vevevveevevb’uuseULUEDULUeLEULLEUEeELELe? VY ~\ A . UY PHYSICS PROJECT HEATING EFFECT OF MAGNETIC STRENGTH| would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who helped make this science project possible. First , | would like to thank my sincere teacher , Mrs. Kavitha for guiding me throughout the entire process and providing valuable feedback and support . | would also like to thank my principal , Mrs .Chitra Raghavan for her unwavering encouragement. Without her support, this project would not have been possible . Vda ee Na, STIFICATE REGISTER NO: ROG! F646 CERTIFIED TO BE BONAFIDE IN PROJECT WORK IN PHYSICS DONE BY SAI SHRINIVAS P. OF CLASS Xll_ SECTION ‘A’ OF DAV. BOYS SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GOPALAPURAM DURING THE YEAR 2023 TO 2024. : ) SIGNATURE OF PRI SCHOOL SEAL) SIGNATURE OF SUBJECT TEACHER DESIGNATION :PGT/TGT SUBMITTED ON 05 92-2024 AT DA.V. BOYS SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GOPALAPURAM KRALL Ie, oa INTERNAL EXAMINAR DATE: 05 92.2024 \A EXTERNAL EXAMINAR webevvuvevecueeceeeucevuveueerervrzvwrwrvryryr MAGNETS Amagnetis defined as An objectwhich is capable of producing magnetic field and attracting unlike poles and repelling like poles. There are two types of magnets, and they are as follows: Permanent Magnets, Electromagnets. Permanent magnets are those magnets that are commonly used. They are known as permanent magnets because they do not lose their magnetic property once they are magnetized. Electromagnets consist of a coil of wire wrapped around the metal core made from iron. When this material is exposed to an electric current, a magnetic field is generated, making the material behave like a magnet. The strength of the magnetic field can be controlled by controlling the electric current.F MAGNETS ° According to Greek legend, magnetism was first discovered by a shepherd named Magnes, who lived in Magnesia, Greece. He was herding his sheep through the mountains. Suddenly he noticed the ferrule of his stick and nails in his sandals got stuck to a rock. The iron in his stick and nails had become attracted to the magnetic rock. Magnetite, ore named after the shepherd or country in which it's found, is one of the three natural occurring oxides of iron. It gets attracted to magnets and can be ¥ easily magnetized to form a permanent magnet. Naturally magnetized pieces of VA magnetite are called loadstone. v VU J / i ¥/S PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS Attractive property: This property proves that the magnetic strength at the ends of the poles is strong. Directive property: This property helps to understand which pole of the magnet is north and south by suspending the magnet in mid-air. Law of magnetic poles: Like poles repel while unlike poles attract. --- t- yew wyrwvruevweewewr we evrwweweweew eo www: Pair property: When a magnet is cut into two pieces, both the pieces will have the North Pole and the South Pole. ¥+ MAGNETIC FIELD LINES Magnetic Field is the region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts. It isa vector quantity with the unit Tesla(T) or A/m. The magnet field vector is usually represented by magnetic field lines, which are a visual tool used to represent magnetic fields. They describe the direction of the magnetic force on anorth monopole at any given position. The density of these lines indicates the magnitude of the field.y Y J PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES CeCe CCC U UU UTESwceeceuveceé € e a ee ee en ee FAC ) AFFECTING ~ MAGNETIC FIELD Strength of a Bar magnet depends on following factors: * Temperature * Type of metal * Air gaps between particle ¢ Their orientation * Voltage applied (ELECTROMAGNET) Alloy used (ELECTROMAGNET)EARTH'S iC FIELD / ° Earth's magnetic field — also known as the geomagnetic field — is generated in our planet's interior and extends out into space, creating a region known as the magnetosphere. + Earth has two sets of poles, geographic pole and magnetic poles. Earth's magnetic field can be visualized if you imagine a large bar magnet inside ) our planet, roughly aligned with Earth's axis. “9s Each end of the magnet lies relatively close (about 10 > degrees) to the geographic North and South poles.eoeée eCUUVUUVeEBUOVE iC FIELD Ly “ e Our magnetosphere plays the role of gatekeeper, repelling this unwanted energy that’s harmful to life on Earth, trapping most of it a safe distance from Earth’s surface in twin doughnut-shaped zones Called the Van Allen Belts.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERMANENT MAGNET “ AND ELECTROMAGNET Permanent Magnet Electromagnet Permanently Magnetised Temporarily Magnetised Py A A Made of Hard Made of Soft Vl Magnetic Materials Magnetic Materials ‘ i ; Magnetism doesn't Magnetism can be varied in ‘ vary in strength strength according to needs Magnets’ poles Magnets’ poles can cannot be altered be modified fas « be—“ _ USES OF ELECTROMAGNET J Uses in Home Appliances >) Po * Most of the electric appliances used in the home use ~D electromagnetism as the basic working principle. YY Some electromagnet uses in the home include an ~y electric fan, electric doorbell, induction cooker, >) magnetic locks, etc. In an electric fan, =) the electromagnetic induction keeps the YD motor rotating on and on making the blade of the fan ~p to rotate. Also in an electric doorbell when the button Sy is pressed, due to the electromagnetic forces the coil = gets energized and the bell sounds. 2 Uses in Medical Field 7 + The uses of electromagnets are also seen in > the medical field. MRI scan which is short 7 for Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a device that > uses electromagnets. The device can scan all the iv > tiny details in the human body with the help > J ) ) ) of electromagnetism.¢ ~y ) ~. ) ae ~y a) > ) “2 v 1d > wD > > . > > ) > wr “ Uses in Memory Storage Devices and Computer Hardware « The data in e-book gadgets and phones are stored in the electromagnetic format in the form of bytes and bits. The computer hardware is also having a magnetic tape which works on the principle of electromagnetism. Even in the olden days’ electromagnets had a huge role in the data storage of VCP and VCR Uses in Communication Devices and Power Circuits + Without electromagnets, the mobiles and the telephones we used to make phone calls over a long distance could not have taken shape. The electromagnetic pulses and the interaction of the signals make mobiles and telephones very handyin audio equipment like headphones, loudspeakers, etc. Permanent magnets are used in MRI Scanners. Permanent magnets are used in Hard Disc Drives in computers. e/ e : USES OF PERMANENTMAGNET Permanent magnets are used = ” a a 2 manent magnet is found osing the door ofiG MAGNETIC FIELD Y \ 2 strength can be calculated using_Biot-Savart Law that the magnitude of the magnetic field db is tional to the current |, the element length |dl|, and —y inversely proportional to the square of the distance r. Its direction ss . is perpendicular to the plane containina dl and 6 > 7 : _furrent clement “We in vector form, it is denoted as : . e Idixr ~ dB «< 7 = iF = _ Mo 1dlxe = 4n or ~~ 2 2 Mo | ee 7 where, ae is a proportionality constant and is equal to vy > 4107 Tm/A, and #0 is called as permeability of free space > or vacuum). > f h 4 > | ) Vv \ ) Vv) vol vyvd vee VCS ELEEBEY = ew yw BBY ital law: let an open surface S be © Ampere’s cir bounded by a loop C. Then the ampere’s law states that }B-dl = pl where | refers to the current passing through S. The sign of | is determined from the right-hand rule. © This law helps us to determine the magnetic field of closed loops and also infinite sheets and straight- infinite current carrying wire by taking an Amperian loop and finding the field strength. ri) g? / $7 vo iioe . it Re id i i see ere _Papeedure : ——— § Hohe —a At tober bab a — 4 Toke a boi_magret and place ik tao pack 4 pins eae i dt 4 pi has anda a | Than plots He bor magnolia the Lot waterbath 1 tifter fur raioales, take it out, Matt down the tompoatire 9 ee eee Y pina altroclnd. 7 FULLENTT | | | Wa Hea Svvve |2 aad fon ne. B geced cash 1, tia Gino. Asse Fen Oi cenbren s att ies olbiasted A Teeapzratuse (26) 2 3a Ge oy s3Y aAing. AA 4 _ ea } SY | i t ToT OP as 1 | a R | { 4 + af 4 + Thun Atided the eating Heat 4 magutt fold boa magna, awhich ia danesscly propotial 43 Mog field Atrength © Result: ~nma @oe 2a ane eah BAKA KBKRBKBRAKAAAARADAARAAA AHhunk You (4 y ) ABE BEAD ABBA BSBIAABRAAARARAAARRARA AAAwD ~~ = > BD 2» D 2 > 3 > 3 > ) ~< org/wiki/Magnet [Link] * Byjus, [Link] field ¢ NCERT, [Link] /pdf/leph1 [Link] DONE BY: SAI SHRINIVAS P XII-A ROLL NO: 12120 magnetic-