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TABLE 1.2
Combustion Constants (Part 2)
Cu ft per cu ft of Combustible Lb per lb of Combustible
Required for Combustion Flue Products Required for Combustion Flue Products
Experimental Error
No. Substance O2 N2 Air CO2 H2O N2 O2 N2 Air CO2 H2O N2 in Heat of (±%)
1 Carbon — — — — — — 2.664 8.863 11.527 3.664 — 8.863 0.012
2 Hydrogen 0.5 1.882 2.382 — 1.0 1.882 7.937 26.407 34.344 — 8.937 26.407 0.015
3 Oxygen — — — — — — — — — — — — —
4 Nitrogen (atm.) — — — — — — — — — — — — —
5 Carbon monoxide 0.5 1.882 0.2382 1.0 — 1.882 0.571 1.900 2.471 1.571 — 1.900 0.045
6 Carbon dioxide — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Paraffin series CnH2n+2
7 Methane 2.0 7.528 9.528 1.0 2.0 7.528 3.990 13.275 17.265 2.744 2.246 13.275 0.033
8 Ethane 3.5 13.175 16.675 2.0 3.0 13.175 3.725 12.394 16.119 2.927 1.798 12.394 0.030
9 Propane 5.0 18.821 23.821 3.0 4.0 18.821 3.629 12.074 15.703 2.994 1.634 12.074 0.023
10 n-Butane 6.5 24.467 30.967 4.0 5.0 24.467 3.579 11.908 15.487 3.029 1.550 11.908 0.022
11 Isobutane 6.5 24.467 30.967 4.0 5.0 24.467 3.579 11.908 15.487 3.029 1.550 11.908 0.019
12 n-Pentane 8.0 30.114 38.114 5.0 6.0 30.114 3.548 11.805 15.353 3.050 1.498 11.805 0.025
13 Isopentane 8.0 30.114 38.114 5.0 6.0 30.114 3.548 11.805 15.353 3.050 1.498 11.805 0.071
14 Neopentane 8.0 30.114 38.114 5.0 6.0 30.114 3.548 11.805 15.353 3.050 1.498 11.805 0.11
15 n-Hexane 9.5 35.760 45.260 6.0 7.0 35.760 3.528 11.738 15.266 3.064 1.464 11.738 0.05
Olefin series CnH2n
16 Ethylene 3.0 11.293 14.293 2.0 2.0 11.293 3.422 11.385 14.807 3.138 1.285 11.385 0.021
17 Propylene 4.5 16.939 21.439 3.0 3.0 16.939 3.422 11.385 14.807 3.138 1.285 11.385 0.031
18 n-Butene (butylene) 6.0 22.585 28.585 4.0 4.0 22.585 3.422 11.385 14.807 3.138 1.285 11.385 0.031
19 Isobutene 6.0 22.585 28.585 4.0 4.0 22.585 3.422 11.385 14.807 3.138 1.285 11.385 0.031
20 n-Pentene 7.5 28.232 35.732 5.0 5.0 28.232 3.422 11.385 14.807 3.138 1.285 11.385 0.037
Steam Generators and Waste Heat Boilers: For Process and Plant Engineers
Aromatic series CnH2n–6
21 Benzene 7.5 28.232 35.732 6.0 3.0 28.232 3.073 10.224 13.297 3.381 0.692 10.224 0.12
22 Toluene 9.0 33.878 32.878 7.0 4.0 33.878 3.126 10.401 13.527 3.344 0.782 10.401 0.21
23 Xylene 10.5 39.524 50.024 8.0 5.0 39.524 3.165 10.530 13.695 3.317 0.849 10.530 0.36
Miscellaneous gases
24 Acetylene 2.5 9.411 11.911 2.0 1.0 9.411 3.073 10.224 13.297 3.381 0.692 10.224 0.16
25 Naphthalene 12.0 45.170 57.170 10.0 4.0 45.170 2.996 9.968 12.964 3.434 0.562 9.968 —
26 Methyl alcohol 1.5 5.646 7.146 1.0 2.0 5.646 1.498 4.984 6.482 1.374 1.125 4.984 0.027
Combustion Calculations
27 Ethyl alcohol 3.0 11.293 14.293 2.0 3.0 11.293 2.084 6.934 9.018 1.922 1.170 6.934 0.030
28 Ammonia 0.75 2.823 3.573 — 1.5 3.323 1.409 4.688 6.097 — 1.587 5.511 0.088
— — — — — — — — — SO2 — — —
29 Sulfur — — — — — — 0.998 3.287 4.285 1.9928 — 3.287 0.071
— — — SO2 — — — — — SO2 — — —
30 Hydrogen sulfide 1.5 5.646 7.146 1.0 1.0 5.646 1.409 4.688 6.097 1.880 0.529 4.688 0.30
31 Sulfur dioxide — — — — — — — — — — — — —
32 Water vapor — — — — — — — — — — — — —
33 Air — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Source: Ganapathy, V., Industrial Boilers and HRSGs, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003, p238.
All gas volumes corrected to 60°F and 30 in. Hg dry. For gases saturated with water at 60°F, 1.73% of the Btu value must be deducted.
a Calculated from atomic weights given in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, February 1937.
b Densities calculated from values given in gL at 0°C and 760 mmHg in the International Critical Tables allowing for the known deviations from the gas laws. Where
the coefficient of expansion was not available, the assumed value was taken as 0.0037 per 0°C. Compare this with 0.003662, which is the coefficient for a perfect gas.
Where no densities were available, the volume of the mole was taken as 22.4115 L.
c Converted to mean Btu per lb (1/180 of the heat per lb of water from 32°F to 2120°F) from data by Frederick D. Rossini, National Bureau of Standards, letter of
April 10, 1937, except as noted.
d Deduction from gross to net heating value determined by deducting 18,919 Btu/lb mol water in the products of combustion. Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings,
Mechanical Engineering, p. 163, March 1935, and Osborne, Stimson, and Flock, National Bureau of Standards Research Paper 209.
e Denotes that either the density or the coefficient of expansion has been assumed. Some of the materials cannot exist as gases at 60°F and 30 in. Hg pressure, in which
case the values are theoretical ones given for ease of calculation of gas problems. Under the actual concentrations in which these materials are present, their partial
pressure is low enough to keep them as gases.
f From third edition of Combustion.
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