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Q AND A FOR the Professional Regulation Commission,

to be composed of a chairperson and four
CRIMINOLOGY AREA (4) members appointed by the president of
the Philippines.

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY A. RPC - Revised Penal Code

Approved on: December 8, 1930
Effective on : january 1, 1932
1. Republic Act 6506 is an “Act Creating B. PRC - Supervise and control the PRBC
the Board Examiner for Criminologists in C. CHED - Commission on Higher
the Philippines”. The said law is Education, In charged with Formulation
composed of ______ members. of policy standards, and monitoring of the
criminology education in the country
A. Two D. PRBC
B. Four - RA 11131
C. Three 6. The Chairperson and members of the
D. One Professional Regulatory Board of
Criminologists shall hold office for a term
AUTHORED BY: TEUDOLO C NATIVIDAD of ______ years from the date of
appointment or until their successors
2. The law that repealed RA 6506 and shall have been qualified and appointed.
established the “Philippine Criminology
Profession Act of 2018” A. 3
B. 5
A. RA 8981 - PRC Modernization Act of C. 6
2000 D. 4
B. RA 1080 - ATHeions as Civil Service
Examinations Can be reappointed for another term of 3
C. RA 11131 years
D. RA 7722
7. Which is not a qualification for the
3. What year did the first criminology board examiners (the Chairperson and its
licensure examination conducted? members) under RA 11131?

A. 1987 A. Must be a naturalized-born Filipino

B. 1976 citizens and a resident of the
C. 1972 Philippines;
D. 1970
B. Must be of good moral character, good
4. It is the accredited professional reputation and of sound mind and body;
organization for criminologists in the
country. The Association coordinates with
the PRC and the Board of Criminology to C. Not convicted by a court of competent
help promote the profession. jurisdictions of any offense involving
moral turpitude;
A. PCAP D. Must be a graduate of Bachelor of
B. PEACE - The Philippine Educators Science in Criminology, and a holder of a
Association for Criminology Education Postgraduate Degree in Criminology or a
(PEACE) is a technical panel that lawyer in any reputable school recognized
recommends policies and standards for by CHED
criminology education in the Philippines.
C. APO - Accredited professional 8. Nonrenewal of the professional
organization identification card for a period of six (6)
D. None of the Above years with the PRC without justifiable
cause shall result in the revocation of the
5. It is a collegial body under the
administrative supervision and control of
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certificate of registration of a registered A. Reylan should have taken the board

criminologist. The statement is: examination in August 2023 since he is
deferred.
A. Correct B. Reylan should have taken the board
B. Vague examination until August 2023 as it is
C. Incorrect only the allowable period as prescribed in
D. Doubtful the law.
C. Reylan has the privilege to take
9. Can a foreign citizen file and apply for whenever it is convenient to him. The
criminology licensure examinations? commission is incorrect for refusing to
admit his application.
A. Absolutely no, the applicant must be a D. Reylan’s period of application to his
citizen of the Philippines. deferred subject/s is/are valid until
B. Yes, as long as of good moral character, 2024 Only
good reputation and of sound mind and
body. ACCORDING TO The deferred examinee
C. Yes, provided that his country/state shall only be allowed to retake once
has reciprocity with the Philippines in within two (2) years from the date of
the practice of criminology. the examination, and shall be required
D. No, because the academic standards of to obtain a grade not lower than eighty
other countries are different from ours. percent (80%) on the subject, to be
considered to have passed the
10. Refresher course is required for those licensure examination. If the examinee
who failed for how many times the failed to retake after the lapse of two (2)
Criminologist licensure examination? years or failed to get the passing mark
of eighty percent (80%), the examinee
A. 1 shall retake all the board subjects.
B. 2
C. 3 CASE SCENARIO: Luffy, Sanji and Zoro
D. 4 are examiners in July 2024 CLE.
E. 5
13. Sanji garnered 75.05 as his board
Remedial Course - Old curriculum examination rating, and two subjects are
posing 55 and 59 while the rest are above
11. To pass the licensure examination for 75. he will be called _______.
criminologist, a candidate must obtain a
weighted rating of: A. Conditional
A. 60% B. Passed
B. 65% C. Deferred - examinee obtains a
C. 70% weighted average rating of seventy-five
d. 75% percent (75%) but, has a grade below sixty
percent (60%) in any of the subjects
12. Reylan was deferred in the licensure
examination for criminologists in D. Failed - Any examinee who failed three
December 2022. Fast forward, he is (3) or more board subjects shall be
currently taking his review for February deemed to have failed the board
2025 examination. Despite completing his examination.
requirements, the Commission did now
allow him to only take the deferred 14. Luffy garnered 90.45 as his board
subject. Reylan is upset and unaware of examination rating all of his rating is
the circumstance of the said Commission. above 85%. He will be called _________.
If you were to give comment about
Reylan’s status, what will it be? A, Conditional
B. Passed
C. Deferred
D. Failed

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the different factors that contribute to

15. . If Zoro obtained an average rating crime causation.
plummeting 74.99. And two grades lower S-E-P
than 60. Zoro is termed______. A. Criminogenesis
B. Sociology of law - study of the nature of
A. Conditional criminal law and its administration.
B. Passed GInagamit natin para naparusahan,
C. Deferred prevent, how to apply, remake,
D. Failed C. Penology - study of the control of
crimes and the rehabilitation of the
16. It is an interdisciplinary science that offender.
gathers and analyzes data on various D. All of the above
aspects of crime and criminal behavior.
According to Edwin Sutherland,
A. Criminology “CRIMINOLOGY is a body of social
B. Sociology - It study human society, its phenomenon; it includes w/in its scope
origin, structure, functions and direction. the (1) making of laws; (2) the breaking of
laws; and (3) the reaction toward the
C. Psychology - the study of the mind and breaking of laws.”
behavior, including how the mind works
and how it affects behavior. More on 20. Nico Robin is a Registered
psychotherapy or talk therapy to help Criminologist who is conducting research
patients. that’s all about causes of crimes and in
order to have an accurate result she uses
D. Psychiatry - branch of medicine different kinds of sciences such as
focused on the diagnosis, treatment and psychology, anthropology and sociology.
prevention of mental, emotional and The above scenario shows what kind of
behavioral disorders. nature of criminology?
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
17. In the 1940s, criminology had been SAND
attacked and questioned for its fitness as A. Applied Science
a science. From among the list below, who B. Dynamic - Criminology is always in
questioned the adequacy of criminology as motion and active.
a science? C. Social Science - it studies crime as a
social phenomenon.
A. Edwin Sutherland D. Nationalistic - The study of crimes
B. George Wilker takes into consideration the history,
C. Donald Cressey culture, the social norms and the law of
D. Antonio Trillanes IV the country.

18. He coined the french word 21. The following are the scope of the
Criminologie study of criminology;

A. Paul Topinard I. Study the origin and development of

B. Rafaelle Garofalo - Italian Word - criminal laws.
Criminologia - One cannot study crimes without
C. Cesare Lombroso - Father of Modern having to study criminal law
and empirical criminology because it is criminal law makes
D. Enrico Ferri -Student of lombroso one an act a crime in the first place. In
of the unholy three. the absence of law, there will be no
crimes
19. One of the Principal Components II. Study of the causes of crimes and
(DIVISION) of Criminology. It tries to find development of criminals.
explanations as to what causes a criminal
behavior in an individual and determines - Criminology studies crimes and
criminals. Its studies the etiology

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of crimes, or the causes of crimes E. Crime is Progressive - it is evolving as

and the multiple factors that our human civilization is evolving too.
increase or decrease
25. An act or omission in violation of the
III. Study of the different factors that public law commanding or forbidding it:
enhances the development of criminal
behavior A. Crime - An act either committed or
omitted in violation of public law
IV. Study of the importance of law or the forbidding or commanding it
criminal law as a process of formal social
control - SOCIOLOGY OF LAW Crime of Commission- act performed is in
violation of law forbidding it

A. I, II, III, IV Crime of Omission- act performed refers

B. II, III, IV to a failure to perform an act that is
C. I, II, III commanded by law.
D. I, III, IV
B. Felony - Violating Revised Penal Code
22. It is the scientific study of human (RPC) Criminal Law in the Philippines
behavior or man’s external manifestation
in relation to criminality: C. Offense - Act or Ommission in
violation of SPL
A. Criminal Epidemiology - Criminality +
Environment D. Sin - An act or omission against divine
B. Criminal Psychology - Criminality + law.
Behavior
C .Criminal Psychiatry - Criminality + 26. An act or omission in violation of the
Mind public law commanding or forbidding it:
D. Physical Anthropology
A. Crime
23. Criminal _________ refers to the study B. Felony
of the relationship between criminality C. Offense
and the inhabitants of a certain locality: D. Infraction of Law

A. Ecology - Criminality + Spatial 27. The society’s primary instrument

distribution for making known what acts are crimes
B. Demography and what sanctions may be applied to
C. Epidemiology those who commit acts defined as crimes.
D. Physical Anthropology
A. Media
24. It states that the government and B. Law
private sector use an enormous amount of C. Ethics
currency for crime detection, prosecution, D. Traditions
correction and prevention.
28. Refers to actions or behaviors that
A. Crime is Destructive - May nasisira, violate widely accepted cultural norms
may namatay, may nawawala. within a society.
B. Crime is Pervasive - lahat
naaapektuhan regardles of age, sex, race, A. Deviance - concept used to describe
nationality, religion etc. divergences from a society’s norms, values,
C. Crime is Expensive - rules, and expectations.
Pinagkakagastusan ng gobyerno B. Sexual deviance - sexual behaviors
D. Crime is Reflective - It relects on how that are considered abnormal or
effective ang pag enforce ng law sa isang unacceptable by society
lugar. Law enforcers, C. Deviant

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D. Norms - A socially accepted and

expected conduct in society 33. RA 9262 is a special penal law and its
nature is ____________.
29. Kaido is a 40 year old man who wants
to die so he attempts to kill himself by A. Mala Prohibita
jumping to a 5 storey building. Luckily he B. Mala In Se
was saved by his friend, Charlotte Linlin. C. Malatuba
Kaido manifest what kind of Behavior? D. NOTA

A. Deviance 34. An old woman approached Patrolman

B. Crime Santiago asking the police officer to run
C. NOTA after an unidentified young man who
D. Norm allegedly snatched her mobile phone. The
officer declined, claiming that the man
29. . Crime is_____. was already a block away from them and
besides the police officer alleged that he
a. Individual act was rushing home for an urgent matter.
b. Natural act. The officer's refusal to help the old woman
c. Social problem is an example of:
d. Community problem
A. Crime of Omission
30. He formulated the formula; Criminal B. Crime of Commission
behavior equals criminal tendencies plus C. Crime of Passion
crime inducing situations divided by D. Both A and B
person emotional resistance to temptation.
35. In _______ , a criminal is a person who
A. David Abrahamsen was found guilty beyond reasonable doubt.
B. Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual theory a. Criminological Sense - the moment the
and psychodynamic theory actor commits a crime he is considered as
C. Cesare Lombroso - Atavism a criminal .
D. Emile Durkheim - Anomie b. Legal Sense
c. In criminal justice sense
EMILE DURKHEIM SAYS THAT CRIME IS d. Nonsense
NORMAL
36. It is an act or omission punishable by
31. A crime or an act that is inherently law which is committed by means of dolo
immoral. or culpa

A. Mala in Se a. Crime
B. Mala prohibita - prohibited only b. Illegal act
because there are law forbidding it c. Offense
d. Felony
- violations of mere rules of LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
convenience designed to secure
more orderly regulations of the According to the manner of
affairs of society. committing a crime
C. Prohibumbum
D. Mala atibihorp DOLO or DECEIT - these are the
intentional felonies. The requisites for this
32. Technical Malversation from RPC is is Freedom of Action, Intelligence and
considered as ___________. Intent

A. Mala In Se CULPA or FAULT - Culpable felonies. The

B. Mala Prohibita requisites for this is Freedom of Action,
C. Mixed breed Intelligence and Imprudence, Negligence,
D. None of the above or lack of foresight or lack of skill

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37. Pedro Penduco, a victim of robbery,

was able to identify his assailant, a
neighbor, before he died on the way to the
NEGLIGENCE IMPRUDENCE
hospital where he was declared dead on
arrival. This crime is called:
Deficiency of Deficiency of
perception Actions
A. Complex crime - Single act
constituting two or more grave felonies or
A person fails to pay A person fails to
and is a necessary means for committing
proper attention and take the necessary
the other.
to use due diligence precaution to
in foreseeing the avoid injury to
B. Simple crime - Singe act constituting
injury or damage person or damage
only on offense
impending to be to property
C. Instant crime - Shortest possible time
caused
D. Situational crime - Situation is
conducive to its commission.
AS TO THE STAGES IN THE
COMMISSION OF CRIMES: 38. Ms. Mikee is a skilled woman in
making deception through verbal
Consummated Crime - When all the communication. She had committed
elements necessary for its execution and Estafa to several persons through illegal
accomplishment are present. recruitment. What crime according to
result did she committed?
Frustrated Crime - When the offender A. Acquisitive crime
has performed all the acts of execution B. Extinctive crime - Destructive
which will produce the felony therefore, C. Instant crime
but which nevertheless do not produce it, D. Situational crime
by reason of causes independent of the
will of the perpetrator. Acc to the result of crime

Attempted Crime - When the offender Acquisitive crime – the offender acquire
commences the commission of a crime something
directly by overt acts and does not Extinctive crime – the end result is
perform all the acts of execution which destructive
should produce the felony by reason of
some cause or accident other than his Acc to the time or period of the
own spontaneous desistance. commission of the crime

ACCORDING TO PLURALITY: Seasonal crime – committed during

certain periods of the year
Simple Crime - Single act constituting Situational crime–when the given
only one offense. situation is conducive to the commission
Complex Crime - Single act constituting of the act
two or more grave felonies or and is a
necessary means for committing the other. Acc to the length of time of the
commission of the crime
According to gravity
Instant crime – committed at the shortest
Grave Felonies - Are those punishable by possible time
capital or afflictive penalties Episoidal crime – committed through a
Less Grave Felonies - Those punishable series of act in a longer space of time
with correctional penalties
Light Felonies - Penalty is arresto menor Acc to the place or location
or fine not less than 200.00

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Static crime – committed in one place

Continuing crime – committed in several Organized criminals – have a high
place degree of organization to enable them to
commit crimes without being detected
Acc to the use of mental faculties with specialized criminal activities
operated in large scale.
Rational crime – when the offender is in
full control of his sanity Professional criminals – are highly
Irrational crime – innocence of the nature skilled ones, and able to obtain
and quality of the act on account of some considerable amount of money without
diseases of the mind being detected due to organization and
contact with professional criminals
Acc to the type of offender Accidental criminals – they commit
criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
White collar crime – committed by upper circumstances.
class of society
Blue collar crime - committed by lower Situational criminals – they are not
class of society actually criminals but commits the crime
due to a given situation.

39. One way of classifying criminals is on Habitual criminals – they continue to

the basis of etiology. What kind of commit criminal acts for such diverse
criminal is whose action arises from the reasons due to deficiency of intelligence
intra-psychic conflict between the social and lack of self-control
and anti-social components of his
personality? Active-aggressive criminals – they
A. Acute - Violate laws due to impulse of commit crime in impulsive manner
moment, fit of passion or anger. usually due to the aggressive behavior of
- Sobrang galit, selos or takot. the offender, as shown among crimes of
INTENSE FEELING passion, resentment or revenge.
B. Neurotic - Mental illness
C. Chronic - With deliberate thinking Passive-inadequate criminals – they
D. Normal - Normal individual but he commit crimes because they are pushed
identifies himself with criminal prototype to do it, by inducement, reward or
promise.
Acute criminals – commits a crime due
to the impulse of the moment, fit of 40. During the prehistoric times, there
passion, anger or extreme jealousy. was no formal criminal justice system,
and crimes were punished based on:
Chronic criminals – those who acted in
consonance with deliberate thinking. A. Formal Laws
Neurotic criminals – those who is driven B. Customs
by equally irresistible but unconscious C. Conscience
forces, the nature of which is unknown to D. The Bible
him.
41. A crime attributed to a corporation
Normal criminals – their psychic but perpetrated by or on the authority of
conditions resembles that of a normal an officer or high managerial agent.
individual except that they identify
themselves with criminal prototypes a. International crimes - serious
violations of international law that
Ordinary criminals – the lowest form in threaten the world's peace, security, and
the criminal career. They engaged only on well-being
conventional crimes which requires
limited skills. They lack organization to b. Transnational crimes - a criminal act or
help them avoid arrest and conviction transaction violating the laws of more

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than one country or having an impact on

a foreign country. 45. Joey, 22 years old who lives in a slum
at Tondo, Manila. Formed a subculture
c. Corporate crimes wherein violence is the answer is the
acceptable problem-solving mechanism.
d. Occupational Crimes - is crime that is What type of violent criminal is Joey?
committed through opportunity created in
the course of legal occupation. A. Culturally Violent offender - violence
is an acceptable problem-solving
42. Persons who violated criminal law mechanism.
because at the impulse of the moment, fit B. Pathologically violent criminal -
of passion or anger: Suffering from mental illness
C. Criminally Violent criminal - uses
A. Acute Criminals violence as a means accomplishing
B. Emotional Criminals criminal act
C. Neurotic Criminals D. Situational Violent criminal - These
D. Chronic Criminals incidents are often described as crimes of
passion in which the individual
43. Persons whose psychic organization temporarily loses control and often
resembles that of a normal individual expresses regret for the action later.
except that he identifies himself with
criminal 46. It refers to sexual attack that becomes
prototype: a means of expressing rage or anger and
A. Acute Criminals it involves far more physical assault upon
B. Emotional Criminals the victim than is necessary.
C. Neurotic Criminals
D. Normal Criminals A. Anger rape
B. Sadistic rape - combines sexuality and
44. According to this view, crimes are aggression aiming psychotic desires to
behaviors believed to be repugnant to all often torment, torture, or otherwise abuse
elements of society. his victim.

A. Consensus view EXAMPLE : JUNKO FURUTA, Japanese

B. Interactionist view girl na 44 days nirape, torture at
C. Conflict view sinodomized.
D. Mix view
C. Power rape - Assailant primarily wishes
THREE VIEWS OF CRIME to express his domination over the victim.

CONSENSUS VIEW EXAMPLE: I am rapist ipaparamdam ko

- The law defines crimes. sayo na ikaw ay walang laban, kahit
- Agreements exist on outlawed anong gawin mo, hindi ka makakaalis sa
behavior sitwasyon na to
- Laws apply to all citizens equally
CONFLICT VIEW D. BOTH A AND B
- The law is a tool of the ruling class
- Crime is politically defined concept 47. Rape is derived from the Latin word
- Real crimes are not outlawed “Rapere” which means____ ”, often
- The law is used to control the perceived primarily as a sexually
underclass motivated act
INTERACTIONIST VIEW
- Moral entrepreneurs define crimes. a. To compel
- Crimes are illegal because society b. To force by taking
defines them that way c. To take by force
- Criminal labels are life- d. Nota
transforming events

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b. Spree murder - occurs when killings

48. This pertains to sexually take place at two or more locations with
inexperienced youths who possess an almost no time break between murders
unrealistic conception of female erotic c. Mass murder
arousal. Awkward in relating to. the d. Genocide - destruction of a nation or of
opposite sex, they hold high expectations an ethnic group.
that their crude advances will be met with
affection by their victims. TYPES OF SERIAL KILLERS

A. Naive Graspers = They possess a 1. Visionaries. Believed to be suffering

strong desire for affection but little from some sort of psychosis, they kill in
respect for their victim’s autonomy in response to voices or visions.
resisting such advances
2. Mission oriented. Their mission in life
B. Meaning Stretches - An offender is to rid society of “undesirables,” for
misinterprets a woman's expressions of example, prostitutes.
friendliness and affection as indicating
that the female desires coitus even when 3. Hedonists. These are thrill seekers
she says no. who murder for creature comforts, profit,
or pleasure in life, as well as lust
C. Sex Looters - Low respect to his victim murderers.
autonomy and he treat women as a sex
object 4. Power/control. These killers enjoy
D. Group conformers - Group rape power and control over helpless victims
and enjoy watching them suffer and beg
49 it refers to criminal activity which is for mercy.
committed for ideological purposes.
51. Robbers steal to obtain a small
a. Terrorism - the purposeful targeting of amount of money when an accessible
innocents for political purposes in order target presents itself.
to spread fear and intimidation.
a. Professional Robbers - They have long-
B. Ideology - a distinctive belief system, term commitment to crime. Dito sila
idea, or abstract ideal kumukha ng source of livelihood. Plan
and think carefully.
c. Political crime b. Opportunist Robbers - Common type
of robbers. Infrequent and relatively
d. Patriarchal crime - crime committed unplanned. Considered as all-purpose
against women and children as part of a property offenders.
system of traditional male dominance and c. Amateur robbers
authority. buses of such a system include d. Ordinary robbers
industrial sweatshops, infanticide of
female children, sexual mutilation, bride ADDICT ROBBERS - They commit
burning, slavery, and human rights robbery to support their expensive habits.
abuses.
ALCOHOLIC ROBBER - have little
commitment to robbery; they engage in
50. It involves four or more victims in one unplanned robberies on occasion to
location during a period of time that lasts support their habit. Many claim to have
anywhere from a few minutes to several been intoxicated at the time of their
hours. offense.

a. Serial murder - The killing of a large AMERICAN SLANG TERM FOR ROBBERY
number of people over time by an offender - MUGGING
who seeks to escape detection.

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52. In the realm of criminology, this capable to commit crimes. People choose
particular ideology dictates that every to commit crime after weighing the
offender, irrespective of age, mental benefits and costs of their actions.
capacity, social standing, or specific
circumstances surrounding the crime, Crime can be deterred (PREVENT) by
deserves to be subject to an identical certain, severe, and swift punishment.
punishment
“Let the punishment fit the crime”(BASED
A. Classical ON THE CONCEPT OF “LEX TALIONIS” -
B. Neoclassical AN EYE FOR AN EYE A TOOTH FOR A
C. Positivism TOOTH)
D. Demonological
PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT:
CLASSICAL THEORY DETERENCE

Founder : Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy

Bentham (BE-BE) ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE CLASSICAL
THEORY
MOST IMPORTANT WORKS 1. Unfair – it treats all men as if they were
robot without regard to the individual
CESARE BECARRIA differences and the surrounding
circumstances when the crime is
- On Crimes and Punishments (Dei committed.
Delitti e Delle Pene).
2. Unjust – having the same punishment
Capital punishment should be abolished for first and recidivists.
as should the use of torture in order to
gain confessions. Laws should be c
structured so as to prevent crime in the
first place. It is better to prevent crimes FOUNDER: GABRIEL TARDE
than to punish them. - He published the book “Penal
philosophy” . In his book Tarde
JEREMY BENTHAM criticizes classical and positivist
- He founded the concept of criminology and takes the best
UTILITARIANISM. An ethical from both criminology.
theory which states that the best
action is the one that maximizes CORE IDEA OF NEOCLASSICAL: It
utility. considers age, gender and social class of
the perpetrators. The perpetrators are
- HEDONISM : The assumption that people who think, feel, act and criminal
the main purpose of life is to behavior is learned within groups by
maximize pleasure while imitation and identification.
minimizing pain.

- devised the pseudo-mathematical POSITIVIST OR ITALIAN CRIMINOLOGY

formula called “felicific calculus”.
which states that individuals are FOUNDER: AUGUST COMTE
human calculators who put all the
factors into an equation in order to - Considered as the Father of
decide whether a particular crime Positivist School of Criminology
is worth committing or not. and Sociology.

PIONEERED BY: CESARE LOMBROSO,

CORE IDEA OF CLASSICAL SCHOOL: ENRICO FERRI, RAFAELLE GAROFALO
Crime is a rational choice (FREE (HOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY)
WILL/AUTONOMY), and most people are (GAro-Fe-Lo)

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CESARE LOMBROSO - He believed that criminals could

not be held morally responsible
- Considered as the Father of because they did not choose to
Modern and Empirical Criminology commit crimes but rather were
driven to commit crimes by
- He was the pioneer in the conditions of their lives.
inducement of scientific methods
to criminology. - Advocated the “Theory of
Imputability and the Denial of
- His most important work was the Free Will” in 1878.
L’Uomo Delinquente (The
Criminal Man; Lombroso, 1911a) He also devised his own classification of
criminals that consists of five (5) types or
- Developed the Theory of Atavism. classes.

1. Born criminals - has a congenital

THEORY OF ATAVISM predisposition for crime.
The belief that criminals represent genetic
“throwbacks to the ape” or earlier, more 2. Insane criminals - suffering from some
primitive humanity. clinical form of mental alienation.

He said that born criminals could be 3. Habitual criminal - one who

identified by certain physical stigmata repeatedly violates social order due to
(ATAVISTIC ANOMALIES OR STIGMATA), ineffective measures employed by society
outward appearances, particularly facial, for the prevention and repression of crime.
which tended to distinguish them from
noncriminals 4. Occasional criminal - one who
commits very insignificant criminal acts
LOMBROSO CLASSIFICATION OF because he is led astray by his conditions
CRIMINALS of life.

1. Born Criminals - At least 5 or more 5. Passionate criminal - one who

biological traits. commits crime because of passion or
revenge.
2. Abnormal Criminals - who are not
criminals by birth; they become criminals RAFFAELE GAROFALO
as a result of some changes in their
brains which interfere with their ability to -He treated the roots of the
distinguish between right and wrong criminals’ behavior not to physical
features but to their psychological
3. Criminaloids - those with makeup of equivalent which he referred to as
an ambiguous group that include moral anomalies.
Habitual criminals, criminals by passion TYPES OF CRIMINAL ACCORDING TO
and other diverse types. dd. GAROFALO

4. Pseudo-Criminals - those criminals 1. MURDERERS — motivated by revenge

who committed a felonious act due to self-
defense. 2. VIOLENT CRIMINALS = committed
violent crimes

ENRICO FERRI 3. DEFICIENT CRIMINALS — committed

- He focused his study on the crimes against properties
influences of psychological factors
and sociological factors such aS
economics on crimes.

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4. LASCIVIOUS CRIMINALS — 56 This theory refers to whatever is being

committed crimes against chastity and evaluated, we ought to choose the one
other sexual crimes. that will produce the best overall results.
It says that we should choose the option
CORE IDEA OF POSITIVISM: that “maximizes utility,” i.e. that action or
policy that produces the largest amount of
Some people have biological and mental good.
traits that make them crime prone. These
traits are inherited and are present at A. Utilitarianism
birth. Mental and physical degeneracies B. Hedonism
are the cause of crime. C. Utilitarians
D.Hedonists
“Let the Punishment Fit the Criminal”
57. When Jordan looks at the candy in
PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT the store, he thinks about how it will
REHABILITATION bring him pleasure, so he steals it. This
scenario is an example of __________.
53. The third phase of criminology saw
this field of study pulling away from the A. Utilitarianism
larger disciplines of sociology and B, Hedonism
psychology and standing on its own as a C. Utilitarians
separate social science. D. BOTH A AND C

A. Contemporary criminology 58. They rejected theories of naturalism

B. Independent criminology and demonology which characterized the
C. Peacemaking criminology - An European Enlightenment as explanations
approach that considers punitive crime for these types of behavior. The new
control strategies to be counterproductive theories reflected the rationalism and
and favors the use of humanistic conflict humanitarianism of the philosophy of the
resolution (MEDIATION AND CONFLICT Age of Enlightenment in criminology.
RESOLUTION) to prevent and control
crime. (NONVIOLENT MOVEMENT) A. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Betham
D. Anarchist criminology B. Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo
C. Edwin Sutherland
54. According to this theory, The law was D. Gabriel Tarde
made proportionate to crime so that the
most serious offenses earned the harshest 59. This theory states that not all
punishments. Executions were still widely perpetrators should be treated in the
used but slowly began to be employed for same fashion, because the evident
only the most serious crimes. differences exist among them. Crime is a
result of many conditions that have
A. Classical ultimately influenced on the perpetrators
B. Neoclassical to commit it.
C. Positivist
D. Demonological A. Neoclassical
B. Classical
55. The view that if the probability of C. Positive
arrest, conviction, and sanctioning D. Critical
increases, crime rates should decline.
60. This theory of crime presumed that
A. Deterrence Theory scientific study of criminal behavior
B. General Deterrence Theory - Public should find the “causes” of such behavior.
C. Specific Deterrence Theory - Offender They also believed that the causes of
D. Perception Deterrence Theory crime are beyond the control of the
individual. Explanations of this theory
were deterministic.

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A. Classical Perspective - product of

A. Classical situational forces; the crime is a function
B. Positivist of freewill and personal choice.
C. Neoclassical B. Biological Perspective
D. NOTA C.Process perspective - Crime is a product
of socialization or interaction of one
61. Which of the following is not true person to another.
about the principles of Positivism? D. Conflict perspective - Causes of crime
are based on economic and political forces.
A. stated that criminality is inherited Crime is a function of competition for
B. criminal behavior is caused by the limited resources and power.
internal factors
C. imposition of deterrence 65. These theories of criminality basically
D. understanding criminality through the purport that criminal behavior is the
study of human behavior result of some flaw in the biological
makeup of the individual. This refers to:
62. This was the earliest explanation
given regarding crime and criminal A. Positivism Theories
behavior C. Biological Theories
B. Sociological Theories
A. Demonology D. Learning Theories
B. Classical
C. Neoclassical 66. Which idea does social (Society /
D. Positivist Environment) positivism believe?
A. Crime is normal - By Emile
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION Durkheim
B. Crime is due to freewill - Classical
C. Criminal is born -
63. Serves as a model or framework for D. Crime is Inherited - Inheritance
understanding human behavior and the
forces form it. It can be based on verified 67. According to Lombroso, the physical
social facts or readily observed characteristics that distinguish born
phenomena that can be constantly criminals from the general population and
calculated and measured. are throwbacks to animals or primitive
people.
A. Theory
B. School of thought - refers to a group of A. Criminal Anthropology - Early efforts to
beliefs or ideas that supports a specific discover a biological basis of crime
theory. through measurement of physical and
C. Determinism - It assigns the causes of mental processes.
crimes to predetermined individual or
environmental factors B. Inheritance school - It finds evidence
D. NOTA that criminal tendencies were based on
genetics. Their conclusion: traits deemed
64. According to this perspective of crime socially inferior could be passed down
causation, Crime is the product of from generation to generation through
internal forces. That crime is a function of inheritance
chemical, neurological, genetic,
personality, intelligence or mental traits. C. Atavistic anomalies
The focus of the study is mainly on the D. None of the above
individual person itself.
68. Classical Theory states that
PERSPECTIVE OF CRIME CAUSATION individuals have freewill. It is focused on
an individual's choice as to whether or
not he will commit a crime and the

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purpose of Classical Theory in giving

punishment is________________.

a. Restoration
b. Treatment
c. Retribution
d. Deterrence

69. One of the approaches of biological 71. According to Sheldon’s body type,
theory built upon evolutionary principles This body physique has well-developed
and was the first to apply scientific muscles and an athletic appearance. They
techniques to the study of crimes and are active, aggressive, sometimes violent,
criminals. and the most likely to become criminals.
a. Body chemistry
b. Early positivism A. Endomorph
c. Atavism B. Ectomorph
d. Phrenology C.Mesomorph
D. Athletic
70. This refers to the study of the body
build of a person in relation to his 72. What is the meaning of atavism?
temperament and personality and the
type of offense he is most prone to commit a. Thinking in the future
b. Throwbacks to an earlier stage of
A. Somatotype evolution
B. Phrenology - The study that deals with c. Normlessness - Anomie
the relationship between the skull and d. Lack of empathy to other
human behavior.
C. Physiognomy - It is the study of facial 73. He treated the roots of the criminals’
features and their relation to human behavior not to physical features but to
behavior. their psychology equivalent, which he
D. NOTA referred to as moral anomalies.

Ernst Krestchmer A. Rafaelle Garofalo

B. Enrico Ferri
C. Dr. Charles Goring - THE ENGLISH
a. Asthenic — Their crimes are
CONVICTS
characterized as thin, petty thievery
D. Auguste Comte
small and weak. and fraud.
Dr. Charles Goring, He criticized
Lombroso on the issue of born criminals
b. Athletic — Connected with
and found that such a thesis is
muscular and strong. crimes of
inaccurate as well as dangerous. He
violence
believed that criminal traits can be passed
c. Pyknic — stout, Deception, fraud from parents to offspring through the
round and fat. and violence genes. He proposed that individuals who
possess criminal characteristics should be
d. Dysplastic — prohibited from having children.
combination of two
body type 74. This way of life is based on mutual
help. When there is abundance all are fed:
when food is scarce all are hungry.
Furthermore, a person is subordinate to
nature and becomes materialistic and
selfish. Which is being referred to in this
situation?

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A.Socialism B. XXX Syndrome

B.Constructionism C. XYY Syndrome
C. Altruistic Character D. Down Syndrome
D. Marxism
79. The principal male steroid hormone.
75. This Holds that low intelligence is Testosterone levels decline during the life
genetically determined and inherited. This cycle and may explain why violence rates
was supported by Henry H. Goddard in diminish over time.
his studies in 1920 that many
institutionalized people were what he A, Aging Out - The process by which
considered "feebleminded" and concluded individuals reduce the frequency of their
that at least half of all juvenile offending behavior as they age. ALSO
delinquents were mentally defective. KNOWN AS SPONTANEOUS REMISSION
B.Testosterone
A. Nature Theory C. Premenstrual Syndrome - The
B. Nurture Theory - Acc to this stereotype that several days prior to and
intelligence is not inherited. There is some during menstruation females are beset by
recognition of the role of heredity; irritability and poor judgment as a result
however, emphasis is placed on the role of of hormonal changes.
society (i.e., environment). D. Androgen - Male sex hormones
C. Tabula Rasa
D. IQ 80. It is the systematic study of the
biological basis of all behavior and as a
76. He discovered that most of the branch of evolutionary biology and
ascendants of the juke were themselves particularly of modern population biology.
criminals.
a. Tribalism
A. Ada Juke - Considered as Mother of All b. Sociobiology
criminals c. ADHD
B. Richard Dugdale d. Psychosocial
C. Henry H. Goddard - Kalikkak Family
Coined the word “MORON” 81. A view of crime suggesting that people
D. Martin Kalikkak who have a high arousal level seek
powerful stimuli in their environment to
77 This refers to the genetic influences, maintain an optimal level of arousal.
those that are explained by heredity, the
characteristics of a person acquired from A. Arousal Theory
birth transferred from one generation to B. Heart rate - Another view is that
another. people with low heart rates are more likely
to commit crime because they seek
A. Eugenics - practice or advocacy of stimulation to increase their feelings of
improving the human species by arousal to normal levels.
selectively mating people with specific C. Autonomous Nervous System
desirable hereditary traits. D. NOTA
B. Genetics -
C. Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA 82. This study reveals that criminality of
D. Heredity the biological father was a major predictor
of the child’s behavior:
78. Some genetic theorists believed that
chromosome aberrations may be the A. Xyy syndrome - Men who possess an
cause of crime. It states that the so-called extra Y chromosome are more prone to
“macho men” (who have an extra Y violence
chromosome) are predisposed to commit B. Twin studies - study found greater
crimes. This pertains to_________. concordance (similar patterns with
respect to criminality) among monozygotic
A. XXY Syndrome than among dizygotic pairs.

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C. Adoption studies A. Rational Choice Theory

D. All of the above B. Routine Activities Theory
C. General Deterrence Theory
83. Criminal behavior is a dynamic D, Specific Deterrence Theory
process, influenced by individual
characteristics as well as social ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY
experiences, and that the factors that
cause anti-social behaviors change CORE IDEA: The view that the volume
dramatically over a person’s life span. and distribution of predatory crime are
closely related to the interaction of
A. Life Course Theory suitable targets, motivated offenders, and
B. Social Learning Theory - Albert capable guardians.
Bandura
C. Differential Association Theory EXAMPLE: An owner of a television
D. Latent Trait Theory - As people develop, might be away from their home when a
a master trait influences their behavior, burglar decides to target the television for
guiding and controlling behavior choices. stealing.

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES, BRAIN 86. This theory states that visible signs of
DEFECT, LOW IQ, LOW SOCIAL INTEL crime, anti-social behavior, and civil
disorder create an urban environment
84. The following are the reasons food that encourages further crime and
intake and diet are related to crime, disorder, including serious crimes.
except:
A. Broken Windows Theory
A. The absence in the diet of certain B. Social Disorganization Theory
chemicals and minerals can lead to C. Strain Theory
depression, mania, cognitive problems, D. Crime Pattern Theory
memory loss, and abnormal sexual
activity SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES

B. Excessive amounts of harmful SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY

substances such as caffeine, food dyes,
and artificial flavors seem to provoke CORE IDEA: According to this theory,
hostile, impulsive, and otherwise crimes in urban areas are more prevalent
antisocial behaviors because residents have impersonal
relationships with each other. Increase in
C. Maternal alcohol abuse and/or the number of broken families and single
smoking during gestation have long parenthood are also very common in
been linked to prenatal damage and disorganized communities.
subsequent antisocial behavior in
adolescence. - FETAL ALCOHOL Views crime-ridden neighborhoods as
SYNDROME those in which residents are uninterested
in community matters, therefore, the
D. Ingredients that are routinely used in common sources of control – family,
candy and soda have been linked to school, church, barangay authorities – are
elevated hyperactivity scores, a condition weak and disorganized.
that has been linked to antisocial
behaviors. (Interactions characterized by a lack of
emotional depth and personal connection,
85. One of the modern outgrowths of often found in formal or transactional
classical school of thought that a person settings.)
will engage in criminal behavior after
weighing the consequences and benefits STRAIN THEORY
of their actions.

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CORE IDEA: It sees crime as a function of 87. According to this view, mechanisms
the conflict between people’s goals and such as security systems, deadbolt locks,
the means available to obtain them. high-intensity street lighting, and
neighborhood watch patrols should
Argues that the ability to obtain these reduce criminal opportunity.
goals is class dependent: members of the
lower class are unable to achieve these A. Crime Prevention Through
goals which come easily to those Environmental Design
belonging to the upper class. B. Crime Pattern Theory
Consequently, they feel anger, frustration, C. Broken Windows Theory
and resentment, referred to as strain. D. Shaken Baby Syndrome

CPTED PRINCIPLES;

1. Territoriality - This is all about

ownership or a sense of ownership, an
emotion by which individuals and groups
of people define a space as their own.

- Signage, colour, demarcation,

gates... these are all means to the
end of helping territoriality. PAra
madetermine kung hanggang saan
ang territory.

obvious motivation to control and protect

RITUALISM: someone might treat their job a specific space
as a way to provide security instead of
using it to achieve success. 2. Surveillance - assumes that there is
visibility: light and lines of sight making it
RETREATISM: a homeless person who possible to properly see an area.
doesn't have the means to achieve their
goals and doesn't try other means might. - Natural Surveillance : the design
of the space must provide a view
INNOVATION: someone who wants to be where people can see potential
wealthy but can't get a legal job might offenders.
turn to crime. - EYES ON THE STREET

CONFORMITY: Studying hard to become - Technical Surveillance : usage of

an Atty. CCTV’s or recording devices.

REBELLION : terrorism, mass shootings, 3. Access control - The general idea of

and large-scale protests access control is extremely simple: the
offender should not dare- and/or be able
CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY – to get into an area, building, or space.
4. Image and/or maintenance - The
CORE IDEA: According to this view, principle is to keep an area free from litter,
because of strain and social isolation, a graffiti, vandalism, and damage.
unique lower-class culture develops in
disorganized neighborhoods. These - An area should not look run-down
independent subcultures maintain a or not taken care of.
unique set of values and beliefs that
conflict with conventional social norms. 5. Target hardening
EXAMPLE : ETHNIC GANGS - Physical security and design in
order to make it more difficult to
enter a building or space.

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socioeconomic status, then crime rates

88. This theory advocates the idea that in should correlate with __________.
the absence of effective controls, offenders
will prey upon attractive targets. A. Unemployment rates
B. Poverty
A. Broken Windows Theory C. Education
B. Avada Kedavra Theory D. Population
C. Routine Activity Theory
D. CPTED 93. ______________ has a definite effect on
education, because impoverished
neighborhoods and districts do not have
high quality schools.

A. Poverty
B. Education
C. Unemployment
D. Religion

94. ______________ is the direct influence

on people by peers, or an individual who
gets encouraged to follow their peers by
changing their attitudes, values, or
behaviors to conform to those of the
89. According to the Study of Lee Ellis, as influencing group or individual
might be expected, attendance at ________
services reduced crime commission. a. Leadership
b. Peer pressure
A. Parlor c. Management
B. Religious d. Peer guidance
C. Massage
D. School 95. A person addicted to______________ is
unable to support their addiction and
90. Lack of proper ___________ and great more often than not they end up in a life
role-models cause many to fail to of crime to fuel their habits.
distinguish right from wrong. In most
cases offenders don’t think they are doing a. Alcohol
something wrong. b. Tobacco
c. Vices
A. Love d. Drugs
B. Unemployment
C. Education 96. People who are neglected by their
D. Poverty __________ and do not get the love and
attention that they desire also get into
91. The following examples of children are criminal activities
most likely to commit criminal acts.
EXCEPT: a. Families
b. Relatives
A. Children who do poorly in school c. Peers
B. Children who fail on their coursework d. Community
C.Children who do not have a strong bond
to the educational experience 97. A person under depression or some
D. Children with full educational other serious mental disorder can also
motivation, and does not feel alienated easily cause harm to themselves

92. It stands to reason that if there is a a. revenge

relationship between crime and b. severe problems

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c. depression kailangan muna ma caught ang

d. Anxiety attention.
EXAMPLE: May isang estudyante ang
98. The quotation “Tell me who your nanonood ng basketball para malaman
friends are and I will tell you who u are” niya ‘yung rules at kung paano maglaro
can be best associated to what theory? ng basketball kailangan niya mag observe
ng mabuti.
A. Differential Association Theory
B. Social Learning Theory 2. Retention
C. Strain Theory - Bandura highlighted the retention
D. Culture Deviance Theory process in imitation, where
individuals symbolically store a
SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY model’s behavior in their minds.
CORE IDEA: How people are socialized is
the key to understanding human behavior. Dito sa stage na to sinasabi yung mga
People are a product of their upbringing model na inoobserb natin ng paulit ulit
(KUNG PAANO KA PINALAKI). Those who mareretain na sa utak natin to
are influenced by deviant others may
become deviant themselves. Labeling and Example: Paulit ulit kang nanood ng mga
stigma lock people into criminal careers. videos about sa basketball kung paano
Under this SLR and SRT mag dribol paano mag shoot atbp
mareretain yun sa memory natin.

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (SLT) 3. Reproduction

- This is the ability to perform the
INTRODUCED BY: ALBERT BANDURA behavior that the model has just
demonstrated. We see much
CORE IDEA: This theory holds that behavior daily that we would like
people learn from one another through to be able to imitate, but this is
observation, x and modeling. not always possible.
Dito sa stage na to sinusubukan na natin
Three basic models of observational gawin yung mga bagay na napanood
learning: natin at naretain na sa utak natin.

LIVE MODEL - actual individual Example: Naglaro na sa court inaapply na

demonstrating or acting out a behavior yung mga napanood sinubukan nag
crossover. Wag lang gagaya kay Amores
SYMBOLIC MODEL - Films, television ah. Yung tumira ng tres ayun nagka
programs, or media. warrant of arrest.

VERBAL INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL 4. Motivation

- Lastly, motivational and
The following steps are involved in the reinforcement processes refer to
observational learning and modeling the perceived favorable or
process: unfavorable consequences of
mimicking the model’s actions that
1. Attention are likely to increase or decrease
- The model must capture the the likelihood of imitation.
observer’s interest, and the
observer must deem the model’s If maganda ang naging result nung ginaya
behavior worth imitating. This mong behavior example ha naka ankle
decides if the behavior will be break ka, sunod sunod ung tres mo mas
modeled. (ITO ANG UNANG mataas ang likelihood na mauulit ung
PROCESS PARA Maretain, behavior mo pero kung di maganda ang
mareproduce ang model (behavior) naging result, kung pinagtawanan ka

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dahil imbes na ikaw ang mang ankle - Negative Punishment : removing

break, ikaw pa ang natumba. desirable stimulus

EXAMPLE: NEUTRALIZATION THEORY

If ang bata madalas makakita ng taong BY DAVID MATZA and GRAHAM SYKES
nagmumura or makarining ng mura,
mataas ang chance na gayahin niya yan CORE CONCEPT : holds that offenders
at kung ang reaksyon ng magulang kapag adhere to conventional values while
nagmura yung bata ay tumatawa or “drifting” into periods of illegal behavior.
natutuwa mataas ang maging chance na People know when they are doing
maretain yung behavior na nagaya nung something wrong. However, they
bata. rationalize and justify their actions.

SUB- CATEGORIES OF SLT: (PEOPLE WHO COMMITTED

WRONGDOING JUSTIFIES THEIR
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY BEHAVIOR)

BY: EDWIN SUTHERLAND Drift - refers to the movement from one

extreme of behavior to another, resulting
CONSIDERED AS THE DEAN OF in behavior that is sometimes
CRIMINOLOGY unconventional, free, or deviant, and at
other times constraint and sober.
CORE IDEA: Believes that criminality is a
function of a learning process that could - Criminals sometimes voice a sense
affect any individual in any culture his of guilt over their illegal acts.
theory is outlined as follows: criminal - Offenders frequently respect and
behavior is learned in interaction with admire honest, law-abiding people.
other persons in a process of - Criminals draw a line between
communication. those whom they can victimize and
those whom they cannot.
Learning is a by-product of interaction. - Criminals are not immune to the
demands of conformity
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT
THEORY Techniques of Neutralization

BY: RONALD AKERS AND ROBERT 1. Denial of responsibility - offenders

BURGESS sometimes claim their unlawful acts were
simply not their fault. EXAMPLE: a
CORE IDEA: According to this theory, an person who says they had no other choice
individual's behavior depends on how but to steal a car because they had to
people around him react towards his take a friend to the hospital.
behavior.
1. Reinforcement- to enforce and 2. Denial of Injury . By denying the
strengthen a behavior. wrongfulness of an act, criminals are able
- Positive Reinforcement: rewards, to neutralize illegal behavior. (ACTIONS
praise DIDNT HURT ANYONE) For example,
- Negative Reinforcement: stealing is viewed as borrowing;
eliminating undesirable stimuli. vandalism is considered mischief that has
2. Punishment- to eliminate or weaken gotten out of hand. Delinquents may find
undesirable behavior. that their parents and friends support
their denial of injury. In fact, they may
- Positive Punishment : adding an claim that the behavior was merely a
adversive stimulus or something prank, helping affirm the offender’s
unpleasant perception that crime can be socially

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acceptable. Since no one was “really hurt” EXAMPLE: Someone may steal because
the act was not “really a crime.” their gang expects them to conform.
Gusto ko lang naman patunayan sa mga
EXAMPLE: Si Otlum nahuling nagnakaw kagrupo ko na kaya ko rin yung ginagawa
ng cellphone sa isang tindahan pero nila.
sinasabi niya na di niya naman ninakaw
yung cellphone kung hindi hihiramin niya SOCIAL REACTION THEORY ALSO
lang eto. KNOWN AS LABELING THEORY

3. Denial of Victim. Criminals sometimes CORE IDEA : States that people become
neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining criminals when significant members of
that the victim of crime “had it coming.” society label them as such and they
“Deserve nila yun” accept those labels as a personal identity.

EXAMPLE: Si james ay nahaharap sa Mga CICL na nahuling nagcommit ng

kaso na rape ngayon sa korte sinabi ni crimes ay hindi tinatawag na criminal to
james kasalanan daw nung biktima niya avoid labeling.
kung bakit siya nabiktima ‘yung attire ni
biktim ay revealing clothes ano. Example
naka pekpek short or see through short EXAMPLE : A young man is labeled as a
she must have wanted to have sex and is thief because he was seen with other
not a "real victim". young people who are deviant, even
though he may not be a thief. This
4. Condemnation of the condemners label could cause him to steal.
occurs when an individual places the
blame on the individual condemning (SA
TAONG NAGSASABI NA MALI SILA) them. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY

Because many judges and policemen are CORE IDEA: MAINTAIN THAT EVERYONE
all on the take and many parents show HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME A
favoritism between children or vent their CRIMINAL BUT MOST PEOPLE ARE
frustrations on those children, they feel CONTROLLED BY THEIR BONDS IN
these people have no room to point any SOCIETY. Crime occurs when the forces
fingers at them. that bind people to society are weakened
or broken.
EXAMPLE : person who is caught doing
drugs might say, "You were just like me the social control being referred to are the
back in your day. All of you hippies were agencies of social control such as families
doing hard drugs in the '70s. You are school religion and church government
such hypocrites" and laws and other identified authorities
in society thus, when the agencies of
Taong nahuhuli magdroga ng kanyang social control are strong the people can
magulang moght say “Kayo rin naman be expected not to resort to criminal
nagdodroga noon diba? Bakit niyo ko behavior in contrast when these are
pakekeilaman e kayo nga noon ay adik di weak and ineffective then criminal
ko nga kayo pinapakielaman tapos ako behavior will be difficult to control or
pakikielaman mo” Hypocrite rin kayo ee. contain

5. Appeal to higher loyalties - Novice 99. It argues that anyone facing such an
criminals often argue that they are caught overwhelming, negative labeling social
in the dilemma of being loyal to their own reaction will eventually become more like
peer group while at the same time the label because that is the only way out
attempting to abide by the rules of the of their identity formation.
larger society.
A. Differential Identification Theory
C. Social Control Theory

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B. Labeling Theory associated with people possessing the

D. Social Learning Theory same economic status as with him. In this
situation a “sub-culture” is born that may
100. Strain theory contend that people produce disorganization in the youth as
commit delinquent acts due to ____ opposed to conventional and traditional
values. This is a classic example of which
a. Stress and pressure people theory?
experience over their inability to
achieve legitimate social and financial A. Social Conflict
success. B. Social Process
b. Several mental disorders and C. Social Control
personality problems that leads to D. Social Structure
criminal behavior
c. Learning and influence cause by RADICAL THEORY/ MARXIST THEORY
socialization and interaction to other - Attributes crimes to capitalism
people with delinquent behavior - Singles out the relationship
d. Stigmatizing marks given by between the owners of the means
unforgiving society to its erring member of production or the capitalist, and
the workers under capitalism, as
101. They emphasize relationships the root cause of crime
between social institutions and describe - Views the economic and political
the types of behavior which tend to forces operating in society as the
characterize groups of people as opposed fundamental causes of criminality.
to individuals.
104. Explains that the poor or the young
A. Social process theory imitate the rich or the more experienced
B. Social structure theory and that crimes among the poor are their
C. Social learning theory attempts to imitate wealthy, high-status
D. Labeling theory people.

102. According to this theory, the changes A. Law of imitation or the law of
or modification of the “bio”, “psycho”, and imitation of superiors by inferiors
the “socio” component of the person affect B. Law of close contact
his/her behavior. C. Law of insertion
D. Trafalgar D. Water Law
A. Biopsychosocial Model
C. Biological Theory
B. Psychological Theory
D. Sociological theory

EXAMPLE: SI JOKER SI ARTHUR FLECK

MAY SAKIT SIYA Involuntary Emotional
Expression Disorder. Nakuha niya to
nung bata siya. Siya’y mahirap lang and
hindi rin siya nagtatagal sa trabaho kasi
lagi siyang tinatanggal. Palagi rin siyang
nabubugbog, at some point in the movie
nagpakita siya ng signs of depression 105. This theory states that the zones
dahil kahit anong gawin niya paulit ulit closest to the inner city had the highest
lang ang cycle na nangyayari sa kanya prevalence of social ills, notably,
hanggang sa nagloose na talaga siya unemployment, poverty, reliance on social
nakapatay siya at dun na nagsimula yung assistance, and rates of disease.
kanyang criminal behavior.
A. Relative Deprivation Theory
103. Pedro does not want to interact with B. Interactionist Theory
the in his neighborhood and prefer to be B. Concentric Zones Theory
D. Chivalry Theory
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C. Penis Envy
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION THEORY D. Catharsis Hypothesis

This theory emphasizes that a sharp 110. A term used to describe persons who
division between the rich and the poor were normal in all respects except that
creates an atmosphere of envy and something was wrong with the part of the
mistrust. Criminal motivation is fueled brain that regulates affective responses.
both by perceived humiliation and the
perceived right to humiliate a victim in A. Moral Insanity
return. Accordingly, lower-class people B. Aura Epileptica -
might feel both deprived and embittered C. Criminal Responsibility
when they compare their life D. Premenstrual Syndrome -
circumstances to those of the more
affluent. The constant frustration suffered 111. This view depicts criminal behavior
by the deprived individuals because of as being defined by those in power to
their economic status may lead to protect and advance their own self-
aggression and hostility and, may result interest
to violence and crime.
A. Interactionist view
106. The term applied to the crime carried B. Consensus view
out by women whose office jobs can be C. Rear view
characterized as being set on a low to D. Conflict view
medium level.
A. White Collar Crime 112. A society which rules of behavior
B. Pink Collar Crime have broken down or become inoperative
C. Blue Collar Crime during periods of rapid social change or
D. Marginal Crimes social crisis such as war, or famine.

107. . It argues that anyone facing such a. Labeling theory

an overwhelming, negative labeling social b. Anomie theory
reaction will eventually become more like c. Strain theory
the label because that is the only way out d. Stress theory
of their identify formation.
113. This theory occurs when behavior is
A. Differential Identification Theory reinforced by being either rewarded or
C. Social Control Theory punished while interacting with others;
B. Labeling Theory A. Differential identification theory
D. Social Learning Theory B. Differential association theory
C. Differential reinforcement theory
108. It refers to the group of people under D. Neutralization theory
the capitalist society as the owners of the
means of production who has the power 114. This theory proposed that deviance
to control the production of goods. is socially constructed through reaction
instead of action;
A. Bourgeoisie
B. Peasants A. Social control theory
C. Proletariat -Lower class C. Social bonding theory
D. Capitalism B. Labeling theory
D. Differential identification theory
109. This view states that multiple
sources of strain interact with an 115. A common temporary psychological
individual’s emotional traits and state right after childbirth when a new
responses to produce criminality. mother may have sudden mood swings,
feeling very happy, then very sad, cry for
A. Strain Theory no apparent reason, feel impatient,
B. General Strain Theory

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unusually irritable, restless, anxious, 118. According to this theory, women are
lonely and sad. motivated to commit crime as a rational
response to poverty and economic
A. Baby Blues uncertainty that they perceive.
C. Adjustment Disorder
B. Postpartum Depression - causes A. Opportunity Theory - this theory
feelings of anxiety and self-doubt. The argued that the involvement of criminal
woman wants to become a perfect mother activities is increased when women have
and wife, but at the same time she feels different
exhausted and overwhelmed. opportunities. Increasing opportunities of
women reduced the rates of violent female
D. Postpartum Stress Syndrome offending, but increased the rates of
property crimes.
116. A syndrome that does not establish B. Critical Feminist Theory
the culpability of any particular person C. Marginalization Theory
but rather indicates that a child found D. Theory of Masculinity - The view that
with serious, repeated injuries has not women who commit crimes have
suffered those injured by accidental biological and psychological traits similar
means. to those of men.

A. Premenstrual Syndrome - The HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

stereotype that several days prior to and
during menstruation females are beset by 119. Refers to the way in which an
irritability and poor judgment as a result organism responds to stimulus.
of hormonal changes.
B. Battered Child Syndrome A. Behavior
C. Postpartum Stress Syndrome B. Stimulus - Refers to any outside force
D. Battered Woman Syndrome from the environment that could excite a
receptor or any of his organs.
117. A stage of development experienced C. Human Behavior - The collection of all
only by female children occurs when a girl actions humans are doing, how they are
notices the differences in male and female feeling, thinking and experiences things
anatomy and longs to have a penis of her in life.
own. D. Human Being
A. Identity Fusion - it's based on the idea
that people can feel a sense of oneness 120. Is a process in which a progressive
with a group, and that this feeling can series of changes occurs as a result of
lead to extreme behaviors. maturation and experience of a person.

EXAMPLE: . If one of the members of the A. Development

gang was killed and the other members B. Human development
knew who killed their co-member then; C. Innovation
there is a big possibility that this gang will D. Maturation
join forces to take revenge against the
killer, because each member of the gang 121. The goal of developmental changes
feels that they are one family within the is__________, through a process called
group. self-realization or self-actualization.

B. Identity Crisis - It is a period of serious a. To enable them manage their

personal questioning people undertake in interpersonal relationship
an effort to determine their own values b. To manage emotion for personal growth
and sense of direction. c. Adopt to changes as what them
requires to undergo for them to live
C. Penis Envy d. Enable people to adapt to the
D. Penis Envy Theory environment in which they live

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122. During this stage, an infant's main develops a sexual attraction to the parent
source of interaction occurs through the of the opposite sex;
mouth.
a. Oedipus Complex - This refers to an
a. Oral Stage instance where in boys build up a
b. Anal Stage warm and loving relationship with
c. Phallic Stage mothers (mommy's boy).
d. Latency Stage
b. Electra Complex - This refers to an
Freud's Model of Personality Development occasion where in girls experience an
(Psychosexual Stages) intense emotional attachment for their
fathers (daddy's girl).
1. ORAL STAGE (0 -18 MONTHS)
- First psychosexual stage Note: The Oedipus Complex is
Source of gratification: Mouth named for the king of Thebes who
A child who is frustrated at this stage may killed his father and married his
develop an adult personality that is mother.
characterized by pessimism, envy and
suspicion. The overindulged child may 4. Latency Stage (6-11 Years)
develop to be optimistic, gullible, and
full of admiration for others. Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this
stage. converted into interest in
2. ANAL STAGE ( 18 MONTHS - 3 years) schoolwork, riding bicycles playing house
- Second stage and sports.
Parents decide to toilet train their
children duringanal stage, the children 5. Genital Stage (11 years on)
learn how much control they can exert
over others with anal sphincter muscle. The start of puberty and genital stage:
there is renewed interest in obtaining
sexual pleasure through the genitals
This represents the conflict between the id,
which derives pleasure from the expulsion Masturbation often becomes frequent and
of bodily wastes, and the super-ego which leads to orgasm for the first time. Sexual
represents external pressure to control and romantic interests in others also
bodily functions. become a central motive. Interest now
turns to heterosexual relationships. The
If the parents are too lenient in this lesser fixation the child has in earlier
conflict, it will result in the formation of stages, the oaks chances of developing a
an anal expulsive character of the child "normal" personality, and he develops
who is disorganized, reckless and defiant. healthy meaningful relationships with
Conversely, a child may opt to retain feces, those of the opposite sex.
thereby spiting his parents, and may
develop an anal retentive character which OAPHALAGE
is neat, stingy (ungenerous) and
obstinate. (Hindi basta basata nagbabago Freud Psychosexual Theory believes that
ng view) we are born with two basis instincts:

3. Phallic stage (3 to 6 yrs old) 1. Eros - This is named after the Greek
god for love. Eros includes the sex drives
Source of Pleasure: Genitals and drives such as hunger and thirst.

The child's erotic pleasure focuses on 2. Thanatos - This is named after Greek
masturbation, that is, on self- god for death. This includes not only
manipulation of the genitals. striving for death but also destructive
motives such as hostility and aggression.

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These drives highly influence the

personality of a person.

123. It lays down the foundation of one’s

gender identity. The patterns of
identification arising from the phallic
stage primarily determine the
development of human character.

A. Oral Stage
B. Anal Stage
C. Phallic Stage
D. Latency Stage

124. This is a period of exploration and

place an important role in the
development of confidence as well as
social and communication skills.

a. Oral Stage
b. Anal Stage
c. Phallic Stage
d. Latency Stage

125. Erikson's theory is most commonly

connected to the work of what other
prominent psychologist? - Psychosocial

A. Jean Piaget
B. Albert Bandura
C. B.F. Skinner
D. Sigmund freud - Psychosexual

126. According to Erikson, each stage is

centered on development that is provoked
by a central what?

A. Attachment 128. Which of these is considered a major

B. Conflict criticism of Erikson's theory of
C. Connection development?
D. Disturbance
A. There are not enough stages
127. What are the outcomes of the first B. The mechanism for conflict is not
and last psychosocial stage, respectively? well-described.
C. Central Conflicts are too specific
A, Hope and Wisdom D. There are too many stages
B. Purpose and Care
C. Confidence and Fidelity - the theory fails to detail exactly
D. Will and Love what type of experiences are
necessary at each stage in order to
Erikson's Stages of Development successfully resolve the conflicts
and move to the next stage.

129. According to the theory, successful

completion of each stage results in a

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healthy personality and the acquisition of 135. It is a theory of learning and social
basic virtues. behavior which proposes that new
behaviors can be acquired by observing
A. Cognitive Development Theory and imitating others
B. Erik Erikson’s Stages of
Development A. Cognitive Development Theory
C. Social learning theory B. Erik Erickson’s Stages of development
D. Cognitive Behavior Theory C. Social Learning Theory
D. Cognitive Behavior Theory
130. This theory explains how a child
constructs a mental model of the world. 136. In this stage, the model must
capture the observer’s interest, and the
A. Cognitive Development Theory observer must deem the model’s behavior
B. Erik Erickson’s Stages of development worth imitating.
C. Social Learning Theory
D. Cognitive Behavior Theory A. Attention
B. Retention
131. Which of these occurs during the C. Reproduction
sensorimotor stage of development? D. Motivation

A. Understanding the concept of thinking 137. Which level of Abraham Maslow's

B. Abstract Thinking hierarchy of needs encompasses the
C. The ability to use words and pictures desire for basic needs for survival such
to represent objects as food, water, air, shelter, cloth, sex,
D. The realization that we are separate sleep, etc.
beings from the people and object
around us A. Biological/Physiological
B. Safety needs -
132. All but which of these factors C. Self Actualization
influence how children learn, according to D. Love and belongingness
Piaget?
138. The followings are the concept of
A. Assimilation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, EXCEPT;
B. Schemas
C. Accommodation A. Human needs are arranged according
D. Generativity to its importance from basic to complex.

133. All but which of these factors B. Person will just long for fulfillment of
influence how children learn, according to next level needs after achieving at least
Piaget? partial fulfillment of lower need

A. Assimilation C. Humans have different needs and

B. Schemas wants that if unsatisfied may influence
C. Accommodation their behavior.
D. Generativity
D. NOTA
134. The theory suggests that our
thoughts, emotions, body sensations, and 139. According to this theory behavior is
behavior are all connected, and that what influenced by its consequences. Behavior
we think and do affects the way we feel. that is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be
repeated, and behavior that is punished
A. Cognitive Development Theory will occur less frequently.
B. Erik Erickson’s Stages of development
C. Social Learning Theory A. Operant Conditioning
D. Cognitive Behavior Theory

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B. Classical Conditioning - two stimuli are 141. During genital stage, genitals
linked together to produce a new learned become the primary source of pleasure.
response in a person or animal. The child's erotic pleasure focuses on
masturbation, that is, on self-
EXAMPLE: YUNG NOTIFICATION SOUND manipulation of the genitals. He develops
PAG NARINIG NIYO ANO PUMAPASOK SA a sexual attraction to the parent of the
ISIP NIYO? MAY NAG MESSAGE DIBA? opposite sex. The Statement is Incorrect.
KAYA TITIGNAN NIYO YUNG CP. THAT IS
AN EXAMPLE OF CLASSICAL A. True
CONDITIONING B. False
C. Yes
ITO PA NOONG ELEMENTARY TAYO D. No
KAPAG TUMUNOG ANG BELL MASAYA
NA TAYO. BAKIT? NAIISIP KASI NATIN NA 142. It refers to the study of origin of
UWIAN NA OR BREAKTIME NA mental disorders, how they develop, and
the symptoms they might produce in a
C. Human Ecology Theory person.
D. Both A and B A. Pathology - the study of disease,
including its causes, progression, and
140. This perspective focuses on how impact on people.
humans have evolved and adapted B. Psychopathology
behaviors required for survival against C. Psychiatric examination
various environmental pressures over the d. Psychological examination
long course of evolution. -
EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE. 143. According to the levels of mental
retardation, those classified in this
a. Biological Approach category are incompletely incapable of
b. Personality Disorder Factor looking after themselves. They have the
c. Humanistic Approach mental age of a 3-year old child and they
d. Learning Factor require complete hospitalization, immense
attention and care.
Common Perspectives in the Study of
Human Behavior A. Profound mental retardation
B. Moderate mental retardation
Neurological - Emphasizes human actions C. Mild mental retardation
in relation to events that take place inside D. Severe mental retardation
the body, especially the brain and the
nervous system Four Different Levels of Mental
Retardation
Cognitive – studies how the brain
processes and transforms information in 1. Mild Mental Retardation -
various ways. Approximately 85% of the mentally
retarded population is in the mildly
Psychoanalytical – emphasizes retarded category. Their IQ score ranges
unconscious motives stemming from from 50-70, and they can often acquire
repressed sexual and aggressive impulses academic skills up to about the sixth-
in childhood. grade level. They can become fairly
selfsufficient and, in some cases, live
Humanistics - A perspective in studying independently, with community and
human behavior that focuses on the social support.
subject’s experiences, freedom of choice,
and strong motivation to achieve self- 2. Moderate Mental Retardation - About
actualization. 10% of the mentally retarded population
is considered moderately retarded.
Moderately retarded persons have IQ
scores ranging from 35-55. They can

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carry out work and self-care tasks with 146. This theory of emotion suggests that
moderate supervision. They typically physiological arousal occurs first, and
acquire communication skills in then the individual must identify the
childhood and are able to live and reason for this arousal to experience and
function successfully within the label it as an emotion. The critical factor
community in such supervised is the situation and the cognitive
environments as group homes. interpretation that people use to label
that emotion.
3, Severe Mental Retardation - About 3-
4% of the mentally retarded population is a. Schachter-Singer Theory
severely retarded. Severely retarded
persons have IQ scores of 20-40. They SEE STIMULUS = PHYSIOLOGICAL
may master very basic self-care skills and RESPONSE + Appraisal = EMOTION
some communication skills. Many
severely retarded individuals are able to NAKAKITA KA NG LION SA CAMP SITE
live in a group home. Tumaas yung heart beat mo tapos
nagpapawis ka at the same naasess mo
na delikado ang sitwasyon mo therefore
4. Profound Mental Retardation - Only 1- you are scare
2% of the mentally retarded population is
classified as profoundly retarded. b. Cannon-Bard Theory - Emotion then
Profoundly retarded individuals have 1Q response or simultaneous
scores under 20-25. They may be able to
develop basic self-care and SEE STIMULUS = PHYSIOLOGICAL
communication skills with appropriate RESPONSE + FEELING EMOTION =
support and training. Their retardation is
often caused by an accompanying NAKAKITA NG BEAR NAGPAWIS TUMAAS
neurological disorder. Profoundly retarded ANG HEARBEAT THEREFORE I AM
people need a high level of structure and SCARED
supervision.
c. James-Lange Theory - Response then
- emotion

144. The McNaughton Rule requires the SEE STIMULUS - PHYSIOLOGICAL

following in a criminal defendant except: RESPONSE - FEELING EMOTION

a. not know what he was doing at the NAKAKITA NG TIGER TUMAAS ANG
time b. not know that his actions were HEARBEAT AT NAGPAWIS NAREALIZED
wrong MO NATATAKOT KA
c. can control impulses
d. none of these d. None of these

145. It refers to the subjective state of 147. Alyana is suffering from distressing
mind. It can be reactions to internal feelings and these distressing feelings
stimuli such as thoughts or memories or persist an extended period of time and
events that occur in the environment. seem to be unrelated to events
surrounding her. Based on the symptoms
a. Mood of abnormal behavior, it is:
b. Emotions
c. Personality - a pattern of habits, a. Impaired Functioning
attitudes and triats that defines an b. Long Periods of Discomfort
individual’s characteristics, behavior and c. Bizarre Behavior
qualities d. Disruptive Behavior
d. Temperament

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148. It is a stress that is healthy or gives E.g: Visual (sight), Olfactory (smell),
one a feeling of fulfillment or other Cutaneous (touch), Auditory (hearing),
positive feelings. gustatory (taste

a. Eustress 151. Behavior seen in most members of

b. Distress - Negative feelings the same community.
c. Conflict -
d. None of these A. Deviant behavior
B. Abnormal
149. It is an unpleasant state of tension C. Average behavior
and heightened sympathetic activity, D. Average behavior
resulting from a blocked goal.
153. Part of the natural development of
a. Stress - process of adjusting to or an adolescent are growth ________ and
dealing with circumstances that disrupts, maturation.
or threatens to disrupt a person’s physical
or psychological functioning. A. Playing
b. Conflict - It refers to the simultaneous B. Learning
arousal of two or more incompatible C. Working
motives resulting in unpleasant emotions. D. Singing
c. Frustration
d. Depression 154. Hallucination is experienced by
having
150. It is the fear of the conscience.
People with well-developed superegos tend A. False sensory perception
to feel guilty when they do something that B. False belief
is contrary to the moral code by which C. May be aware but could not
they have been raised. D. Deviation from morality or
acceptable morality
a. Moral anxiety
b. Neurotic anxiety - Fear of that instincts 155. These are unlearned behaviors.
will get out of control and cause to do
something for which she/he will be A. Habitual
punished. B. Instinctive
c. Reality anxiety - Fear in real dangers in C. Symbolic - are behaviors that are
external world usually carried out by means of unsaid
d. None of these words, and shown through symbols or
body signs.
151. It refers to the person’s knowledge of D. Complex
a given stimulus which largely helps to
determine the actual behavioral response 156. Lucas has this type of anxiety
in a given situation. disorder because of his repeated exposure
to horrible details of trauma.
a. Perception
b. Awareness - refers to the psychological a. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) -
activity based on interpretation or past People who suffer from this have
experience with a given stimulus or object unwanted, intrusive, and repetitive
c. Sensation - is the feeling or impression thoughts or behaviors
created by a given stimulus or cause, that b. Panic Disorder - characterized by
leads to a particular reaction or behavior, unexpected and repeated episodes of
in short, the effects. intense fear accompanied by physical
d. Learning symptoms that may include chest pain,
heart palpitations, shortness of breath,
dizziness, or abdominal distress.
c. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Free
floating anxiety`

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d. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder usually arrive with being a law breaker or

(PTSD) in the career of being violent
c. Schizotypal personality
157. Are chronic maladaptive cognitive- d. Histrionic (hysterical) personality
behavioral patterns that are thoroughly
integrated into the individual’s personality 160. Luffy has a tendency to behave
and that are troublesome to others or dangerously and sometimes illegally, He
whose pleasure sources are either put himself in dangerous or risky
harmful or illegal. situations, often without thinking about
the consequences for himself or other
a. Personality disorder people. The scenario shows what kind of
b. Mental disorder personality disorder?
c. Somatoform Disorder - disorder
characterized by bodily symptoms of A. Borderline Personality - Characterized
physical problem but upon diagnosis, by instability reflected in drastic mood
there is no organic problem being found shifts and behavior problems. Person is
lacking of clear sense of self image, moody,
d. Behavioral disorder being too attached with others
B. Avoidant Personality - It is
158. Buggy, always suspect others he characterized by hypersensitivity to
always think that he is being deceived by rejection and apprehensive alertness to
others or other people will try to hurt him. any sign of social derogation.
Buggy exhibit what kind of personality C. Dependent Personality - Nakadepende
disorder? - PARANOID PERSONALITY plagi sa ibang tao
DISORDER D. AntiSocial Personality

A. Histrionic Personality Disorder - 161. This suggests that people feel

Characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotions first then act upon them. This is
emotional instability and self- a theory that emotion and psychological
dramatization. They react more intense or reaction occur simultaneously. These
more dramatic than what is required or actions include changes in muscular
expected in a particular situation. tension, perspiration etc.

B. Passive-Aggresive Personality - – it’s a. JAMES-LANGE THEORY

characterized by being hostile expressed b. CANON-BARD THEORY
in indirect and non-violent ways. They are c. TWO FACTORY THEORY
the so called “stubborn” d. Nota

C. Schizoid Personality Disorder - : lack of 162. Which of the following is a common

interest and detachment from social symptom of restless leg syndrome?
relationships, and restricted emotional
expression, solitary. LONERS OR COLD a. Loud snoring - Sleep apnea
PEOPLE b. Nightmares
c. Sleepwalking - Somnumbulism
D. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - d. An urge to move the legs
pattern of grandiosity, need for
admiration, exaggerated self-importance 163. It is a serious personality disorder
characterized by persistent antisocial
159. People with this personality display violent behaviors, lack of empathy and
oddities of thinking, perceiving and remorse, and bold, disinhibited,
communicating similar to those of people egotistical personality traits.
with schizophrenia.
a. Neurosis
a. Narcissistic personality b. Psychosis
b. Antisocial personality - Literally c. Psychopath
pertains to those “against society”. They d. Psychoneurotic person

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164. It is a false interpretation by the A. Aim Inhibition - Person lessen the level
senses of an external object or stimulus, of their goals. They shift with the goal that
which has a real existence. is still aligned with their real goal but in
lower level of their sights.
a. Illusion
b. Hallucination - False perception Ex. A person who wants to be a
c. Dementia - Deterioration in intellectual veterinarian who does not passed the
functioning after completing brain required examination. In order to avoid
maturation. frustrating himself, just shift and be
d. Amnesia -Refers to the partial or total contented with Veterinary assistant
inability to recall or identify past instead.
experiences following a traumatic incident.
B. Substitution - is resorted to, when an
165. Mental disorder associated with unattainable or unacceptable goal,
earlier degeneration of the brain. emotion, or object is replaced by one that
is attainable or acceptable.
A. Organic Delusional syndrome - The
general personality changes following EX. A person who failed to achieve being
brain damage. an honor student tried to excel and be
B. Organic Affective Syndrome - The recognized in the music field.
extreme/severe manic or depressive state
with the impairment of the cerebral C. Sublimation- Person divert their
function negative aspirations to something
C. General Paresis - “dementia paralytica”, positive upon fulfillment in the eyes of
a syphilitic infection of the brain and society.
involving impairment of the CNS D. Repression - an unconscious process
D Pre-Senile Dementia where unacceptable urges or painful,
traumatic experiences are completely
166. This type of Schizophrenia shows prevented from entering consciousness
symptoms which are a rapidly changing
mixture of all the primary indicators of EX. A woman who was sexually abused
schizophrenia. has forgot that event as she grew.

A. Paranoid Schizophrenia - Illogical, 168. Nami, a college student, hugs her

changeable delusions frequently bear tightly and carefully during sadness.
accompanied by a vivid hallucinations,
with a resulting impairment of critical A. Displacement - Shifting emotion to
judgement, unpredictable and another object or another person
occasionally behavior who/which are less threatening.
B. Undifferentiated Type
C. Catatonic - it is the altering period of EX. One who is embarrassed by the
extreme withdrawal and extreme Professor in the class may bursts out
excitement. The individual may talk or emotion with throwing things in the
shout incoherently and engage house as he arrived home. Instead of
uninhibited, impulsive behavior. The yelling back and burst anger with the
person may be dangerous. professor, just diverted the emotion to
D. Hebeprenic Schizophrenia – there is things that may not affect him.
emotional distortion manifested in
inappropriate laughter, peculiar B. Altruism - Diverting attention to other’s
mannerism, and bizarre behavior. pain instead of focusing with own pain.
Healing oneself by healing others.
167. Sanji is a sexually aggressive chose
to become a lifeguard at the beach. By C. Undoing - Doing things that tries to
there, he can see women in a sexy outfit convert failure or cover things done with
without effort.

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things that is pleasant such as by result. Being discouraged to go on

apologizing or repentance. working for a way to handle a frustration
could result in diminishing self-
EX. Husband who became bad before confidence until the time when
with his wife gives her flowers and gifts inferiority complex sets in.
today.
6. Aggression - It is a negative outcome of
D. Regression a person's inability to handle
frustration rightly. Manifestation in
169. They identify first the problem, look physical behavior can be observed in
for the most practical and handy way to one's negative attitudes towards life both
solve it, and proceeded with the in the persona and the professional
constructive manner of utilizing the aspect.
solution which will produce the best
results. 7. Use of Defense Mechanism -— It is the
most tolerated way of handling frustration.
a. Direct approach It is a man’s last result when a person
b. Detour attempts to overcome fear from an
c. Substitution anticipated situation or event.
d. Developing feeling of inferiority

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration 170. The following are symptoms of

depression, except:
Direct approach — It can be seen among
people who handle their problems in a A. suicide attempt
very objective way. They identify first the B. have trouble on making decision
problem, look for the most practical and C. using illegal drugs
handy way to solve it and proceed with D. feeling of guilt
the constructive manner of utilizing the
solution which will produce the best 171. It is when people feel depressed,
results. have low self-esteem, and concentrate
poorly most of the time-often for a period
2. Detour - When an individual realizes of years but their symptoms are milder
that in finding for the right solution of the than in major depression.
problem, he always end up with a a. Dysthymia
negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries b. Seasonal affective disorder
to make a detour or change direction first c. Bipolar disorder
and find out if the solution or remedy is d. Major Depressive disorder
there.

3. Substitution - Most of time resulted to DIFFERENT FORMS OF DEPRESSION

in handling frustration when an original
plan intended to solve the problem did not 1. Major Depressive Disorder - This is
produce the intended result, Thus, the also called major depression. It is
most practical way to face the problem characterized by a combination of
is to look for most possible or symptoms that interfere with a person's
alternative Means. ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and
enjoy once-pleasurable activities. Major
4. Withdrawal or retreat -It is depression is disabling and prevents a
corresponding to running away from the person from functioning normally. An
problem or flight which to some is the episode of major depression may occur
safest way. only once in a person's lifetime, but
more often, it recurs throughout a
5. Developing feeling of inferiority — It person's life.
comes when a person is unable to hold on
to any solution which gives a positive

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2. Dhysthymic - The symptoms do not mania) to extreme lows (e.g.,

occur for more than two months at a time. depression).
Generally, this type of depression is
described as having persistent but less 7. Endogenous Depression - Endogenous
severe depressive symptoms than means from within the body. This type of
Major Depression. Manifest nearly depression is defined as feeling depressed
constant depressed mood for at least 2 for no apparent reason.
years accompanied by at least two (or
more) of the following: a. Decrease or 8. Situational Depression or Reactive
increase in eating; b. Difficulty sleeping or Depression - This is also known as
increase in sleeping; c Low energy or Adjustment Disorder with Depressed
fatigue; d. Low self-esteem; c. Difficulty Mood. Depressive symptoms develop in
concentrating or making decisions; and f. response to a specific stressful
Feeling hopeless. situation or event (e.g. job loss,
relationship ending). These symptoms
3. Psychotic Depression - This occurs occur within 3 months of the stressor
when a severe depressive illness is and lasts no longer than 6 months
accompanied by some form of psychosis, after the stressor (or its consequences)
such as a break with reality, has ended. Depression symptoms cause
hallucinations, and delusions. significant distress or impairs usual
functioning (e.g. relationships, work,
school) and do not meet the criteria for
4. Postpartum Depression - This is a major depressive disorder.
major depressive episode that occurs
after having a baby. A new mother 9. Agitated Depression - This kind of
develops a major depressive episode major depressive disorder is characterized
within one month after delivery, It is by agitation such as physical and
estimated that 10 to 15 percent of women emotional restlessness, irritability and
experience postpartum depression after insomnia, which is the opposite of
giving birth. In rare cases, a woman may many depressed individuals who have
have a severe form of depression called low energy and feel slowed down
postpartum psychosis. She may act physically and mentally inappropriate
strangely, see or hear things that aren't social behavior
there, and be a danger to herself and
her baby. 172. Which refers to self-focused
attention toward one’s thoughts and
5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) - This feeling?
is characterized by the onset of a
depressive illness during the winter A. Depression
months, when there is less natural B. Frustration - It refers to the unpleasant
sunlight. The depression generally lifts feelings that result from the blocking of
during spring and summer. SAD may be motive satisfaction.
effectively treated with light therapy, but C. Aggression - It refers to any response
nearly half of those with SAD do not made with the intent of harming some
respond to light therapy alone. person or objects.
Antidepressant medication and D. Rumination
psychotherapy can reduce SAD symptoms,
either alone or in combination with light 173. According to Freud, the ability to
therapy learn about the consequences of one’s
actions through experience.
6. Bipolar Disorder - This is also called
manic-depressive illness, is not as A. Reality Principle
common as major depression or B. Pleasure Principle - ID
dysthymia. Bipolar disorder is C. Superego
characterized by cyclical mood D. Ego Ideal
changes- from extreme highs (e.g.,

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174. Weak egos are associated with d. Sexual deviancy - A kind of sexual
immaturity, poor social skills, and behavior that seeks stimulations and
excessive dependence on others. People gratification by means other than normal,
with weak egos may be easily led into heterosexual norms.
crime by antisocial peers and drug abuse.
The Statement is not not incorrect. 179. It is a sexual disorder characterized
by the inability to achieve or maintain
A. True erection for a successful intercourse.
B. False
C. Yes A. Erectile Insufficiency - Hindi na natayo
D. No B. Vaginismus - Naglolock. Involuntary
spasm of the muscles
Some offenders have underdeveloped C. Premature ejaculation - Mabilis
superegos and consequently lack labasan
internalized representations of those D. Aspermia
behaviors that are punished in
conventional society. They commit crimes
because they have difficulty 180. It is a form of sexual gratification
understanding the consequences of their characterized by the compulsive desire of
actions a person to rub his sex organs against
some part of the body of another.
175. It directs the individual into morally
acceptable and responsible behaviors, a. Sodomy - Anal sex
which may not be pleasurable. b. Uranism - Fingering, holding brest or
licking parts of the body
A. Ego Ideal c. Frottage
B. Conscience - it distinguishes between d. Partialism - Sexual Libido on any part
what is right and wrong. of the sexual partner
C. Id
D. Ego 181. The _________ of crime is often
becomes the FORGOTTEN PERSON in the
176. If eros represent the is the instinct to criminal justice system.
preserve and create life, then thanatos is
an instinct of__________________. A. Criminal - Star/Superstar
B. Victim
A, Thanatos C. Crime
B. Eros D. Criminal Justice System
C. Aggression
D. 182. The idea that victims of crime,
especially childhood abuse, are more
177. It is the excessive sexual desire of likely to commit crimes themselves
men to intercourse.
A. Battered Wife Syndrome
a. Satyriasis B. Battered Child Syndrome
b. Nymphomania - Excessive sexual urge C. Cycle of Violence - The idea that
of woman victims of crime, especially childhood
c. Oralism - Buko Juice abuse, are more likely to commit crimes
d. Sado-masochism themselves.
D. Elder Abuse
178. The behavior associated with the
relation between sexes and their 183. A branch of criminology which deals
respective reproductive organs. with the study of individuals who,
somehow one way or another, have
a. Heterosexuality - Opposite sex contributed to the commission of the
b. Homosexuality - Same sex crime .
c. Sexuality

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a. criminology 186. It is a type of victim are those who

b. victimology are weak by virtue of age and immaturity
c. etiology
d. Penology a. young
b. old - cannot properly defend
184. This type of victimology attempts to themselves
step away from the “victim-blaming” c. female - less physically powerful easily
tendencies of the other approaches by dominated
explaining how social forces contribute to d. mentally defective - Unable to think
an individual’s probability of being clearly
victimized.
187. This refers to a person who
A. Penal Victimology - the role of criminal victimizes others.
justice system and how the victim and
offender interact in a crime commission a. victimization
B. Theoretical Victimology - It attempts to b. victim
explain the victim’s influence on a crime c. victimity - Opposite of criminality
through analysis, data collection, and d. Victimizer
developing theories
C. General VIctimology - studies five 188. Walking alone at night in a
victimization categories: criminal, self, dangerous area, conspicuously wearing
social environmental, technological, and expensive jewelry, leaving doors unlocked
natural disaster and associating with known criminals are
D. Critical Victimology characteristics that may lead to
victimization.

185. The idea is that at the interpersonal a. Lifestyle exposure theory

level, crime and victimization is a contest b. Victim precipitation theory - The idea
of character. that the victim’s behavior was the spark
that ignited the subsequent offense, such
a. Luckenbill’s Situated Transaction as when the victim abused the offender
model verbally or physically.
b. Benjamin and Master’s Threefold model
c. Lifestyle exposure theory a. Active Precipitation - It occurs when
d. Victim precipitation theory victims act provocatively, use threats or
fighting words, or even attack first.
BENJAMIN & MASTERS THREEFOLD
MODEL b. Passive Precipitation - It occurs when
the victim exhibits some personal
The idea is that conditions that support characteristic that unknowingly either
crime can be classified into three general threatens or encourages the attacker. The
categories: crime can occur because of personal
a. Precipitating Factors - time, space, conflict. This may also occur when the
being in the wrong place at the wrong victim belongs to a group whose mere
time. presence threatens the attacker's
reputation, status, or economic well-being.
b. Attracting Factors - choices, options,
lifestyles (the sociological expression c. Routine activities theory
"lifestyle" refers to daily routine activities D. Victim Facilitation - Occurs when a
as well as special events one engages in victim makes it, unintentionally so, easier
on.a predictable basis. for an offender to commit a crime

c. Predisposing Factors - all the EXAMPLE: May motor ka tapos nagpark

sociodemographic characteristics of ka sa isang place dahil sa tingin mo
victims, being male, being young, being mabilis ka lang naman nilagay mo helmet
poor, being a minority, l mo sa manibela ng motor tapos pumunta

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na kana sa store pagbalik mo wala na inform the victim-survivors of their rights

yung helmet mo. and remedies.

189. CCTV camera is set up incorrectly or 193. The following are the qualifications
in the wrong place or is not monitored. of a State witness, Except;
Staff is present in a shop, but do not have
sufficient training or awareness to be an A. The offense in which his testimony
effective deterrent. Thus, a certain will be used is a Less felony
offender was motivated to commit a crime. B. There is absolute necessity for his
This is an example of: testimony;
a. Lifestyle exposure theory C. He does not appear to be most guilty
b. Victim precipitation theory D. There is no other direct evidence
c. Routine activities theory available for the proper prosecution of the
d. Deviant place theory - victims do not offense committed
encourage crime but are victim prone
because they reside in socially 194. Those victimized due to ignorance.
disorganized highcrime areas where they a. victims guiltier than the offender -
have the greatest risk of coming into containing persons who provoked the
contact with criminal offenders. criminal or actively induced their own
victimization.
190. It is an order to prevent further acts b. completely innocent victim - such a
of violence against women and their person is an ideal victim in popular
children. perception.
A. Barangay Protection Order c. victims with minor guilt
B. Temporary Protection Order - d. victims who are as guilty as offender -
APPLIED AT THE COURT, effective for BEAR AS MUCH RESPONSIBILITY AS
thirty (30) days THE OFFENDER
C. Permanent Protection Order - Be
effective until revoked by the court upon 195. Based on the disaster’s victim model,
application which describes the victim’s adjustment
D. Protection Orders to the victimization experience?

191. Who shall be entitled to custody and a. pre-impact stage - condition prior to
support of the victim child/ children. biee
Especially, children below seven (7) years b. post-impact stage - Entails the degree
old or older but with mental or physical and duration of personal social
disabilities? disorganization following victimization
c. behavioral outcome
A. Women d. impact stage - Victimization occur
B. Grandparents
C. Perpetrator 196. A person who directly experiences a
D. Father crime is known as:
a. Primary victim
192. What shall the barangay officer do b. Secondary victim -family peers or
once he receives information about an act environment where the crime occur
of VAWC? c. Tertiary victim - Psychologically affected
d. None of the above
A. Immediately apprehend the perpetrator
B. shall immediately verify the 197. It is a term that describes the
information. If necessary, said official relationship between the victim and the
shall seek the assistance of the police criminal
C. Respond immediately to a call for help
or request for assistance or protection of a. couple
the victim-survivor b. penal couple
D. Interview the victim-survivors and the c. twin
witnesses to determine the facts, and d. Victim

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C. Morality - Is the quality of human

198. such as: “The police are following me acts by which it is constituted as Bad,
because they want to torture me.”; “An Good, or Indefferent
evil spirit is trying to kill me.”; "The
government is poisoning me through the D. Epistemology - It is the theory of
drinking water." They believe that harm is knowledge especially with regard to its
going to occur and that other people methods, validity, and scope.
intend for them to be harmed.
It's a philosophical field that explores the
a. Persecutory delusion nature, origin, and limits of human
b. Delusion of reference - False belief that knowledge. It distinguished justified belief
everybody is always talking about you (Paniniwala na based sa evidence) from
c. Disturbances of perception - opinion (belief that is not necessarily
d. Disturbances of affect based on facts or absolute certainty)

202. It is a branch of philosophy which

199. Makis is traveling to Baclaran via studies the principles of right or wrong in
LRT, at first he was just standing but human conduct(pag-uugali ng isang tao).
after he sees a girl and he feels an arousal
he couldn't control it, he shows his penis A. Ethics
and starts masturbating in front of the B. Morality
girl. The girl said “Kuya bat mo nilalabas C. Ethos
titi mo?”. This shows what kind of sexual D. NOTA
deviation?
ETIOLOGY OF ETHICS
A. Don Juanism - It comes from the Latin word
B. Exhibitionism “ethos“ means customary, behavior,
C. Troilism - three persons participate in moral.
sex orgy such as two women versus on
man The two words Latin – ethicus and
D. Pluralism - group of persons in sexual Greek ethikos have the same meaning
orgy which is customary.

200. According to Wolfgang this type of 2 DIVISIONS OF ETHICS

victimization affects the public of the
administration of justice. GENERAL ETHICS - the study of the
general principles of morality
A. Primary - personalized or individuals
victims SPECIAL ETHICS - the study of the
B. Secondary - Victim is an impersonal application of the general principles of
target of the offender morality; included in this division is the
C. Mutual - Victim who themselves are category of professional ethics.
offenders is given consensual acts.
D. Tertiary PROFESSIONAL ETHICS - a set of moral
code to which every profession must
Professional Conduct and Ethical subscribe. Guides the professional where
Standards the law is silent or inadequate

201. A science which inquires into the POLICE ETHICS - practical science that
ultimate reasons, causes, and principles treats the principle of human morality
of all things in the light of human reason and duty as applied to law enforcement
alone.
203. It is the quality of human acts by
A. Ethics which they are constituted as good, bad
B. Philosophy or indifferent.

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A. Morality 207. It is an application of general

B. Immoral - Actions that is not principles of morality to a certain
conforming to the accepted standards of profession or calling.
morality A. Professional Ethics
C. Amoral - actions which stand neutral B. Specific Ethics
in relation to the norm of morality. C. General Ethics
D. Moral - Actions that conform to the D. NOTA
norm of morality
208. Public officers and employees who
EXAMPLES OF AMORAL : YUNG TAONG serve with the highest degree of integrity,
MAY SAKIT SA PAGIISIP BIGLANG loyalty, responsibility and efficiency
NAMBATOK WE CAN CONSIDERED manifest?
THIS AS AMMORAL ACT KASI YUNG
ACTOR AY WALANG CONCERN a. Love for country - Patriotism
WHETHER HIS ACT IS IMMORAL OR b. Allegiance to the government
MORAL DAHIL HINDI NAMAN NIYA ALAM c. Allegiance to the constitution
NA ANG GINAWA NIYA AY MALI DAHIL d. Public office is a public trust
WALA NGA SIYA SA TAMANG PAGIISIP.
209. It refers to the commitment, dignity
204. These are individual beliefs that and attitude of an individual towards
motivate people to act one way or another. work and his integrity and his practice of
They serve as guides for human behavior. the core moral value principles.

A. Values a. Conduct - The way people act in the

B. Ethics society
C. Morality b. Morality - Principles of application of
D. Virtue - Habit of doing good. right or wrong
c. Professionalism
205. Components of moral science that d. Ethics
deals with what is good and bad as well
as our moral duties and obligations 210. It is the essence of good manners, a
manifestation of sportsmanship and an
A. Morality exposition of gentility and culture.
B. Values - describes the beliefs of an
individual or any ideas and norms man A. Courtesy
considered relevant and good. Mga bagay B. Discipline
paniniwala na kinoconsider ng isang tao C. Loyalty
as important or significant sa kanyang D. Morale
buhay whether ito’y tangible or non
tangible. ( SUBJECTIVE) HIGHEST FORM OF COURTESY -
SALUTE.
C. Ethics
D. Virtue 211. Self-esteem, self-confidence, drives a
person’s attitude and emotional feeling
206. It is the foundation of every human regarding their way and the people whom
society, Without civic morality, they interact with.
communities perish; without personal
morality their survival has no value. a. Leadership - the act of guiding and
influencing people towards a common
A. Morality goal or vision.
B. Ethics b. Morale
C. Moral c. Discipline
D. Values d. Ethics

212. Refers to the sum total of dealings of

the police with the people it serves

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218. Public office is a public _____.

a. Police relations
b. Police community relations a. Trust
c. Police public relations b. Confidence
d. Human relations - These consist of the c. Responsibility
fundamental rules both moral and legal d. Property
which govern the relationship of men in
all aspects of life. 219. To develop goodwill, a policeman on
duty should do the foregoing, except:
213. Reason why a police officer must
always wear his uniform securely button? a. Annoy or inconvenience any law-
abiding citizen
a. Loose clothing is shabby b. Perform his job with dedication
b. A complete uniform gets woman’s c. Project an honest image
attention d. Be courteous
c. It's a minor offense
d. A neat appearance will command 220. The PNP core values provide a solid
respect anchor for the organization as it develops
and strengthens itself. The following are
214. . Policy exercising utmost restraint the core values of the PNP.
by law enforcers in the performance of EXCEPT?__________.
their duties
a. Makatarungan
a. Command responsibility - A doctrine b. Makadiyos
which imposes commensurate c. Makakalikasan
accountability to one who is vested with d. Makatao
authority
b. Parens patriae 221. Public officials and employees must
c. Maximum tolerance process documents and papers
d. Rules of engagement expeditiously. As much as practicable,
how many signatories must be contained
215. The power to own, use and extract in these documents?
something.
a. No limit
a. Authority b. Three - NOT MORE THAN 3
b. Privilege c. Two
c. Right E. One
d. All of these
222. All law enforcement members must
216. The most important criterion of a have the moral courage to sacrifice self
policeman’s performance of his duties is interest in favor of upholding general
the: welfare. They must not only act properly
but they must even appear to act properly.
a. Public attitudes towards him
b. The fact of lack of absences a. Delicadeza
c. His service and seniority rating b. Integrity - Free from any corruption
d. Number of orders/writs served daily c. Humility - perform his duty without
arrogance
217. Fundamental duty of a law d. Orderliness - follow logical procedures
enforcement officer.

a. Protect society
b. Serve mankind 223. Any other day suitable for the
c. Protect life occasion, where PNP members gather
d. Protect liberty together at their PNP club for a light
hearted jesting or airing minor gripes.

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idealistic they rise above corruption and

a. Happy Hours confront it.
b. Lunch of time hours
c. Off hours a. white knights
d. After wok hours b. eagles
c. slippery slope - It is a part of the
224. PCSupt Pedro Ruiz is an incumbent corruption continuum, wherein the
Regional Director of Region IV-A covering honest police officers turn bad due to
CALABARZON. His Police Regional Office repeatedly accepting free meals, free fare
is visited by another Regional Director and similar insignificant acts which leads
and the members of his group. What to serious misbehavior and finally
customs on courtesy should Ruiz be corruption.
observed? d. Both A and B

a. Courtesy calls 229. Refers to police officers who

b. RHIP - recognize the practice that passively accept gifts and bribes as they
different ranks carry with them come along.
corresponding privileges.
c. Courtesy of the post a. carnivorous cops - They look for
d. entrance call opportunity
b. vegetarian cops
225. The police officers use of offensive c. straight shooters - Honest police
and obscene language is known as: officers but tolerate the wrondoings of his
fellow police officer.
a. Brutality - Excessive use of forces d. Rogues - Worst
b. Profanity
c. Perjury 230. The requirement to always have
d. Gratuity - material favors or gifts in certain self development through
return for service attending seminars, workshops, and
trainings is necessary to ensure that one
226. PNP members pays an __________ on criminologist strives betterment of his
their superiors in the unit or command profession. This is reflected to what article
when relieved or reassigned out of the of code of ethics of the Board?
said unit or command. a. Attitude towards the profession
b. Private conduct
a. Courtesy Call of Newly c. Conduct towards the public
Assigned/Appointed Member d. Primary responsibility
b. Promotion call - Punta sa unit
commander, usually given due 231. NOT helping a woman to cross a
recognition and congratulations by their highway carrying massive baggage is
peers for such deserved accomplishment. considered as what classification of
c. Exit call actions in relation to norms and morality.
d. Courtesy of the post
a. Moral
227. Refers to the manifest lack of c. Amoral
adequate ability and fitness for the b. Immoral
satisfactory performance, of police duties. d. Values

a. Oppression - An act of cruelty, 232. The society dictates you to render

domination or excessive use of authority goodness whenever one is in need is what
b. incompetency classification of actions in relation to
c. misconduct norms and morality.
d. any of these
a. Moral
228. It refers to policemen with integrity b. Amoral
and honest straightforward. Mostly c. Immoral

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d. Values A. Social Awareness

B. Physical Fitness and Health - Maintain
233. PAT Baki Hanma always goes to a fitness and health
certain street because the people in that C. Non-Solicitation of Patronage - Use a
area give him free food or discounts on career development or self-improvement
their products. This scenario pertains to rather than solicit influence or
what kind of police deviance? recommendation from politicians, high
ranking government officiats, etc.
A. Police Gratuity D. Proper care and use of public property
B. Chiseling - openly and noticeably
asking for goods or services without 237. Refers to the manifest lack of
paying adequate ability and fitness for the
C. Shakedown - Also known as satisfactory performance of police duties.
EXTORTION :
D. Police Profanity A. Misconduct
B. Irregularities in the performance of a
234. PAT Junnie Boy, flagged down a Duty
female rider to get closer look at a female C. Dishonesty - concealment or distortion
or information about her. This is an of truth in a manner of a fact relevant to
example of what Sex on Duty or Duty one’s office or connected with the
Related Sexual Misconducts? performance of his duties.
D. Incompetency
A. Fox Hunting - stopping college girls to
get the “I’ll do anything routine” 238. This plan sets forth for the concept
B. Voyeurism - window peeping or of operation, operational guidelines and
interrupting lovers’ lane couples. tasks of all PNP units/offices for a
C. Victim Recontacts - consoling victims deliberate, synchronized, and concerted
who have psychological needs effort to inform the public of the activities,
(Kinocomfort nila yung mga victim) programs accomplishments of the PNP.
D. Opposite Sex Strip Searches
E. TRAFFIC STOP A. Sambayan - aims to generate
community partnerships and forge a
235. Pat Joselito Bayagbag during his united front for the promotion of peace
day-off, loves to join in a tree planting and order. ORGANIZATION PLAN
activity. He also a member of group of B. Santinig
volunteers for a monthly clean-up drive of C. Bayanihan - aimed at regaining the
rivers in Metro Manila. This is an example trust, support and cooperation of the
of what police professional conduct? citizenry in contributing to the attainment
of the national government’s goal of a
A. Obedience to Superior - P.O shall STRONG REPUBLIC.
“obey” the order of the command head
B. Loyalty - PNP members shall be loyal to D. None of the Above
the Constitution and the police service
as manifested by their loyalty to their 239. To develop public good will, a
superiors peers and subordinates as policeman on duty must do the following,
well EXCEPT:
C. Command Responsibility
D. Conservation of natural resources A. be selective of people to serve
B. be courteous and fair
236. All PNP personnel and their C. be quick to assist individuals in their
immediate family members shall be problem
encouraged to actively get involved in the D. perform job with dedication and
religious, social and civic activities of the efficiency
organization without affecting their official
duties. 240. Romeo, a public officer, is tasked to
check and counter check the number of

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cargoes that were entering the Batangas B. Deontology

Port but he failed to do his duty. If you C. Virtue ethics
were to file a case against Romeo, which D. NOTA
of the following crimes may be utilized?
A. Deontological - DUTY BASED an
A. Malfeasance ethical theory that states that actions
B. Nonfeasance are right or wrong based on a set of
C. Misfeasance rules, rather than the consequences of
D. Feasance those actions. “The end does not justifies
the means”
Mal -hindi mo dapat gawin pero ginawa
mo B. Virtue ethics - a moral philosophy that
Mis– dapat gawin pero mali ang execution focuses on a person's character and
Non – dapat gawin pero walang ginawa virtue, rather than on rules or the
consequences of actions. it encourages
241. The Philippine Criminology individuals to cultivate their own set of
Profession Week moral virtues in order to make sound
judgments about moral issues.
A. Proclamation No. 397
B. Executive order 69 C. Consequentialism - an ethical theory
C. PD 608 that judges the rightness or wrongness of
D. Proclamation No. 619 an action by its consequences. It's based
on the idea that the best outcome is the
242. The principle of “No one is above the most important factor in determining if an
law” compensate what duty of a police action is right or wrong.
office?
D. Utilitarian - moral theory that states
A. Professionalism that the most ethical action is the one
B. Reasonableness that produces the greatest good for the
C. Impartiality greatest number of people. It's a type of
D. Integrity consequentialism that focuses on
outcomes to determine right from wrong.
243. Cardo is a public official who is
always upholding the public interest over 245. It is the virtue that regulates those
and above his personal interest. He actions which involve the rights and
always used the government resources duties between one individual and
and his powers efficiently, effectively, another individual.
honestly and economically to avoid
wastage in public funds and revenues. A. Legal - Regulates those actions which
What norms of conduct of public officials society may justly require of the
and employees being shown by Cardo? individual for the common good
B. Endurance - It is ability to last
A. Commitment to democracy C. Commutative - Rights that exist
B. Commitment to public interest between one another, violation of which
C. Justness and sincerity calls for reparation and restitution ( May
D. Responsiveness to the public car accident yung driver na may
kasalanan sa aksidente kailangan niya
244. A Rat was used by scientists to test mag bigay ng bayad danyos para sa mga
the safety and effectiveness of new naapektuhan or nasugatan.)
products and medicines. Even though it D. Distributive - Rights that an Individual
can cause harm to rats, it is often may claim to society - EX. UDHR
justified based on its potential benefits for E. Justice
humankind as a whole. The statement
pertains to what kind of ethical theory? 246. Ruzzel is a public servant he is duty
bound to uphold the integrity of his office
A. Consequentialism

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and shall serve with utmost respect the D. Napolcom Resolution 92-4 - PNP
public. COPCES

A. Deontology 251. One registered criminologist must be

B. Virtue Ethics mindful of his special identification by the
C. Utilitarian public as an upholder of the law. Nor
D. Ego Ideal shall gain special privilege that would be
reflective upon the profession. Thus, as a
247. A husband is duty bound to keep his private person, his private conduct must
promise to be faithful to his spouse, even also be observe. Which is not an example:
if a more attractive person comes along.
This statement pertains to what ethical A. Rolly, a registered criminologist sharing
theory? memes on Facebook.
B. Richard, a registered criminologist
who uses his license to prevent
A. Virtue Ethics queuing in a long queue.
B. Deontological C. Anton, a registered criminologist who
C. Consequentialism owns a vape business
D. Utilitarian D. Lorenz, a registered criminologist who
is now working as a waiter in a fast food
248. A hospital has four people whose chain
lives depend upon receiving organ
transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and 252. Samuel Espi, RCrim: is having a
a liver. If a healthy person wanders into personal prejudice against Imman Zepe,
the hospital, his organs could be RCrim. However, despite their differences,
harvested to save four lives at the expense he continues to work with the said person
of one life. The statement pertains to what as if nothing is separating their goals.
kind of ethical theory? This is reflected in which article within
the code of ethics for criminologists?
A. Utilitarian ethics
B. Virtue ethics A. Private conduct
C. Legal B. Conduct towards the public
D. Deontology C. Primary responsibility
D. Attitude toward fellow
249. A man was living according to his criminologists
own principles no matter what the cost.
He has integrity which involves taking 253. “I will keep my private life sullied as
responsibility for his actions, keeping an example to all; maintain courageous in
promises, and having a consistent set of the face of danger or ridicule;
values regardless of circumstances or undeveloped self-restraint; and be
social pressure. This is an example of constantly of the welfare of oneself. The
what kind of ethical theory? Statement is not incorrect. -
UNSULLIED/ DEVELOPED
A. Deontology
B. Virtue ethics A. True
C. Consequentialism B. False
D. Utilitarian C. Yes
D. No
250. It is known as the Code of Conduct
and Ethical Standards for public officials 254. The requirement to always have
and employees. certain self-development through
A. Republic Act No. 3019 - Anti Graft and attending seminars, workshops, and
Corruption Act. trainings is necessary to ensure that one
B. Republic Act No. 6713 criminologist strives betterment of his
C. Republic Act No. 9262 - VAWC profession. This is reflected to what article
of code of ethics of the Board?

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kami makapasok sa service, dadagdag pa

A. Attitude towards the profession kayo”. Thus Amy and Chy may have
B. Private conduct violated which paragraph of Article 6
C. Conduct towards the public (attitude towards fellow criminologists).
D. Primary responsibility
A. Strive to keep a fast moving world of
255. LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF science and technology through constant
ETHICS: “I recognize the badge of my research and development
office as a symbol of ______, and I accept B. Shall cooperate fully with fellow
is as a _______...” criminologist regardless of personal
prejudice
A. Public trust; public faith C. Shall never permit jealousies of
B. Public relation; public trust personal differences to influence their
C. Public faith; public trust personal duties and obligations
D. Public faith; public duty D. Must have sense of dedication to his
profession and a sense of duty and
256. This arises when a public official or obligation to his fellowmen
employees is a member of a board, an
officer or a substantial stockholder of a 259. As a registered criminologist, your
private corporation or owner or has a responsibility is _____.
substantial interest in a business, and
the interest of such corporation or A. Know its bounds upon him, be aware
business, and the interest of such of limitations and prescriptions and
corporation or business, or his rights or recognize the system of government that
duties thereon, may be opposed to or gives to no man group or institution
affected by the faithful performance of absolute power; ensure that he is the
official duty. prime defender of that system and as
such must never pervert its character.
A. Moonlighting - Sidehustle/Other work
B. Conflict of interest B. Know the law, understand its precepts,
C. Hidden interest and learn how to uphold the ideology of
D. Ill gotten wealth criminology

257. The said Code of Ethics of the Board C. Serve the people
of Criminology states that the primary
responsibility of every person admitted in D. Conserve the notion of nationalism and
the practice of Criminology is ______. that to never betray his countrymen – to
swear and affirm to his duties and
A. Respect all people whether they are responsibilities.
aliens or natural born Filipino – all must
be respected accordingly. 260. Constitutional and national elective
B. Bear faithful allegiance to the officials shall file their SALN and the
Republic of the Philippines and be loyal Disclosure of Business Interests and
to his profession Financial Connections with the___________.
C. Adhere his loyalty to the flag of the
enemy A. National office of the Ombudsman
D. Carry within his shoulder the respect
and duty to render to the people B. Office of the President. - Senators and
Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the
Senate and the House of Representatives,
258. Amy and Chy are registered respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of
criminologists. They always give Court of the Supreme Court; Judges, with
comments to every post that they would the Court Administrator; and all national
see online about those who recently executive officials
passed the board examination stating
“bakit naka-pasa pa kayo? Hirap na nga

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C. Deputy Ombudsman in their respective

regions - Regional and local officials and Juvenile - A child or a young person, who,
employees, Officers of the armed forces under the legal system may be dealt with
from the rank of colonel or naval captain for an offense in a manner different from
that of an adult.
D. Civil Service Commission - All other
public officials and employees, defined in JUVENILE DELINQUENCY - Participation
Republic Act No. 3019 in illegal behavior by a minor who falls
under a statutory age limit.
Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile
Justice refers to a minor’s anti-social act or
behavior that deviates from accepted
261. The view that low female crime and social norms, customs, or culture and
delinquency rates are a reflection of the that, as a result, justifies reprimand,
leniency with which police treat female punishment, or corrective action on the
offenders part of the government.

A. Hypothalamus 263. According to this view women who

B. Null committed crimes could be distinguished
C. Chivalry in appearance, delinquent females
D. Masculinity - The view that women appeared closer to men than to other
who commit crimes have biological and women.
psychological traits similar to those of
men. A. Chivalry
B. Critical Feminism
262. According to studies girls who reach C. Masculinity - View that women who
puberty at an early age are at the greatest commit crimes have biological and
risk for delinquency. One of the reason is psychological traits similar to those of
_____________. men.
D. Power Control
A. Precocious Sexuality
B. Delinquency - It is a description of 264. Among the following, who is the
those acts that do not conform to the most vulnerable group to abuse and
accepted rules, norms and mores of the suffer threats?
society
C. Penis envy - A stage of development A. police
experienced only by female children and B. parents
occurs when a girl notices the differences C. children
in male and female anatomy and longs to D. old age
have a penis of her own. which often
produces an inferiority complex in girls, 265. According to the study excessive
forcing them to make an effort to amounts______ hormones in boys are
compensate for their “defect.” One way to related to delinquency.
compensate is to identify with their
mothers and accept a maternal role. Also, A. Estrogen
girls may attempt to compensate for their B. Antigen
lack of a penis by dressing well and C. Agglutinogens
beautifying themselves.61 Freud also D. Androgen
claimed that “if a little girl persists in her
first wish—to grow into a boy—in extreme 266. According to some biosocial theorists,
cases she will end as a manifest gender differences in the delinquency rate
homosexual, and otherwise she will can be explained by inherited differences
exhibit markedly masculine traits in the in what?
conduct of her later life, will choose a
masculine vocation, and so on.” A. Aggression
D. Defect B. Socialization

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C. Rearing D. Old father - the traditional patriarchal

D. Parents father, the masculine, aggressive,
overbearing father who wants to raise his
Biosocial theorists suggest that daughters as girls and his boys as boys.
differences in aggression reflect the
dissimilar evolution of the male and 269. The father makes the most decision.
female reproductive systems. Males are He is the final word in the family,
more aggressive because they wish to Intimacy runs to the profit motive. This
possess as many sex partners as possible pertains to what family model?
to increase their chances of producing
offspring. Females have learned to control A. Team Model - competition is in the
their aggressive impulses because having name of the game; winning is everything.
multiple mates does not increase their B. Military Model - punishment is the
chances of conception. Females swift and sadism is called character
concentrate on acquiring things that will building.
help them rear their offspring, such as a C. Boarding Model - the parents have
reliable mate who will supply material nothing left to learn; but there’s but to
resources. teach and test.
D. Corporate model - the father makes
the most; he is the final word in the
corporate family. Intimacy runs to the
267. This type of parenting style, believe profit motive.
that the child should accept without
question the rules and standards 270. According to study, __________ is
established by the parents. also identified as a link between school
failure and delinquency. Students who
A. Authoritative - deal with their child in a report they neither like school nor care
rational, issue oriented manner, engage in about teachers opinions are more likely to
discussion and explanation with their exhibit delinquent behaviors.
children over rules and discipline.
B. Authoritarian A. Student Alienation
C. Indulgent - believe that control is an B. Bullying
infringement or violation on the child’s C. In loco parentis - Teachers,
freedom. administrators, and babysitters who are
D. Indifferent - they are fairly viewed as having some temporary
unresponsive to their child and try to parental rights & obligations.
minimize the time and energy. D. Truancy - is any intentional
unauthorized absence from compulsory
schooling.

268. This type of contemporary father, 271. It is the transgression stage between
may have been a one- night stand, have childhood and adulthood.
done a favor for a friend, or have sold
some of his sperm on sperm bank. A. Adolescence
B. Social kids - – The delinquency
A. Sperm Father experience marked by close peer group
B. Visiting Father - he is effectively support. Kids who maintain friendship
invisible. He is part father, part stranger; with anti-social friends are more likely to
he sends in his child-support payments become delinquent
and exercises certain limited rights, but
has little authority over his child and less C. Interactive kids - Peers and
influence on the child’s values and habits. delinquency are mutually supporting. As
C. Good family man - he is not perfect but children move through the life course,
enough to be irreplaceable. He is married, friends will influence their behaviour and
stays around, and is a father to his their behaviour will influence their peers.
children.

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D. Antisocial Adolescents - Seeks marijuana. The social aspects of

likeminded peers for criminal association. group behavior in membership are
If delinquency is committed in groups, it given more weight.
is because “birds of the same feather flock
together” and not because deviant peers C. Serious delinquent gang - commits
cause otherwise law- abiding youths to significant offenses and avoids
commit a crime. using drugs the majority of the
time. Drugs are only consumed in
272. According to this theory deviant kids social settings.
are forced to choose deviant peers. After
being negatively labeled, adolescents have D. Organized gang - significantly
no choice but to flock to antisocial friends engaged in drug usage, sales, and
who encourage and amplify further criminal activity. This gang is close
antisocial activities. to becoming a recognized criminal
organization since it is very tight
A. Social Learning Theory and well organized
B. Labeling Theory
C. Routine Activities theory 276. An activity illegal when engaged in
D. Rational Choice THeory by a minor, but not when done by an
adult. Examples include truancy, curfew,
273. A group of youths who collectively running away, or habitually disobeying
engage in delinquent behaviors parents.

A. Gang A. Adult Offenses

B. Cliques - Small groups of friends who B. Minor Offenses
share intimate knowledge and confidences C. Status Offenses
C. Crowd - Loosely organized groups who D. Stubbornness
share interests and activities.
D. Interstitial Area - An area of the city 277. The following are the risk factor why
that forms when there is a crack in the peer and delinquency is related, EXCEPT;
social fabric and in which deviant groups,
cliques, and gangs form A. Youth are easily swayed and will do
anything to be admired and accepted
274. This theory suggests that an B. Friends begin to have a greater
adolescent's early experimentation with influence over decision making than
alcohol or tobacco or cannabis escalates parents
to more addictive illicit drugs later in C. Poor Academic performance
adulthood D. Joining a gang and being involved in
deviant acts.
A. Gateway Hypothesis
B. Chivalry 278. The following are instances of
C. Penis Envy deviant conduct attributed to school
D. NOTA inadequacy, EXCEPT;

275. This type of gang is more interested A. Poor academic performance

in social aspects of group behavior B. Failure to finish school, resulting to
being out of school youth
A. Party Gang - concentrates on drug C. Student Alienation
use and sales while abstaining D. Consistent mentoring with access
from any illegal activities except to different books and scholarship
vandalism. Drug sales are meant offers
to cover each member’s own drug
consumption. 279. Charlotte was a social worker, while
B. Social Gang - engaged in few she was on the feeding program she saw a
criminal actions and hardly ever child with a sign of abuse. What shall she
used drugs besides beer and do?

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children should be placed in custody with

A. Ask the parent/guardian of the child their mother following a divorce?
B. Report it to the Barangay Officials
C. Report the possible incident of child A. Tender Years Doctrine
abuse at the DSWD B. Psychological Parent Doctrine
D. Ignore it C. Unwed Mother’s Doctrine
D. Illegitimacy
280. Teacher Joemabil was conducting a
lecture in the class when she saw the arm 285. . It refers to the totality of the
of her student with lots of bruises. She circumstances and conditions most
asked the child what happened but the congenial to the survival, protection and
child did not speak. Upon looking closer feelings of security of the child and most
not only the child's arms have bruises but encouraging to the child’s physical,
also his body. What should Joemabil do? psychological and emotional development.

A. Ignore it and continue the class A. Best interest of the child

B. Ask the parents of the child B. Rights
C. Tell it to her coworker and gossip C. Obligations
about it. D. Child’s role
D. Report the possible incident of child
abuse at the PNP 286. . A pattern of repeated or habitual
unauthorized absences from school by
281. The following statements describe any juvenile subject to compulsory
the parens patriae philosophy except: education laws is called

a. state must care for those who cannot A. School Delinquency

take care of themselves, such as minors B. Status Offense
b. the family as the source of love and C. School Truancy
guidance shall serve as the guardian of D. Deviation
everyone who has a disability
c. parent of the country 287. . A child left by himself without
d. role of the state as sovereign and provisions for his needs/or without
guardian of persons under legal disability proper supervision falls under what
special category of a child?
282. Under the law, they are the one a. abandoned child
responsible for preventing the child from b. abused child
becoming addicted to intoxicating drinks, c. neglected child
narcotic drugs, smoking, gambling or any d. dependent child
harmful practices.
ABANDONED CHILD - - is one who has
a. DSWD no proper parental care or guardianship
b. Parents or whose parents or guardian have
c. State deserted him for a period of at least three
d. Police continuous months which includes a
foundling. (RA 9523)
283.The civil personality of the child is
deemed to have been commenced upon: Neglected Child - refers to a child whose
a. birth of the child basic needs have been deliberately
b. when the child celebrates his first unattended or inadequately attended
birthday within a period of three (3) continuous
c. from the time of his conception months.
d. upon reaching the age of majority
Neglect may occur in two (2) ways:
284. What is the legal doctrine that
unless the mother is "unfit", very young a) There is physical neglect when the child
is malnourished, ill-clad, and without

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proper shelter. A child is unattended MENTALLY ILL CHILDREN - Mentally ill

when left by himself/herself without children are those with any behavioral
proper provisions and/or without proper disorder, whether functional or organic,
supervision. which is of such a degree of severity as to
require professional help or
b) There is emotional neglect when the hospitalization.
child is maltreated, raped, seduced,
exploited, overworked, or made to work 290. The most effective institution for
under conditions not conducive to good control of juvenile delinquency is.
health; or is made to beg in the streets or
public places; or when children are in A. The Church
moral danger, or exposed to gambling, B. The control of the Police
prostitution, and other vices. (RA 9523) C. The School
D. The Home - cradle of human
DEPENDENT CHILD - One who is without personality is based on the belief that a
a parent, guardian or custodian, or whose child's home is the first school of
parents, guardian or other custodian for citizenship, where the foundation of a
good cause desire to be relieved of his strong personality is built.
care and custody and is dependent upon
the public for support. 291. Under PD 603, what do we call a
person under 18 years old who committed
288. These are elements which provoke a crime?
crimes or factors that are signified to the
everyday adjustments of an individual, A. Child
like personal problems, necessities, B. Youthful Offender
imitation, curiosity, ignorance, and C. Juvenile
diseases. D. Child in Conflict with the Law

a. Predisposing Factor - Internal 292. A delinquent characterized by

propensities which may not be considered emotional disturbances that may lead to
as criminal unless the attempt was made. mental illness.
b. Precipitating Factor
c. A or b A. environmental delinquent
d. All of the above B. emotionally maladjusted delinquent
C. psychiatric delinquent
289. A child who is deprived of speech D. all of them
and hearing due to abnormality defect
during birth is known as. THREE TYPES OF DELIQUENCY

A. Disabled child ENVIRONMENTAL DELINQUENTS -

B. Emotionally disturbed child - although Characterized by occasional law-breaking.
not afflicted with insanity or mental defect,
are unable to maintain normal social EMOTIONALLY MALADJUSTED
relations with others and the community DELINQUENTS - Characterized by
in general due to emotional problems or chronic law-breaking; a habit which this
complexes. type cannot avoid or escape from.
C. Mentally ill child
D. Physically handicapped PSYCHIATRIC DELINQUENTS -
Characterized by serious emotional
Emotionally disturbed child - although disturbances within the individual and in
not afflicted with insanity or mental defect, some cases associated with tendencies
are unable to maintain normal social towards mental illness
relations with others and the community
in general due to emotional problems or 293. Intervention programs for CICL and
complexes. CAR that are covered from barangay level

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to the provincial level shall cover a period A. DOLI INCAPAX - the presumption that
of at least how many years? a child cannot form mens rea as they do
not yet have a sufficient understanding
A. 3 years between “right and wrong”
B. 2 years
C. 7 days B. Mens Rea - Criminal Intent
D. 45 days C. Actus Reus - Guilty Act
D. Discernment
294. This level of intervention includes
measures to assist children-at-risk 297. A stage where there is substantial
increase in variety and seriousness of his
A. Primary Intervention delinquent acts
B. Secondary Intervention
C. Tertiary Intervention a. Emergence - He may commit minor
D. Fifth intervention delinquent acts like, for example, petty
theft.
Intervention,” as used in these Rules, has b. Exploration - He then may move on to
three levels: shoplifting and vandalism in this stage
c. Explosion
(1) Primary Intervention includes general d. Conflagration - More types of crime are
measures to promote social justice and 6 added.
equal opportunity, which tackle the
perceived root causes of offending. These 298. Time for hospitals to tell authorities
shall include programs on advocacy, and regarding child abuse or maltreated child
socio-economic, health and nutrition,
training and education services. a. 24 hrs
b. 36 hrs
(2) Secondary Intervention includes c. 48 hrs
measures to assist children-at-risk, i.e., d. 72 hrs
protective services for children; and
299. Can DSWD immediately close an
(3) Tertiary Intervention includes establishment or enterprise found to have
measures to avoid unnecessary contact promoted, facilitated or conducted
with the formal justice system, and other activities constituting child abuse?
measures to prevent re-offending, i.e.,
diversion programs, rehabilitation, A. No
reintegration and after-care services, B. False
which shall be further defined in PART IX, C. Yes
PART X and PART XIII of these Rules D. True

NOTE: The closure shall be for a period of

295. Emancipation is defined as the not less than one (1) year.
freedom from parental authority upon
reaching the age of majority (18) over both 300. As a social worker, what will you do
the person and property including the first in case of a threatened or impending
capacity to contract marriage. outbreak of an armed conflict?

a. True A. Consult to the government forces

b. False and Identify areas where the armed
c. Partially true conflict likely to occur and evacuate
d. Partially false areas or centers

296. It is the capacity to determine what B. Prepare a list of families in the affected
is right and wrong areas with a separate list of children and
a written assessment of their

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requirements for food and other basic a. He shall be presumed innocent

needs b. He shall be presumed minor
c. Birth certificate shall be produced no
C. Recommend the activation of the LDCC matter what
D. conduct disaster preparedness d. Testimony of the child should be
orientation meetings in coordination with enough
government and ngo
306. This common procedure applied
301. Exception to the rule of separating a when arresting an offender shall not be
child from adults according to RA 7610. employed when the person who is the
subject of apprehension is a child.
A. Where the child and his comrade
are accommodated in a detention a. Informing the suspect of the rights
unit b. Employing reasonable force
B. When the child committed an act c. Stating the reasons for the arrest
of terrorism d. Use of handcuffs
C. Where the child and and his
family are accommodate in a 307. Chaser is a working student at 15
family detention unit years old, how many hours shall he
D. When child committed a heinous render so that his employer prevents
crime facing charges?

302. Stephen is a 7 year old kid from A. 4 hours

cavite, his parent deserted him for a B. 7 hours
period of 3 continuous months. C. 5 hours
D. 8 hours
A. Neglected
B. Dependent 308. Ruzzel was a CICL who was
C. Abandon suspended sentence at the age of 17
D. Abused child found to be incorrigible. What is the next
proper action to do with his sentence?
303. The school is considered the second
home of the child, and the teachers the A. Kill him immediately
second parents. That is why the school B. Torture him until all his hair become
exercises special parental authority which white
is also known as: C. Execute his sentence
D. Wait for the police officer's decision.
a. guardian ad litem - For the proceeding
b. loco parentis 309. PD 603 “ The Child and Youth
c. locus poenitentiae Welfare Code”, Under the said law, a
d. parens patriae person who is over nine (9) but under
twenty-one (21) years of age at the time of
304. A child born inside a marriage where the commission of the offense who
either party is suffering from impediments. committed a crime is known as a
MARRIAGE IS CONSIDERED AS VOID AB ____________
INITIO
a. Illegitimate child a. Youthful offender
b. Legitimate child b. CICL
c. Legitimated child c. Juvenile delinquent
d. Adopted child d. Minor offender

305. In case of a child in conflict with the 310. The State recognizes the vital role of
law, his age shall be ascertained. In the children and youth in nation building and
absence of proof, what principle shall be shall promote and protect their physical,
observed? moral, spiritual, intellectual and social
well-being.

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guardian and where only members of the

a. PD 603 employer’s family are employed
b. RA 9344 - STATE POLICIES
c. ACT NO.1438 2) where a child’s employment or
d. RA 7610 participation in public entertainment or
information through cinema, theatre,
311. Which of the following will not radio or television is essential, with the
exempt the child from criminal liability? approval of the department of labor and
employment (DOLE)
A. A child is 15 year and below who acted
without discernment Working Hours
B. A child is above 15 years but below 18
years who acted without discernment If the child is under 15:
C. A child is above 15 years but below 18
years who acted with discernment ✓ maximum of four (4) hours a day,
D. A child is above 18 but below 21 twenty (20) hours a week
years ✓ between six o’clock in the morning to
eight o’clock in the evening (6am to 8pm)
312. Dagul is a child star in Going
Damulag. His parents must set up a trust If the child is 15 but under 18:
fund for ____ of his earnings.
✓ Maximum of eight (8) hours a day, forty
a. At most thirty percent (30%) (40) hours a week
b. at least twenty percent (20 %) ✓ Between six o’clock in the morning to
c. at least thirty percent (30%) ten o’clock in the evening (6am to 10pm)
d. at most twenty percent (20%)
315. The following are decriminalized acts
In relation to questions above, Dagul’s when committed by children, EXCEPT:
income NOT MORE THAN 20 PERCENT
may be used for the collective needs of the A. Mendicancy
family B. Prostitution
C. Sniffing of rugby
313. As a general rule, children below 15 D. Murder
years old shall _______
316. Children who are vulnerable to & at
a. Shall not be employed risk of committing criminal offenses.
b. Shall be employed provided that he is
under responsibility of his parents a. CICL
c. Shall be employed provided that his b. Youthful offender - PD 603
employer obtained permit from DOLE c. Neglected child
d. Nota d. Child at risk

314. What if Chaser is 15 years old and 317. You are a police officer and you
is working in fast food. He timed in at apprehend a CICL. If the CICL resists
exactly 8pm. What time he shall be out? apprehension. What should you do as an
apprehending officer?
a. 12 am
b. 10 pm A. Shoot to kill
c. 2am B. Call for an Ambulance
d. Nota C. Use reasonable force
Children below fifteen (15) years of age D. Call for backup
shall not be employed, except:
318. The following are prohibited acts
1) When a child works directly under sole during initial contact, EXCEPT;
responsibility of his parents or legal A. Unnecessary violence and force

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B. Body search by an officer of the

same gender a. Intensive Juvenile Interference and
C. Vulgar language Support Center
D. Committing sexual advances on the b. Intensive Juvenile Intervention and
child Support Center
c. Intensive Juvenile Intervention and
319. The LSWDO shall prepare a report System Center
indicating an assessment on whether the d. Intensive Juvenile Delinquents
child acted with discernment within how Intervention and Support Center
many days?
322. If the offense committed by a CICL is
A. 45 not more than 6 years of imprisonment,
B. 7 the diversion may be implemented at the
C. 6 __________. EXCEPT;
D. 3
A. Katarungang Pambarangay Level
320. Who will decide whether the child B. Law enforcement Level
has successfully completed the center- C. Prosecutor level
based intervention program and if the D. Court
child is prepared to be reintegrated with
the family? 323. In case there is no consent or
agreement to a diversion at the level
A. LSWDO Katarungang Pambarangay, what will
B. Police officer happen?
C. Court
D. Multi-Disciplinary Team A. It will be elevated at the prosecutor
level
MDT COMPOSITION B. Punong barangay will submit the case
at the court
1. Social Worker, C. Diversion will be conducted at the
2. psychologist/mentalhealth law enforcement level
professional, D. Diversion at the LSWDO Level
3. medical doctor,
4. educational/guidance counselor 324. The determination of the age of a
5. and a member of the Barangay child in conflict with law shall be heard by
Council for the Protection of a court in a summary proceeding and
Children (BCPC), shall be decided within upon receipt of
the court of the pleadings of all interested
shall operate the “Bahay Pag-asa.” The parties:
MDT will work on the individualized
intervention plan with the child and the a. 12 hours
child’s family b. 48 hours
c. 24 hours
321. A child who is above twelve (12) d. 72 hours
years of age up to fifteen (15) years of age
and who commits parricide, murder, 325. How many hours shall the LSWDO
infanticide, kidnapping and serious illegal file the proper petition for Involuntary
detention where the victim is killed or commitment and Placement of the CICL
raped, robbery, with homicide or rape, under the IJISC?
destructive arson, rape, or carnapping
where the driver or occupant is killed or A. 24
raped punishable by more than twelve (12) B. 72 - Time for the court to decide on the
years of imprisonment, shall be petition of involuntary commitment and
mandatorily placed in a special facility placement of the CICL from the time
within the youth care faculty or ‘Bahay LSWDO filed it to the court.
Pag-asa’ called: C. 1 - NOT LESS THAN 1 YEAR

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D.45 C. Prosecutor determines that diversion is

not appropriate for the CICL as for the
The Court will determine the initial period assessment and recommendation of the
of placement of the child within the IJISC, social worker
5 which shall not be less than one (1) year. D. All of the above

326. The following shall undergo 330. If there is no Bahay Pag-asa in the
Diversion, EXCEPT; city/municipality where the CICL resides,
the child may be committed to the care of
A. CICL whose above fifteen (15) years but _______________.
below eighteen (18) years of age acted
with discernment A. DSWD
B. CICL whose imposable penalty is not B. Licensed or Accredited NGO
more than 6 years of imprisonment. C. BOTH A AND B
C. CICL whose imposable penalty is not D. Neither A and B
more than 12 year of imprisonment if
diversion is resorted by the court 331. In setting the amount of bail, What
D. NOTA shall be considered by the court?

327. The following are the reasons why A. Presumption of Minority - In case of
diversion proceeding are deemed doubt as to the age of the child, after all
terminated, EXCEPT; the measures are exhausted to determine
it, the doubt shall be resolved in favor of
A. A Contract of Diversion has been the child’s minority
entered into; B. Privileged mitigating circumstance
B. The forty-five day period expires of minority
without any agreement reached; C. Mitigating Circumstance
C. The child or the parents or guardian do D. Recognizance
not consent to a diversion;
D. The authority conducting the diversion 332. These are the damages Incurred by
finds that diversion is not applicable the CICL.
based 6 on the factors enumerated in the
immediately preceding Rule A. Torts
D. NOTA B. Moral Damage
C. Actual Damage
328. The Contract of Diversion shall D. Fine
contain the individualized diversion
program, and shall stipulate the rights, 333. It is integral to the process of
responsibilities or accountabilities of the reintegration.
child, the parents or guardian and the
offended party, when applicable. The A. Reintegration
statement is not incorrect. B. Rehabiliation
C. Restitution
A. Yes D. Restoration
D. No
C. True 334. The LSWDO and/or the NGO Social
D. False Worker shall prepare a __________ on the
child in conflict with the law, and shall
329. In what instances shall the conduct forward this Report to the rehabilitation
of preliminary investigation be used to 16 facility that shall admit the child.
CICL?
A. Admission Report
A. If the CICL does not qualify for B. Social Case Study Report
diversion C. Confession Report
B. When the child, 17 his/her parents or D. NOTA
guardian does not agree to diversion

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335. The After-care support services for 340. Who has the primary right and
children in conflict with the law shall be obligation to provide for the upbringing of
given for a period at least how many a child?
months?
A. State
A. 6 B. Parent
B. 7 C. Community
C. 12 D. Grandparents
D. 3
Dispute Resolution and Crisis/Incident
336. Assignment of the child to an Management
institution or agency shall be preferred to
be under: 341. The best approach in negotiating
with a paranoid schizophrenic hostage
a. Institutional care take is:
b. Foster care
c,. Hospitalization care a. Prove them that their beliefs are wrong
d. All of these b. Show them that they are crazy
c. Accept that their beliefs are true
337. Receiving homes are family-type d. Bluff or trick them
homes which provides temporary shelter
for children for how many days?

a. 10 to 30
b. 10 to 20 HANDLING OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
c. 10 to 15 HOSTAGE TAKERS
d. 15 to 20
The paranoid condition (Schizophrenia)
338. It refers to any club, organization of characteristics
individuals below twenty one years of age
which is directly involved in carrying out ✓ His need to explain may offer an
child or youth welfare programs and opportunity to establish rapport
activities. ✓ Do not try to argue him out of his
delusion.
A. Samahan - refer to the aggregate of ✓ Try to ally yourself with his perspective
persons working in commercial, industrial, without sounding insincere
and agricultural establishments or ✓ Avoid use of family members, as they
enterprises, whether belonging to labor or may be part of the delusional system
management. ✓ There may be a negative attitude
B. Civic Associations - ABOVE 21 toward the mental health profession
C. LGU ✓ Do not stare or get too close
D. Youth Associations
The anti-social personality
339. It seeks to obtain reparation of the (Psychopath/sociopath)
victim ; reconciliation of the offenderm the
offended and the community; and ✓ Keep his egocentricity in mind
reassurance to the offender that he/she ✓ Must be convinced that the safe release
can be reintegrated into society. of the hostages is to his advantage
✓ Negotiation must be reality oriented
A. Youth Justice System ✓ Non-police negotiator will be of
B. Juvenile Justice and Welfare System marginal value or only make the situation
C. Restorative Justice System worse. The situational stress reaction
D. Reformative Justice System ✓ Allow him to ventilate his feelings
✓ Then try to get him to describe events
as objectively as possible

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✓ Have him go back over the options he

has ruled out a. mental derange
b. suffers severe depression and mental
The inadequate personality aberration
c. sociopath personality
✓ Provide understanding and uncritical d. mental balance
acceptance
✓ Help him find a way to end this without
having failed again to build self – esteem.
✓ Parents and friends brought to the If a person ay mental balance (nasa
scene may cause strong feelings or failure tamang pagiisip) di niyan magagawa
or embarrassment and cause him to prove mang hostage. Pag nanghostage ang tao
he can do something important. they think na it is the last resort.
✓ Do not introduce non-police negotiator
to observe his failure 343. In a hostage negotiation and crisis
✓ Consider the use of negotiator of the management practice, it is a “cardinal
opposite sex rule”:
✓ After rapport is established, the
negotiator may be more authoritative. a. To bear weapon when talking to the
✓ However, because of all the attention hostage-taker face to face
he is receiving he may not want the b. Seek better alternative than a
situation to end negotiated agreement
c. Not to agitate the hostage-taker
Professional criminal - this is usually the d. Never say “NO” to the demands of
easiest to deal with considering he is a the hostage taker
relatively rational thinker. After assessing
the situation and weighing the odds, in - To minimize the risk of violence towards
most cases, this type of HT comes to the hostages.
terms with the police.
-Pwede kasi maging reason to para mag
✓ Show force but refrain from escalate ang tension at maaaring mag
unnecessary violence or useless killing. lead to sa loss of life or injury.

CATEGORIES OF HOSTAGE TAKERS

Negotiable Demands Non-Negotiable
Persons In Crisis - People who make
Demands
hostages during a period of prolonged
frustration, despair and problems
a. Food; Weapons
b. Drinks (avoid alcohol); Drugs
Psychotics - Mentally ill people who take
c. Transportation Ransom or Money
hostages during a period of psychiatric
(depends on Exchange of
disturbances
circumstances); hostages
Common Criminals - People who take
d. Freedom of hostages;
hostages for personal rather than
ideological reasons.
Prisoner - Who take hostages because of Priorities in hostage situations.
dissatisfaction and discontent regarding
their living conditions in prison 1. Preservation of life
Political Terrorist - Ideologically-inspired 2. Apprehend the hostage taker
individuals or groups of people who take 3. Recovery and protection of property
hostages because of political and
ideological beliefs 344. This is an assault team responsible
in carrying out assault operation
whenever negotiation fails.
342. A hostage taker is characteristically
all of these, except: a. medical team

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b. tactical team A. Cordon the area at least 150 meters -

c. negotiation team - Under the control BOOM SABOG ( IN CASE OF BOMB
and supervision of the on-scene EXPLOSION)
commander. B. Call the BFP
d. Snipers C. Lock down the area to a distance of
NEGOTIATION TEAM STRUCTURE at least 300 meters
D. Shout
1. Negotiation Team Leader (Most
Senior member of the team) - act as a 346. What agency is in charge of taking
buffer between command personnel and the identification of remains of victims
the Negotiation Team. during and after a natural calamity?
(this individual essentially functions as
a communication relay, ensuring A. NBI
information flows smoothly between B. PNP - take the lead in identifying the
the two groups while filtering out remains of victims during and after
unnecessary details and maintaining a human-induced disasters.
clear chain of command) C. Forensic Group
2. Primary Negotiator - Principal D. DOJ
negotiator, siya mismo ang nakaharap or
nakikipagusap sa hostage taker. 347. When there is a State of the Nation
Address or APEC summit. What is the
3. Secondary Negotiator - Direct support appropriate alert level?
and responsible for the safety of the
principal negotiator (ftof), act as A. Normal Alert
substitute of the primary negotiator B. Heightened Alert
C. Full alert
4. Intelligence Liaison/Recorder - studies D. Red alert
and provides a psychological profile of the
hostage-taker’s as a basis for decision The Alert Levels for Natural Disaster
making and subsequent course of action and Human-Induced Critical Incident
(PNP)
5. Board Negotiator = maintains a visual
display of all information relevant to the Normal Alert - P and O is stable, minimal
negotiations threat

Heightened Alert - P and O is

deteriorating but has not yet reached
critical proportions ( Kalat kalat na
incident, terrorism and bombings outside
our country, forecast of impending
calamities, wala ang president)

C. Full alert - Imminent or actual threat

to national security; Imminent danger to
people’s lives and communities exist
(human induced and natural disaster);
( Full escalation, meron ng attack and
masusundan pa.
345. If the EOD/K9 confirmed the
presence of an explosive component or Alert Levels During Human-Induced
Improvised Explosive Device (IED). What Critical Incident
shall they do?

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1) Level 1 (Low) – There is no information d. their ultimate desire is to surrender

to suggest a specific human-induced
critical incident may occur. 352. In general, hostage takers are
emotionally tense when trapped expand a
2) Level 2 (Moderate) –Human-induced great deal of emotional physical and
critical incident is possible, but not likely. psychic energy, hence:

3) Level 3 (High) – There is a strong a. swift and precise attack will be one
possibility that human-induced critical advantage for the authorities
incident may occur within a short period b. shortening the time will pressed him to
of time. surrender
c. prolonging the passage of time shall
4) Level 4 (Extreme) – A human-induced wear them down
critical incident has just occurred or has d. aggravating their stress will lead them
just been pre-empted; to surrender

348. What DIMTG activation level will be 353. Based on the phases of crisis
activated if there are two or more regions management, which is the actual
affected by natural disaster? execution or implementation of any
contingency plan when a crisis situation
A. National occurs despite the proactive measures?
B. Provincial - incident affects two or
more municipalities within the same a. reactive phase
province/district. b. proactive phase
C. Regional - Incidents affects two or c. post conflict phase
more provinces/districts within the same d. any of these
region
D. City/Municipal
Proactive Phase - is designed to predict
349. Which of the following does not or prevent the probability of occurrence of
belong to the group? crises at the same time prepare to handle
them when such occur.
A. Safety officer
B. Planning officer Prediction (First line of defense) -
C. Negotiation Team Attempts to remove uncertainty from the
D. Liaison officer future. We anticipate future crises
occurrences through the following:
350. Considered as a “mortal sin” in
hostage situation. - Update Intelligence : It involves the
collection of information from
a. giving all the demands of the hostage variety of sources as basis of
taker actions and plan; (Kumukuha ng
b. acting that would prejudice the lives of information or data sa iba’t ibang
the hostages sources and ‘yung mga makukuha
c. deceiving and bluffing the hostage taker nating data na pag pinagsama
d. saying “no” to the demands of the sama natin yun sa contingency
hostage taker plan natin ay magiging basis sa
paggawa natin ng another action
351. The following are reasons, why and plans.
common criminals are easy to negotiate,
except: - Events : are those incidents that
are already passed which can
a. fears of police assault and punishment facilitate analysis necessary for
b. criminals are usually rational thinkers identification of probable threat
c. they are familiar with police operations groups, targets and necessary for
and tactics advance planning. (Yung mga

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nangyari na incidents in the past kulang. So that when similar

helps us to identify patterns things happen again we can
threat groups, targets, etc) response in a very effective and
efficient manner.
Prevention - This pro-active phase -
considers counter measures as part of 354. Disturbance of the environment
the total system of operation. Such which is generally beyond the control of
counter measures involve the following: human.

- Active Operational Security a. man-made crisis - Man-made incidents

- Physical security : It is the committed thru will, negligence, or error
responsibility of government involving failure of a man-made system.
security forces with the support of
Barangay Peacekeeping Action b. natural crisis
Teams (BPATs) and/or Barangay c. civil disturbance - any public
Enforcement Teams (BETs). disturbance group of people (3 or more)
which causes an immediate danger or
Preparation - essential for effective results in danger, injury to the property
response. Pre-disaster actions and or person.
measures being undertaken to avert or
minimize loss of lives and properties. d. civil unrest
It covers six essential Activities
A. Plan, 355. The concept of terrorism originated
B. Organize in:
C. Train
D. Equip, a. Philippines
E. Exercise b. Syria
c. Lebanon
Reactive Phase - Actual execution or d. France - During the revolution reign
implementation of contingency plan. of terror
- Performance Phase
356. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
Its objectives: and Management Act of 2010.
- Ensure high probability of success
- Minimize adverse effects of crisis a. RA 10121
b. Executive Order No. 336 of 2001
Perform - is the actual implementation of c. RA 7160 - Local government code of
contingency plans when a crisis occurs 1991
despite the pro-active measures d. none of these
undertaken.
357. Who shall be at the forefront of crisis
Post-Conflict Phase - the situation when situations?
the proactive and reactive phases were all a. AFP
done, and plans for post action and b. PNP
recovery are the focus and put into full c. NDRRMC - National Disaster Risk
implementation: Reduction and Management Council
d. NCMC- National Committee on Crisis
Post-Action and Assessment - It is Management
activities seeking ways to evaluate and - Serves as the umbrella
improve prevention, preparation and the organization for crisis
actual execution. management. The primary concern
is the formulation of crisis
- Dito we are learning from our management policies, integration
experience, we assess our actions of mil/pol to public efforts towards
step by step. Ano ang mali ano the prevention and control of crisis.
ang dapat iimproved ano ang It is composed by:

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1. PAFSECOM – Philippine Air Force b. Terrorists act as part of a group, and

Security Command their behavior will be pressured by group
2. PNSWG – Philippine Navy Special dynamics
Welfare Group c. The terrorist hostage-taking drama is
3. PASAG – Philippine Army Special capable of producing conflicts of
Action Group principles that are not easy to resolve
4. PNPSAG – Philippine National Police d. Most of the terrorist groups received
Special Action Group training in the techniques that will be
used against them in the country chosen
358. Which is the implementing arm of for the attacks
the NDRRMC?
363. You are a negotiator in a Hostage
a. Office of Civil Defense crises wherein you identified that the
b. Office of Ombudsman hostage taker is Inadequate individual.
c. Secretary of DOJ What negotiating strategy should you use?
d. Secretary of DILG - Head of the
NDRRMC A.Be reminded of the subjects’
egocentricity
359. What is considered as the oldest but B. Try to find a way of resolving the
still the most widely used terrorist tactic? situation to avoid failure.
C. Avoid convincing them of the reality
a. bombing - tactic common to most terror D. Be patient for replies
group
b. arson 364. The following are the four stages of
c. liquidation effective listening, EXCEPT:
d. Kidnapping
A. Hearing - A physical response caused
360. Which of the following does not by sound waves stimulating the sensory
belong to the Service Support Group? receptors of the ear.

A. Intelligence B. Attention - Physical and verbal cues

B. Investigation which ensure a connection with the other
C. Legal party
D. Incident Spokesperson - MEDIA
CENTER C. Feedback - Can take the form of body
language, clarifying questions, facial
361. . In a hostage situation, non-verbal responses, praise, applause laughter, etc;
communication which indicates openness
and willingness to listen can be shown by D. Understanding - Analyzing the
meaning of the stimuli. e.g. cannot
a. A posture of a folded arms in a understand a foreign language.
dominant position
b. Calmly repeating words of comfort or
assurance E. NOTA
c. By not attempting to trick or lie
d. Keeping arms open and with other 365. As a first responder upon receipt of
gesture that indicates that you are any bomb threat, what shall you do first?
willing to negotiate
A. Proceed immediately to the scene
362. Which of the following is not the B. Threat all threats as serious until
reason why dealing with the terrorist proven otherwise;
hostage takers is difficult? C. Determine the exact location of the
establishment under threat
a. Terrorists are usually highly trained D. Alert EODT/K9
combatants who have been politically and
ideologically indoctrinated

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Procedures for FR Upon Receipt of Any 368.; Public assemblies held in freedom
Bomb Threat: parks or on private property need a
permit for the activity.
1) Treat all threats as serious until proven
otherwise; A. True
2) Determine the exact location of the B. False
establishment under threat; C. Yes
3) Proceed immediately to the scene; D. No
4) Coordinate with the security manager
or administrator; 369. What shall be exercised in the
5) Conduct visual search in the area and conduct of dispersal operations?
isolate the specific place, if necessary,
when a suspicious item is located without A. Dignity
causing panic; B. Power
6) Alert EODT/K9; C. Authority
7) Notify HHQ of any development and D. Maximum tolerance
continue giving updates;
8) Brief the EOD/K9 team upon arrival 370. Who shall conduct an inquiry
and assist if necessary; and whether an assembly is covered with a
9) Provide security at the scene until such permit or not?
time when the EOD/K9 team declares the
area is cleared of any incendiaries or A. Mayor
explosives. B. Vice Mayor
C. Ground Commander
366. For every CDM contingent, there D. CDM
shall be a team of _________.
371. What should be the next step if a
A. Fire officers permit for an assembly could not be
B. Negotiators shown?
C. Mobsters
D. Rioters A. Verify to the office of the mayor
having jurisdiction over the place.
367. To ensure public safety, a CDM B. Peacefully disperse
contingent under the command of a PCO C. Asked the leaders/organizer to get
shall be detailed and stationed at least immediately the permit at the office of the
_____ meters away from the place where mayor
the public assembly is being held D. Order them to continue the assembly

A. 300 372. It is a sudden condition or state of

B. 200 affairs calling for immediate action.
C. 100
D. 150 A. Crisis - came from the Greek word
"krisis," which means to "decide." A crisis
When can you use Tear gas, smoke is a turning point in the progress of an
grenades, water cannons, or any similar affair or a series of events.
anti-riot device? B. Emergency - came from the Latin
- When a public assembly is word "emergentia" meaning a dipping;
attended by actual violence or plunging.
serious threats of violence, or C. Behavior
deliberate destruction of property. D. Emotions

In situations requiring the use of 373. A stage in proactive phase, wherein

batons/truncheons, only target fleshy it involves the foretelling of the likelihood
parts of the body such as arms, torso, of crisis occurring either natural or man-
legs, and thighs. made through the continuous assessment
of all possible threats and threats group,

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as well as the continuous monitoring and 378. What level according to the stages in
analysis of the confluence of related disaster management, wherein officers
events. conduct a risk mapping an identification
of disaster-prone areas?
A. Prediction A. Level 1
B. Preparation B. Level 2
C. Performance C. Level 3
D. Prevent D. Level 4

374. Which of the following statements is 379. It is tasked to contribute to the

incorrect as to the PNP’s Alert Level strategies of the National Security Council,
During Man Made Critical Incidents? coordinate and monitor, and serve as a
forum for deliberation for peace and order
a. Level 1 (Low) no information to suggest concerns
a specific man made Critical Incident may
occur. A. NPOC - HEADED BY SILG
b. Level 2 (Moderate) Man made Critical B. CIMC - It is primarily concerned with
Incidents is possible, but not likely the implementation of policies and
c. Level 3 (High) there is a strong orchestration of PNP’s force and resources
possibility that man made Critical and efforts towards the control and
Incidents may occur within a short period mitigation of critical incidents.
of time C. CMC - Crisis Management Committee (
d. none of these D. NDRRMC

375. Series of sea waves commonly 380. What stage in Disaster Management
generated by undersea earthquakes and When there is an impending natural
whose height could be greater than 5 calamity or when an unexpected human-
meters. induced incident and natural calamity
occur.
a. tsunami
b. tidal waves - Caused by Gravitational A. Pre-DIsaster Stage
pull B. Disaster Response Stage
c. tropical cyclones C. Post-Disaster Stage
d. none of these D. None of these

376. Disturbance of the environment 381. A dispute between parties may be

which is generally beyond the control of conducted under the guidance of the
human. court by referring the parties to the
Philippine Mediation Center (PMC) unit
a. man-made crisis for settlement, assisted by a mediator,
b. natural crisis accredited by the Supreme Court. Which
c. civil disturbance refers to this alternative mode of dispute
d. civil unrest Resolution?

377. One of the three phases in which it a. Litigation

is designed to predict or prevent the b. Compromise
probability of occurrence of crises at the c. Mediation
same time prepare to handle them when d. Court-annexed mediation
such occur.
382. This act is also known as the
A. Proactive “Arbitration Law”
B. Predict
C. Reactive A. RA 876
D. Post Conflict B. RA 9285
C. RA 7610
D. PD 1508 -KP LAW

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A. Court-referred Mediation
383. It pertains to institutions or persons B. Court-annexed Mediation
accredited as mediator, conciliator, C. Early Neutral Evaluation
arbitrator, neutral evaluator, or any D. Med-Arb
person exercising similar functions in any
Alternative Dispute Resolution system. 390. Merits of the case are argued before
a panel comprising of senior decision
A. ADR - ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE makers with or without the presence of a
RESOLUTION neutral third person after which the
B. OADR - OADR - OFFICE FOR parties seek a negotiated settlement
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
ATTACHED TO THE DOJ. A. Mini-trial
C. ADR Provider B. Early Neutral Evaluation
D. PMC - PHILIPPINE MEDIATION C. Med-Arb
CENTER D. Mediation

384. Who shall appoint the Executive 391. Do parties have the right to select a
Director in OADR? Mediator?

A. President A. Yes
B. SILG B. No
C. DILG C. True
D. Judge D. False

385. Which of the following professions 392. A technique in mediation wherein

does not belong to the Advisory council? parties are placed in separate rooms and
talk to them separately to settle?
A. IBP
B. Academe A. Shuttle Diplomacy
C. Criminologist B. Caucusing - private meeting separately
D. Mediation profession to Respondent and Complainant

There is also created an Advisory Council C. Cursing

composed of a representative from each of D. NOTA
the following:
a. Mediation profession; 393. Refers to mediation that is organized
b. Arbitration profession; on a case-by-case basis, without the
c. ADR organizations; involvement of a permanent or
d. IBP; and established institution. It is an informal
e. Academe and flexible process initiated for a specific
dispute.
386. It means a foreign arbitral award
made in a state which is not a A. Ad hoc mediation
conventional state. B. Institutional mediation
C. Court-annexed mediation
A. Non-conventional Award D. Both A and B
B. Conventional Award
C. Treaty 394. It administers arbitration and
D. Covenant mediation in specialized fields such as
maritime, banking, finance, insurance,
389. It refers to mediation ordered by a securities, and intellectual property.
court to be conducted in accordance with
the Agreement of the Parties when an A. PDRCI
action is prematurely commenced in B. PhilJA - Training school for Mediators
violation of such agreement. C.OADR
D. CIAC

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dispute from the list of members of the

395. The following are factors in Lupon.
determining mediation fee, EXCEPT;
A. Pangkat pangkalawakan
A. The complexity of the case B. Pangkat tagapagkasundo
B. The number of hours spent in C. Pangkat members
mediation D. Neither A or C
C. Training, experience and stature of
mediators 402. Is conciliation or mediation
D. Wealth of the parties mandatory for cases covered by the KPlaw
before filing the case in court?
396. It is considered as the basic political
Unit. A. True
B. Yes
A. Family C. False
B. Barangay D. NO
C. Community
D. Man Cases Covered by Barangay

397. What is the nature of members of 1. if the penalty of imprisonment is not

Lupong tagapamayapa when performing more than 1 year Except libel
their job ?
2. if the penalty of the crime is a FINE not
A. Persons in authority more than 5,000
B. Agents of persons in authority
C. Lapuk 403. The Disputes Between Persons
D. NOTA Actually Residing in The Same Barangay
Shall Be Brought for Amicable Settlement
398. There are how many members the Before The Lupon Of Said Barangay. The
composed the Lupon? statement is not incorrect.

a. 3 members A. Yes
b. 5 to 10 members B. False
c. 10 to 20 members C. True
d. 5 members D. No

399. It is a body of men created to settle The Rules in Determining Venue in

disputes within the Barangay level. Settling Disputes are the Following:

a. barangay tanod a. The Disputes Between Persons Actually

b. pangkat tagapagkasundo Residing in The Same Barangay Shall Be
c. barangay council Brought for Amicable Settlement Before
d. lupon tagapamayapa The Lupon Of Said Barangay;

400. For how many years the member of b. Those Involving Actual Residents of
lupon shall serve? Different Barangays Within the Same City
A. 3 years or Municipality Shall Be Brought in The
B. 5 years Barangay Where the Respondent Or Any
C. 7 years Of The Respondents Actually Resides, At
D. 6 years The Election Of The Complainant;

401. It is a conciliation panel constituted c. All Disputes Involving Real Property or

for each dispute brought before the Lupon. Any Interest Therein Shall Be Brought in
It is composed of three (3) members who The Barangay Where the Real Property or
shall be chosen by the parties to the The Larger Portion Thereof Is Situated;
And

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d. The Pangkat shall convene not later

d. Those Arising At The Workplace Where than three (3) days from its constitution
The Contending Parties Are Employed Or to hear both parties and their witnesses,
At The Institution Where Such Parties Are simplify issues, and explore all
Enrolled For Study Shall Be Brought In possibilities for amicable settlement;
The Barangay Where Such Workplace Or
Institution Is Located. e. The Pangkat shall arrive at settlement
or resolution of the dispute within fifteen
404. Upon the receipt of the complaint the (15) days, from the day it convened;
Lupon chairman shall give the respondent otherwise the Certification to File Action
a __________ with a notice of hearing to shall be issued.
the complainant.

A. Summon 406. Pangkat Tagapagkasundo shall be

B. Subpoena Testificandum - to compel a composed of how many members?
person to testify.
C. Subpoena Duces Tecum - to bring a. 3
certain documents, records, or evidence b. 5
to a legal proceeding. c. 7
D. Subpoena d. 10

405. The Chairman shall meet with the 407. The amicable settlement shall have
respondent and complainant and mediate. the force and effect of a final judgment of
If he fails in his mediation within ___, he a court upon the expiration of ____ from
shall set a date for the constitution of the the date of settlement.
Pangkat.
a. 10 days
a. 10 days b. 15 days
b. 15 days c. 20 days
c. 20 days d. 30 days
d. 30 days
NOTE : It may be enforced by execution
The procedure to be followed in resolving by the Lupon within six (6) months from
disputes in the barangay level are the the date of the settlement. After the lapse
following: of the six – month period, it may be
enforced by action in the appropriate
a. The complainant complains orally or in Municipal Trial Court.
writing to the Lupon Chairman of the
barangay; If the complaint is done orally, 408. When should the court refer the
it is the duty of the Lupon Chairman to parties for mandatory court-annexed
place it in writing. mediation?

b. Within the next working day from A. After pre-trial

receipt of the complaint, the Lupon B. During pre-trial
Chairman shall summon the respondent, C. Before pre-trial
with notice to the complainant, for them D. During hearing
and their witnesses to appear before him
for mediation; 409. The period for court-annexed
mediation shall not exceed_____ calendar
c. If the Lupon Chairman fails in his days without further extension
mediation efforts within fifteen (15) days
from the first meeting of parties, he shall A. 20
set a date for the constitution of the B. 30
Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo; C. 40
D. 60

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B. Mini trial - Merits of the case are

410. It is a process whereby the judge argued before a panel comprising of
employs conciliation mediation or early senior decision makers with or without
neutral evaluation in order to settle a case the presence of a neutral third person
at the pre-trial stage. after which the parties seek a negotiated
settlement.
A. Judicial Dispute Resolution C. Arbitration
B. Court Annexed Mediation D. Med-Arb
C. Hearing
D. Med-Arb 415. It means a person who participates
in a mediation and whose consent is
411. It involves the assistance of a neutral necessary to resolve the dispute
third party who plays an advisory role in
reaching an agreement. A. Mediators
B. Non party participants
A. Conciliation - Least formal type of C. Mediation party
ADR. D. Arbitrators
B. Mediation - means a voluntary process
in which a mediator, selected by the 416. It pertains to the United Nations
disputing parties, facilitates Convention on the Recognition and
communication and negotiation, and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
assist the parties in reaching a voluntary approved in 1958 and ratified by the
agreement regarding a dispute Philippine Senate under Senate
C. Arbitration Resolution No. 71
D. Arbitrator
A. New York Convention
412. It means a voluntary dispute B. Convention State - Member state of
resolution process in which one or more NYC
arbitrators, appointed in accordance with C. Non convention State - Non Member
the agreement of the parties or these state of NYC
Rules, resolve a dispute by rendering an D. Med-Arb - Two-step dispute resolution
award. process involving both mediation and
arbitration.
A. Conciliation
B. Mediation
C. Arbitration 417. It is a two-step dispute resolution
D. Arbitrator process involving both mediation and
arbitration.
413. It covers matters arising from all
relationships of a commercial nature, A. Med-arb
whether contractual or not. B. Mini-trial
C. Mediation
A. Mediation D. Arbitration
B. Commercial Arbitration
C. Conciliation 418. No person appointed to serve as an
D. NOTA arbitrator shall be related by blood or
marriage within the _________ degree to
414. A process wherein parties and their either party to the controversy.
lawyers are brought together early in a
pre-trial phase to present summaries of A. Third
their cases and receive a nonbinding B. Fourth
assessment by an experienced neutral C. Fifth
person, with expertise in the subject in D. Sixth
the substance of the dispute
419. Information obtained through
A. Early Neutral evaluation mediation shall be privileged and

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A. Public knowledge investigate an event by describing and

B. Confidential interpreting participants lived experiences
C. Part of public record that can have impact to the individuals
D. Known (emotion, behavior, performance).
D. action research - it has a very limited
420. Where to conduct mediation? scope to solve an immediate problem.

A. Philippine Mediation Center 425. The first and the most important
B. Court step in conducting a research project.
C. Place agreed by the parties
D. Barangay hall A. Determining the appropriate research
method
Criminological Research 1 and 2 B. Collection of Data
C. Identification of a research problem
421. It is focused on the determination D. Formulating hypothesis
and understanding why crimes are being
committed and try to give explanation to STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF
it. RESEARCH (SEQUENTIAL)

A. Criminological Research 1. Determining (recognizing) the problem

B. Behavioral Science 2. Forming a hypothesis
C. Sociology 3. Doing the library search
D. None of these 4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for
422. The word "research" originated from collecting data
the old French word "recerchier”. What is 6. Collecting the date
the meaning of this word? 7. Analyzing the data
8. Determining implications and
A. To define and study conclusions from the findings
B. To find and comprehend 9. Making recommendations for further
C. To know and understand research.
D. To search and search again
426. The purpose of this part of research
is to give readers the context of the
423. What deals with collecting data and present research.
testing hypotheses or answering
questions concerning the current status a. Introduction
of the subject of study? b. Method of research
c. Review of related literature
A. Basic / Pure - Intended to make new d. Conclusion
knowledge or new theories
B. Historical - Study of past events 427. A systematic study of lived
C. Descriptive experiences of individuals through
D. Evaluative - Measure effectiveness of description and analysis. It is a research
the study on how one or more individuals
experience a phenomenon such as a
424. It is concerned with the acquisition study of the experiences of children who
of new knowledge for the sake of science lived at the orphanage.
or the development of the field.
a. Historical
A. pure basic research b. Ethnographic -
B. applied research – study of creation of c. phenomenological
the most practical solution to a problem. d. human ethology
Testing the theories
C. empirical research (PHENOMENOLOGY) 428. It is an ethical consideration that
- Study of actual lived human experiences. means that people have the right to be

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told the truth and not be deceived about variables/ examines whether two or ore
any aspect of a research study. factors are naturally associated or related.

A. Veracity EXAMPLE: What is the correlation of

B. No Harm crimes to poverty.
C. Fidelity
D. Anonymity C. Ethnography - researchers immerse
(engage) themselves in groups or
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN organizations to understand their
RESEARCH cultures.
D. Phenomenological
Anonymity - keep the information and
data of samples private 431. A researcher is asked to explain
possible factors related to problems
Fidelity - obligation to remain faithful to observed in his descriptive study. His
one’s commitments, which includes study should answer the questions “why
keeping promises and maintaining and how” to prove his claims. This type of
confidentiality research is___________

No Harm - obligation not to inflict A. Explanatory research

harm/endanger either physical or B. Intervention research - aims to identify
psychological or socially the best treatments or strategies to
improve outcomes.
Privacy - obligation to maintain the state C. Descriptive research
or condition of limited access to a person D. Extensive Research - Include
descriptive and inferential statistics along
Voluntary participation - Walang pilitan with numerical analysis, practical,
concrete and large samples are taken)
Avoiding deception - Reveal the purpose
of the research 432. Mr. De Jesus has constructed a
question “How do BJMP Officers, who
Informed consent - seeking permission have been physically assaulted by
to the person/guardian protestors overcome their fears and
behavior so they can effectively perform
429. It is an Ethical considerations in their duties?” Describe the type of
criminological research include qualitative research.
minimizing harm to participants,
protecting their rights, and ensuring a. Phenomenology
confidentiality b. Ethnography
c. Narrative -
A. No Harm d. Case Study
B. Privacy
C. Avoiding deception 433. The researcher has immersed
D. Informed consent himself in a group of indigenous people in
Barrio Masinloc to observe their cultural
430. Shiela, a researcher from CCJ-CvSU behaviors. In this way, he can create an
wants to study the lived experiences of evidence-based program to solve the
repeated crime offenders. What type of cultural issues among the people in that
research design should she use? community. Describe the kind of research
he has conducted.
A. Case Study - An in-depth, detailed
examination of a particular case (or cases) a. Phenomenology
within a real-world context b. Grounded
c. Ethnography
B. Correlation - Determines the d. Case Study
relationship between two or more

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434. et al means “and another”. The a. longitudinal

statement is incorrectly written and b. retrospective
transcribed. c. prospective
d. Cross-sectional
a. Maybe
b. incorrect Cross-sectional – studies - collect data at
c. Correct one time, or the data collected cover only
d. Incorrect one short period, say one year to two year
city crime data.
435. What was the year that APA 6th
edition was amended and becomes 7th Longitudinal studies - collect data from a
edition: ‘ respondent over a long period of time or
the data cover a long period of time, say
a. October 2019 10 or more years
c. 2009
b. October 2009
d. 2019 TYPES OF LONGITUDINAL

436, You already have a target study but

upon juggling multiple resources, no ✓ Trend – examines the changes within a
theories are enough to supplement your specifically identified population over time
particular study. So, you decided to use
this type of qualitative design to formulate A city mayor, for example, may request a
your own. What is being referred to? report from the chief of police to show the
crime rate trend in his city to see the
a. Ethnography overall picture of crime in terms of 10 or
b. Phenomenological research 20 years.
c. Case study
d. Grounded ✓ Cohort – examines a sub group which
shares the same characteristics
437. Upon reaching the end of your
research, you have developed theories For instance, if you want to study a
that may answer several questions from cohort of babies born in Dumaguete City
your study. To truly attempt the efficacy in 2010, you generate a sample of 500 out
of your theories, what type of research of 2000 babies. In 2015, you conduct
according to goal are you going to apply? another data collection; this time, you
generate another 500 five year old
a. Basic children born in 2010 in the City. Then,
c. Pure you do the same procedure in 2020, 2025,
b. Applied and 2030. Note that by generating
d. Fundamental another sample of 500 children, it is not
necessary that the same respondents in
438. ORCID iD stands: the first sampling are chosen in the
second sampling of respondents. The only
a. Open Researcher Contributor important criterion is that the
Identifier Identification Number respondents were of the same
b. Open Researcher Contribution’s subpopulation (in this case, those babies
Identifier Identification Number born in 2010).
c. Open Researcher Contributor Identifier
Identity Number ✓ Panel – examining the exact group of
d. Open Researcher Contributor Identity people for some time
Identification Number
They used the data collected in the Wave
439. In terms of timeframes, which design 2, 3, and 4 of the study. In Wave 2,
collects data at a single point in time? adolescents were interviewed in their 8th
or 9th grade; in Wave 4, these same

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adolescents were interviewed in their 10th 445. While roaming the area of Lucena,
grade. one barangay was seen to have a new
established culture where none of the
440. IMRAD is an acronym that stands neighboring barangay is exercising. As a
for the common sections of a scientific curious researcher, you went straight
research or lab report. This stands for: inside to see and study the breadth of the
causation of how the newly immersed
a. introduction, method, research, and culture appeared. What type of research
discussion design are you going to use?
b. introduction, method, results, and
discussion a. Qualitative
c. introduction, method, research, and c. Quantitative
data b. Ethnography
d. any of these d. Phenomenology

441. It constitutes the blueprint for the 446. This is the sampling technique
collection, measurement, and where everyone is given an equal chance
interpretation of information and data. to be selected.

a. Paradigm a. Sampling technique

b. Research locale b. Probability sampling
c. Research design c. Non-probability
d. None of them d. Either probability or non-probability

442. The researcher determines that the 447. A qualitative focus on an in-depth
lack of an existing guideline and plan on analysis of a life or group of certain
riots in jail has probably been implicated individual is called as:
in the rising number of injuries and
deaths in the prison. This has led the a. Ethnography
researcher to conduct the study. The lack b. Phenomenological research
of an existing guideline in the area serves c. Case study
as the research: d. Grounded

a. Background 448. This is a tentative answer which is

b. Conceptual framework need not to be tested for it is solely based
c. Gap on observation and experiences:
d. Significance
a. Null Hypothesis
443. Researcher’s own definition that is b. Assumption
based on how it will be used in the study. c. Hypothesis
d. Alternative Hypothesis
A. Operational
B. Conceptual 449. The research design comprises the
C. Theoretical following, except:
D. None of these
a. Research locale
444. Abstract is: b. Research instrument
c. Sampling technique
a. one-paragraph summary of the entire d. Data Interpretation
study
b. typically no more than 250 words in 450. It is the middle value in a list
length ordered from smallest to largest.
c. provides overview of the study
d. all of the foregoing A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode

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D. All of the Above A = Achievable – data are achievable using

correct statistical treatment/techniques
451. It is a single formal theory to arrive at precise results
R = Realistic – real results are not
A. Descriptive statistics manipulated
B. Inferential statistics
C. Theoretical Framework T = Time-bound – time frame is required
D. Conceptual in every activity because the shorter
completion of the activity the better
452. It generally describes the way the
research work is carried and the 457. Kardo killed his three previous wives
equipment and materials to be used in despite the fact that he is professional,
the process. came from a well-known and wealthy
family. As a criminologist, what kind of
A. Introduction study will you going to conduct?
B. Review of Related Literature
C. Methodology a. Case study
D. Conclusion b. Causal and effect
c. Experimental
453. Which of the following steps is not a d. Ethnographic
part of the Scientific Method?
458. It involves random selection,
a. Data collection allowing you to make strong statistical
b. Identification of a problem inferences about the whole group.
c. Drawing of conclusion
d. Information Dissemination a. Probability sampling
b. Non-probability sampling - involves
MAJOR STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD non-random selection based on
OF RESEARCH convenience or other criteria, allowing you
to easily collect data.
1. Determining (recognizing) the problem c. Simple random sampling -
2. Forming a hypothesis d. Systematic sampling - elements are
3. Doing the library search selected through mathematical interval;
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for 459. It collects data at one time, or the
collecting data data collected cover only one short period,
6. Collecting the data say one year to two-year city crime data.
7. Analyzing the data
8. Determining implications and a. Cross-sectional studies
conclusions from the findings b. Longitudinal studies
9. Making recommendations for further c. Trend Studies
research. d. Panel Studies

456. In the SMART guide, M stands for? 460 The most important step in
conducting scientific research paper:
a. Meaningful
b. Measurable a. Discerning an actual problem
c. Meaningless b. Determination of hypothesis
d. Meticulous c. Research library
d. Title construction
ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD RESEARCH
PROBLEM 461. A citation that uses an ampersand
S = Specific – specifically stated symbol is called:
M = Measurable – easy to measure by
using research instrument in collection of a. Narrative citation - AND
data b. Parenthetical citation - &

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c. In press citation d. Short quotation= Less than 40 items

d. Personal communication citation
467. This element of a research reference
462. A standard research paper must answers: when was this work published?
have its page number located at:
a. Author
a. Upper flush left - RUNNING HEAD - b. Title
WRITTEN IN CAPITAL LETTERS. c. Date
ABBREVIATION OF RESEARCH TITLE d. Source
MAX: 50 CHARACTERS - INCLUDING
SPACES AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS. author: Who is responsible for this work?
b. Upper left date: When was this work published?
c. Upper flush right title: What is this work called?
d. Upper right source: Where can I retrieve this work?

463. Footnotes could be found where: 468. The APA edition provided how many
maximum authors on a research title
a. Header of a paper page.
b. Footer of a paper
c. At the references a. 7 - AUTHORS MAX IN 6th EDITIoN
d. Within title page b. 6
c.. 20 - REFERENCE LIST IN 7th edition
464. The minimum numbers of words a d. No limit
research title is:
469. An element of reference which can
a. 15 words never go missing is:
b. Indefinite
c. 10 words a. Author
d. 10 to 15 words b. Date
c. Title
465. This is the specific aggregation of the d. Source - Cite as a personal
elements, also known as universe. communication (see Section 8.9) or
find another work to cite (see Section
a. Sample 9.37).
b. Population
c. Variable WHAT IF NO AUTHOR?
d. Constant - IMPLIED ANONYMOUS : Gamitin
ang title ng paper for the paper.
SAMPLES: - EXPRESS ANONYMOUS : If
QUANTI: RESPONDENTS Anonymous is written as the
MAX: NO MAX author, use it.
MIN: 30
QUALI : PARTICIPANTS/ SUBJECTS WHAT IF, NO DATE?
MAX: 50 - Lagay niyo (n.d.)
MIN: 1
WHAT IF NO TITLE?
466. This describes the reproduction of - Provide the author and date,
words verbatim from another work or describe the work in square
from your own previously. brackets, and then provide the
source.
a. Long quotation WHAT IF NO SOURCE?
b. Direct quotation - SYSTEM USED - Find another work to cite or Cite it
AUTHOR-DATE-PAGE as an INTEXT-CITATION personal
NUMBER/PARAGRAPH NUMBER communication.
SYSTEM
c. Block quotation = 40 words and above

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470. All sides of a paper must have

congruent margins. What is the
prescribed and standard margin to be
used?

a. 2.54 cm or 1 inch
b. 1.5 inches to all sides except left
margin c. 1.5 inches
d. No prescribed margins

NOTE: Dissertations and theses may have

different requirements if they are to be
bound (e.g., 1.5-in. left margins).

Paper Size: 8.5 inches by 11 inches

SUMMARY OF RRL - SYNTHESIS -

IMPORTANCE OF RRL IN OUR STUDY

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