Helps ensure that both women and men participate in and
benefit from development.
• Looks for the root causes of gender inequality and enables us
to address them
• In order to identify the gender issues.
Gender Analysis tools

1. The Harvard Analytical Framework (Gender Roles Framework)

2. Moser Gender Analysis Framework and Gender Audit
3. Gender at Work Framework (The Rao and Kelleher model)
4. The Social Relations Approach
5. Equality and Empowerment Framework (also known as Women
and Empowerment)
6. Capacities and Vulnerabilities Framework (CVA)
Harvard Analytical Framework (Gender
roles framework).
• One of the first gender analysis models, it uses three diagnostic tools
to develop a description and analysis of gender roles and relations in
a community.
• The tools are namely;
• Activity profile tool
• Access and control profile tool
• Influencing factors tool
Harvard Analytical Framework (Gender
roles framework) cont..
• It is a simple and practical toolset to identify the type and amount of
work men and women do in a household, farm, or community.
• It also helps to document the differences in the gendered access and
control of resources, such as land, water, seeds or extension
information.
• The information gathered from the toolset can be used by extension
agents to clarify what men and women do, and then tailor programs
to meet the specific needs and interests of community members.
 Equality and Empowerment Framework
(Women’s Empowerment Framework)
• This model emphasizes women’s participation and women’s issues at
every stage of the development cycle, with the overall goal of
overcoming women’s inequality.
• The framework consists of a five level scale of increasing equality and
empowerment.
The Women's Empowerment Framework
by Longwe (1995)
Importance of Gender Analysis.
• Looks at the impact of equity
• Focuses on transforming attitudes and practices to bring
about change

• Helps ensure that traditional power imbalances do not

work against women and men advancement

• Enhances effectiveness of Reproductive Health

activities

• Ensures long-term sustainability by addressing

underlying obstacles to development.
Gender and Development Concept
Objectives
By the end of the lesson the students will be able to;
1. Explain gender and development concept
2. Outline the division of labor
3. Explain gender inequality and inequity and how it affects utilization
of reproductive health care services
4. Definition gender mainstreaming, explain the purpose and the
process of gender mainstreaming
5. Discuss gender issues affecting RH services
Gender and Development Concept.

• It focuses on social, economic, political and cultural forces that

determine how women and men benefit from the control of
resources and participate in activities differently.
• Designated typical roles;
• Reproductive
• Productive
• Community
Designated typical roles
Productive
• The production of goods and services for income,
trade, or subsistence; tasks that contribute
economically to the household and community includes
wage-earning, crop and livestock production, handicraft
production, marketing, fishing, manufacturing, and
construction
• The role is mostly associated with men
Designated typical roles Cont…
• Reproductive
The care and maintenance of human life within the
household includes childcare, food preparation,
collection of water and firewood, cleaning,
washing and health care. This role is associated
with women.
• Community
Maintenance and improvement . of the community as a
whole includes building schools or clinics, planning
celebrations, judging disputes, making laws, and
advocating for community needs, such as access to
water.
Gender division of labour.
Definition:
.
• Socially determined ideals and practices which define
what roles and activities are deemed appropriate for
women and men
• Every society assigns different tasks to women and men.
• Both women and men do productive work but women are
mainly responsible for reproductive work and both are
involved in community work.
• Women are often overburdened because they are
expected to engage in productive, reproductive and
community work
 Gender Inequality and Inequity.
• Gender inequality-unequal access to resources by
men and women e.g unequal power relations in the
household, coupled with reduced or lack of access
to RH care, and reduced power in decision making
over reproductive functions

.
• Equity implies fairness in access to and control of
opportunities and resources
Equity vs equality
Gender Mainstreaming
Gender Mainstreaming.

• Gender mainstreaming is a process that ensures that

gender inequalities between women, men, boys and
girls are addressed in the design, planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
programs and ensures that the beneficial outcomes
are shared equitably by all women, men, boys and
girls.
• It means integrating a gender equality perspective
at all stages and levels of policies, programmes
and projects.
 Gender Mainstreaming.
• In gender mainstreaming, all gender biases are
removed and everyone plans with the concern of
women, men, boys and girls in mind and how the
intended activity affects them differently.
• Where there is disparity, a deliberate trade-off is
made to bring about gender equality.
• It aims to solve gender inequalities, even when they
are hidden.
• It is a tool for achieving gender equality.
• Gender mainstreaming is therefore based on the
outcome of gender analysis.
Principles of Gender mainstreaming

Ensuring equal participation of women and men in decision making in

different activities the first step in gender mainstreaming.
It is guided by the following principles;
• Gender-sensitive language
• Gender-specific data collection and analysis.
• Equal access to and utilisation of services
• Women and men are equally involved in decision making
• Equal treatment is integrated into steering processes.
Steps for Gender Mainstreaming-Process

The 10 Steps for Gender Mainstreaming include:

1. A Mainstreaming Approach to Stakeholders:- concerns the
project and policy making context.
• Who are the Decision-Makers?
• Do they include individuals or groups with a “gender perspective”?
• Is there gender balance in all institutions and bodies involved?
2. Mainstreaming a Gender Agenda:
• What is the main development problem or issue at hand?
• Does this issue affect men and women in different ways?
3. Moving Towards Gender Equality:
• What is the Goal?
• What do we want to achieve?
Steps for Gender Mainstreaming-Process cont…

4. Mapping the Situation: What Information do we Have? E.g.,

what projects or policy interventions have already happened?
5. Refining the Issue: Research and Analysis eg carrying out the
Situational Analysis
6. Formulating Policy or Project Interventions from a Gender
Perspective. Consider;
• Efficiency – cost-benefit analysis;
• Effectiveness – the degree to which your goal will be met;
• Social justice, including gender equality – the extent to which social and
historical disadvantages between different groups in society are
addressed and compensated.
Steps for Gender Mainstreaming-Process cont…

7. Arguing Your Case: Gender Matters!

• illustrate what development problems gender equality contributes to solving,
and what specific benefits a gender-aware perspective will bring to the
government, individuals –both men and women - and the nation as whole.
8. Monitoring: Keeping a (Gender-Sensitive) Eye on Things
• When monitoring progress towards substantive goals and objectives,
indicators must be developed that track the delivery of specified outputs
(activities) and outcomes (impact).
9. Evaluation: How Did We Do?
• Have objectives been met and to what extent has the development goal been
achieved?
• How were outputs and outcomes delivered?- lessons learnt
10. En-gendering Communication
-integrated at all phases of the project or policy cycle
Importance of Gender mainstreaming

• Makes full use of human resources by involving men and women

• Takes into account the diversity among men and women
• Ensures that policy-making and legislative work is of higher quality
and has a greater relevance for society, because it makes policies
respond more effectively to the needs of all citizens – women and
men, girls and boys.
Limitations of gender mainstreaming
•Lack of appropriate tools, methods and techniques for
implementation of gender mainstreaming
•Lack of training for the actors involved results in non
implementation of procedural changes needed
•Lack of adequate resources