Use the sample mean and standard deviation to construct a confidence interval, which estimates the range within which the population mean lies. Employ the formula: sample mean ± (Z* × standard deviation/sqrt(sample size)). For a 95% confidence level, Z* is approximately 1.96. The reliability of this interval is high, as there is a 95% probability that repeated samples would produce intervals containing the population mean.

Conduct a Chi-Square test of independence to determine if there is a significant association between game outcomes and weather conditions. Use the provided contingency table data to calculate the expected frequencies and subsequently the Chi-Square statistic. Compare this statistic with the critical value for 2 degrees of freedom at a 5% significance level. If the statistic exceeds the critical value, conclude that the weather has a significant effect on the game outcomes, rejecting the hypothesis of independence.

Utilize a one-sample t-test to evaluate whether the mean weight gain under the new diet is significantly greater than the control mean of 40 grams. With the sample mean gain being 43 grams, a variance of 7 grams², and sample size of 20 rats, calculate the t-statistic and compare it against the critical t-value for 19 degrees of freedom at the 5% significance level. If the t-statistic exceeds the critical value, the conclusion is that the new diet leads to significantly improved weight gain.

The correlation coefficient (r) is calculated using the formula r = [n(ΣXY) - (ΣX)(ΣY)] / sqrt{[nΣ(X^2) - (ΣX)^2][nΣ(Y^2) - (ΣY)^2]}. With the given data values, n is 10, and the other sums needed are provided. This calculation measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between the two variables: fuel consumed (X) and distance covered (Y). A high positive value of r indicates a strong positive correlation, meaning as fuel consumption increases, the distance covered also increases proportionally.

Start by calculating the regression coefficients using the formulas: slope (b) = Σ((X_i - X̄)(Y_i - Ŷ))/Σ(X_i - X̄)^2; intercept (a) = Ŷ - bX̄, where X is father’s weight and Y is son’s weight. Fit the regression line Y = a + bX. For a father weighing 200 pounds, substitute X = 200 into the regression equation to predict the son's weight. This process enables estimation based on the established linear relationship from the sample data.

To fit a simple linear regression line, you first need to determine the line equation, usually in the form Y = a + bX, where Y is the dependent variable and X is the independent variable. The constants a and b are calculated using the formulas: b = Σ(XY) - (ΣX)(ΣY)/n divided by Σ(X^2) - (ΣX)^2/n; and a = ΣY/n - b(ΣX/n). These calculations require values for Σ(XY), Σ(X), Σ(Y), Σ(X^2), and n, which in this case are provided in the dataset of fuel consumed and distance covered. Fitting this line helps in predicting the distance a car will cover for a given amount of fuel consumption, thereby analyzing the fuel efficiency of the cars.

The coefficient of determination, denoted as R^2, is calculated as the square of the correlation coefficient (r^2). It indicates the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable (distance covered) that is predictable from the independent variable (fuel consumed). An R^2 value close to 1 implies that a significant portion of the variation in distance can be explained by the variation in fuel consumption, suggesting a reliable model fit.

Determine the correlation between two continuous variables using the Pearson correlation coefficient. It quantifies the linear relationship between father’s weight and son’s weight. A positive correlation coefficient implies a direct relationship, i.e., as father's weight increases, so does the son's weight. Calculate the value using given weight data and interpret whether the correlation is weak, moderate, or strong based on the coefficient's magnitude.

To construct a 95% confidence interval for the average weekly earnings, apply the formula: mean ± (Z* × standard deviation/sqrt(n)), where the mean is 250 Birr, standard deviation is 80 Birr, n is 400, and Z* is approximately 1.96 for 95% confidence. The interval provides a range which likely contains the population mean weekly earnings, suggesting that we can be 95% confident the true mean falls within this range.

To design this experiment, categorize historical match data according to weather conditions (good or bad) and game outcomes (win, draw, lose). Use a contingency table to display the results and apply the Chi-Square test of independence to determine if there is a significant relationship between weather conditions and the team’s performance. At a 5% significance level, compare the calculated Chi-Square statistic with the critical value to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis of independence, thus inferring a relationship between performance and weather.