• Problem 2.
An orifice has a coefficient of
discharge of 0.62 and coefficient of contraction
is 0.63. Determine the coefficient of velocity for
the orifice.
Solution:
C = Cc x Cv
0.62 = 0.63 x Cv
Cv = 0.984
• Problem 3. Calculate the discharge through the 140mm
diameter orifice shown. Assume C = 0.62.
Solution:
H = 3 + 5.10 – 1.53
H = 6.57 m
Q = 0.108 m3/s
• Problem 4. An open cylindrical tank, 2.4 diameter and 6m tall has
a 1 m of glycerin (Sg = 1.5), 2.5 m of water, and 1.5 m of oil (Sg =
0.82). Determine the discharge through the 125 mm diameter
located at the bottom of the tank. Assume C = 0.65.
Solution:
H = 3.487 m of glycerin
Q = 0.066 m3/s
• Problem 5. The discharge through a 75-mm diameter orifice at
the bottom of a large tank was measured be 1,734 liters in 1
minute. If the head over the orifice remain constant at 5.5m,
compute the coefficient of discharge.
Solution:
Cd , since the head is constant, the flow is steady, thus,
= 0.0289 m3/s
1,734 liters/minute
Solution:
1,734 x 1000 / 60 seconds
= 0.0289
C = 0.63
Weir
WEIR
• A weir /wɪər/ or low-head dam is a barrier
across the width of a river that alters the
flow characteristics of water and usually
results in a change in the height of the river
level. Weirs are also used to control the flow
of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and
reservoirs.
Weir
L.S. CREST
vA H
UPPER NAPPE
d
P P – Height of Weir
LOWER NAPPE
H- head of fluid over the
weir
WEIR
d – depth of flow
vA – velocity of approach
Types of
Weir
Types According to Crest Type
1) Broad CrestedWeir
Liquid passes and slides over the
surface of the crest
Broad Crested Weir
a) Round Upstream Corner
WEIR
Broad Crested Weir
b) Square Upstream Corner
WEIR
Types According to Crest Type
2) Sharp Crested Weir
Crest is considerably thin
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
1) Suppressed RectangularWeir
(Width of Channel = Length ofWeir)
H L – length of weir
d P – height of weir
P H – head over the weir
d – depth of flow
L
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
2
Qactual= C 2g L (H+hv)3/2−(hv)3/2
3
where:
c – Coefficient of Discharge
hv – velocity head of approach
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
2
cw= C 2g Qactual= Cw L (H+hv)3/2−(hv)3/2
3
where:
cw – weir factor or weir coefficient
hv – velocity head of approach
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
In many cases, H/P is [Link], hv = 0.
Qactual= Cw L (H)3/2
Standard Weir Factor, Cw
a) Rectangular Weir
For H/P < 0.4:
Cw =1.84 (S.I.)
Cw =3.33 (Eng.)
Francis Formula:
Cw =1.84 [ 1+0.26(H/d)2] (S.I.)
Standard Weir Factor, Cw
a) Rectangular Weir
Rehbock & Chow Formula:
Cw =1.8 +0.22(H/P) (S.I.)
Cw =3.27 + 0.40(H/P) (Eng.)
Bazin Formula:
Cw =0.5518(3.248 + 0.02161/H)[1+0.55(H/d)2] (S.I.)
Sharp Crested Weir
a.1) Contracted RectangularWeir
(Width of Channel > Length ofWeir)
L L
Single End Contraction Double End Contraction
Sharp Crested Weir
a.1) Contracted RectangularWeir
The equations for suppressed
rectangular weir are used but L is replaced
with L’ (effective length).
L’ = L -0.1NH >>> Effective Length
N – No. of end contractions (N=1 or N=2)
Sharp Crested Weir
b) TriangularWeir
L θ – Usually between
10 ~ 90 degrees
θ H
Sharp Crested Weir
b) Triangular Weir
8
Qactual= C 2g tan(θ/2) H5/2
15
but, thus,
8 Qactual= Cw tan(θ/2) H5/2
cw= C 2g
15 cw= 1.4 (S.I.)
Sharp Crested Weir
b) Triangular Weir
THOMSON FORMULA:
For standard 90
degrees weir, Qactual= 1.4 H5/2 (S.I.)
tan(θ/2) = 1 Qactual= 2.5 H5/2(Eng.)
Sharp Crested Weir
c) TrapezoidalWeir
-Can be analyzed as a
b L b combination of rectangular
and triangular weir
θ/2 θ/2 H
Sharp Crested Weir
c) TrapezoidalWeir
Qactual= Cw1 L H3/2 +Cw2 Z H5/2
z=b/H = tan(
CipolletiWeir – A trapezoidal weir with side
slopes of 1H to 4V.
Qactual= 1.859 L H3/2 (S.I.)
Qactual= 3.37L H3/2 (Eng.)
Types According to Crest Type
3) Submerged Sharp-Crested Weir
H1 H2
P
Types According to Crest Type
3) Submerged Sharp-Crested Weir
Qs H n 0.385
= 1−
2
Q H1
Qs – Submerged Q
Q – Non-submerged Q
n – 3/2 ( Rectangular weir)
d – 5/2 (Triangular weir)
Problem
1) A triangular, sharp-crested weir 15 m long with end contractions
suppressed is 15m high. Determine the discharge when the head
is 300mm.
Solution:
Since the height of weir is large compared to the head H, the velocity
head of approach can be neglected.
Use Francis Formula:
Q = 4.535 m3/s
Problem
2) A rectangular, sharp crested weir with end contractions is 1.4 m long.
How high should it be placed in a channel to maintain an upstream
depth of 2.35 m for a flow of 400 liters/second?
Solution
Use Francis Formula:
L’ = 1.4 – 0.2H
Solve for H by trial and error
H = 0.3
From the figure:
P=d–H
P = 2.35 – 0.3 = 2.05 m
Problem 3 – CE November 1996
The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is 1.315 m3/s.
The crest length is 2m and the sides are inclined at 75
57’ 49” with the horizontal. Find the head on the weir
in meters.
Solution: The side inclination angle given is that for a CIPOLLETTI WEIR
/
/
H = 0.50 m
