CEng 3204-Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Design Examples on Flanged

sections

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 Example 1

A continuous slab 100𝑚𝑚 thick is carried on T-beams at 2𝑚 centers.

The overall depth of the beam is 350𝑚𝑚 and the breadth 𝑏𝑤 of the
web is 250𝑚𝑚. The 6𝑚 span beams are simply supported. The
characteristic dead load including self–weight and finishes of the slab
is 7.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 and the characteristic imposed load on the slab
is 5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 . Design the beam using the simplified stress block. The

material strengths are 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎

reinforcement.

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12/8/2024 Design Examples on Flanged sections 3
 Solution
Step 1: Determination of design load 𝑤

Since the beams are spaced at 2𝑚 centers, the loads on the

intermediate beam are:

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.4 × 2 = 14.8𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 2 = 10𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Design load = (1.35 × 14.8) + (1.5 × 10) = 35.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚

The loads on the edge beam are:

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 7.4 × 1 = 7.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5 × 1 = 5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Design load w = 1.35 × 7.4 + 1.5 × 5 = 17.49𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Step 2: Load analysis

For intermediate beams

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Ultimate moment at mid-span

35.0 × 62
𝑀𝑑 = = 157.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
8
Shear Force 𝑽 at support:

𝑤𝑙 35𝑥6
𝑉= = = 105 𝑘𝑁
2 2

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For edge beams

17.49 × 62
Ultimate moment at mid-span = = 78.705𝑘𝑁𝑚
8

Shear Force 𝑉 at support:

𝑤𝑙 17.49𝑥6
𝑉= = = 52.47𝑘𝑁
2 2

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Step 3: Compute effective flange width, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓

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𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 for a T-beam or L-beam may be derived as:

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ෍ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏

Where

0.2𝑏𝑖 + 0.1𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. ቐ 0.2𝑙𝑜
𝑏𝑖
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For intermediate beams

𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑤 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚

2000 − 250
𝑏1 = 𝑏2 = = 875𝑚𝑚
2
𝑙𝑜 = Span of simply supported beam = 6000 mm

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ෍ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏

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 0.2𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 = 0.2 ∗ 875 + 0.1 ∗ 6000 = 775𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 ቐ 0.2𝑙𝑜 = 0.2 ∗ 6000 = 1200𝑚𝑚
𝑏1 = 875𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 775𝑚𝑚

0.2𝑏2 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 = 0.2 ∗ 875 + 0.1 ∗ 6000 = 775𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 ቐ 0.2𝑙𝑜 = 0.2 ∗ 6000 = 1200𝑚𝑚
𝑏2 = 875𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 = 775𝑚𝑚

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𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 + 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,2 + 𝑏𝑤 = 775 + 250 + 775 =
1800𝑚𝑚 ≤ (𝑏 = 2000 𝑚𝑚)

For edge beams

𝑏1 = 875𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑜 = Span of simply supported beam = 6000mm

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ෍ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 ≤ 𝑏

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 0.2𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙𝑜 = 0.2 ∗ 875 + 0.1 ∗ 6000 = 775𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 ቐ 0.2𝑙𝑜 = 0.2 ∗ 6000 = 1200𝑚𝑚
𝑏1 = 875𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 = 775𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓,1 + 𝑏𝑤 = 775 + 250 = 1025𝑚𝑚 ≤ (𝑏

= 2000𝑚𝑚)

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Step 4: Determine design constants

For 𝐶25/30 concrete: 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑥25
→ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

→ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 = 0.3(25)2/3 = 2.6𝑀𝑃𝑎

For 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎 steel

𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
→ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 434.78𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

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Step 5: Check the position of the neutral axis
For intermediate beams
Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange and the
depth of compression block 𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚.
ℎ𝑓
Then, 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑 − 2

Assuming a nominal cover on the links is 35𝑚𝑚 and

if the links are 𝜙8 bars and the main bars are𝜙26 then
𝑑 = 350 – 35 – 8 – 26/2 = 294𝑚𝑚

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 ℎ𝑓 100
𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑− = 14.167 𝑥 1800 𝑥 100 𝑥 294 −
2 2
= 622.215𝑘𝑁𝑚

The design moment that the concrete flange

( 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 622.215𝑘𝑁𝑚 ) can resist is greater

than the design moment (= 157.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚).

Therefore, the beam can be designed as a singly
reinforced rectangular beam.

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For edge beams
Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange and the
depth of compression block 𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚.
ℎ𝑓
Then, 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑 −
2

Assuming a nominal cover on the links is 35𝑚𝑚 and

if the links are𝜙8 bars and the main bars are𝜙26 then

𝑑 = 350 – 35 – 8 – 26/2 = 294𝑚𝑚

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 ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑 −
2

100
= 14.167 𝑥 1025 𝑥 100 𝑥 294 − = 354.317𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

The design moment that the concrete flange (𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =

354.317𝑘𝑁𝑚 ) can resist is greater than the design
moment (= 78.705𝑘𝑁𝑚).

Therefore, the beam can be designed as a singly

reinforced rectangular beam.
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Step 6: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠

For intermediate beams

𝑀 157.5 𝑥 106
𝐾= 2
= 2
= 0.0695
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1800 𝑥 294 𝑥 14.167

𝑑 294
𝑧 = 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 = 1+ 1 − 2 0.0695
2 2
= 283.4𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 279.3𝑚𝑚

∴Take 𝑧 = 279.3𝑚𝑚

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 𝑀 157.5 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1296.99𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 434.783 𝑥 279.3𝑚𝑚

Number of bars

𝐴𝑠 1296.99
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = = 𝜋 26 2
= 2.443 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 3ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟑𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

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For edge beams

𝑀 78.705 𝑥 106
𝐾= 2
= 2
= 0.0627
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1025 𝑥 294 𝑥 14.167

𝑑 294
𝑧 = 1 + 1 − 2𝐾 = 1+ 1 − 2 0.0627
2 2
= 284.4736𝑚𝑚 ≰ 0.95𝑑 = 279.3𝑚𝑚

∴Take 𝑧 = 279.3𝑚𝑚

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 𝑀 78.705 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 648.126𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧 434.783 𝑥 279.3𝑚𝑚

Number of bars

𝐴𝑠 1296.99
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = = 𝜋 26 2
= 1.22 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟐𝟔 (𝑨𝒔,𝒑𝒓𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟖𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

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Step 7: Check the minimum and maximum area of
reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 [Refer ES

EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.6
0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 ∗ 250 ∗ 294 = 99.372𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ൞ 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 250 ∗ 294 = 95.55𝑚𝑚2

∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.372𝑚𝑚2

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Step 8: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

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 Example 2

Determine the area of reinforcement required for the simply supported T-

beam shown in Figure below. The dimensions of the beam
are 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 600 𝑚𝑚, 𝑏𝑤 = 250 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 340 𝑚𝑚,
𝑑 ′ = 51𝑚𝑚, ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚. The beam is subjected to an ultimate moment
of 305𝑘𝑁𝑚. The material strengths are 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎 concrete and 𝑓𝑦𝑘 =
500𝑀𝑃𝑎 reinforcement.

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 Solution
Step 1: Determine design constants
For 𝐶25/30 concrete: 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑥25
→ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.167𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

→ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 = 0.3(25)2/3 = 2.6𝑀𝑃𝑎

For S − 500 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
→ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 434.78𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

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Step 2: Check the position of the neutral axis
Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange and the depth of
compression block 𝑎 = ℎ𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚.
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑑 −
2

100
= 14.167 𝑥 600 𝑥 100 𝑥 340 − = 246.5𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

The design moment of 305𝑘𝑁𝑚 is greater than 𝑀𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 .

Therefore the stress block extends into the web. The beam is
treated as T-beam.

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Step 3: Check if compression steel is required.

2
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.295𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 + 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
= 0.295𝑥14.167𝑥250𝑥3402 + 14.167(600 −
100
250) 100 (340 − ) = 264.58 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

(𝑀 = 305𝑘𝑁𝑚) > (𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 264.58𝑘𝑁𝑚)

∴Compression steel is required.

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Step 4: Calculate flexural reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 and compression
reinforcement 𝐴′𝑠
Area of compression steel (𝑨′𝒔 ):

𝑀 − 𝑀 305 − 264.58 𝑥 106

𝑏𝑎𝑙
𝐴′𝑠 = = = 321.7 𝑚𝑚 2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ 434.783 𝑥 (340 − 51)

Number of bars

𝐴𝑠 321.7
𝑁𝑂 of ϕ16𝑚𝑚 = = 𝜋 16 2
= 1.6 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 2ϕ16𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆2ϕ16𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 402.124𝑚𝑚2

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Area of tension steel (𝐴𝑠 ):

0.36𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 +𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 −𝑏𝑤

𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
𝑓𝑦𝑑

0.36𝑥340𝑥14.167𝑥250 +14.167𝑥100 600−250

𝐴𝑠 = + 321.7 = 2459.2 𝑚𝑚2
434.783

Number of bars

𝐴𝑠 2459.2
𝑁0 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 = = 𝜋 26 2
= 4.63 ≈ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 5ϕ26𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑠
4

⇒ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 5ϕ26𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 2654.6458𝑚𝑚2

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 Arrangement of bars
Arrangement of bars (assuming minimum spacing should
not be less than bars diameter or 20mm). If bars of
different diameters are used, the minimum spacing is the
diameter of the larger bar. Assume diameter of main bar
𝜙 = 26 𝑚𝑚 in one layer with concrete cover 35𝑚𝑚
and 8𝑚𝑚 shear reinforcement diameter.
𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑠 (𝑠 = 𝜙𝑙 )
𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + 𝑛 − 1 𝜙𝑙
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𝑁𝑂 of ϕ26𝑚𝑚 bars which can be placed in a row, 𝑛

𝑏−2𝑐𝑐−2𝜙𝑠 250−2∗35−2∗8
2𝑛 = +1= + 1 = 7.3
𝜙𝑙 26

𝑛 = 3.65 ≈ 3.

This means, it is possible to put 3ϕ26𝑚𝑚 in a row. In our case,

we have 5ϕ26𝑚𝑚 .

Therefore provide 3ϕ26𝑚𝑚 on first row and 2ϕ26𝑚𝑚 on the

second row. (𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 2654.6458𝑚𝑚2 ).

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Step 5: Check minimum spacing of bars [Refer ES
EN1992:2015 Section 8.2]
Spacing between bars in the horizontal and vertical
direction
𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 𝑛𝜙𝑙 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑠 (𝑛 = 3)
𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + 3 − 1 𝑠
𝑏 = 2𝑐𝑐 + 2𝜙𝑠 + 3𝜙𝑙 + 2𝑠
𝑏− 2𝑐𝑐+2𝜙𝑠 +3𝜙𝑙 250− 2∗35+2∗8+3∗26
𝑠= = = 69𝑚𝑚
2 2

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Minimum spacing of bars according to ES EN1992:2015 section 8.2

The minimum clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual

parallel bars or horizontal layers of parallel bars should be not less than

𝑘1 ∗ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 ∗ 26 = 26𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ቐ 𝜙𝑔 + 𝑘2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
The provided clear distance

1𝑥26 = 26𝑚𝑚
𝑠 = 69𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑔 + 5𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
20 𝑚𝑚
Spacing between bars in the vertical direction = 𝜙𝑏 = 26𝑚𝑚

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Step 6: Check the minimum and maximum area of
reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement area [Refer ES EN1992:2015

Section 9.2.1.1(1)]

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 2.6
0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 ∗ 250 ∗ 340 = 114.92𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 ൞ 𝑓𝑦𝑘 500
0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.0013 ∗ 250 ∗ 340 = 110.5𝑚𝑚2

∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 114.92𝑚𝑚2

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Maximum reinforcement area [Refer ES
EN1992:2015 Section 9.2.1.1(3)]

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝑏𝑑 = 0.04𝑥250𝑥340 = 3400𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 114.92𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜 = 2654.6458𝑚𝑚2

< 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3400𝑚𝑚2 … … … … 𝑂𝑘!

Thus, the provided area of reinforcement is adequate.

12/8/2024 Design Examples on Flanged sections 36

Step 7: Detailing of flexural reinforcement

12/8/2024 Design Examples on Flanged sections 37

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 38
 Example 1

An interior T-beam in a floor system has a center to

center span of 5.5𝑚 and cross section shown in the
figure. The concrete and steel grades are 𝐶20/25 and
𝑆 − 400 respectively. Compute the design moment
resistance capacity of this beam in the positive
moment region. (Cover to stirrup = 25𝑚𝑚 and stirrup
of diameter 𝜙8 @ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 was provided).
12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 39
12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 40
 Solution
Step 1: Design values (changing the characteristic strength
value to design strength value)
𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class 𝐶20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade 𝑆 − 400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN

1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 41

The recommended value of 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 0.85 from
Ethiopian National Annex.

𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 20

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 347.83𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 42

Step 2: Determine the effective flange width of the
beam, 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 43

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 for a T-beam or L-beam may be derived as:

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 = ෍ 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒊 + 𝒃𝒘 ≤ 𝒃

Where

𝟎. 𝟐𝒃𝒊 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒍𝒐
𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝒊 ≤ቐ 𝟎. 𝟐𝒍𝒐
𝒃𝒊

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 44

 2.7
For the given beam, 𝑏1 = = 1.35𝑚 = 1350𝑚𝑚
2

3.25
and 𝑏2 = = 1.625𝑚 = 1625𝑚𝑚
2

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 45

 𝟎. 𝟐𝒃𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒍𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝟔𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎
Thus, 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝟏 ≤ቐ 𝟎. 𝟐𝒍𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝟕𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒃𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎

∴Take 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝟏 = 𝟔𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎

𝟎. 𝟐𝒃𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝒍𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝟐 ≤ቐ 𝟎. 𝟐𝒍𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟎 = 𝟕𝟕𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎

∴Take 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝟐 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝟏 + 𝒃𝒘 + 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇,𝟐 = 𝟔𝟓𝟓 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝟕𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 46

Step 3: Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange
Step 4: Assume the strain in the tension reinforcement
to be greater than the yield strain
Step 5: Use the procedure of analysis of singly
reinforced concrete sections to estimate neutral axis
depth. 𝑑 = 500 − 25 + 8 + 10 = 457𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 102 ∗ 347.83

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.0507
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑑 1665 ∗ 457 ∗ 11.33
12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 47
Using the general design chart 𝛼𝑐 = 0.0507, 𝒌𝒙 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.09 ∗ 457𝑚𝑚 = 41.13𝑚𝑚

Step 6: Check if the assumption in step 3 is correct

𝑥 = 41.13𝑚𝑚 < ℎ𝑓 = 120𝑚𝑚 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕

Step 7: If the assumption is correct, estimate the

moment resistance of the section using the procedures
of singly reinforced concrete sections.
12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 48
 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍

Using the general design chart 𝛼𝑐 = 0.0507, 𝒌𝒁 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟕

𝒛 = 𝒌𝒁 ∗ 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟕 ∗ 𝟒𝟓𝟕 = 𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝒎𝒎

∴ 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑍 = 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 102 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 451.06 ∗

10−6 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝒌𝑵𝒎

Step 8: Calculate the strain in the tension reinforcement

and check if the assumption is step 4 is correct.

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 49

Using the general design chart 𝛼𝑐 = 0.0507, 𝜺𝒔𝟏 =
𝟐𝟓%𝟎 → 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕.

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 50

 Example 2

Compute the design resistance of the 𝑇 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

shown in the figure below. The concrete and steel
grades are 𝐶20/25 and 𝑆 − 460 respectively. (Cover
to stirrup = 25𝑚𝑚 and stirrup of diameter
𝜙8 @ 200𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐 was provided)

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 51

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 52
 Solution
Step 1: Design values (changing the characteristic strength
value to design strength value)
𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Concrete class 𝐶20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
𝛾𝑐

𝑓𝑦𝑘
Steel grade 𝑆 − 460 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
𝛾𝑠

For persistent and transient design situation (Refer ES EN

1992-1-1:2015 Table 2.1N)

𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 53

Step 2: Assume the neutral axis to be in the flange
Step 3: Assume the strain in the tension reinforcement
to be greater than the yield strain
Step 4: Use the procedure of analysis of singly
reinforced concrete sections to estimate neutral axis
depth. 𝑑 = 700 − 25 + 8 + 12 = 655𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 122 ∗ 400

𝛼𝑐 = = = 0.195
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑑 500 ∗ 655 ∗ 11.33
12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 54
Using the general design chart 𝛼𝑐 = 0.195 , 𝒌𝒙 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟐
𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.22 ∗ 655𝑚𝑚 = 144.1𝑚𝑚

Step 5: Check if the assumption in step 2 is correct

𝑥 = 144.1𝑚𝑚 > ℎ𝑓 = 125𝑚𝑚
→ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕

Therefore, the neutral axis to be in the web and the beam is T-

beam.

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 55

Step 6: Take the neutral axis to be below the flange
and divide the section into two parts: Beam W and
beam F to simplify the analysis process.

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 56

Step 7: Take the rectangular stress strain relationship for
the concrete under compression and calculate the moment
resistance of the T-beam using force equilibrium.

Beam F
𝐶𝑓 = 𝑇𝑠𝑓

𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇 − 𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝒇 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑨𝒔𝒇 = = = 𝟖𝟖𝟓. 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝟒𝟎𝟎

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 57

 ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑟
2

ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 𝑑 −
2

125
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 11.33 ∗ 500 − 250 ∗ 125 ∗ 655 − ∗ 10−6
2

= 209.78𝑘𝑁𝑚

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 58

The force in the remaining steel area 𝐴𝑠𝑤 is balanced by
compression in the rectangular portion of the beam ൫𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑤 =
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 ൯.
Beam W
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 4 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 122 − 885.16 = 924.4𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑤 = 𝑇𝑠𝑤
0.8𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑑 924.4 ∗ 400

𝑥= = = 163.18𝑚𝑚
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 08 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 59

 𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 0.8𝑥𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 0.8 ∗ 163.18 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 655 − 0.4 ∗ 163.18 ∗ 10−6

= 218.06𝑘𝑁𝑚

The total ultimate moment of resistance 𝑀𝑢 of the

section now becomes,
𝑴𝒖 = 𝑴𝒖𝒇 + 𝑴𝒖𝒘 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟕𝟖 + 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟔 = 𝟒𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟒𝒌𝑵𝒎

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 60

Step 8: Calculate the strain in the tension
reinforcement and check if the assumption is step 4 is
correct.

Using the general design chart 𝛼𝑐 = 0.195, 𝜺𝒔𝟏 =

𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟒%𝟎 → 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕.

𝑥 3.5 3.5𝑑 3.5∗655

Or = → 𝜀𝑠 = − 3.5 = − 3.5 =
𝑑 3.5+𝜀𝑠 𝑥 163.18

10.54 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑

12/8/2024 Analysis Examples on Flanged sections 61

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 62
Example 1: Design of Singly reinforced section

Given: Cross-section: 𝑏/𝐷/𝑑 = 300/600/550𝑚𝑚

Action Effects: Design moment = 180𝑘𝑁𝑚 (no

redistribution of moment)

Material data: Concrete 𝐶16/20 Steel 𝑆 − 460

Required: Amount of tension reinforcement

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 63

 Solution
Using Design Table
Step 1: Determine design constants (changing the characteristic
value to design value)
Material: 𝐶16/20 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 16𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗16
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 9.067𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑆 − 460 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 64

Step 2: Compute 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠

𝑀𝑠𝑑 180 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 = 2
= 2
= 0.2188
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 9.067 ∗ 300 ∗ 550
Using General Design Table 2.2 for 0% redistribution of
moment:

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.295

Since 𝝁𝒔𝒅,𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔𝒅,𝒍𝒊𝒎 , the section is singly reinforced.

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 65

Step 3: Reading 𝜔 from Design Table 2.2

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 𝜔

0.210 0.239

0.2188 𝜔

0.220 0.253

→ 𝜔 = 0.25132

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 66

Step 4: Calculate flexural reinforcement areas

𝑓𝑐𝑑 9.067
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜔𝑏𝑑 = 0.25132 ∗ 300 ∗ 550 ∗
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400

= 939.9368𝑚𝑚2

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 67

Using General Design Chart 𝐶12/15 − 𝐶50/60 :

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠 180𝑥106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 = = = 0.2188
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 9.067𝑥300𝑥5502

Since 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 , the section is singly reinforced.

Reading 𝑘𝑧 from Figure 2.1, 𝑘𝑧 = 0.87

𝑧 = 𝑘𝑧 𝑥𝑑 = 0.87𝑥550 = 478.5𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠 180𝑥106
𝐴𝑠1 = = = 940.4𝑚𝑚2
𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑑 478.5𝑥400

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 68

Example 2: Design of Doubly reinforced section

Given: Cross-section: 𝑏/𝐷/𝑑/𝑑2 = 300/600/550/55𝑚𝑚

Action effects: Design moment = 240𝑘𝑁𝑚 (after moment

redistribution)

Material data: Concrete 𝐶20/25 Steel 𝑆 − 460

Percent Moment redistribution: 20%

Required: Amount of tension and compression reinforcement

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 69

 Solution
Using Design Table
Step 1: Determine design constants (changing the characteristic value to
design value)
Material: 𝐶20/25 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85∗20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

𝑆 − 460 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦𝑘 460
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑠 1.15

𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
𝜀𝑦𝑑 = = = 0.002 = 2% ∘
𝐸𝑠 200000

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 70

Step 2: Compute 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠

𝑀𝑠𝑑 240 ∗ 106

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 = 2
= 2
= 0.2334
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 550

Using General Design Table 2.2 for 20% redistribution of

moment:

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.205

Since 𝝁𝒔𝒅,𝒔 ≥ 𝝁𝒔𝒅,𝒍𝒊𝒎 , the section is doubly reinforced.

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 71

Step 3: Reading 𝜔𝑙𝑖𝑚 from Table 2.2, 𝜔𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.233
Step 4: Compute 𝜔′

′
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 − 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 0.2334 − 0.205
𝜔 = = = 0.0316
𝑑2 55
1− 1−
𝑑 550
Step 5: Calculate area of tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠1

𝑓𝑐𝑑 11.33
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜔𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝜔′ 𝑏𝑑 = 0.233 + 0.0316 ∗ 300 ∗ 550 ∗
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400
= 1236.64𝑚𝑚2

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 72

Step 6: Check whether the compression reinforcement has
yielded

𝑘𝑥 = 0.288 & 𝜀𝑐 = 3.5%𝑜 for 20% redistribution of moment

𝑑2ൗ 55ൗ
𝜀𝑠2 = 1− 𝑑 𝜀 = 1− 550 3.5%𝑜 = 2.2847%𝑜
𝑐
𝑘𝑥 0.288

𝜀𝑠2 = 2.2847%𝑜 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = 2.0%𝑜

∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑 ൫𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝜎𝑠2 =

𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎൯
12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 73
Step 7: Calculate area of compression reinforcement
𝐴𝑠2

′
𝑓𝑐𝑑 11.33
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝜔 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0316 ∗ 300 ∗ 550
𝜎𝑠2 400

= 147.7𝑚𝑚2

12/8/2024 Design Aids for RC Beams 74

 Using General design chart

𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.205 for 20% redistribution of moment

𝑀𝑠𝑑 240∗106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑠 = = = 0.2334 > 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 11.33∗300∗5502

Since 𝝁𝒔𝒅,𝒔 ≥ 𝝁𝒔𝒅,𝒍𝒊𝒎 , the section is doubly

reinforced.

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𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑

= 0.205 ∗ 300 ∗ 5502 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 10−6

= 210.78𝑘𝑁𝑚

Reading 𝑘𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 from Figure 2.1, 𝑘𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.880

𝑧𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑘𝑧,𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.880 ∗ 550 = 484𝑚𝑚

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Area of tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠1

𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑀𝑠𝑑 −𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚

𝐴𝑠1 = +
𝑧𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑−𝑑2 𝑓𝑦𝑑

210.78∗106 240−210.78 ∗106

= + = 1236.316𝑚𝑚2
484∗400 550−55 ∗400

Check whether the compression reinforcement has yielded

Reading 𝜀𝑠2 from Figure 2.1, for 𝑑2ൗ𝑑 = 55Τ550 = 0.10 → 𝜀𝑠2 = −2.285%𝑜

→ 𝜀𝑠2 = −2.285%𝑜 > 𝜀𝑦𝑑 = −2.0%𝑜

∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑑 ൫𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝜎𝑠2 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 =

400𝑀𝑃𝑎൯
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Calculate area of compression reinforcement 𝐴𝑠2

1 𝑀𝑠𝑑 − 𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝜎𝑠2 − 𝜎𝑐𝑑,𝑠2 𝑑 − 𝑑2

1 240 − 210.78 ∗ 106

=
400 − 11.33 550 − 55
= 151.8777𝑚𝑚2

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