The

Subgrade
Application
Manual

Bitumat Company Limited

Jizan St., 2nd Industrial Area, Dammam, K.S.A.
Tel. No. 966-3-8121210 / 812-1213
Fax No. 966-3-812-1190 / 812-1189
Email: [email protected]
 1

INTRODUCTION
1.0 THE BITUMAT WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING MANUAL is a composite of the field experience/
opinions of Bitumat and prevailing industry practice. It is designed to acquaint readers with waterproofing and damp
proofing materials and practices, and to offer guidelines for good waterproofing and dampproofing practices.
Waterproofing and dampproofing practices vary considerably not only in different parts of the world but also within a
country due to the variety of conditions that exist and the various materials that are available for use. Many times
waterproofing and dampproofing systems are essentially customized, designed for specific structures, and applied on
the job site. Adherence to the practices outlined in this manual is an option to be considered in view of local practices and
past experiences of the designer and applicator.
Waterproofing and dampproofing is an art as well as a science. The dimensions, quantities, and weights included in this
manual reflects approximate measurements of material required for typical waterproofing or dampproofing applications.
It is suggested to consult BITUMAT on the intended waterproofing or dampproofing materials or system for any
recommendations specific to their products.
This manual is designed to assist and inform the design professional, contractor or owner, of BITUMAT’s
recommendation on Modified Bitumen systems and application methods, proven over time to provide superior
performance. This manual contains the BITUMAT Subgrade Systems and application specifications. These
specifications are based on the best available knowledge & technology in the waterproofing industry. It is offered to
assist the designer and applicator to specify and install systems conforming to acceptable industry standards.

1.1.0. REFERENCES
This manual has been inspired from the following Codes of Practice:

• DTU 20.12, Design of concrete structure to receive roofing

• DTU 26.2, Tolerances in screening works
• UK CP 144, Part 3 - Roofing Works
• Germany Din 1833X,Roofing Works
• USA NRCA Roofing Manual
• FM Factory Mutual
• Canada CGSB
• USA ASTM
• USA UL

1.2.0. INTERNATIONAL COMPLIANCE & CODES OF PRACTICE

All the typical values of the test results must comply with international standards and
codes of practices. It is worth noting that all BITUMAT waterproofing material / systems
comply with the applicable requirements of the following associations or standards.

• FM Factory Mutual, USA

• SOCOTEC
• BV Bureau Veritas, France
• UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.,
• NRCA National Roofing Contractors Association, USA
• BRANZ, New Zealand
• ASTM, USA
• NHA, Kuwait

1.3.0. BITUMAT MODIFIED BITUMEN MEMBRANES COMPLY WITH THE

REQUIREMENTS OF FOLLOWING STANDARDS:

1.3.1* UEAtc (European Association for Technical Agreements)

Ref.: Special directives for the assessment of APP Modified Bitumen
membranes.

1.3.2.** CGSB (Canadian General Standards Board)

Ref.: Standard 37/GP-56M, Modified Bitumen prefabricated and
Re-inforced membrane for roofing.
1.3.3 *** ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials)
1.3.4.**** DIN Germany
2

2.0. Scope When application of membrane

Scope of this manual is sub grade alter the properties of the product. All occurs at low ambient temperatures,
applications including the Underground Bitumat bitumen membranes and care should be taken that the rolls are
Tanking system,Basements, Swimming other products are intended to be not thrown on the deck or storage
Pools, etc Only material applicable to installed on suitable, dry and smooth area. Sudden impact of the roll can
these systems shall be used for the surfaces. cause cracking of the rolls.
waterproofing system. All Bitumat membranes and other It is suggested to use “ breathable type
products are transported on wooden covers, such as, canvas tarpaulins to
3.0. Limitations pallets, shrink wrapped for best allow venting and protection from the
BITUMAT as a manufacturer, is not protection. Unload and handle all weather and moisture. Thus the
involved in the design or construction of roofing materials with care. Examine possibility of rolls sticking is
buildings or structures. BITUMAT will all materials as they are received. All eliminated. Care should also be taken
under no circumstances accept Bitumat products display legible labels during installation when the ambient
responsibility for the performance of its
identifying the material. temperature is around 50 deg C or
products when damage to its products
results from such things as improper more.
building design, construction faults, or
defects in workmanship. BITUMAT does 6.0. Guarantees
not manufacture sub grade decks and Guarantees on BITUMAT material,
is not responsible for their performance. are available only when the BITUMAT
The various systems and their uses are membranes are installed in
shown within this manual are designed accordance with the installation
for a specific purpose; therefore, one guidelines set forth in this manual, and
system is not necessarily better than the by a BITUMAT approved contractor
other, and each should be utilized in its Look for any damaged or defective who is authorized from BITUMAT
respective application according to each material and notify the carrier and Co.Ltd to install the BITUMAT
project’s design requirements. manufacturer. Do not expose material.
The design responsibility remains with material to moisture in any form
the architect, engineer or owner, and before, during or after delivery to site. 7.0. Maintenance
construction details illustration and Usage of wet or damaged material BITUMAT does not use or maintain a
description herein are furnished solely for can contribute to failure of the building owner’s basement/tank etc.
guidance purposes. These guidelines waterproofing system. and shall not be responsible for their
should not be construed as being Always store roll goods on end on a routine maintenance and care. Since
all-inclusive, nor should they be clean, raised platform to keep the BITUMAT has no control over a
considered as a substitute for building’s contents, type, quantity,
ends of the rolls free from foreign
good application practices. positioning or protection, BITUMAT
matter. Rolls stored on their sides will
Some construction details may require shall not be responsible for
flatten and stick together, making
special treatment to secure water
them very difficult to apply and then consequential damages in case of
tightness. Therefore, it is recommended
may cause problems later. Take care waterproofing system failure.
that these details are brought to the
attention of the manufacturer prior to to prevent damage to roll ends or
design. BITUMAT suggests that ridges. 8.0. The Contractor
designers and architects refer to the Do not double stack modified bitumen The sub grade is a very important part
BITUMAT TechnicalDepartment prior products. Store all waterproofing of the building. The waterproofing of
and during the design of any materials in a dry, shaded and works in contact with the ground has
waterproofing system. For more properly ventilated area. to be both carefully specified and
information on sub-grade waterproofing Keep the temperature of all roll goods executed, bearing in mind that the life
and damp proofing, refer to other above 5°C (41°F) for 24 hours prior of the waterproofing has to be equal
relevant BITUMAT Design and to application. Modified bitumen to that which it is protecting. Since in
Installation Manual. membranes are considerably easy to an underground construction it is
install when maintained at extremely expensive to carry out any
4.0. Physical properties temperatures above 11°C (51.8° F). remedial/repair work, a lack of or a
The typical properties of Bitumat
products as stated in the Product data
sheets are typical median values and
are within normal tolerance limits as
stated in the UEAtc and other relevant
standards, and may vary under
normal manufacturing procedures as
such and subject to change without
notice.

5.0. Delivery, Handling, Protection

and Storage
All Bitumat products are designed for
application under specific conditions.
Improper handling at any stage can
 3

defective waterproofing would result membrane should be installed to 11.2. BITUMAT SBS Modified
in the need for major reconstruction prevent cutting the membrane after it Membranes
at a high cost. The money invested in is installed. PREMIERFLEX etc.
buying material are worthless unless Membrane penetrations should be
installed by a professional contractor. minimized. 11.3. Primer
Therefore, BITUMAT recommends 9.5.E.) If the waterproofed surface will The primer should be bituminous
prequalification of the contractor. A be used as a working platform after conforming to international standards.
professional contractor must have the the waterproofing materials have BITUPRIME
following: been applied, an agreement must be CONCRETE PRIMER
• A permanent place of business. reached on how and by whom the
• Official registration documents. membrane will be protected during 11.4. Separation Layers
• Knowledge of waterproofing this construction period. Polyethylene sheets, 150 microns
systems. thick OR 160-200 Gsm non woven
• Good track record of application. 10.0. MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS Geo-textile.
• Affiliated with a major waterproofing • Membrane
products manufacturer. • Primer 11.5. Protection
Since good workmanship in applying • Separation Layer Suitable protection boards or
a waterproofing system is essential, • Screed membranes must be used. Bitumat
qualified supervision of the • Screws Bitutect I, Bitutect II or Bitutect III may
application should be exercised. The • Base Flashing Strips be used.
contractor has the sole responsibility • Cant Strips
for the quality of the application of the • Control Joints 11.6. Hydrostatic Pressure Relief
waterproofing system.
• Expansion Joint Materials Systems
• Protection Boards/membranes Based on the practical results and
9.0. Pre-Installation Meeting
A meeting between all parties
concerned should be organized on
site prior to installation so that
each aspect of the application is best
understood in the right perspective.
BITUMAT strongly recommends that
the above procedure must be followed
to avoid misinterpretation and to
ensure proper installation of the
waterproofing system. Agreement
shall be reached on all points and
particularly on the following :
9.1. A.) Drawings and specifications
should be reviewed in detail. If there
are differences between the
specifications of the architect and the
specifications of the material
manufacturer, these differences 11.0. Membrane experience in the recent past, Bitumat
should be incorporated into the job The ideal membrane for a workable strongly recommends a hydrostatic
record either as field orders or as roofing system must be either APP pressure relief system for any sub
change orders. (Attactic Polypropylene) or SBS grade application, as it is a very
9.2.B) In the event that (Styrene Butadiene Styrene) polymer effective way of minimizing the
waterproofing contractor does not modified membranes depending on possibility of leak.
agree completely with the architect’s the weathering conditions and design
specifications, he should notify the requirements. The membrane should
architect in writing before bidding be resilient and suitable for the
when possible, or commencing any intended application.
works. The membrane should conform to
9.3.C.) The clearances that will be international standards. BITUMAT
required for areas adjacent to offers a considerable range of
waterproofing areas should be waterproofing membranes supplied in
established so that the handling of various thickness and finish. Users
materials and application procedures may refer to the product data sheet
can be performed in a safe manner. for more information on the following
Agreements should be reached for membranes manufactured by
backfilling operations and for use of Bitumat. A hydrostatic pressure relief system
scaffolding. is a system of perimeter and/or
9.4.D.) Installation procedures for 11.1. BITUMAT APP Modified under-slab drains used to regulate the
mechanical devices that wiII Membranes hydrostatic pressure in the earth
penetrate the waterproofing POLYFLAME etc. surrounding a below-grade structure.
4

Clearly, the most effective way to prefabricated drainage product known of continuous dewatering till the
waterproof walls and floors placed as a “geo-composite.” These systems adequate counter load of concrete has
against earth is to remove the water channel ground water traveling toward been successfully installed.
from the earth prior to it reaching the the building down to a perimeter Inadequate dewatering, premature
wall or floor. Each of the drainage system located below the closing of the dewatering will
waterproofing materials will resist bottom of the foundation floor slab. The adversely affect the systems
hydrostatic pressure to varying drain system may be installed either at capabilities to perform.
degrees. However, the waterproof the exterior or interior perimeter of the
integrity of any building can be greatly foundation walls or both, depending upon
13.0. Masonry Substrates
improved if the hydrostatic pressure the specific type of hydrostatic pressure
Holes, joints, and voids in masonry
against the waterproofing material relief system being used. When
aggregate is used to relieve hydrostatic substrates should be prepared flush
can be reduced or eliminated entirely.
pressure against wall surfaces, a with the surface. The masonry surface
In below-grade structures, the
separate protection course must be should be smooth and free from
determination of whether a hydrostatic
placed against the waterproofing projections. Penetrations through the
pressure relief system can be used
depends upon the quantity of water that membrane to protect the membrane masonrysurface should be grouted
must be handled and how it is to be from damage during aggregate tightly.
handled or resisted. When gravity can placement. Irregular existing masonry surfaces
be used to direct water from around the that will be waterproofed with a
building foundation into a storm sewer, membrane should be finished to a
greater amounts of water can be smooth steel trowel surface. An
handled than when pumping must be uneven and irregular surface is
used to lower the water table. Operat- undesirable as the crests and troughs
ing the pumps can be costly if there is a will lead to irregular pressure being
great amount of water to handle, and exerted, somewhere being so high
there is always the threat of problems that there could be rupturing of the
should the pumps fail. membrane. Many basements have
If it is determined that a hydrostatic leaked due to negligence in surface
relief system cannot be economically preparation.
employed, then the foundation floor slab
must be designed with sufficient 14.0. Concrete Substrates
concrete mass and reinforcement to Horizontal concrete decks must cure
resist the uplift pressures of the a minimum of 28 days, or as
anticipated water table, and the 12.0. Substrate Preparation
Most waterproofing materials are specified by the material
construction has to be carefully manufacturer, to allow moisture to
waterproofed, which can be an bonded or applied to surfaces that are
installed by other trades. dissipate from the top surface prior to
expensive construction process. If a
It is essential to the performance of applying waterproofing materials.
hydrostatic pressure relief system can
the waterproofing material that these Total curing is very important and any
be employed, then the slab-on-grade
can be designed with only surface load substrates be structurally sound and possibilities of entrapped moisture
considerations, thereby greatly reducing free from excessive cracks, holes should be eliminated. For proper
construction costs. Furthermore, or projections. Certain curing waterproofing installation, a space of
waterproofing of the floor slab may not compounds and finishes may affect at least 2 feet (60 cm.) is needed
be necessary. or interfere with the performance of between the exterior face of the
The decision to use a hydrostatic the waterproofing material. (The use foundation wall and the surrounding
pressure relief system depends upon a of oils, waxes, and other surface earth.
careful analysis of soil borings and contaminates should be avoided or Excavation must be kept free of
water table level readings, and should the contaminates must be removed water (as explained before,
be made with the input of an prior to waterproofing). The continuous dewatering is needed) For
experienced soils or geotechnical waterproofing contractor should best results, the waterproofing should
engineer. A site with coarse, permeable visually inspect the substrate surfaces be installed in lifts, typically 6 to 8 feet
soil that freely permits water percolation, (1.8 to 2.4 m) high, as backfill is
before the application of
combined with a water table level that is placed and compacted.
waterproofing materials, and report
above the top of the foundation floor Not all materials can be used in this
any deficiencies so that they may be
slab, is probably an unlikely candidate application. One has to be selective
corrected by the responsible trade.
for a hydrostatic pressure relief system, and rely on those products only which
particularly if the water table must be
Following are recommended surface
exhibit characteristics of resilience,
lowered by pumping. Conversely, a site preparation procedures acceptable for
stability, strength, elongation, rot proof
with a dense clay soil resistant to water most waterproofing materials. Other and so on.
percolation could be an excellent procedures may be recommended or
candidate for a hydrostatic pressure required by the waterproofing 15.0. UNDERGROUND TANKING
relief system, even if the water table level material manufacturer. SYSTEM—UTS
is considerably higher than the One of the very major factor that Underground tanking system has
foundation floor slab. influences the success of the sometimes been confused with
Hydrostatic pressure can be relieved waterproofing system in a basement Basement systems. They are
from perimeter walls below grade by is the “Continuous Dewatering two separate and distinct systems and
using a coarse aggregate backfill or System”. There has to be a provision each has its own specific application. It
 5

may be noted that a Basement system • 15.2.2. For dampproofing application

is an integral part of the building whereas where no hydrostatic pressure is
the Underground tanking is independent expected, contact BITUMAT
of the building structure. Even the way Technical Department for suggestion
the waterproofing is handled is different. of a suitable and appropriate material
Just to stress that in an Underground and system.
tanking system, the membrane is • 15.2.3. Installation of any tanking
installed from WITHIN, that is after the system requires professional
vertical wall has been completed. On supervision and skilled manpower.
the other hand, in a basement system,
The safest way is to insist on a
the horizontal is installed first and then
professional waterproofing contractor.
taken to join with the membrane coming
from OUTSIDE the vertical. Here the
system is installed in two parts. First,
15.3.0. MATERIALS
when the horizontal has been completed BITUMAT MATERIALS
and later when the vertical has been Glasflame 3
completed. In the UTS, we are ensuring 15.3.1. Polyflame /Premierflex Nominal thickness : 3mm
that the water does NOT GO OUT of the Polyflame/Premierflex is a Nominal weight : 3.5 kg/m2
tank whereas in the basement waterproofing membrane made of Nominal roll size : 1x10 m
system, we ensure that the water does APP or SBS Modified Bitumen with a
NOT COME IN. The main difference is non-woven polyester mat Glasflame 4
the two is the location of the reinforcement, black finish with fine Nominal thickness : 4mm
waterproofing membrane. talcum on one side and a very thin Nominal weight : 4.5 kg/m2
torch-off polyethylene foil Nominal roll size : 1x10 m
15.1. GENERAL permanently fixed to the other side.
The product shows high tensile 15.3.3. Bitumat Bituprime
15.1.1. Scope and field of application: strength, dimensional stability , BITUMAT Concrete Primer is a
• 15.1.1.1. BITUMAT 2 Layer Tanking ultimate elongation, tear resistance solvent based, fast drying, cold
System is designed for use as and fatigue resistance. applied bituminous primer designed
to penetrate concrete surfaces and
provide a bondable surface.
Packing : 200 litres/drum

15.3.4. OTHER MATERIALS

15.3.4.1. Separation layer
• Polyethylene foil shall be at least
150 microns thick.
• Fibre boards used shall be at least
10mm thick, bitumen impregnated.
• 160-200 gsm non woven geotextile

15.3.4.2.Mortar screed
• Mortar shall be 1:4 cement / sand.
• Screed shall be at least 5cm thick,
un-reinforced.

waterproofing system for underground Polyflame/Premierflex 15.3.4.3. Backfilling materials

concrete structure. Nominal thickness : 3mm • Sand, natural soil
• 15.1.1.2. The maximum hydrostatic Nominal weight : 3.5/3.7 kg/m2 • Gravel or stones larger than 50mm
pressure BITUMAT Tanking System can Nominal roll size : 1x10 m size shall be avoided.
withstand is equivalent to 10m.
• 15.1.1.3. The base of the system Nominal thickness : 4mm 15.3.4.4. Expansion joints
consists of 2 Layers of BITUMAT APP Nominal weight : 4.5/4.7 kg/m2 Expansion joint covering shall be
or SBS Modified Bitumen membrane, Nominal roll size : 1x10 m custom designed to face the specific
to be installed as per enclosed stresses expected and be compatible
systems chart according to the 15.3.2. Glasflame with BITUMAT APP/SBS Modified
expected water pressure. Glasflame is a waterproofing Bitumen membranes.
• 15.1.1.4. BITUMAT Tanking System membrane made of APP Modified
is always protected by a suitable Bitumen a non-woven glassfibre 15.3.4.5. Protection Materials
protection. mat reinforcement, black finish with This could either be bitumen
15.2.0. Special considerations: fine talcum on one side and a very impregnated fibre boards, asphalt
• 15.2.1. For tanking where expected thin torch-off polyethylene foil boards or protection membrane like
hydrostatic pressure is higher than permanently fixed to the other side. It Bitumat Bitutect I, II or III.
10m, contact BITUMAT Technical shows high dimensional stability, Note: For Product details, refer to
Department. total impermeability and does not rot. the relevant Product Data Sheets.
6

16.0. DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE • Design of the structure shall be done requires special care during execution of
by a specialist Engineer and shall structural works.
16.1. SCOPE minimize the expected movements
The BITUMAT Tanking System will be due to setting of the building. 17.0. INSTALLATION
installed on 2 different types of • Special attention should be paid to
substrate: the design of column footing and walls 17.1. Surface Preparation
• Most of the horizontal areas will be / slab connections to minimize the The condition of the surfaces to which
laid over blinding concrete before expected shearing stress, which could the waterproofing materials will be
pouring of the main. affect the tanking system. applied is extremely important.
Irregularities in the concrete surfaces
• Most of the vertical areas will be
16.3. STRUCTURAL DETAILS whether they are abrupt or gradual will
installed over retaining walls and then
• All details (corners, wall / slab affect the success of the waterproofing
protected before subsequent concrete
connections, expansion joints, pipe application.
casting or any other civil work. In all cases the surfaces to be
penetrations, …) should be designed
as per above considerations and waterproofed must be dry, clean, smooth
The usual procedure is thus a 5 and free of loose particles, grease, oil
general rules.
steps procedure: and other foreign matters.
• All structural details should be
1. Laying of blinding concrete completed before laying of any All irregularities should be removed
2. Laying of horizontal membrane + tanking membrane on such details. and all voids should be filled with
protection • A professional Waterproofing mortar or grout and made smooth.
3. Pouring of structural slabs and Contractor and/or BITUMAT Wire ties or other exposed steel
retaining walls Technical Department should be materials should be cut back.
4. Laying of vertical membrane + consulted for the design. The dryness of the substrate should
protection be ensured, if necessary, by an
5. Concrete casting or other civil 16.4. DESIGN OF THE TANKING adequate pumping system.
works execution SYSTEM The system shall work permanently
The responsibilities of the General • Special attention shall be paid at the and shall keep the work areas dry, until
Contractor and those of the design stage in determining the type such time as the waterproofing,
Waterproofing Contractor will be and the thickness of BITUMAT loadings, protection and backfilling
inter related. Cooperation and Waterproofing membranes to be have been placed.
coordination between them will be installed. Conditions and
necessary. requirements varies according to 17.2. Application of Primer
The scope of this chapter is to specific project circumstances.
A.) The surface must be thoroughly
summarize the usual duties of the cleaned, and all dust, debris, loose
General Contractor. 16.5. BITUMAT TANKING
materials, oil or greasy substances
SYSTEM
must be removed. Use an air
16.2. BLINDING CONCRETE compressor in case of too much dirt,
EXPECTED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
• Blinding concrete also called lean otherwise brooms and scrapers would
a.) 0 to 5 meters head of water
concrete, is laid on the bottom of the be appropriate.
b.) 5 to 10 meters head of water
excavated area after proper B.) The surface must be completely
compacting of the natural ground. FIRST LAYER cured, smooth with no depressions or
Care should be taken that the a.) Glassflame/Premierflex protrusions and dried to receive the
compacting is sound and no air gaps/ b.) Polyflame/Premierflex primer.
voids left.
• Blinding concrete shall be SECOND LAYER
sound,solid and perfectly dry before a.) Polyflame/Premierflex
tanking system installation. As a b.) Polyflame/Premierflex
matter of precaution, it is highly
recommended to wait for maximum • The expected hydrostatic pressure is
curing. The idea is that maximum usually determined through a soil
cracking of the surface is achieved investigation by specialized Engineers.
before the primer is applied. In this Special attention shall be paid at the
way, we will avoid new cracking in the design stage in the evaluation of the
blinding. possible increase of the hydrostatic
• Design of the thickness and pressure in the project area.
compressive strength of the blinding Infrastructure works (sewage network,
concrete shall be done by a specialist new green areas, irrigation networks,…) C.) Shake the container well prior to
may lead to high variation in the water opening and application.
Engineer, and shall minimize the
table level. D.) Apply one coat of primer using a
expected movement due to load over
roller brush/ rubber brush/ airless
it (main slab, …).
• The vertical protective covering shall spray etc. at the rate of 0.3 ltr / Sqm,
Structural walls and slabs :
be extended horizontally to cover the depending upon the condition of the
• Structural reinforced concrete is to concerned connection. surface.
be cast-in-place. Pre-cast or • It is to be noted that the protection of E.) Allow it to dry. Once the primer is
pre-stressed concrete is generally not horizontal part of the tanking membrane installed and cured, begin the
recommend in underground structure. to be joined later is essential and installation of the membrane.
 7

17.3. INSTALLATION OF torching which is balanced) should be When the first layer of the horizontal
MEMBRANE done while gradually unrolling and at area has been installed, proceed with
the same time pressing the the first layer of the vertical
A suitable size( 5 x 5 cms) sand membrane sheet towards the application. The second layer of the
cement cant strip is made in all substrate to create a heat weld horizontal can commence only when
junctions between the horizontal and between the membrane, the the first layer of the vertical has also
vertical areas. perimeter of the roof and the cant been duly completed. It should be
strip. The flame should be moved noted the first layer of the vertical
17.3.1. Reinforcing Strip from side to side and up the lap edge. application will be installed so that it
Bitumat recommends the use of a 30 When this section of the roll has been covers the horizontal of the cant strip
cms wide re-inforcing strip along the securely installed, the remaining part
and extends to about 15 cms along
cant strip, the vertical and the of the membrane should be re-rolled
the horizontal i.e along the first layer
horizontal area. This will provide up to the point of application and heat
already installed.
strength to the area which are subject welded in the opposite direction.
Before starting the application, ensure
to maximum stresses. This is applied Installing additional rolls in a shingle
fashion with 10 cm (4 in.) side laps that the surface is smooth, dry and
prior to the application of the first layer.
and 15 cm (6 in.) end laps should be properly primed.
continued. Seams at overlaps must The roll is opened and aligned in such
17.3.2. First Layer – Fully bonded
be secured for proper welding by a manner that the top of the roll is
Horizontal Application
running a heated trowel along the having an overlap of about 15 cms
Clean the surface in case of dirt or
dust has collected on the primed edge of the seam to reseal all along the horizontal, over the first
surface. The positioning of the first possible voids in the laps. It is layer of the horizontal application.
layer membrane roll shall be recommended to have about 10 mm Now the roll is re-rolled, going up the
determined. Starting in one corner of flow of bitumen at the seam surface. Slow re rolling is done so that
the horizontal area, using the base areas. The seam can be rolled with a proper torching can be done, ensuring a
edge of the cant strip as the starting hand roller, a trowel or walked in. good bond with the vertical wall.
nstallation. The membrane must be All edges must be sealed with the Torching begins from the area along
fully torched onto the deck by heated trowel by slightly melting the the cant strip and continues upwards.
applying the butane torch flame to the modified bitumen compound evenly Later the 15 cms horizontal area is
whole width of the roll in order to burn creating a finally welded seam After completed. Care should be taken to
off completely the polyethylene foil covering the whole area, re-check to ensure that adequate amount of
and melt superficially the bitumen. A ensure that the membrane is fully heat bitumen flows out of the sides. No air
small wave of melted bitumen may welded at all laps and around the bubbles should be allowed along the
appear at the base of the roll in perimeter of the roof and all roof vertical. 10 cms side and 15 cms end
contact with the deck. protrusions. All un-adhered seams laps are maintained all along. In no
Application process starts when the shall be lifted with a heated trowel and case should the joints be les than the
butane torch flame is directed toward resealed by lightly torching the seam stated, hence the alignment of the roll
the exposed outer surface of the roll area. Press or roll seam to achieve a is very important.
until the membrane surface reaches minimum 10 mm (0.4in.) compound Once the first layer has been installed
the proper application temperature flow-out of bitumen. Never attempt along the vertical, go back to the
(generally 200°C) and shows a slight to repair laps by heating the top
horizontal. Now, commence the
sheen. Another indication that the surface of the membrane.
second layer of the horizontal.
torchable surface has reached the Care should be exercised when
desirable welding temperatures is the creating the overlaps so as to ensure
17.4. Second Layer – Fully
observance of the film burn-off sheet that the overlaps size is as per the
Bonded Horizontal application
melting, leaving a glossy surface of stated dimensions. The applicator
should make use of a chalk line or The second layer shall be installed
modified coating to be bonded to the
any other tools to ensure that the over- fully bonded to the first. In order to
substrate. If flow of modified
laps are straight. If the overlaps are achieve a staggering of the joints, first
bitumen coating is observed before
not straight then in some areas the a starter course of half a roll is installed
contact with the substrate, the
welding temperature is too overlaps may be less than the stated from the end. Subsequently full rolls
high. Welding temperature is correct specifications and this can make the are installed. All laps in the sheets shall
when flow from all seams is 3 mm joints weak. Higher overlaps means be installed so as to avoid water
(1/8 in.) to 13 mm (1/2 in.). No flow wastage of material and lesser edges. End laps must be staggered.
indicates too little heat and this is productivity and profitability. All side laps shall be 10 cm, (4 in.)
again undesirable as due to the low All end and side laps must be and end laps 15cm (6 in.). Side laps
heat the adherence will be weak and rechecked at the end of the work day of the first layer shall be in the center
suspect. for proper bonding. All suspect joints of the second layer, never super
Care should be taken to avoid over must be promptly resealed. All end imposed.
heating which may result in damage laps must be staggered so that no The BITUMAT membrane shall be
of the reinforcement. Torching (the adjacent end laps coincide. If for any installed fully bonded onto 1st layer
flame should be moved in the shaped reason the end laps do coincide, a full by applying the butane torch flame to
of an “L”, i.e. applying about 75% of width of Bitumat membrane must be the whole width of the roll in order to
the flame to the roll and the installed over the end laps. burn off completely the polyethylene
remaining 25% to the substrate. This foil and melt superficially the bitumen.
heat distribution ensures proper 17.3.3. Vertical Application A small wave of melted bitumen may
8

appear at the base of the roll in The material shall be: 19.4. On Vertical Walls
contact with the first layer. After Once the vertical wall has been
covering the whole floor area, A. BITUMAT APP/SBS Modified constructed, a cant strip should be
re-check all seams and laps. Bitumen membrane, black finish made from the outer face of the wall
Torching details as stated above (for B. BITUMAT Bituprime and then allowed to cure.
the first layer) may be followed. The C. Separation Layer : 150 microns After execution of the structural works,
second layer must be terminated thick polyethylene sheet/ 160-200 (foundation slab and retaining walls)
about 15 cms along the horizontal gsm Geo-textile. the same 2 layer system shall be
(over the cant strip). D. Protection Boards : 10mm thick applied onto the external face of the
asphalt impregnated fibre board, vertical walls. The screed laid above
17.4.1. Vertical Application Bitutect II. the installed waterproofing membrane
Once the second layer of the E. Protective Screed : 1:3 fine sand shall be chamfered wherever
horizontal has been completed, / cement mortar, about 5 cm thick necessary, so that there are no sharp
proceed with the second layer of the edges when the external vertical
vertical. Use a starter course of half a 19.2. Installation waterproofing is installed.
roll to achieve staggering of joints. The Installation here will follow a different Special care shall be paid to the
second layer shall be terminated with path than what was shown in the execution of the horizontal / vertical
a 10 cms overlap along the application for the Underground connection of the system.
horizontal, over the cant strip. The Tanking System. G. Protection boards/membrane shall
entire application is done in order to be applied onto the system prior to
achieve staggering of joints. The following process will be backfilling.
followed:
18.0. PROTECTION FOR THE 1. Install the 1st layer of the
WATERPROOFING horizontal.
Once the waterproofing has been 2. Install the 2nd layer over the first.
installed, the other tradesmen 3. Install over the inside wall of the
takeover. There is the pouring of block wall ( if this is required due to
the concrete, the reinforcing bars etc any reason).
and all have chances of damaging the 4. Once the vertical wall is
application. This is the stage that constructed( and cured) to install the
needs protection as there is a very two layers from outside, making Backfilling is a very vital stage and it
high possibility of physical damage a joint with the two horizontal layers. is recommended to exercise
due to physical abuse. Hence suitable maximum caution so as to avoid any
protection is needed. It is strongly 19.3. On Horizontal Blinding : possible damage to the membrane.
recommended that the applicator be A. Apply a full coat of primer on the The protection membrane Bitutect
present on the site during the pouring blinding concrete. maybe used as this will not only add
and the installation of the reinforcing B. Apply BITUMAT first layer fully to the resistance against physical
bars. torch welded onto concrete with 10cm damage but will also provide an
Prior to pouring protective screed, a side laps and 15cm end laps fully additional waterproofing layer.
layer of 150 gsm Polyethylene or 200 torched and seamed. Follow the same H. All membrane laying and
gsm Geo-textile is installed over the steps for torching as stated earlier in detailing shall be in accordance with
membrane. the Underground Tanking System. BITUMAT “Underground Design and
A bituminous protection board or C. Apply the second layer, fully torch Installation Manual.
Bitutect membrane should be installed welded onto first layer, with 10cm side I. Note : Special attention shall be paid
before backfilling starts. laps and 15cm end laps fully torched at the design stage in determining the
If blockwall is being erected along the and seamed. First and second layer type and the thickness of BITUMAT
vertical,(from inside, to create a side laps shall be staggered. Waterproofing membranes to be
sandwich) it is recommended that Follow the same steps as stated installed. Conditions and
suitable protection must be laid in earlier in the Underground Tanking requirements varies according to
between the membrane and the System. specific project circumstances.
blockwork. D. The two layers shall be extended Contact BITUMAT for technical
assistance.
This is to ensure that whenever, the beyond ( about 20 cms) the external
blockwall settles or cracks, it’s ragged face of the vertical wall. This will be
20.0. UNDERGOUND WATER
edges do not puncture the membrane. covered by polyethylene and light
TANKS
screed which shall be broken to
SUBSTRATE
19.0. UNDERGOUND BASEMENT remove the membrane when making
The waterproofing system shall be laid
SUBSTRATE a joint with the vertical membranes.
on a smooth, sound, dry and clean
The horizontal system shall be laid on In this way we are minimizing the re-inforced concrete structure able to
a sound, smooth, clean and dry possibility of weathering and physical undertake the expected dead and live
blinding concrete screed able to damage to the membrane. load without excessive movements.
undertake the expected hydrostatic E. Prior to any structural works,
pressure without excessive protect the system by laying a 20.1. Materials
movements. suitable separation layer and a The tanking material shall be:
19.1. Materials mortar screed. A. BITUMAT APP/SBS Modified
 9

Bitumen membrane, black varies according to specific project Note : Special attention shall be paid
B. BITUMAT Bituprime circumstances. at the design stage in determining the
C. Separation Layer : 150 microns Contact BITUMAT for technical type and the thickness of BITUMAT
thick polyethylene sheet/ 160-200 assistance. Waterproofing membranes to be
gsm non-woven geotextile. installed. Conditions and
D. Protection Boards : 10mm thick 21.0. SWIMMING POOLS / requirements varies according to
asphalt impregnated fibre board, FOUNTAINS specific project circumstances.
asphalt boards, Bitutect SUBSTRATE Contact BITUMAT for technical
E. Protective Screed : 1:3 fine sand The waterproofing system shall be assistance.
/ cement mortar, about 5 cms thick laid on a smooth, sound, dry and
F. Lining : The internal lining clean reinforced concrete structure 21.4. Protection
materials shall be…(Optional) as per able to undertake the expected dead Inspection :
specs. and live load without excessive Unlike roofing work, flood test is not
movements. practical in most waterproofing cases.
20.2. Installation Therefore, a thorough visual
A. Apply a full coat of primer on the 21.1. Materials inspection of all membrane
concrete structure. The tanking material shall be: installation is necessary before
B. Apply BITUMAT first layer fully torch A. BITUMAT APP/SBS Modified covering. All laps, terminations, and
welded onto concrete with 10cm side Bitumen membrane, black finish flashings must be carefully checked
laps and 15cm staggered end laps fully B. BITUMAT Bituprime for any evidence of incomplete
torched welded and seamed. For details C. Separation Layer : 150gm/m2 adhesion, physical damage or other
of application refer to the Underground non-woven polyester felt/ 160-200 conditions that may be detrimental to
Tanking System application details. gsm non-woven geotextile. the watertight integrity of the
C. Apply BITUMAT second layer fully D. Protective Screed : Sand cement membrane.
torch welded onto first layer with 10cm mortar or concrete, reinforced,
side laps and 15cm staggered end laps minimum thickness 6cm or more if 22.0. PROTECTIVE COVERING
fully torched and seamed. First and external hydrostatic pressure is Because the waterproofing
second layer side laps shall be expected. operation is generally required
staggered. For details of application, E. Finishing : Ceramic tiles, early in the construction
refer to the Underground Tanking decorative paint, …(Optional) process,waterproofing membranes
System application details. must be protected from the abuse of
D. The same 2 layer shall be applied on later construction traffic and the ef-
21.2. Installation
all vertical areas. fects of back filling operations. Any
A. Apply a full coat of primer on the
E. Special attention shall be paid to the puncture, tear or damage will render
concrete structure.
execution of the horizontal / vertical the membrane useless.
B. Apply BITUMAT first layer fully
connection of the waterproofing system.
torch welded onto concrete with 10cm
F. All membrane laying and detailing Waterproofing membranes should
side.
shall be in accordance with BITUMAT never be left exposed to the weather
C. laps and 15cm staggered end laps
“Underground Tanking Works “ and possible abuse from other trades
fully torched welded and seamed.
Design and Installation Manual. for any length of time after they have
D. Apply BITUMAT Polyflame second
layer fully torch welded onto first layer been properly inspected and
20.3. Protection completed.
with 10cm side laps and 15cm
A. The horizontal membranes shall
receive a polyethylene separation staggered end laps fully torched
welded and seamed. First and 22.1. Protection of horizontal areas :
layer and about 5 cms thick mortar
screed. second layer side laps shall be
staggered or crossed. • Immediately after execution and
B. The vertical membranes shall be
E. The same 2 layer shall be applied check-up, the waterproofing
covered with protection boards.
on all vertical areas. membrane shall be protected by the
C. The internal reinforced concrete
F. Special attention shall be paid to following built-up:
structure shall then be cast.
the execution of the horizontal / • 150 micron polyethylene sheet,
Thickness and reinforcements shall be
vertical connection of the loose laid, 15cm overlaps
designed so as to provide the
waterproofing system. • 3 to 4cm thick sand / cement mortar
waterproofing system a stable
G. All membrane laying and detailing screed, un-reinforced.
mechanical backing to face the
expected hydrostatic pressure. By shall be in accordance with BITUMAT • The screed shall be laid under the
this, the bituminous membrane shall “Underground Tanking Works “ supervision of the waterproofing
be actually sandwiched and not come Design and Installation Manual. contractor. Dumpers, ready mix
in direct contact with the water. trucks, …shall not have access to the
D. The internal lining system shall be 21.3. Protection waterproofed area.
installed as specified (Optional). I. Apply a separation / protective layer • The structural works (main
Note : Special attention shall be paid on all the waterproofed area. reinforced concrete slab) shall be
at the design stage in determining the J. Lay a concrete screed, reinforced, executed after curing of the
type and the thickness of BITUMAT …cm thick (Minimum 6 cm). protective screed, and before stopping
Waterproofing membranes to be K. Install the finishing materials as of the pumping system.
installed. Conditions and requirements specified. • In case of a swimming pool, the
10

protection will consist of a 150gm / 2. The polyethylene + screed thoroughly checked prior to starting
m2 non-woven polyester felt and a protection shall be kept in good the application process. Propane torch
reinforced concrete or mortar screed condition during execution of all structural should not be used except in properly
of 6cm minimum thickness. works. ventilated areas. Application staff
Screed thickness shall be increased 3. After an execution of structural works, must remain on site at least one hour
if external hydrostatic pressure is the Waterproofing Contractor shall after completion of installation to
expected (below ground pool remove this protection and proceed to inspect for any possible flames,
structure). the connection of vertical and horizontal smoke, or smolders of any
tanking membranes. combustible material.
22.2. Protection of vertical areas :
A protective covering, usually a 23.0. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS • Do not use trowel or other tools as a
pre-fabricated bitumen impregnated Work Safely by Working Smart! torch stand
fibre board about 10-12mm thick, or When in Doubt….Do Not Use ! • Do not use cigarette lighter or
Bitutect I. II and III should be installed Prevention is better than cure! matches to test for leaks
immediately following installation of • Do not keep the fire extinguisher next
the waterproofing membrane. to LP tank
• Do not use hoses which are old and
Protection boards can be installed by
worn out
the use of bituminous mastics that are
• Always check the equipments for
compatible with the waterproofing
safety before starting work
membrane. • Always wear the proper roofing dress,
• Protection boards should be installed wearing full sleeves overalls only
so that the joints are tightly butted to • Always use soap solution to check for
provide adequate protection for the gas leaks before lighting
membrane. • Always keep a bucket of cold water
Whenever a blockworks wall is handy in case of burns
foreseen as protector covering , a • Conduct a safety drill on a frequent
non-woven polyester felt, 120/140gm, basis
will be placed directly on the • There should be a trained nurse on
waterproofing membrane before site who is familiar with the first aid
blockworks erection. procedures
• Backfilling shall be done with • If working with scaffolding, ensure the
precaution, by avoiding complete sturdiness and proper placement
NEVER LEAVE A TORCH • Ensure safety of the side rails on the
backfilling in one go but proceeding
U N A T T E N D E D! roof
by filling in steps of 2 meters only, with
• Always be alert to the site
sand, natural soil not containing
As with any construction process, surroundings
stones bigger than 50mm size.
safety is a key element. Therefore,
BITUMAT recommends that all 24.0. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS:
22.3. Protection of horizontal /
applicable safety standards and good
vertical connections : waterproofing practices be followed. Cold Weather Application
• On the areas where horizontal and Fire ignition prevention is the
vertical waterproofing membrane applicator’s responsibility. Waterproofing materials cannot be
have to be connected, the horizontal Contact with molten asphalt and torch applied unless correct asphalt
screed will be stopped at 3cm from flames may cause burns. In case of application temperatures can
the vertical wall. After installation of contact with molten bitumen, apply ice be maintained. Waterproofing
the vertical protection boards, the 2cm or any other applicable cold liquid that membrane application shall not be
left have to be filled with a plastic is compatible with the skin and call continued during very cold weather
materials (bituminous sealant). In for medical care immediately. conditions.
case of a swimming pool, this joint will Torching devices should not be left
be continuous on all wall / floor unattended and should not be allowed A.) When water in any form is present
connection. to get in touch with flammable on the deck, application procedures
• On the areas where such materials. Torch flames should be kept must be suspended until the deck has
connection have to be done later moving and properly monitored all the dried. Any moisture present at the time
(erection of horizontal slab + time. the waterproofing is applied may re-
retaining wall after execution of the Keeping the torch flame directed sult in poor adhesion and blistering of
horizontal tanking), following care towards one area for any period of the membrane.
shall be observed : time may result in ignition B.) Store membrane rolls and
1. The horizontal tanking membranes with surface or other flammable coatings in an area heated at a
shall be laid fully bonded at least 30cm material. Don’t torch anything that minimum temperature of (55ºF)
more than the expected retaining wall cannot be seen. Don’t torch near gas 12.6ºC when the ambient temperature
level. lines, electrical wires or flammable and wind chill factor is below (45ºF)
2. The polyethylene + screed vents. Follow the torch manufacturer’s 7.1ºC. This will help in the ease of
protection shall be kept in good safety precautions prior to using the application, and reduce the potential
condition during execution of all torching tools. All fittings for of membrane coating cracking during
structural works. application tools must be their handling and application.
 11

C.) Install membrane rolls 1. Waterproofing installation at • Avoid storing materials at

immediately after removal from temperatures below (45ºF) 7.1ºC temperatures below (55 deg F) 12.6
storage to avoid membrane cooling require special precautions to deg C.
to below (45ºF) 7.1ºC. insure satisfactory performance of the • Do not begin work when inclement
D.) During installation, if surface finished deck. Remove all traces of weather is forecast to occur prior to
cracking appears in the membrane, moisture from the deck before the anticipated time of completion of
discontinue installation immediately applying waterproofing. the work item.
and contact Bitumat Technical 2. Discontinue work if proper bitumen • Do not install materials during
Department. application temperatures cannot be inclement weather, except for
E.) If temperatures at night are at or consistently maintained or materials temporary work necessary to protect
below (45ºF) 7.1ºC, never start cannot be securely attached to their installation.
applying first thing in the morning. The substrate; • Do not apply the membrane if the
surface over which the membrane is 3. Do not overheat APP membranes ambient temperature and the wind
to be installed must be allowed to to compensate for cold temperatures. chill factor is below 7.1deg C (45 deg
warm to a temperature above (55ºF) 4. When torching, unroll the F).
12.6ºC. membrane slowly to ensure proper • During cold weather never throw rolls
E.) If temperatures at night are at or flow of the coating. of membrane on the deck or storage
below (45ºF) 7.1ºC, never start 5. Never throw rolls of membrane on area.
applying first thing in the morning. The the deck or storage surface. Sudden • Always insist on a pre-roofing
surface over which the membrane is impact of the roll can possibly cause conference with all the concerned
to be installed must be allowed to cracking of the coating. On parties
warm to a temperature above (55ºF) guarantee roof sys-tem applications, • Always “relax” the membrane
12.6ºC. Bitumat reserves the right to stop prior to torching.
F.) On those days when ambient roofing installation, when in the • Special care to be exercised when
temperature is greater than (55ºF) opinion of the Bitumat representative, torching, avoiding both under and over
12.6ºC, remove from the protected weather conditions or application torching.
storage area only those rolls that will methods are unacceptable. • Ensure staggering of laps when
be installed the same day. These rolls doing a two layer system, laps never
must be unrolled, with the back side 25.0. TROUBLE SHOOTING coinciding.
up and allowed to relax and warm. • Appropriate precautions to be taken
Then re-roll to apply. If the outside • Never start work if the deck is not when torching on site
temperature is less than (55ºF) satisfactory. • Ensure proper seam integrity by
12.6ºC, then remove only those rolls • Never start work if the deck is not rolling over the laps.
that can be applied immediately. fully dried. • Never install on fresh plaster. It will
G.) Do not apply waterproofing • Never use material which is wet or lead to wrinkling and buckling.
materials when the ambient damaged. • Maintain the right size of overlaps.
temperature and wind chill factor is • Avoid exposing materials to • Cover immediately to avoid any
below (45ºF) 7.1ºC unless the moisture in any form before, during damage.
following recommendations for or after delivery to the site. • Insist on a proper safety programme
application during cold weather are • Always store goods on end in a on the site.
followed: clean, dry and ventilated area.