AL/2023/01/E-I -1-

[KOg;gjpg;GupikAilaJ/ All Rights Reserved]

Instructions:
❖ This paper contains 50 questions in 12 pages.
❖ Answer all the questions.
❖ Write your Index Number in the answer sheet.
❖ In each of the following questions from 1 to 50, pick one of the alternatives from (1), (2), (3), (4),
(5) which is correct or most appropriate and mark your response on the answer sheet with a
cross (X) in accordance with the instructions given on the answer sheet.
Use of calculators is not allowed.
(Consider that the acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s-2)

01. Four different physical quantities P, Q, R and S are related by the following equation.
Q2 + R
P=
S
Which of the following physical quantity / quantities is / are dimensionless?
Q PS R
(A) (B) (C)
R Q PS

(1) (A) only (2) (B) only (3) (C) only (4) (A), (C) only (5) (B), (C)only
02. In a Vernier caliper, 1cm length is divided into 20 equal divisions of main scale. 50 equal divisions of
Vernier scale coincide with 49 divisions of main scale. What is the least count of this instrument?
(1) 0.005mm (2) 0.01mm (3) 0.02mm (4) 0.2mm (5) 0.1mm

03. An unstable nucleus decays by performing  − emission. Which of the following equation correctly
explains the change occurred in the fundamental particles during this decay?
(1) d quark u quark+ electron + electron neutrino (ve)

(2) u quark; d quark+ electron + electron neutrino ( ve )

(3) d quark u quark; + electron + electron anti-neutrino ( v e )

(4) u quark d quark+ electron + electron anti-neutrino ( v e )

(5) u quark d quark+ positron + electron neutrino( ve )

04. A black body at temperature T K is emitting energy at a rate of P W. The rate at which it emits energy
at temperature 2T K is,
(1) P W (2) 2P W (3) 4P W (4) 8P W (5) 16P W
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a
05. When two tuning forks A and B are sounded separately, the
variations of the displacement (a) of an air molecule with 0 t/s
time (t) due to the sound waves generated in air are
a
illustrated in the nearby graphs. What is the beat frequency
formed when both tuning forks are sounded together? t/s
0 0.25
(1) 16Hz (2) 15Hz (3) 14Hz (4) 12Hz (5) 3Hz

06. Several +q charges are embedded in a long insulator sheet as shown, so that the distance between
adjacent charges is x. If the sheet is moved towards right with a constant velocity V as shown, what is
the electric current along the sheet?
q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q
V

qV 2 qV qV q 2V 2
(1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5) qV
x x2 x x

07. Which of the following is denoted by the direction of arrow present in the symbol of npn transistor?
(1) Collector current generated by the holes.
(2) Emitter current generated by the free electrons.
(3) Emitter current generated by the holes.
(4) Base current generated by the free electrons.
(5) Collector current generated by the free electrons.

08. A hole of area 1m2 is drilled on a metal plate having surface area of 5m2. If the linear expansivity of
the metal is 1x10-5 0C-1, what is the new area of the hole when the temperature of the plate is raised by
800C?
(1) 1.0008m2 (2) 0.9920m2 (3) 0.9984m2 (4) 1.0016m2 (5) 1.0004m2

09. In the final match of last world cup, the sound intensity level of applause raised when Virat Kohli
caught the ball was announced to be 127dB. If the threshold intensity of hearing for that particular
sound is I=10-12Wm-2, what is the sound intensity corresponding to the applause?
(1) 107 Wm −2 (2) 10Wm −2 (3) 100.7 Wm −2 (4) 1.7Wm −2 (5) 0.7Wm −2

10. Which of the following statements regarding to the particle undergoing simple harmonic motion is
false?
(1) It has maximum kinetic energy at the oscillating center.
(2) Magnitude of its acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement.
(3) The relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy is linear.
(4) It has maximum acceleration at the oscillating center.
(5) It travels to a distance which is four times of its amplitude in a time period equal to the period of
oscillation.

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11. The focal length of objective of an astronomical telescope is 100 times of the focal length of eye piece.
At normal adjustment, how many times the separation between two lenses is that of the focal length of
eye piece?
(1) 9 times (2) 99 times (3) 101 times (4) 109 times (5) 110 times

12. A metal sphere of mass 50g is slowly released in a deep, viscous, stationary liquid. In the subsequent
motion, the viscous force acting on the sphere is 0.16N when the velocity of the sphere is 0.04ms-1. If
the up thrust given to the sphere by the liquid is 0.02N, The terminal velocity attained by the sphere is,
(1) 0.04ms-1 (2) 0.05ms-1 (3) 0.08ms-1 (4) 0.12ms-1 (5) 0.26ms-1
p q r
13. pq, qr are two conductors with equal cross-sectional
area which have respective lengths of l, 2l and x
resistivities of ρ, 2ρ respectively. The circuit is
constructed by joining the conductors end to end and connecting them with a cell having constant
electromotive force. Which of the following graphs best represents the variation of electric field
intensity (E) from p to r with the distance (x)?

E E E E E
p q q r p q r
q r
r p p
p q r
x x x x x
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
14. Which of the following data related with the usual notations of an n – channel junction field effect
transistor (JFET) which is operating as an amplifier is correct?

VGS VDS VDD ID

(1) + _ _ D S

(2) _ + + D S
(3) _ _
+ S D
(4) + _ S D
+
(5) _ _ D S
+
15. An incident ray from point O refracts on the lens having PQ as the principal axis, and passes through
the point I. While keeping PQ as the principal axis, lens is now brought to point X. The point through
which the refracted ray passes,
A
B C D
P Q
O X I
l E
2l 2l

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E

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16. The potential energy loss of a particle in the first second, which is released from a particular height,
is 20J. What are the possible losses of potential energy of this particle in 2nd and 3rd seconds
respectively? (Neglect air resistance)
(1) 40J , 60J (2) 60J , 100J (3) 30J , 50J (4) 40J , 80J (5) 30J , 90J

17. The nearby figure shows the diffraction of wave fronts when a wave is passing
through an aperture. Which of the following procedures would increase the
diffraction of this wave?
(A) Increasing the diameter of the aperture without changing the wavelength.
(B) Increasing the wavelength of the wave without changing the diameter of the aperture.
(C) Moving the source generating wave towards the aperture at a constant velocity.
Which of the above is/are true?

(1) (A) only (2) (B)only (3) (C)only (4) (A),(C) only (5) (B),(C) only

18. Figure – 1 shows that a part of a circular ring of radius r which is made of
uniform wire has been removed and a point mass m is placed at its center. r
The gravitational force exerted on the mass by the ring at this instance is F0. m
In addition to figure – 1, another circular arc of radius 2r which is also made
of the same wire is placed as shown in the figure – 2. If both ring and arc lie Figure - 1
on the same plane, what is the resultant gravitational force exerted on the
r
mass m by both ring and arc? r
3 3 1 m
(1) F0 (2) F0 (3) F0
2 4 2
1 Figure - 2
(4) F0 (5) zero
4

19. As shown in the figure, air having density ρ is flowing from X Y

point X to Y according to Bernoulli’s principle. The
V1 V2
respective cross-sectional areas of the tube at points X, Y are P1 ρ P2
A1, A2, and the velocities of air at points X, Y are V1 and V2
A2
P1 − P2 A1
respectively. If A1 = 5A2 and = 12 Nmkg−1 , the

speed V2 is,
(1) 1ms-1 (2) 4ms-1 (3) 5ms-1 (4) 10ms-1 (5) 20ms-1

20. 12 capacitors each of capacitance C are

A
connected together as shown. The resultant
capacitance between points A and B is? B

(1) 0.5C (2) 0.75C (3) 1.5C (4) 6C (5) 12C

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21. When an ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process P(x105Nm-2)
ABOCDOA, the variation of pressure (P) with
volume (V) is illustrated in the graph. What is A B
5
the value of Q for the whole process?
4
(1) -600J
(2) -1000J 3
O
(3) +400J 2
(4) -200J
1 C D
(5) +200J

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V(x10-3m-3)

22. The potential gradient of a potentiometer constructed using cell X is K. As shown, if the balance length
obtained for the secondary circuit is l and the internal resistance of cell Y is negligible, the
electromotive force of cell Y is given by, X

R1 R2 l
(1) Kl ( 2) Kl (3) Kl
R2 R1 G
R1 R2
R  R 
(4)  1 +1 Kl (5)  2 + 1 Kl
 R2   R1 
r=0 E
Y
23. Virtual image formed by a convex lens,
(A) is larger than the object.
(B) forms in the same side of the object.
(C) is upright.
Which of the above is/are true?
(1) (A) only (2) (B) only (3) (C) only
(4) (A),(C) only (5)(A),(B),(C) all

24. Figure – 1 shows a particular light ray travelling from

medium A to B meanwhile figure – 2 shows the same light θ θ
A C
ray travelling from medium C to D. Which of the following
B D
statements regarding to these media is true? (α <β )
α β
(1) Velocity of light in medium D is greater than that
in medium B. Figure - 1 Figure - 2
(2) Refractive index of medium D is greater than that of medium B.
(3) Velocity of light is equal in media A and C.
(4) Refractive index of medium D is lesser than that of medium B.
(5) Refractive index of medium D respect to medium C is lesser than the refractive index of medium B
respect to medium A.

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25. What is the value of current I in order to get -1V as the output in the operational amplifier circuit as
shown in the figure? 10kΩ
(1) 0.5μA I
-
(2) 1μA + V0=-1V
+
-
(3) 10μA 99kΩ
(4) 100μA
1kΩ
(5) 1000μA

26. Two both end closed tubes having respective lengths of l,2l are filled with H2 , O2 gases respectively.
While they are maintained at absolute temperatures T1 and T2, if the fundamental frequencies of both
air columns are equal, The correct relationship between the temperatures of the tubes is,
2l l
H2 O2

(1) 2T1 = T2 (2) T1 = 4T2 (3) 4T1 = T2 (4) 16T1 = T2 (5) T1 = 8T2
27. A metal pin having radius r, length L (r<<L) and mass m is
placed on the surface of a liquid and the cross-sectional area of the
pin when it is at equilibrium is shown in the figure. Surface tension 1200
of the liquid is given by?
mg mg mg 2mg mg
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
L r 2L L 2L
28. A person suffering from long sightedness is wearing a contact lens of power +3D in order to view the
objects located at 25cm distance. What is the least distance of distinct vision of this person when he is
not wearing the lenses?
(1) 50cm (2) 35cm (3) 70cm (4) 90cm (5) 100cm

29. Two particles A and B are projected vertically upwards at the same time with velocities v and 2v
respectively. If their masses are m and 2m respectively, which of the following graphs best represents
the variation of velocity (V) of particles with time (t) till the maximum height they attain?
V V V V V

B B B B B
A
A A A
A
0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
30. If the cells shown in the nearby electric circuit have negligible A 2Ω C
internal resistance and point C is earthed, the potentials of
2Ω 2Ω 2Ω
points A and B are respectively,

(1) 2V , 10V (2) − 2V , −11V

(3) 5V , −6V (4) 2V , 0V 5V 12V

(5) − 2V , −13V 2Ω B

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31. In the logic gate circuit, the output obtained for the A
binary inputs A and B is F. Which of the following F
logic gate circuit is equivalent to this?
B

A A A
F F F
B B B
(1) (2) (3)

A A
F F
B B

(4) (5)

32. The superior view of a uniform cubic block which is placed on

a smooth horizontal floor is shown in the figure. Three co-
planar forces acting on the box are drawn according to scale.
Which of the following statements made regard with the linear
acceleration and angular acceleration about the axis
perpendicular to the plane of the block is true?
(1) Linear acceleration is present but angular acceleration
is absent.
(2) Angular acceleration is present but linear acceleration is
absent.
(3) Both angular and linear accelerations are present.
(4) Both angular and linear accelerations are absent.
(5) Cannot be stated firmly.
33. A wire having length l and radius r which is fixed at one end, reaches its proportionality limit when a
mass m is suspended at the other end. What is the mass that need to be suspended in order to make
another wire to reach its proportionality limit which is made out of same material, having two times
the length and half the radius of the initial wire?
1 1
(1) 8m (2) 4m (3) m (4) m (5) m
4 8
34. The figure shows four uniform identical metal plates which are kept plate
parallel to each other at equal distances are connected by conducting wires. If
the electric field intensities at points p, q and r are Ep, Eq, Er respectively, the p q r
ratio Ep: Eq: Er is given by,

(1) 1 : 2 : 1 (2) 1 : −1 : 1 (3) 2 : −1 : 2

(4) 1 : −2 : 1 (5) 1 : 4 : 1

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35. A progressive wave of period of oscillation T is propagating towards right on the water surface. The
following figure shows the instance of the wave at time t=0. Wave generator produces waves at
constant frequency which are oriented vertically downwards. Waves incident on the water surface and
T T
reflect. If the frequencies of reflected waves at instances t = , t= , t = T are f1, f2 , f3
4 2
respectively, which of the following relationship is appropriate?
Wave generator

t=0

(1) f 1 = f 2 = f 3 (2) f 2 = f 3  f 1 (3) f 2 = f 3  f1

(4) f 2  f 3  f 1 (5) f 2  f 3  f 1

36. Figures (A),(B) and (C) illustrate the instances in which a particular monochromatic ray incidents on a
prism ,having prism angle of 600, at different incident angles which then refracts and emerges. If the
total deviations in the following instances are dA, dB, dC respectively, which of the following
relationship is correct?

600 600 600

0
320 300 240

(A) (B) (C)

(1) d A  d C  d B ( 2) d C  d A  d B (3) d A  d B  d C
( 4) d C  d B  d A (5) d B  d A  d C

37. Unsaturated vapor and air are taken in a vessel of which volume can be
P
changed. The nearby graph shows the variation of total pressure ;(P) of the B

system from state A to B with the reciprocal value of volume ( 1 ) at A

V
1
constant temperature. What is the relative humidity inside the vessel at 0 0.1 0.5
V
initial state A?
(1) 10% (2) 20% (3) 50% (4) 60% (5) 80%

38. A system arranged using cylinders and plates is shown in the

Plate
nearby figure. All the cylinders each of radius r are rolling
towards right without slipping at angular velocity ɷ. What is Plate
the speed of the top plate with respect to the floor?
ω Plate
(1)r (2)2r (3)3r
r
Floor
(4)5r (5)6r

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39. Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) is the practice of measuring the distance between the surfaces of the Earth
and the Moon with high accuracy using laser beams. Special type of reflectors (Retro reflectors) which
are installed by the astronauts during lunar missions are used for this purpose. Such reflectors are
capable of reflecting the incident ray in the path of incidence, irrespective of the incident angle. Under
this method, if the laser beam sent perpendicularly from the surface of the Earth, returns to Earth at t
time, what is the period of revolution of moon? (Let moon orbits in a circular path having Earth as the
center) (Mass of Earth : M, Universal gravitational constant : G, Speed of light in vacuum/air : C)

C 3t 3 C 3t 3 C 2t 2 C3 G t3
(1) 2 ( 2) 2 (3) 2 ( 4) 2 (5) 2
8GM 2GM 2GM 2GMt 2 MC

40. The nearby graph shows the variation of velocity (V) of V

a particle which is moving in a straight line with time (t).
At which time interval the work done on the particle by 3
the resultant force acting on the particle is maximum? 2
(1) 0 → t 0 (2) t 0 → 2t 0 (3) 2t 0 → 3t 0
1
(4) 3t 0 → 5t 0 (5) 5t 0 → 6t 0 0
0 t0 2t0 3t0 4t0 5t0 6t0 t

41. Melting point of beeswax is 650C. Certain amount of liquid beeswax is taken at 1000C in a polished
vessel having negligible heat capacity and cooled under forced conditions. Latent heat of fusion of
beeswax is L and the specific heat capacity of solid beeswax is S. If the time taken only for freezing
d
process of beeswax is t, Which of the following gives the cooling rate ( ) at 450C?
dt
(Room temperature 250C )

L L LS L2 L
(1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5)
2St St 2t S 2t 4St

42. The figure shows a regular hexagon having a side length of 1m in 1A 1m 1A

which six linear infinity long conducting wires are kept at the 1m
1m 1m 1m
vertices of the hexagon as perpendicular to the plane carrying 1A
1m 1m
current in shown directions. What is the magnitude and direction 1A X 1A
O
of magnetic flux density formed in the center O? 1m 1m 1m 1m
( μ0=4π x 10 Hm )-7 -1
X
1A 1m 1A
-7
4x10 T
300 (2) O (3) O
(1) O 300

4x10-7T 4x10-7T
(4) O
300 4x10-7T
(5) O
8x10-7T
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43. In a photoelectric effect experiment, red and green light beams are allowed to incident on the cathode
made of a particular metal so that their photon concentration is equal. If the frequency, photocurrent
and the stopping voltage of green light are fG, IG, VG respectively and of red light are fR, IR, VR
respectively, which of the following relationships is correct? (Assume that, green light has more
possibilities than red light to produce photoelectrons)
(1) fG > fR, IG > IR , VG > VR (2) fG < fR, IG < IR , VG < VR (3) fG > fR, IG < IR , VG > VR
(4) fG < fR, IG = IR , VG< VR (5) fG > fR, IG > IR , VG < VR

44.
0 A
1000C A B 0
0 C 100 C 0C
0

B
Figure - 1
Figure - 2
Two cylindrical rods A, B having identical dimensions are made up of materials having conductivities
1 1
of and respectively. They are connected in series as in figure – 1 and in parallel as in figure – 2
3 6
while their curved surfaces are lagged. Both ends are maintained at constant temperatures 1000C and
00C. In steady state, the ratio
Rate of heat flow through the series combination
is equal to,
Rate of heat flow through the parallel combination
2 1 9
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) 2 (5)
9 2 2

45. The nearby graph represents the variation of pressure (P) exerted by a P A C
certain amount of ideal gas with absolute temperature(T). Which of the
following graphs best represents the variation of volume (V) of this ideal gas
B D
with absolute temperature (T)?
T
V V V V D V D
A D B C B D
B C
C B
B C A D A C A
A
T T T T T
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

46. The figure shows a part of cone having weight W is immersed in liquid
T
having density ρ and kept at equilibrium by hanging on a light string.
A h
The top and bottom cross-sectional areas of cone are A and 2A
2h
respectively. If the tension on the string is T, what is the resultant force W
given by the liquid to the curved face of the cone?
2A
(1) 2hgA + W − T (2) 3hgA + T − W
(3) hgA + T − W (4) 3hgA + W − T (5) W − T

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47. Diodes D1, D2 shown in the nearby electric circuit
are ideal. If the electric potentials maintained at 6Ω
3Ω
points p and q are Vp and Vq respectively, which of S2
p D1 q
the following statement/s is/are true?
D2
(A) When Vp>Vq, and the switch S1 is opened while S2 is S1
3Ω 6Ω
closed, the equivalent resistance between p and q is
4Ω.
(B) The equivalent resistance between p and q is 4.5Ω, when bothS1> S2 switches are opened,
irrespective of the magnitudes of Vp and Vq
(C) When Vp>Vq, and the switch S1 is closed while S2 is opened, the equivalent resistance between p
and q is 4.5Ω.
(1) (A) only (2) (B) only (3) (A),(B) only
(4) (B),(C) only (5) (A),(B),(C) all

48. A sound source S which is producing sound at constant frequency fo is performing a simple harmonic
motion between points A and B having O as the center. A stationary observer X is standing at a
particular distance from point A along the path OA.

Stationary observer
S
X
B Q O P A

P and Q are two points located between OA and OB. Which of the following graphs best represents the
variation of apparent frequency heard by the observer corresponding to the sound produced by the
source when it is moving towards Q from P to Q, with time?

f f f

f0 f0 f0

t t t
(1) (2) (3)

f f

f0 f0

t t
(4) (5)

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49.
v
d0

Small magnets having equal strength are arranged continuously along the track shown, so that the
produced magnetic field would be in vertical plane. Due to this arrangement, although the magnetic
flux density varies with the distance from the track, magnitudes of magnetic flux densities are equal at
equal distances from the track. Small super conducting block is placed at a distance do from the track,
so that the plane of the block is parallel to the plane of track. At time t=0, the block is thrown parallel
to the track in the shown direction with a speed v. If the temperature of the super conducting block is
maintained in order to keep its resistance as zero, which of the following graphs best represents the
variation of distance (d) between the track and the block with time (t) until the block reaches the other
end of the track? (Neglect air resistance)

d d d d d

d0 d0 d0 d0 d0

t t t t t
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

50. In the figure shown below, XA and BY are smooth inclined surfaces and the co-efficient of friction
between block of mass m and the horizontal surface AB is 0.5. If mass m is slowly released from point
X which is at a vertical height of L, at which position it becomes rest eventually?

X m Y

L Z
L/2

A L B
(1) At A (2) At B (3) At Z
(4) Above Z (5) Between A and B

*****
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KOg;gjpg;GupikAilaJ / All Rights Reserved]

R. Kumaran (M.Sc)
R. Kugen (B.Sc)

Index No. : …..………………………...

❖ This paper comprises of two parts A and B. For Examiners’ Use Only
Part Question No. Marks
The time allotted for the two parts is three
1
hours only. Additional Reading time – 10
2
minutes. A
3
❖ Use of calculators is not allowed 4
❑ Part A – Structured Essay 5
❖ Answer all the questions on the question paper 6
itself. 7
B
❖ Write your answers in the space provided for 8
each question. 9
❖ Please note that the space provided is sufficient 10
for the answer and that extensive answers are Total
not expected. Percentage
❑ Part B – Essay
❖ This part consists of six question.Answer four Final Marks

questions only. Use the papers supplied for this In Numbers

purpose. In Letters
❖ At the end of the time allotted for this paper,
tie the two papers together so that Part A Code Numbers
is on top of Part B and hand them over to Marking Examiner 1
the Supervisor. Marking Examiner 2
❖ You are permitted to remove only Part B of Checked by :
the question paper from the Examination Supervised by :
Hall.
AL/2023/01/E-II(A) -2-
Part A – Structured Essay Do not
write
Answer all four questions on this paper itself. anything
(g = 10 N kg-1) here

01. You are asked to find the density of a liquid by using weighted boiling tube. For this the
floatation principle is used. Adequate numbers of lead balls are taken in the bottom of the
boiling tube and the wax is poured until the lead balls are completely covered. The figure
shows the boiling tube floating in the liquid.

(a) Different parameters of the setup are assigned with the following symbols. Answer the
questions using the symbols.
A - External cross-sectional area of cylindrical portion of the tube
V - The volume of the weighted part of the tube
M - Mass of the tube and its constituents
d - Density of the liquid
i. What do you understand by adequate number of lead balls?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. What are the things you need to consider when sticking the scale in boiling tube?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Additional mass m is placed inside the tube and the reading l shown in the figure is taken.
i. Write an expression for the up-thrust U acting on the boiling tube.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Get the relationship between given quantities using the principle of floatation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

[See page : 03
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Do not
iii. Arrange the above relationship in such a way to plot a linear graph to find the density of write
anything
the liquid. here

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. To get widely spread and uniformly distributed coordinates, it must be paid attention
when selecting different values for independent variable. What actions you would make
for this (small equally cut lead plates are given)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
v. How do you determine the density d of the liquid using the graph you drew?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
vi. Write down the additional measurement you need to calculate the density and the
instrument you use to measure it.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

vii. The least count of an instrument used is 0.1 mm and the reading taken by this
instrument is 2.00 cm then find the fractional error of this measurement.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

02. A student designed an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid using
Newton’s cooling law.

Uniform wind flow from

electric fan.

(a) Calorimeter with polished surface, lid and stirrer, electric fan, stop watch, electronic
balance, sufficient amount of water and liquid are given.

[See page : 04
AL/2023/01/E-II(A) -4-
Do not
i. A calorimeter with shiny outer surface is hanged by using insulated string and the write
anything
experiment is carried out. Give the reason for the following. here

I. Using a calorimeter having polished outer surface.

………………………………………………………………………………………
II. Hanging the calorimeter using an insulated string.
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. A student considered that it’s better to use an electric fan to cool the calorimeter instead
of cooling it by placing it near an opened window. Give the reason for it.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. What are experimental procedures, the student has to do to consider the temperature of
the outer surface of calorimeter is same as the temperature reading of the thermometer
dipped in water or liquid?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. What are the readings that the student needs to take to draw the cooling curves?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The cooling curve which the student obtained for water is shown below. (  R is the room
temperature) θ/ 0C

θ1

θ2

θR

0
t /s
tw
i. Draw the cooling curve which is obtained for the liquid by comparing with the above
curve and indicate the time tl which is the time taken the cool down from the

temperature from  1 to  2 (Heat capacity of liquid is lesser than that of used water)

[See page : 05
AL/2023/01/E-II(A) -5-
Do not
ii. What can you say about the heat loss rate of water and liquid during the time period in write
anything
which temperature dropped from  1 to  2 ? here

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. Heat capacity of the calorimeter with stirrer is C. The mass of water and liquid are
mW , ml respectively and the specific heat capacity of water and liquid are SW , Sl
respectively . Write the expression that relates these quantities with the quantities
obtained from the graph.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

03. The set up and the apparatus used to find the focal length of the concave lens in the school
laboratory is shown below.

O2

S L M O1
b a

(a) Using a meter rod, a line is drawn on the table with a chalk and lens is mounted on the lens
stand so that the base of the lens is perpendicular to that line. O1,O2 are pins that are placed
on the vertical plane perpendicular to the drawn line and their ends are placed in such a way
to be in the principal axis.

i. Indicate the object distance for the lens in the figure as u.

ii. Draw the focal point of the lens as F and draw the image formed and mark it as I.

iii. When observed from the shown position, it was confirmed that both images were in a
straight line in the optical axis. What conclusion that you can make from this?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

[See page : 06
AL/2023/01/E-II(A) -6-
Do not
(b) The object distance U is obtained by measuring using meter ruler. It is not possible to write
anything
directly measure the image distance for this particular object. here

i. What is the experimental procedure to determine the image distance?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. Give the measurements, in symbols mentioned in the diagram, that you would obtain to
find out the image distance also give the equation for image distance v.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) 1 vs 1 graph has been drawn by the student by using the values obtained by measuring
u v
image distances v for different object distance u.
i. The sign convention adopted by the student for drawing the graph is that the real object
distance is positive and the virtual image distance is positive. Draw the graph obtained
by the student in the space below. (mark the axes clearly)

ii. If the magnitude of the intercept of graph is 5m-1, what’s the focal length of the lens?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. A convex lens of known focal length is combined with this lens and the graph is drawn
by obtaining the real image distance for the real object distance. The focal length of
concave lens is determined by obtaining the focal length of combined lens from the
graph. What should be the relationship between the focal length of lenses used here?
……………………………………………………………………………………………

[See page : 07
AL/2023/01/E-II(A) -7-
Do not
04. Internal resistance and electromotive force of a dry cell have to be found. write
anything
R here

E
r V R0

(a) A cell, ammeter, digital voltmeter, rheostat, tap key (press key), standard resistance,
connecting wires are given. The above circuit is constructed using these components.
i. Indicate the polarity of terminals of the ammeter A and voltmeter V as (+) and (-).
ii. What is the difficulty you would encounter when carrying out this experiment using a
resistance box instead of rheostat?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. What is the advantage of using digital voltmeter to measure the potential difference
across the cell?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. What are the experimental procedures to obtain the readings of ammeter A and
voltmeter V?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

v. State the reason for following the experimental procedure you mentioned in question
(iv) above when taking readings.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) It is planned to determine E, r using graphical method.

i. Ammeter reading is I and Voltmeter reading is V. If the electromotive force of the cell
and internal resistance are E, r respectively. Write the relationship between them.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

[See page : 08
AL/2023/01/E-II(A) -8-
Do not
ii. Rearrange the above relationship to find the internal resistance of the cell using graph write
anything
method. here

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. If (100mA,1.48V),(150mA,1.47V) are the coordinates obtained from the curve drawn,
what is the internal resistance of the cell?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) The circuit constructed to draw the I-V special characteristic graph for the forward biasing
of diode.
+12V
V
A

100Ω

0V

i. Select the range of measurement for the ammeter, voltmeter used in this circuit.
I. Ammeter:-(0-10mA, 0-500mA, 0-10A)
………………………………………………………………………………………
II. Voltmeter:-(0-1V, 0-5V, 0-10V)
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. It is difficult to obtain I-V special characteristics curve for reverse biasing of the diode
in our research labs/ laboratory. Give reason?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
AL/2023/01/E-II(B) -9-
[KOg;gjpg;GupikAilaJ/ All Rights Reserved]

Part B - Essay
Instructions:
❖ Answer four questions only.
❖ Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m s-2

01. The sample model of a regulator of an electric ceiling fan which is 0

commonly used in houses is shown in the nearby figure. Using this 1

regulator, the rotational speed of electric fan can be maintained at five

different speed modes. When the regulator is adjusted to the speed 2

modes which are marked as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the figure, the rates of

rotation of electric fan are 140 rpm, 210 rpm, 280 rpm, 350 rpm and 5 3

4
420 rpm respectively.
The operation of motor of the electric fan is controlled by the regulator using a special mechanism
which is developed for an experiment in which the rotational speed of electric fan can be
increased/decreased uniformly, when the regulator is adjusted from particular speed mode to another
speed mode. The air resitive torque against the rotation of electric fan is directly proportional to the
square value of angular velocity of it.
(a) When the switch is switched on after the regulator is adjusted to speed mode which is marked as 3,
the electric fan reaches the steady rate of rotation for that speed mode in 7s. Then it was allowed to
rotate in the steady state for 30s for an experiment and finally, the regulator was adjusted to speed
mode which is marked as zero. The electric fan came to rest in 15s after the adjustment. (π=3)
i. Give the angular velocity which is indicated as 1rpm in rads-1.
ii. Give the angular velocity of the electric fan in rads-1 when it is operating at steady state in the
above-mentioned speed mode.
iii. Roughly sketch the angular velocity-time graph for the whole motion of the electric fan.
iv. Calculate the angular acceleration of the electric fan.
v. Roughly plot the variation of torque ( ) given by the motor to the electric fan during the
period of acceleration with time (t).

[See Page: 10
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 10 -
(b) Inferior view of an electric fan is shown in the
figure. The central part (fan head) can be considered
as a uniform solid cylinder of radius of 25cm. Each
of its blades weigh 0.5kg and has a length of 50cm.
Such three similar blades are joined with the central
L
part of the electric fan. The moment of inertia of a R
blade about the vertical rotational axis passing
perpendicularly, through the center of the fan is
given by the following equation
1  L 
2

I B =  ML2 + M  R +   .Here M represents the mass of a blade, L represents the length of a

12  2  

blade and R represents the radius of the cylindrical part.

i. If the moment of inertia of all of the rotating parts about the rotational axis except the blade of

the fan is I R = 3 kgm2 , then find the total moment of inertia of electric fan about the axis?
32
ii. Power of the electric motor is 22.5W when it is operating steadily at speed mode 2. Assume that
the motor is 100% efficient.
(1) What is the resistive torque exerted by air against the motion of the fan? (Give in nearest
whole number)

(2) What is the rotational kinetic energy of the fan at steady state?
iii. The electricity meter is used to measure the consumption of electrical energy of houses. It
measures consumption of electrical energy in kWh (1 kWh = 1 unit). The number of turns of the
thin aluminum plate in the electricity meter is directly proportional to the consumption of
electrical energy. It is calibrated so that 420 complete turns of the aluminum plate are equivalent
to 1kWh. Find the angular speed in rpm of the plate of the electricity meter when an above-
mentioned fan is only operating steadily at speed mode 5 in a specific house.

02. Read the following passage about Acoustic Levitation and answer the following questions.

Acoustic Levitation is a technique in which, matters can be kept against the gravity in air by using high
intensity, high frequency sound waves. This method is used in chemical analyses, biological studies,
and positioning of small objects in space stations. In this situation, vertical standing waves are used to
compensate the weight of the object. When two sound waves of the same frequency and same
amplitude which are travelling in opposite directions get overlapped, in some places the amplitude of
the vibration of the particles of the medium is low (Displacement node) and in some places the
amplitude of the vibration of the particles of the medium is high (Displacement antinode). The highest-
pressure change (high and low pressures) forms at the displacement node while the least pressure
change (relatively constant pressure) forms at the displacement antinode. Thus, the displacement node
and the displacement antinode are called the pressure antinode and the pressure node respectively.
[See Page: 11
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 11 -
Considering two adjacent pressure antinodes, one has high pressure while the other has low pressure.
These conditions are reversed in the next half-oscillation period. Usually, objects smaller in mass can
be made to float by this method. Among them relatively large ones can be positioned in pressure node
and smaller ones in pressure antinode.Considering the equilibrium of a particle at a pressure node, an
upward force is experienced due to the pressure difference when high pressure prevails in antinode
below the particle. After half an oscillation period, it experiences a downward force due to the pressure
difference. Because of the high frequency of the standing wave, the oscillation of this force is very
fast, and because of the inertia of the particle, the vibration amplitude of the particle is very low, so it
appears to be in equilibrium. Due to the weight of the particle, this equilibrium point will be slightly
below the pressure node. These equilibrium points are known as potential wells.

The figure below shows that in an experiment, 3 particles are kept in equilibrium at successive
pressure nodes using acoustic levitation. During this experiment the two sources generating wave at
22kHz frequency are kept pointing up and down at a certain distance so as to produce a standing wave.

(a)
i. What do you understand by acoustic levitation?
ii. Give two applications of acoustic levitation method.
iii. How standing waves are formed?
iv. What is a pressure antinode?
v. What is the phase difference between adjacent pressure antinodes in a standing wave?
vi. Give two reasons why the oscillation of the particle cannot be observed even though there is an
oscillating pressure difference on both sides of the particle.
vii. Why is the equilibrium point of the particle slightly below the pressure node?

(b)
i. Copy the simple arrangement of the figure given in the above paragraph on your answer sheet and
draw the waveform pattern of displacement and pressure change between the sources.
ii. In the above experiment, what is the gap between the adjacent particles?
(Take speed of sound in air as 330ms-1)
iii. The frequency of the experiment is reduced and re-equilibrium is achieved. Now what happens to
the distance between adjacent particles?
iv. The sound intensity level at a given distance from the experimental setup is known to be 100 dB.
To avoid discomfort, this is reduced to 60dB by an ear plug. By which factor, ear plug reduce sound
intensity?
(c)
i. It is difficult to balance the particle if the air density is reduced during testing. Explain why.
ii. What is the reason for not being able to hear the sound produced during the above experiment?
iii. When this experiment is carried out in a space lab, the particle can also be balanced in any
directions. State why.

[See Page: 12
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 12 -
03.
(a) Define contact angle. M
α D
(b) The figure shows the cross-sectional face view of
a cylindrical pin made up of steel, floating on the β B

surface of pure water. Here X is the point where

the water surface and pin surface meet. MN is the
X
vertical line, AB is the tangent to the liquid
surface through the point X, and CD is the Figure - 1
A
tangent to the surface of pin through the point X. θ
C N
(Neglect the upthrust exerted on the pin by the water)

i. What is the contact angle between the water and the pin?
ii. Obtain an expression for the mass m of the pin, if the length of the pin and the surface tension of
the water are L and T respectively. (The radius of the pin is negligible compared to its length)
iii. If the length of the pin is 2cm and the surface tension of water at 25°C is 76 x 10-3Nm, find the
mass of the pin. (In this floating situation  =  = 30 0 )
iv. As the temperature increases, the surface tension of the liquid decreases. What is the minimum
surface tension that water can take up to keep the pin floating in the water continuously?

(c) A 6-legged insect (Water Strider) floats in pure water at 25°C as shown. Bear in
mind that, the function of insect's legs resembles the action of the pin in the
above case. It has 4 legs in each 1cm long and 2 legs in each 0.5cm long
segments are horizontal and in contact with the water surface. (For pure water at
25°C, in Fig – 1,  = 600 ) .
i. Calculate the mass of insect.
ii. When pure water is mixed with impurities, the surface tension of water varies according to the
following equation: T =  S + C . where T is the surface tension of water, S is the concentration
of the dissolved impurity,  is a constant that depends on the nature of the dissolved impurity,
and C is another constant.
(1) Find the constant C at temperature 25°C.
(2) Find the present surface tension of water if soap is added to pure water so that the

concentration of soap is 15mgl-1.(For soap𝜎 = −3𝑁𝑘𝑔−1 𝑚2 )

(3) If the insect can float in the above water mixed with soap, what happens to the value β?
(See Figure 1)

[See Page: 13
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 13 -
(d) When studying the effect of surface tension in the process of washing clothes, the water should
penetrate and flow well between the fabric threads in order to remove the dust particles and dirt
trapped. However, the surface tension of water prevents it from flowing like that.

Thread

When water is trying to go

Since the gap is small it can be through thread gap
Gap
considered as circular shaped

The following processes are generally carried out during laundry. These include heating the water,
using soap, and scrubbing or swirling the fabric. State how each of these methods would facilitate
(enhancing flow of water between the threads of fabric) the process of washing

04. A simple arrangement of an electronic scale designed using a special characteristic of capacitor is
shown below. Scale plate

Device Screen
Spring
Q
Y
Y+ + + + + T
d
X- - - - -
X
P

Air capacitor

A rectangular metal plate X of area A is supported horizontally by an insulated rod P as shown in

figure. Another similar plate Y is directly opposite and plate parallel to X and supported by an
insulated rod Q attached to the scale plate. A spring of force constant K is fitted to the stationary part
of the balance and the scale plate as shown, with the insulated rod Q passing through it. The insulated
rod can move without any friction. The distance between the plates in the position shown is d.Initially
the capacitor is charged with charge Q by applying a voltage difference across the plates by an
electrical source, and then the capacitor is isolated from the source. Plates X and Y are connected to
the input terminals of device T. T amplifies this voltage by 100 times and gives output V0. This output
V0 is provided to an electronic circuit integrated with a digital screen. As the mass to be measured is
placed on the scale plate, the spring is brought closer and the plate Y moves downwards to reach
equilibrium which in turn decreases the space between the plates X and Y. Since it changes the
capacitance between the plates, the change resulting in the potential difference will cause a change in
output V0. This change in ouput voltage (∆𝑽) is sensed by an electronic circuit and the mass of the
placed material is displayed numerically on a digital screen. Note that in the calculations below, the

[See Page: 14
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 14 -
attractive force between the two plates by the charges is negligible and since the input resistance of
device T is very high, the current through it is negligible. (Electric permittivity of air is εο )
(a)
i. Give an expression for the capacitance of the capacitor in terms of A, 𝜀𝜊 and d.
ii. From the given quantities, give an equation for the initial potential difference of source used to
initially charge the capacitor to charge Q.
iii. Show that the output V0 of the device T is directly proportional to the distance d.

(b) The spring shown obeys Hooke's law. Thus, the force is directly proportional to the extension/
compression ( F  e ). However, since the spring is compressed due to the mass of the scale plate
even under the absence of load, the above relation can be considered as the additional force is directly
proportional to additional extension/compression ( F  e ). Now consider the case where a load m is
placed on the scale.
i. By using the result in a(iii) above and the above explanation, give the relation between  V and d .
ii. Give the equation for the change in the gap between the plates ( d ) when the mass m is placed.
iii. Write the equation for the change (Δ𝑉) in output 𝑉𝜊 .
iv. Draw a rough graph showing the change (Δ𝑉) in output 𝑉𝜊 .with the load m to be measured.

(c) If Q=4.425x10-12C, A=2x10-2m2, K=1250Nm-1,𝜀0 = 8.85 x 10-12 Fm-1, g = 10ms-2,

i. Calculate the change (𝛥𝑉) in output V0, if a mass of 10g is placed in the plate.
ii. If the least value of (𝛥𝑉) sensed by the electronic circuit integrated with the screen is 10mV, what is
the minimum mass that can be read by this electronic scale?
iii. The highest possible error (estimated error) in the measurement of (ΔV) by the electronic circuit
integrated with the screen is known to be ±5mV. What is the range of magnitude of the mass placed
on the plate when it is displayed as 15g on the screen?

(d) In order to increase the sensitivity of the scale, it is decided to make changes in the charge Q stored
initially and the force constant of the spring K.
h

i. Give the changes to be made in the Q and K. (increase/decrease)

ii. Give one negative effect for each of the above changes made.
iii. During the use of this scale, the charge stored in the capacitor is decreased due to electric leakage.
In this situation>
1. Deduce that whether the reading on the screen would be positive or negative when there are no
weights placed on the scale.
2. If a mass is measured in the scale, indicate whether the reading obtained on the screen will be
greater than or less than the actual value of the mass.

[See Page: 15
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 15 -
05. Answer either part (A) or (B) only.
(A)
(a)
i. What do you understand by electromotive force of a cell?
ii. A cell with electromotive force 12V is rated as 100 ampere hours (100Ah). What is the
maximum electrical energy that can be generated by the battery when it is is fully charged?

(b) The figure below shows a part of the electrical circuit of a motor car. HereXL and XR are identical
head lights with 4.8Ω functioning resistance each and YL, and YR are identical indicator lights with
24Ω functioning resistance each. The starter motor of the car is M and Z is an electric fan for air
conditioning. Note that the resistance of the connecting wires is negligible and the internal
resistance of the cell is negligible when answering part (b). In the beginning, all the switches are
in the open state. The electromotive of the cell is 12V.
X X
XL Q XR
X X
S YR
YL
From Dynamo R Z

P
M
E

i. What is the current drawn from the cell when the switch Q is closed and the two-way key S is
directed to YL?
ii. If the situation in question (b)(i) is prolonged for one minute, find the amount of charge
displaced and the electrical energy produced by the battery.
iii. A car travels uniformly on the highway for 50 minutes while only the switch Q is closed. During
this trip, the dynamo in the car provides an output voltage of 12 V and electrical energy in the
rate of 54 W to the circuit.
(1) What is the power dissipated in the electric circuit?
(2) What is the power given by the cell to the circuit?
iv. Internal resistance of the shown electric fan for air conditioning is 1Ω. The electric current
drawn by the motor when the switch R is closed and the electric fan performs at steady state is
2A. Then what is the back E.M.F induced in the motor in this situation?

(c) Internal resistance of cell is 0.01Ω. When starting the engine of the car while the headlights are on,
the brightness of the lights decreases and the potential difference across them is 11.28V;.
i. What is current flowing through the motor, when it is started while the headlights are on?
ii. Calculate the internal resistance of motor and round off to the second decimal value.

[See Page: 16
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 16 -
iii. ) After the long usage of cell, although the E.M.F of the cell remains constant, internal resistance
is increased by two times. Therefore, it is unable to start the motor. In order to start the motor
while the headlights are on, another cell of E.M.F 12V is connected in parallel with the first cell.
If the electric current passing through the electric motor when starting the engine is equal to the
current predicted in (c)(i) above, what is the internal resistance of the second cell?

(B)
A circuit is designed to automatically operate an electric motor to water a garden. This is possible
because the resistance between certain points in soil decreases as moisture of soil increases. Moisture
of soil depends on the mass of water in a unit volume of soil. For the given depth in this garden land,
the resistance between two nails which are fixed at a distance of d are 900 Ω and 620 Ω respectively
when the respective moistures of soil are1.2kgm-3and 6kgm-3;.
B +10V C
+12V

RC
R 6kΩ
VN
+10V 𝑆 𝑄
V1 + RB
R 𝑄̅
V2 - 860kΩ
P -10V
4kΩ
Q
X Y A
VM

d
In the circuit shown, the saturated voltage of the operational amplifier is ± 10V and the open loop gate
(A0) is 105. Since its input resistance is very high, the current through its input terminals is negligible.
X and Y nails are connected to terminals P and Q in this circuit. +10V and +12V are supplied to points
B and C with respect to point A. (All considered potentials here are relative to point A)
i. Find the inverting input potential V1.
ii. Find the minimum value (Vmin) of the input voltage Vin required to saturate the operational
amplifier in positive voltage.
iii. By finding the minimum value of V2 required to obtain a output voltage of 10V in the
operational amplifier, show that it is approximately equal to 4V.
iv. When the soil moisture is 1.2kgm-3 what is the value of R in order for V2=4V?
v. As shown in the diagram, output of the operational amplifier is connected to the input of the
transistor circuit through a diode. The transistor reaches saturation state when the soil moisture
is 1.2kgm-3. (For diodeVD = 0.7V, for transistorVBE = 0.7V and current gain (  ) = 100)
(1) Find the base current.

[See Page: 17
AL/2023/01/T-II(B) - 17 -
(2) What is the least possible value for RC?
vi. What is the magnitude of output of the transistor VN when the moisture of the soil is 1.8kgm-3?
vii. The output of transistor VN is connected to the Set terminal(S) of a S-R flip flop circuit designed
using NOR gate. When moisture is increased to 3.3kgm-3, an output (VM) of 12V is obtained
using another circuit. This output is connected to the Reset terminal (R) of flip flop. The motor
connected with the output Q of flip flop is capable of operating when the logical level of Q is
equal to 1 (Q=1). Initially, the moisture of soil 2.7kgm-3 is and the motor is not operating at this
instance.
(1) State whether the gap between fixed nails X’ and Y’ should be maintained greater or lesser
than d, which are connected to the terminals P’ and Q’ generating output (VM) in another
circuit, (Not shown in figure);.
(2) Copy the table below on your answer sheet and fill in the table to show the logical levels of
S,R and Q for the following moistures of the soil..

Moisture S R Q
-3
2.1 kgm
1.2 kgm-3
3.3 kgm-3

(3) Soil moisture should be maintained between 1.1kgm-3 to 1.7kgm-3 during harvest. For this,
how should the spacing between the nails X and Y and spacing between the nails X’ and Y’
have to be changed?

06. Answer either part (A) or (B) only.

(A)
In humans, heat generated during normal body functions must be lost to the environment by metabolic
activities. It takes place in four ways namely conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. The
rate at which heat is generated by the human body is high during high-intensity activities such as
marathon race. Most of the heat generated during such activities is lost through evaporation.
(a)
i. Which of the above heat loss process /processes are influenced by wind current?
ii. Which of the above heat loss process /processes are influenced by by the moisture in t air?

(b) Consider the following data relating to a marathon run and an athlete participating in it.
▪ Mass of athlete is 70kg
▪ Distance to run in marathon is 42km
▪ The average body temperature of the athlete before the start of a race is 370C
▪ Maximum heat loss rate possible by evaporation method is; 950W
▪ The highest temperature that the body can reach without harming the body is 410C
▪ Highest mass of water that can evaporate from the body without harming the body is 5% of the
mass of the body
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▪ The specific heat capacity of water is 4200Jkg-1K-1
▪ The specific heat capacity of the body in average is 3600Jkg-1K-1
▪ In the temperature range at which water evaporates from the body, latent heat of vaporization of
water; 2.61x 105Jkg-1
▪ Surrounding temperature along the race track is 310C
▪ The rate of heat generation by the body while at rest in preparation for running is; 90W

When an athlete is at rest, heat is lost through convection and radiation and when running, heat is lost
through convection, radiation and evaporation. Let the rate of heat loss by radiation be 60W and it is
constant over the considered temperature range. Neglect heat loss by conduction.

i. If the rate of heat generated by the body of the athlete from the time he started running to the end
was constant at 245W,;
1. Find the rate of increase in body temperature after starting to run in ( 0 Ch −1 ) .
2. Find the rate of evaporation of water in ( kgh−1 ) if the steady state temperature of the body is
390C during the race.
3. The body's steady state temperature during this race varies based on the environmental
conditions of the race track. Explain the reason with reference to environmental conditions for
the steady state temperature to change as follows.
Slightly higher than 390C;
Slightly less than 390C
4. It took 4.5 hours for this athlete to complete this run. Does he need to drink water during his run
to avoid harm to his body? Justify your answer based on calculations..
ii. What is the highest rate at which heat can be generated by the body without harming the body?

(A)
Not all atomic nuclei are stable. Some nuclei undergo a series of nuclear reactions to become stable
nuclei. During this, daughter nuclei formed from mother nuclei are subjected to continuous decay in
order to stabilize further. This creates a radioactive disintegration series. During successive nuclear
reactions, the unstable nuclei transform into stable nuclei by spontaneous emissions of  particles, 

particles and  rays.

(a) A portion of the radioactive disintegration seriesfor an unstable uranium nucleus is shown below.
238
92 U ⎯⎯→
(1)
90Th ⎯⎯→ 91 Pa ⎯⎯→ 92 U − − − 82 Pb
234 ( 2) 234 ( 3) 234 206

i. What are the rays released in the conversions (1), (2) and (3) of the given radioactive disintegration
series?
234
ii. Write the nuclear reaction equation for the formation of a new nucleus U by the nuclear reaction
92

of 238
92 U
.

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(b) In the above given radioactive disintegration series of Uranium U isotope decays into
238
92
206
82 Pb with a

halflife of 4.47 x 109 years (1.4 x 1017 seconds). It is used to determine the age of fossils in
paleontological studies. This method of dating is known as U-Pb dating and is a very accurate
method of determining the age of rocks that were formed millions of years ago. This method has also
been used by scientists to determine the age of the Earth. Some paleontologists intend to use the
above method to determine the age of a rockfossil found during excavations at one of the oldest
historically significant sites in Sri Lanka. They obtained a 1kg sample of the rock fossil and analyzed
it for Uranium and Lead.;.

i. According to the results of the above analysis in the fossil sample, 3.570 x 10-2% of Uranium
( 238
92 U
) and 1.236 x 10-2% of Lead ( 206
82 Pb
) were observed by mass. Find the number of atoms of

U and
238
92
the number of atoms of 206
82 Pb present in the sample of the rock.

(Avogadro's constant is 6 x 1023 mol-1 ,  =

0.7 )
T1
2

ii. Find the current activity A(t) of the rock sample.

iii. It was known that all the 206
82 Pb atoms were created only from the decay of U.
238
92

1. Find the initial Activity (A0) of the rock sample when it was formed.
2. Only substitute the related quantities in the relation to find the age t of rock sample in the
equation N = N 0 e − t (No need to simplify)

(c) In this way, samples were collected from different places of the Earth and when research was carried
out, some of the samples taken were identified as the bones of a kind of primitive animal. Later this
animal was named dinosaur by paleontologists. When 10mg carbon was extracted from this bone to
determine the age of the dinosaur through the carbon dating method and its activity was examined,
but it could not be observed. But when 10mg carbon was extracted from a human bone found in an
excavation in Keeladi of Tamil Nadu and its activity was examined, it was found to have a fraction of
1 of activity of 10mg carbon extracted from a living tree. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 year.
4

i. How old is the human bone found at the Keeladi?

ii. Can Carbon dating be used to estimate the age of dinosaur? Give reason.
iii. Bones of dinosaurs were found concentrated in particular area. Since these bones are known to
belong to the same period, scientists suspect that those dinosaurs may have died due to exposure to
high-intensity  radiation. Effect of  radiation to an organism is determined by the amount of
radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the organism (Effective dose). The unit Sievert (Sv) is
used to measure this effective dose and 1Sv= 1Jkg-1. A sample of dinosaur bone of mass 20mg was
found to have absorbed 0.2mJ of the  radiation.
1. Find the effective dose the dinosaur gained during its lifespan in Sievert (Sv).

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2. The amount of effective dose gained by a dinosaur belongs to the same period but lived
elsewhere in its lifetime is known to be half the value predicted in question (c)(iii)(1). Calculate
the effective dose rate (in Svhr-1) during that time, assuming that the dinosaurs were exposed to
the high-intensity radiation beam for one minute.
3. If the photon energy of  is 100keV then, find the number of photons absorbed in a second by

1 kg of bone of the dinosaur when it was exposed to a beam of  ray. 5

(9.6 = 0.52)

*****