MANAGERIAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT

Unit i :

Self: Core Competency, Understanding to Self, Components of Self, Self-Identity, Self-Concept,

Self-Confidence and Self-Image, Self-Confident and Self-Image, Skill Analysis and Finding the
right fit. Self-Learning Styles, Attitude towards Change and Applications of Skills.

Unit ii :

Self Esteem: Meaning & Importance, Components of Self-Esteem, High and Low Self-Esteem,
Measuring our Self-Esteem and its effectiveness, Personality Mapping Tests, Appreciative
Intelligence.

Unit iii :
Thinking Skills: The Mind / Brain / Behavior, Thinking Skills, Critical Thinking and Leaning,
Making Predictions and Reasoning, Memory and Critical Thinking, Emotional and Critical
Thinking, Creativity: Definition and Meaning of Creativity, The Nature of Creative Thinking,
Convergent and Divergent Thinking, Idea Generation and Evaluation (Brain Storming), Image
Generation and Evaluation.

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 Reading List:

1. Managerial Skill Articles.

2. The Management Skills of All Managers – Si SAL Journal.

3. Managerial Skills by Dr. K. Alex. S. CHAND.

4. Managerial Skills-2 by Cynthia Menezes, Prabhu, Pento Print Publishing LLP.

5. Gallagher (2010), Skills Development for Business & Management Students Oxford
University Press.

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 UNIT-I

1.0 Managerial Skill

Management Skills are abilities and traits needed to perform certain duties, usually as it
pertains to overseeing a team, such as solving problems, communicating well, and motivating
employees. Such skills can be learned, through practical experience, or in courses and then
honed on the job.

Skills Management is the practice of understanding, developing and deploying people

and their skills. Well-implemented skills management should identify the skills that job roles
require, the skills of individual employees, and any gap between the two.

1.1 Managerial Skill Development

Simply, managerial skills are the knowledge and ability of the individuals in a managerial
position to fulfil some specific management activities or tasks. This knowledge and ability can
be learned and practiced. However, they also can be acquired through practical implementation
of required activities and tasks.

Management skills are important for many reasons. They position you to act as an
effective leader who can make good decisions, an effective communicator with the soft skills
necessary to inspire a team, and a problem-solver who can bring clarity to any situation.

1.2 TYPES OF MANAGERIAL SKILLS:

The skills needed by managers vary according to level. Top managers need strong
conceptual skills, while those at midlevel’s need good interpersonal skills and those at lower
levels need technical skills. All managers need strong communication, decision-making, and
time-management skills.

Important Skills for Effective Management:

 Communication skills.
 Leadership skills.
 Strategic thinking.

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  Organization and time management.
 Problem-solving skills.
 Decision-making skills.
 Conflict resolution skills.
 Emotional intelligence.
 Adaptability
 Coaching and Mentoring

1.3 SELF-CORE COMPETENCY

The self-management core competency Focus on an individual’s ability to regulate and

control their emotions, thought behaviors. For example, this can mean improving areas like stress
management, organizational skills, goal-setting abilities, impulse control, and self-discipline.

Definitions of Self-Core Competency

"Self" refers to an individual person, their identity, characteristics, capabilities, and

experiences. It encompasses one's unique attributes, including strengths, weaknesses, values, and
personality traits.

Core competency refers to a specific set of skills, knowledge, and abilities that an
individual possesses and that are fundamental to their success in a particular role, field, or area of
expertise. These competencies distinguish an individual from others and are central to their
performance and achievements.

IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CORE COMPETENCY:

A Core Competency is a knowledge, skill, or ability that contributes to the successful

completion of a task on the job. All employees use multiple competencies to perform their job.

1. Career Development

Identifying your core competencies allows you to focus on areas where you excel,
thereby guiding your career trajectory. By understanding your strengths, you can make informed
decisions about which roles or industries to pursue and where to allocate your time and resources
for professional development.

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2. Competitive Advantage

Your core competencies are what set you apart from others in your field. Leveraging
these strengths gives you a competitive edge, whether in job applications, promotions, or
entrepreneurial endeavors. They showcase your unique value proposition and make you stand
out among peers or competitors.

3. Performance Improvement

Recognizing your core competencies enables you to capitalize on them to improve your
performance. By honing these skills and continually refining them, you can enhance your
effectiveness in your current role, leading to increased productivity, better outcomes, and overall
job satisfaction.

4. Personal Fulfillment

Aligning your work with your core competencies often leads to a greater sense of
fulfillment and satisfaction. When you're leveraging your strengths on a daily basis, you're more
likely to feel engaged, motivated, and passionate about your work, which can contribute to a
higher quality of life and career satisfaction.

5. Adaptability and Resilience

Understanding your core competencies also involves acknowledging areas where you
may need improvement. This awareness fosters a growth mindset and a willingness to adapt and
learn new skills. By continuously evolving and expanding your competencies, you become more
resilient in the face of challenges and better equipped to navigate changes in your career or
industry.

1.4 UNDERSTANDING OF SELF

Understanding oneself is a fundamental aspect of personal development and growth. It

involves gaining insight into various facets of your identity, including your values, beliefs,
emotions, strengths, weaknesses, motivations, and behaviors.

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COMPONENTS OF SELF-UNDERSTANDING:

The meaning of understanding the self is having insight into one's own behavior,
attitudes, strengths, and weakness. It is the individual's ability to say and know what he or she is
good at or needs improvement. Self-understanding is one of the highest goals in psychology.

1. Self-Awareness

This is the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions, thoughts, and
behaviors. It involves being aware of your strengths, weaknesses, values, and how they influence
your actions and interactions with others.

2. Self-Reflection

Self-understanding often involves engaging in self-reflection, which is the process of

examining your thoughts, feelings, and experiences in order to gain insight and learn from them.
This can be done through journaling, meditation, or seeking feedback from others.

3. Values and Beliefs

Understanding yourself includes identifying your core values and beliefs, which are the
principles or standards that guide your behavior and decision-making. Clarifying your values
helps you align your actions with what matters most to you.

4. Strengths and Weaknesses

Recognizing your strengths involves identifying the areas where you excel and
leveraging them to achieve your goals. Similarly, acknowledging your weaknesses allows you to
address areas for improvement and seek opportunities for growth.

5. Motivations and Goals

Understanding your motivations involves recognizing what drives you and what goals
you want to achieve. This awareness helps you set meaningful goals and take actions that are in
line with your aspirations.

6. Emotional Intelligence

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 Understanding oneself also involves developing emotional intelligence, which is the
ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions, as well as the emotions of
others. This includes being able to regulate your emotions effectively and empathize with others.

7. Identity and Purpose

Understanding yourself means exploring your identity-who you are at your core and
clarifying your sense of purpose or meaning in life. This involves reflecting on your life
experiences, interests, and passions to discover what brings you fulfillment and satisfaction.

COMPONENTS OF SELF:

The components of self-refer to the various aspects or elements that contribute to an

individual's sense of identity, personality, and self-concept. The self-concept according to Rogers
has three different components that interact together as our self-concept, they include the view
we have of ourselves (self-image), what we wish we were like (ideal-self), and how much value
we place on ourselves often defined as (self-esteem/worth).

1. Physical Self

This component encompasses aspects related to the physical body, including appearance,
health, and physical abilities.

2. Cognitive Self

The cognitive self involves mental processes such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions,
memories, and problem-solving abilities.

3. Emotional Self

The emotional self pertains to an individual's emotions, feelings, moods, and emotional
responses to different situations and stimuli.

4. Social Self

The social self encompasses an individual's interactions and relationships with others,
including roles, social identity, social skills, and social roles.

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5. Spiritual Self

The spiritual self relates to beliefs, values, morals, existential questions, and a sense of
connection to something greater than oneself, such as spirituality or religion.

6. Psychological Self

The psychological self refers to an individual's psychological characteristics, traits,

personality, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and overall psychological well-being.

7. Self-Concept

Self-concept is the overall perception or understanding that an individual has about

themselves, including their beliefs, attitudes, values, and self-perceptions across various
domains.

8. Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is the subjective evaluation of one's worth or value as a person, which can
influence confidence, self-perception, and behavior.

9. Self-Identity

Self-identity is the sense of who one is as an individual, including aspects such as gender
identity, cultural identity, ethnic identity, and personal identity.

10. Self-Awareness

Self-awareness involves the ability to recognize and understand one's own thoughts,
feelings, behaviors, strengths, weaknesses, and motivations.

1.5 SELF-IDENTITY

Self-identity refers to the overall sense of who an individual perceives themselves to be. It
encompasses the beliefs, values, attitudes, roles, and characteristics that define one's
understanding of themselves as a unique and distinct person. Self-identity is shaped by various
factors, including personal experiences, relationships, cultural influences, societal norms, and

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individual traits. It is an ongoing process of self-discovery and self-definition that evolves over
time.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELF-IDENTITY:

1. Personal Identity

Personal identity refers to the unique characteristics, traits, experiences, and attributes
that distinguish an individual from others. It includes aspects such as personality traits, interests,
talents, values, and life experiences.

2. Social Identities

Social identity relates to the part of self-identity that is derived from group memberships
and social categories. This includes aspects such as gender identity, cultural identity, ethnic
identity, religious identity, socioeconomic status, and group affiliations (e.g., sports teams, clubs,
organizations).

3. Cultural Identity

Cultural identity encompasses the beliefs, values, customs, traditions, language, and
practices associated with a particular cultural group or community. It involves a sense of
belonging and connection to one's cultural heritage and may be influenced by factors such as
nationality, ethnicity, race, and upbringing.

4. Gender Identity

Gender identity is an individual's deeply held sense of their own gender, which may or
may not correspond with the sex assigned to them at birth. It encompasses how individuals
perceive themselves and their gender expression, including aspects such as masculinity,
femininity, and non-binary identities.

5. Ethnic Identity

Ethnic identity refers to the part of self-identity that is based on one's membership in an
ethnic or racial group. It involves a sense of belonging and connection to one's ethnic heritage,
including shared cultural traditions, language, customs, and history.

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6. Professional Identity

Professional identity relates to how individuals perceive themselves within the context of
their careers or occupations. It encompasses aspects such as skills, expertise, professional values,
career aspirations, and roles within the workplace.

7. Religious Identity

Religious identity involves the beliefs, values, practices, and affiliations associated with a
particular religion or spiritual tradition. It encompasses one's sense of faith, spirituality, and
connection to religious communities and traditions.

1.6 SELF-CONCEPT

Self-concept, also known as self-perception or self-image, refers to the overall perception

or understanding that an individual has about them. It encompasses the beliefs, attitudes,
thoughts, feelings, and evaluations that an individual holds about their own identity, abilities,
attributes, and characteristics.

ROGER’S THREE PARTS OF SELF-CONCEPT:

It seems like you're referring to Carl Rogers and his theory of self-concept. Carl Rogers, a
prominent humanistic psychologist, proposed a theory of personality that emphasized the
importance of self-concept in shaping human behavior and psychological functioning. According
to Rogers, self-concept consists of three main components:

1. Self-Image

This component refers to the way individuals perceive themselves and the characteristics
they believe they possess. It includes aspects such as physical appearance, personality traits,
abilities, and roles. Self-image is influenced by internal factors (such as personal experiences and
perceptions) as well as external factors (such as feedback from others and societal norms).

2. Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is the evaluative aspect of self-concept and reflects the degree to which
individuals value and accept themselves. It involves feelings of self-worth, self-respect, and self-

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acceptance. High self-esteem is associated with a positive self-concept, while low self-esteem
can lead to negative self-concept and feelings of inadequacy.

3. Ideal Self

The ideal self represents the person an individual wishes to be or believes they should be
based on their aspirations, goals, values, and societal standards. It encompasses the qualities,
characteristics, and achievements that individuals strive for and consider important for their self-
fulfillment and self-actualization. Discrepancies between the ideal self and the actual self (self-
image) can lead to feelings of incongruence and psychological distress according to Rogers'
theory.

1.7 SELF-CONFIDENCE

Self-confidence refers to the belief in oneself and one's abilities. It's the assurance and
trust in one's own judgment, skills, and qualities. Having self-confidence is essential for
achieving success, maintaining a positive outlook on life, and effectively handling challenges
and setbacks.

Self-confidence is not necessarily a fixed trait; it can vary depending on different

situations and experiences. It's also influenced by factors such as upbringing, past successes and
failures, social environment, and personal beliefs.

BENEFITS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE:

1. Positive Self-Image

Self-confident individuals have a positive perception of themselves. They accept their

strengths and weaknesses and have a realistic view of their capabilities.

Assertiveness: Self-confidence enables individuals to express their thoughts, opinions, and needs
assertively. They can communicate effectively without being overly aggressive or passive.

2. Resilience

Self-confident individuals are more resilient in the face of challenges and setbacks. They
bounce back from failures, learn from their experiences, and persevere in pursuing their goals.

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3. Effective Communication

Confidence enhances communication skills, allowing individuals to articulate their ideas

clearly and persuasively. They can engage in meaningful conversations, negotiate effectively,
and build strong interpersonal relationships.

4. Goal Achievement

Self-confident individuals set ambitious yet achievable goals and take consistent action to
pursue them. They believe in their ability to overcome obstacles and stay motivated despite
setbacks.

5. Leadership

Confidence is a key attribute of effective leaders. Self-confident leaders inspire trust and
respect, empower their team members, and navigate challenges with composure and
decisiveness.

6. Adaptability

Self-confident individuals are open to new experiences and challenges. They embrace
change, take calculated risks, and adapt their strategies based on evolving circumstances.

7. Emotional Well-being

Self-confidence contributes to emotional well-being by reducing anxiety and stress.

Confident individuals have a more positive outlook on life, experience greater satisfaction, and
enjoy better mental health.

8. Social Competence

Confidence enhances social skills and fosters meaningful connections with others. Self-
confident individuals are comfortable in social settings, initiate interactions, and build rapport
effortlessly.

9. Career Successes

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 Self-confidence is crucial for career advancement and success. Confident individuals are
more likely to seize opportunities, showcase their talents, and excel in their chosen fields.

1.8 SELF-IMAGE

Self-image refers to the way an individual sees themselves, both physically and mentally.
An individual’s self-image is developed over time and influenced by the experiences they have
encountered.

Characteristics of a Positive Self-Image:

 Feels confident
 Compares themselves positively with peers
 Content with how they look and has belief in their own ability
 Positive feedback received from friends and family on looks and abilities

Characteristics of a Negative Self-Image:

 Doubts own ability

 Compares themselves negatively with peers and images on social media/TV/magazines
 Received negative comments from friends and family on physical appearance or mental
ability

1.9 SELF-ANALYSIS AND FINDING THE RIGHT FIT

The starting point in the career development process is identifying your skills, values,
interests, and preferences to determine what types of positions are of interest and would be a
good fit.

Self-analysis is a process of introspection and self-reflection aimed at gaining a deeper

understanding of oneself, including strengths, weaknesses, values, interests, and goals. It
involves examining various aspects of your personality, experiences, and preferences to identify
patterns and insights that can guide decision-making and personal growth.

Step-by-step approach to conducting self-analysis and finding the right fit

1. Identify Your Strengths and Weaknesses

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 Take stock of your skills, abilities, and areas for improvement. Reflect on past successes
and challenges to understand what you excel at and where you may need to develop further.

2. Clarify Your Values

Determine what matters most to you in life. Consider your core beliefs, principles, and
priorities. Your values serve as a guiding compass in making decisions and pursuing goals that
align with your authentic self.

3. Explore Your Interests

Reflect on activities, hobbies, and subjects that genuinely interest and energize you. Pay
attention to moments when you feel engaged and passionate, as they can indicate areas where
you have a natural inclination.

4. Assess Your Goals

Define both short-term and long-term goals for various aspects of your life, such as
career, relationships, health, and personal development. Ensure that your goals are meaningful
and aligned with your values and interests.

5. Evaluate Your Personality

Consider your personality traits, preferences, and tendencies. Are you more introverted or
extroverted? Do you thrive in structured environments or prefer flexibility? Understanding your
personality can help you identify environments and opportunities that suit you best.

6. Reflect on Past Experiences

Examine past experiences, including successes, failures, and significant life events. What
have you learned from these experiences? How have they shaped your aspirations and
preferences?

7. Seek Feedback

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 Ask trusted friends, family members, mentors, or colleagues for feedback on your
strengths, weaknesses, and areas of potential growth. Their perspectives can provide valuable
insights that may complement your self-analysis.

8. Research Options

Once you have a clearer understanding of yourself, research various opportunities,

whether they're career paths, educational programs, or personal endeavors. Evaluate how well
they align with your strengths, values, and interests.

9. Experiment and Learn:

Don’t be afraid to try new things and explore different paths. Engage in activities,
internships, or projects that allow you to gain hands-on experience and test your preferences. Be
open to learning from both successes and setbacks.

10. Regular Reflection and Adjustment

Self-analysis is an ongoing process. Regularly revisit and reassess your goals, values, and
interests as you grow and evolve. Adjust your path accordingly to ensure that you're
continuously moving toward a fulfilling and meaningful life.

1.10 SELF-LEARNING STYLES

Self-learning, also known as self-directed learning or independent learning, refers to the

process of acquiring knowledge, skills, or competencies through self-initiated and self-regulated
means. It involves taking responsibility for one's own learning journey, often outside the
traditional classroom setting. Self-learning can occur through various methods, including
reading, online courses, experimentation, practical experience, and interaction with others.

Here are some key principles and strategies for effective self-learning Styles:

1. Set Clear Goals

Define what you want to learn and why it's important to you. Establish clear, achievable
goals that guide your learning process and keep you motivated.

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2. Create a Learning Plan

Develop a structured plan outlining the topics you want to cover, resources you'll use,
and timelines for achieving your learning goals. Break down larger goals into smaller,
manageable tasks.

3. Identify Learning Resources

Utilize a variety of resources to support your learning, including books, online courses,
tutorials, videos, and podcasts, articles, and mentorship opportunities. Choose resources that
align with your learning style and preferences.

4. Practice Active Learning

Engage actively with the material by taking notes, summarizing key concepts, asking
questions, and applying what you've learned through practical exercises or projects. Actively
participating in the learning process enhances understanding and retention.

5. Seek Feedback

Solicit feedback from peers, mentors, or experts in the field to assess your progress,
identify areas for improvement, and gain valuable insights. Constructive feedback can help refine
your learning approach and deepen your understanding.

6. Stay Organized and Disciplined

Maintain a structured schedule for your learning activities and allocate dedicated time
each day or week for self-learning. Set aside distractions and create a conducive environment for
focused study.

7. Embrace Curiosity and Exploration

Cultivate a curious mindset and explore topics beyond your immediate interests. Be open
to discovering new ideas, perspectives, and areas of knowledge that broaden your understanding.

8. Reflect on Your Learning

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 Regularly reflect on your learning experiences, achievements, and challenges. Evaluate
what strategies are working well for you and where adjustments may be needed. Reflective
practice enhances self-awareness and informs future learning decisions.

9. Stay Persistent and Resilient

Learning new skills or mastering complex subjects may require persistence and resilience
in the face of challenges and setbacks. Embrace setbacks as opportunities for growth and remain
committed to your learning goals.

10. Celebrate Progress

Acknowledge and celebrate your achievements and milestones along the way.
Recognizing your progress boosts motivation and reinforces your commitment to continuous
self-improvement.

1.11 ATTITUDE TOWARDS CHANGE AND APPLICATIONS OF SKILLS:

Our attitude toward change creates our lives, which also means that if we want to change
our lives, we must first change our attitude toward change. If we react to life mindlessly, we are
simply controlled by life situations that promote a reactive past reality.

For example, a vegetarian person has a negative attitude towards beef consumption and
avoids eating beef. If this person at some point in life comes to know that beef is a good source
of protein which essential for health, he may develop a positive attitude towards beef
consumption and start eating it.

Attitude is important because it can influence your ability to move through the world. For
instance, maintaining a positive attitude can help you achieve measurable success in your
personal and professional life.

"Applicable Skills" is correct and usable in written English. You can use it when
referring to a set of skills that can be used to achieve a specific goal or outcome. For example:
"The candidate had the applicable skills to be successful in the role."

1. Openness to Change

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 Some individuals are naturally open to adapting their skills to new applications. They see
change as an opportunity for growth, learning, and innovation. They may actively seek out new
ways to apply their skills and enjoy the challenge of mastering new domains.

2. Resilience

Others may approach changes in skill application with a sense of resilience. They
recognize that change is inevitable and are willing to adapt as needed to remain relevant and
effective in their field. They may view challenges as opportunities to demonstrate their ability to
overcome obstacles.

3. Curiosity and Exploration

Some people have a curious and exploratory attitude towards changing skill applications.
They enjoy experimenting with different ways to apply their skills and are constantly seeking out
new knowledge and experiences. They thrive on novelty and are eager to push the boundaries of
what is possible.

4. Skepticism or Resistance

On the other hand, some individuals may approach changes in skill application with
skepticism or resistance. They may be comfortable with the status quo and hesitant to deviate
from familiar practices. They may fear the unknown or worry about the potential risks associated
with change.

5. Pragmatism

There are also those who take a pragmatic approach to changing skill applications. They
carefully weigh the potential benefits and drawbacks of adopting new practices and make
decisions based on what is most likely to yield positive outcomes. They may be willing to
embrace change if they see clear advantages, but they also value stability and consistency.

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 UNIT -II

2.0 SELF-ESTEEM

Self-esteem refers to a person's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth and
value. It encompasses feelings of self-worth, self-respect, and self-confidence. A healthy level of
self-esteem is essential for psychological well-being and plays a significant role in various
aspects of life, including relationships, work, and personal development.

Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth, abilities, or morals. Self-esteem

encompasses beliefs about oneself as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride,
and shame.

Definition

Dr. Branden defines self-esteem as "Self-esteem is the experience of being competent to

cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness."

IMPORTANCE OF SELF-ESTEEM:

Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves. It's based on our opinions and
beliefs about ourselves, which can feel difficult to change. We might also think of this as self-
confidence.

1. Emotional Well-being

Individuals with high self-esteem tend to experience greater emotional stability and
resilience. They are better equipped to cope with stress, setbacks, and challenges, leading to
lower levels of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.

2. Healthy Relationships

Healthy self-esteem fosters positive relationships with others. When individuals value
themselves and feel worthy of love and respect, they are more likely to establish boundaries,
communicate assertively, and engage in mutually supportive relationships.

3. Academic and Career Success

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 Self-esteem influences academic and career achievements. Individuals with high self-
esteem are more likely to set ambitious goals, persist in the face of obstacles, and take calculated
risks to pursue their aspirations. They also tend to perform better academically and advance more
effectively in their careers.

4. Resilience

Self-esteem contributes to resilience the ability to bounce back from adversity. High self-
esteem provides a buffer against negative experiences and setbacks, allowing individuals to
maintain a positive outlook and persevere in challenging situations.

5. Self-Confidence

Confidence in one's abilities is closely linked to self-esteem. When individuals believe in

themselves and their capacity to succeed, they are more likely to pursue opportunities for growth
and development, take on new challenges, and assert themselves in various contexts.

6. Healthy Lifestyle Choices

Individuals with high self-esteem are more inclined to prioritize self-care and make
healthy lifestyle choices. They value their well-being and are motivated to engage in activities
that promote physical and mental health, such as exercise, proper nutrition, and stress
management.

7. Assertiveness and Advocacy

Healthy self-esteem empowers individuals to assert their needs, express their opinions,
and advocate for themselves effectively. They are less likely to tolerate mistreatment or accept
unfair treatment from others, leading to greater self-advocacy and assertiveness.

8. Life Satisfaction

Self-esteem contributes to overall life satisfaction and subjective well-being. When

individuals have a positive self-image and feel confident in their abilities, they are more likely to
experience fulfillment, happiness, and a sense of purpose in their lives.

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COMPONENTS OF SELF-ESTEEM:

Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves. It's based on our opinions and beliefs
about ourselves, which can feel difficult to change. We might also think of this as self-
confidence.

1. Self-Worth

Self-worth refers to the intrinsic value that individuals attribute to themselves. It involves
recognizing and acknowledging one's inherent dignity and worthiness as a human being,
irrespective of external factors such as achievements, possessions, or social status.

2. Self-Respect

Self-respect involves treating oneself with kindness, dignity, and compassion. It

encompasses the ability to set healthy boundaries, assert one's needs and values, and avoid
behaviors or situations that compromise one's integrity or well-being.

3. Self-Confidence

Self-confidence reflects the belief in one's abilities, skills, and potential for success. It
involves having trust and faith in oneself to navigate life's challenges, pursue goals, and
overcome obstacles with resilience and determination.

4. Self-Acceptance

Self-acceptance entails embracing oneself fully, including both strengths and weaknesses,
without harsh self-judgment or criticism. It involves cultivating a sense of unconditional positive
regard for oneself and fostering self-love and self-compassion.

5. Self-Compassion

Self-compassion involves extending kindness, understanding, and support to oneself

during times of difficulty, failure, or suffering. It entails treating oneself with the same care and
empathy that one would offer to a close friend or loved one, thereby fostering emotional
resilience and well-being.

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6. Self-Identity

Self-identity refers to the perception and understanding individuals have of themselves,

including their beliefs, values, interests, and personality traits. It encompasses a sense of
continuity and coherence in one's sense of self across different life domains and experiences.

7. Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to effectively execute specific tasks, achieve
desired outcomes, and cope with challenges. It involves having confidence in one's capacity to
exert control over one's environment and produce desired results through one's actions and
efforts.

8. Self-Image

Self-image refers to the mental representation individuals have of themselves, including

their physical appearance, capabilities, and perceived strengths and weaknesses. It encompasses
both objective attributes and subjective evaluations of oneself, which can influence self-esteem.

2.1 HIGH SELF-ESTEEM:

High self-esteem is not just liking yourself but generally affording yourself love, value,
dignity, and respect, too. Positive self-esteem also means believing in your capability (to learn,
achieve, and contribute to the world) and autonomy to do things on your own.

Positive Self-Esteem

Individuals with high self-esteem typically have a positive perception of themselves.

They view themselves in a favorable light and are comfortable with who they are.

1. Confidence and Assertiveness

They possess confidence in their abilities and feel capable of achieving their goals. They
are assertive in expressing their opinions and standing up for themselves.

2. Resilience

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3. Reflections and Self-Awareness Exercise

Engaging in self-reflection exercises, such as journaling or mindfulness practices, can

help individuals explore their thoughts, emotions, and beliefs about themselves, providing
insights into their self-esteem.

4. Feedback from others

Seeking feedback from trusted friends, family members, or mentors can offer external
perspectives on one's strengths, weaknesses, and areas for growth, which may influence self-
esteem.

ASSESSING EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF-ESTEEM:

1 Psychological Well-Being

Effective self-esteem contributes to psychological well-being, including feelings of

happiness, satisfaction, and fulfillment in life. Assessing one's overall emotional state and life
satisfaction can provide indicators of self-esteem effectiveness

2. Interpersonal Relationship

Healthy self-esteem fosters positive and supportive relationships characterized by mutual

respect, trust, and communication. Evaluating the quality of relationships with friends, family,
and romantic partners can reflect the effectiveness of self-esteem in social contexts.

3. Goal Achievement

Effective self-esteem empowers individuals to set and pursue meaningful goals, take
calculated risks, and persevere in the face of challenges. Assessing progress towards personal
and professional goals can indicate the impact of self-esteem on achievement.

4. Adaptive coping Strategies

Individuals with effective self-esteem are better equipped to cope with stress, setbacks,
and failures, utilizing adaptive coping strategies such as problem-solving, seeking social support,
and maintaining a positive outlook.

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 This assessment categorizes individuals into four primary behavioral styles: Dominance,
Influence, Steadiness, and Conscientiousness. It is often used in workplace settings to improve
communication, teamwork, and leadership.

4. Enneagram

The Enneagram categorizes individuals into one of nine interconnected personality types,
each with its own motivations, fears, and coping mechanisms. It provides insights into both
strengths and areas for personal growth.

5. Strengths Finder (Clifton Strengths)

This assessment identifies an individual's top strengths out of a list of 34 themes. It

focuses on leveraging strengths rather than fixing weaknesses and is often used in personal
development and career coaching.

6. 16PF (Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire):

This assessment measures 16 primary personality factors, including warmth, reasoning,

emotional stability, dominance, and sensitivity, providing a detailed and nuanced view of
personality.

7. Holland Codes (RIASEC)

Originally developed for career counseling, the Holland Codes categorize individuals into
six personality types based on their interests and preferences: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic,
Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

2.4 APPRECIATIVE INTELLIGENCE:

Appreciative Intelligence (AI) is a concept developed by Tojo Thatchenkery and Carol

Metzker. It represents an individual's ability to perceive the positive potential within situations,
people, and organizations. Unlike traditional problem-solving approaches that focus on
identifying and fixing deficiencies, appreciative intelligence emphasizes recognizing and
amplifying strengths, successes, and opportunities for growth.

1. Positive Inquiry

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 Appreciative Intelligence involves asking questions that focus on what is working well,
what strengths individuals possess, and what successes have been achieved. This positive inquiry
approach encourages a shift in perspective from problems to possibilities.

2. Value Creation

AI emphasizes the creation of value by leveraging strengths and assets rather than merely
reacting to challenges. It involves cultivating an attitude of abundance and exploring ways to
enhance the positive aspects of a situation or relationship.

3. Resonant Relationship

Individuals with high Appreciative Intelligence are skilled at building resonant

relationships based on mutual respect, trust, and collaboration. They actively seek to understand
others' perspectives and appreciate their unique contributions.

4. Innovation Thinking

Appreciative Intelligence fosters innovative thinking by encouraging individuals to

explore creative solutions and possibilities. It promotes a mindset of curiosity, exploration, and
experimentation.

5. Transformation Leadership

Leaders with high Appreciative Intelligence inspire and empower others by focusing on
strengths, vision, and shared values. They create a positive organizational culture that encourages
growth, innovation, and resilience.

6. Organization Development

Appreciative Intelligence can be applied in organizational development processes such as

strategic planning, change management, and team building. It helps organizations identify and
amplify their core strengths and values to achieve sustainable growth and success.

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 UNIT- IV

4.0 THINKING SKILLS

Thinking skills refer to cognitive processes and abilities that individuals use to analyze
information, solve problems, make decisions, and generate new ideas. These skills are essential
for effective learning, decision-making, and problem-solving in various contexts.

Thinking skills encompass a set of higher-order thinking processes that include critical
thinking, creative thinking, problem-solving, decision-making and metacognition (understanding
how we think).

4.1 The Mind / Brain / Behavior, Thinking Skills:

Thinking skills are cognitive operations or processes that are the building blocks of
thinking. There are several core thinking skills including focusing, organizing, analyzing,
evaluating and generating.

1. Mind

The mind encompasses the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes,
including thoughts, feelings, perceptions, memories, and beliefs. It is the subjective aspect of
consciousness that enables individuals to experience the world and interact with it. The mind is
influenced by both biological factors (such as brain structure and neurotransmitters) and
environmental factors (such as experiences and cultural influences).

2. Brain

The brain is the physical organ responsible for processing information, regulating bodily
functions, and generating thoughts and behaviors. It consists of billions of interconnected
neurons that form complex neural networks. Different regions of the brain are specialized for
specific functions, such as sensory perception, motor control, language processing, and higher-
order cognition. Brain activity, including electrical and chemical processes, underlies all mental
processes and behaviors.

3. Behavior

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 Behavior refers to the observable actions, reactions, and responses exhibited by an
individual. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from simple reflexes to complex social
interactions. Behavior is influenced by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and
environmental factors. While some behaviors are instinctual or automatic, others are learned
through experience and shaped by social and cultural norms.

4.2 Meaning of Critical Thinking

Thinking skills enable all of us to process information, recall facts and apply knowledge
to various situations. At a higher level, this can involve problem-solving and analysis, which are
both useful in education. We can apply the same thinking skills in all subjects across the
curriculum.

Critical thinking and learning are closely intertwined, as critical thinking skills play a
crucial role in the process of acquiring and applying knowledge effectively.

Critical thinking is a kind of thinking in which you question, analyse, interpret, evaluate
and make a judgement about what you read, hear, say, or write. The term critical comes from the
Greek word kritikos meaning “able to judge or discern”.

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully

conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from,
or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to
belief and action.

ESSENTIALS OF CRITICAL THINKING:

1. Problem Solve: Critical thinkers excel at breaking down complex problems into manageable
parts, identifying underlying issues, and devising effective solutions. Whether it's tackling a math
problem or addressing a real-world issue, students equipped with critical thinking skills approach
challenges with confidence and creativity.

2. Make Informed Decisions: In an age inundated with information, the ability to sift through
data, discern fact from fiction, and make informed decisions is invaluable. Critical thinkers

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4. Emphasize the Process over the Product: Shift the focus from rote memorization and
regurgitation of information to the process of inquiry and analysis. Encourage students to explore
different approaches, consider multiple perspectives, and justify their reasoning.

5. Provide Constructive Feedback: Offer timely and constructive feedback that encourages
students to reflect on their thinking, revise their work, and improve their reasoning skills. Focus
on the process of thinking rather than just the correctness of the final answer.

4.4 LEARNING:

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills,

values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, non-human
animals, and some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of learning in certain plants.

CONTRIBUTION OF LEARNING:

Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments
in order to form a judgement by the application of rational, skeptical, and unbiased analyses and
evaluation.

1. Analyzing Information

Critical thinking involves systematically evaluating information, arguments, and evidence

to discern their validity, relevance, and reliability. When learning new concepts or topics,
individuals use critical thinking to analyze and interpret information, identify key ideas, and
differentiate between fact and opinion.

2. Problem-Solving

Critical thinking is essential for problem-solving, as it enables individuals to identify and

define problems, generate and evaluate potential solutions, and implement effective strategies. In
the learning process, critical thinking helps students approach complex problems or challenges in
a structured and systematic manner, leading to deeper understanding and mastery of the subject
matter.

3. Synthesizing Ideas

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 Predictions involve anticipating or forecasting future events, outcomes, or consequences
based on available information, past experiences, and patterns. It allows individuals to mentally
simulate different scenarios and prepare for potential outcomes.

2. Patterns Recognition

Making predictions often relies on the ability to recognize patterns and regularities in
data or observations. By identifying recurring patterns, individuals can make educated guesses
about what is likely to happen next.

3. Hypothesis Generation

Predictions involve formulating hypotheses or educated guesses about the future based on
existing knowledge and evidence. These hypotheses serve as tentative explanations or
predictions that can be tested and validated through further observation or experimentation

4. Information Decision Making

Predictions provide valuable information that can guide decision-making processes. By

anticipating potential outcomes or consequences of different choices, individuals can make more
informed and strategic decisions.

5. Facilitating Planning and Preparations

Predictions help individuals anticipate future events or challenges, allowing them to plan
and prepare accordingly. Whether in daily life, work, or strategic planning, making predictions
enables proactive rather than reactive responses to future situations.

4.6 REASONING:

You use inductive reasoning every day when you make predictions based on your
experiences, knowledge, and evidence. For example, if you notice that every time you eat spicy
food, you get a stomach ache, you might predict that the next time you eat spicy food, you will
also get a stomach ache.

1. Logical Deduction

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them. For example, if a person is presented with evidence that contradicts their memory, they can
critically evaluate the evidence and adjust their beliefs accordingly.

4. Memory can be improved through practice: While it is impossible to have a perfectly

accurate memory, there are ways to improve memory accuracy. For example, mnemonic
techniques such as visualization and association can help people remember information more
accurately. Additionally, practicing mindfulness and reducing stress can improve memory recall.

4.8 EMOTIONS AND CRITICAL THINKING:

Critical thinking relays heavy on logic for some and we use logic to explain our emotions
or the source of them. We use logic to validate our feeling to speed our way to a conclusion.
Other times, emotions can question logic into a different way of (critical) thinking and approach.

When we experience positive emotions, we are more likely to approach problems with an
open mind and think more critically about potential solutions. For example, when we feel happy,
we are more likely to engage in creative problem-solving and generate more novel ideas.

1. Emotional Thinking

Emotional thinking refers to the process of perceiving, interpreting, and responding to

information or situations based on emotional reactions and subjective feelings.

2. Subjectivity

Emotional thinking is subjective in nature, as it is influenced by personal experiences,

values, beliefs, and emotional states. Individuals may interpret the same situation differently
based on their emotional responses.

3. Intuition and Gut Feelings

Emotional thinking often relies on intuition and gut feelings, which are quick, automatic
responses based on emotional instincts and past experiences. These intuitive responses can guide
decision-making and behavior in uncertain or emotionally charged situations.

4. Empathy and Interpersonal Connections

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 Emotional thinking fosters empathy and interpersonal connection by allowing individuals
to understand and resonate with the emotions of others. It enables people to connect emotionally
with others, share their feelings, and respond with compassion and understanding.

5. Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves the objective analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of

information, arguments, or situations. It emphasizes logical reasoning, evidence-based judgment,
and the systematic evaluation of claims and assertions.

CRITICAL THINKING INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING COMPONENT

1. Objectivity

Critical thinking aims to minimize biases and subjective influences by approaching

information or arguments with objectivity and skepticism. It involves questioning assumptions,
considering multiple viewpoints, and evaluating evidence in a rational and systematic manner.

2. Logical Reasoning

Critical thinking relies on logical reasoning and sound argumentation to assess the
validity and reliability of information. It involves identifying assumptions, recognizing logical
fallacies, and drawing logical inferences based on evidence and reasoning.

3. Open-Mindedness

Critical thinking encourages open-mindedness and a willingness to consider alternative

viewpoints and perspectives. It requires individuals to question their own assumptions and biases
and remain receptive to new ideas and evidence.

4.9 CREATIVITY

Creativity is a multifaceted concept that encompasses the ability to generate novel and
valuable ideas, solutions, or products. It involves thinking divergently, breaking away from
conventional patterns, and exploring new possibilities.

Definition of Creativity

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 Creative thinking often entails taking risks and stepping outside one's comfort zone. It
requires courage to challenge norms, experiment with new ideas, and embrace uncertainty in
pursuit of creative outcomes.

7. Collaboration

Creative thinking can be a collaborative process, with individuals building on each other's
ideas and insights to achieve collective innovation. Collaboration fosters synergy, where the
combined efforts of a group result in creative outcomes that surpass what any individual could
achieve alone.

8. Expression and Communication

Creative thinking involves expressing ideas, emotions, and experiences in original and
authentic ways. It encompasses various forms of creative expression, including art, writing,
design, music, and performance, as well as effective communication of ideas to others.

4.10 CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT THINKING

Convergent thinking focuses on finding one well-defined solution to a problem.

Divergent thinking is the opposite of convergent thinking and involves more creativity. In this
piece, we'll explain the differences between convergent and divergent thinking in the problem-
solving process.

Convergent Thinking

Convergent thinking is a type of thinking that focuses on finding a single, correct answer
to a problem or question. It involves narrowing down options and identifying the most
appropriate solution based on logical reasoning and available information.

Divergent thinking is a thought process used to generate creative ideas by exploring

many possible solutions. It typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing, "non-linear" manner,
such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVERGENT THINKING:

1. Focused and Analytical

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 Divergent thinking prioritizes quantity over quality during the initial idea generation
phase. The focus is on generating as many ideas as possible, regardless of their practicality or
feasibility, to explore the full range of possibilities.

3. Brainstorming and Creativity Techniques

Divergent thinking is often facilitated through brainstorming sessions and creativity

techniques that encourage idea generation, such as mind mapping, free association, and lateral
thinking exercises.

4.11 IDEA GENERATION AND EVALUATION

Idea Generation, also known as ideation, is the process of generating new and innovative
ideas or solutions to address a problem, challenge, or opportunity. It involves exploring various
perspectives, brainstorming creative possibilities, and tapping into the collective creativity of
individuals or groups. Idea generation is a crucial step in the creative problem-solving process
and is essential for innovation and progress in any field.

COMPONENTS OF IDEA GENERATION:

1. Brainstorming

Brainstorming is a technique used to generate a large number of ideas or solutions to a

problem in a short period. It involves a group of individuals coming together to freely share their
ideas, thoughts, and perspectives without criticism or judgment.

2. Quantitative Over Quality

During brainstorming, the focus is on generating as many ideas as possible, regardless of

their feasibility or practicality. Quantity is prioritized over quality during the initial idea
generation phase to encourage creativity and exploration.

3. Encouraging Creativity

Brainstorming sessions often involve techniques such as mind mapping, free association,
and role-playing to stimulate creativity and foster divergent thinking. Participants are encouraged
to think outside the box and explore unconventional solutions.

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4. Building on Ideas

Participants are encouraged to build on each other's ideas and perspectives, creating a
collaborative and synergistic environment where ideas can flourish. This can lead to the
generation of more creative and innovative solutions through the combination and refinement of
ideas.

IDEA EVALUATION

Idea evaluation is the process of assessing and analyzing potential ideas or solutions
generated during the ideation phase to determine their feasibility, effectiveness, and suitability
for addressing a specific problem or opportunity. It involves systematically examining each idea
against predetermined criteria and making informed decisions about which ideas to pursue
further and which to discard.

PROCESS OF IDEA EVALUATION:

1. Criteria Identification

The first step in idea evaluation is identifying the criteria against which ideas will be
assessed. These criteria may include factors such as feasibility, practicality, potential impact,
cost-effectiveness, alignment with goals and objectives, and fit with organizational resources and
capabilities.

2. Objectives Analysis

Idea evaluation involves objectively analyzing each idea against the established criteria.
This may involve assessing the strengths and weaknesses of each idea, considering potential
risks and challenges, and weighing the trade-offs associated with pursuing a particular idea.

3. Quantitative and Qualitative Assessments

Idea evaluation may involve both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods.
Quantitative methods may include using decision matrices, scoring systems, or cost-benefit
analyses to assign numerical values to different criteria. Qualitative methods may involve expert
judgment, peer review, or stakeholder feedback to provide a more nuanced evaluation of ideas.

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4 Iterative Processes

Idea evaluation is often an iterative process, where ideas are evaluated, refined, and
iterated upon multiple times before making final decisions. This iterative approach allows for
continuous improvement and optimization of ideas based on feedback and further analysis.

5 Risk Assessment

Idea evaluation includes assessing the risks associated with each idea and considering
potential mitigating strategies. This may involve identifying potential obstacles, uncertainties, or
challenges that could affect the implementation of the idea and evaluating the likelihood and
potential impact of these risks.

5. Selections and Prioritization

Based on the evaluation criteria and analysis, certain ideas may be selected for further
development and implementation, while others may be deprioritized or discarded. Selection
decisions are typically based on the potential for achieving desired outcomes, feasibility,
resource requirements, and alignment with strategic objectives.

6. Action Planning

Once ideas have been evaluated and selected, action plans are developed to outline the
steps required to implement and execute the chosen ideas. Action plans may include timelines,
resource allocations, responsibilities, and milestones to ensure effective implementation and
monitoring of progress.

4.12 IMAGE GENERATION AND EVALUATION:

Image Generation

Image generation involves the creation of visual representations, designs, or artworks to

convey ideas, messages, or concepts.

PROCESS OF IMAGE GENERATION:

1. Conceptualization

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 Including factors such as composition, color scheme, visual balance, and overall
attractiveness. An image that is visually pleasing is more likely to capture the viewer's attention
and convey its message effectively.

8. Clarity and Communication

Images are often used to communicate specific messages or ideas. Image evaluation
involves assessing how clearly and effectively the image communicates its intended message to
the viewer. This may involve evaluating the clarity of the visuals, the coherence of the design,
and the relevance of the imagery to the intended message.

9. Audience Response

Another important aspect of image evaluation is considering the audience's response to

the image. This may involve gathering feedback through surveys, focus groups, or other methods
to understand how the image is perceived by the target audience and whether it resonates with
them.

10. Alignment with Objectives

Image evaluation also involves assessing how well the image aligns with the objectives
and goals of the project or campaign. This includes evaluating whether the image effectively
conveys the desired message, reinforces the brand identity, and achieves the desired impact on
the audience.

11. Technical Quality

Finally, image evaluation includes assessing the technical quality of the image, such as
resolution, clarity, and file format. Images should meet technical specifications to ensure they
can be reproduced or displayed effectively across different platforms and media.

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