Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation

Yubao Zhen

HIT

Sept , 

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Review: Mechanical Properties of Materials

uniform normal strain/stress

Constitutive relation
—— the stress-strain diagram (true/nominal)
Four stages in tensile testing for ductile materials
. elastic; . plastic; . strain-hardening; . necking
Important strengths for ductile materials:
σpl ≈ σel ≈ σY
. Proportional limit: σpl
. Elastic limit: σel
. Yield stress/yield point: σY
. Ultimate stress: σu , . Fracture stress: σf
For brittle materials:
. No/little yielding before fracture; offset yield strength
. compressive strength ≫ tensile strength

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Outline

. uniform uniaxial deformation: necessary conditions

. Saint-Venant’s Principle ——
physics; characteristic length
. force-displacement for uni-axial load
the load-deformation relation
. axial force diagram ——
for multi-segment/multiple loads
. strain energy in an uni-axially loaded bar


. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
. Uniform uniaxial deformation:
necessary conditions

. . . . . .
Conditions for uniform normal stress

conditions:

necessary ( )
sufficient ( )

to have uniform distribution of normal stress in a prismatic bar,

the line of action of axial force ( ) must pass through the centroid
( ) of the cross section

NOTE: necessary but not sufficient due to end effect

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
 throughout its volume, which in turn requires that the bar b
the loads act through the centroids of the cross sections, and
The proof ( ) be homogeneous (that is, the same throughout all parts of t
resulting state of stress and strain is called uniaxial stress an
P Further discussions of uniaxial stress, including stresses
other than the longitudinal direction of the bar, are given late
. assume uniform
P 2.6. We will also analyze normal stress stress states, suc
more complicated
stress
.
and plane stress, in Chapter 7.
intersection of line of action of axial force
s =P with cross section p (x̄, ȳ)
A
Line of Action of the Axial Forces
.
(a) for amoments
Uniform Stress
about Distribution
x and y in two ways
y a. by resultant force
Throughout the preceding discussion of stress and strain in
x bar, we assumed x = the
Mthat Pȳ,normal = −Px̄
Mystress s was distributed uni
x– the cross section. Now we will demonstrate that this condit
b. by
the line distribution
of action of the axial forces is through the centroid
A
p1
dA
y
sectional
∫
Mx =area. y(σdA), My = − x(σdA) ∫
Consider a prismatic bar of arbitrary cross-sectional sha
–y to.axial forces P that
equating twoproduce
versions Ð→ distributed stresses s
uniformly
represent the point
Also, let p1 xdA ydAin the cross section where
O ∫ ∫
x = the forces, intersects
actionx̄ of ȳ = the cross section (Fig. 1-4b). W
A in the plane of
a set of xy axes A the cross section and denote
(b)
.
nates of point p1 by: axial
conclusion x and force
y. To determine
must actthese coordinates,
through the
FIG. 1-4 Uniform stress distribution in a that the moments Mx and My of the force P about the x
centroid of the cross-section
respectively, must be equal to the corresponding moments
prismatic bar: (a) axial forces P, and (b)
cross section of the bar formly distributed stresses.
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
. Saint-Venant’s Principle
( )

. . . . . .
 for [Link] 03/
Localized deformation — introduction

Localized deformation of a tensile tested bamboo

zed deformation of a tensile tested bamboo structured aluminum wire of 25!m dia
structured aluminum wire of  µ m diameter
—— slip system activated ( )
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Localized deformation — experimental observation

. . . . . .

HIT)
(
(a) initialLecture
state :
(b) after deformation
Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Deformed grids near the two ends

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
ation — quantitative
Stress variation property
away from loading point

P
section a − a section b − b section c − c, σavg =
. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation ASept ,   / 
Local effect ( ) of loadings

observation:
. in local domain, different sections yield the same resultant force and
moment
. the highly localized variation of stress/strain diminishes with distance from
the loading area

Ð→ preliminary conclusions:
. details of load distribution have little effect on the stress distribution on
sections far away enough from the loading area
. loading system can be freely replaced by an equivalent one

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Saint-Venant’s Principle —— the original version

Barré de Saint-Venant, a French scientist, proposed in :

“If some distribution of forces acting on a portion of the surface of a body is replaced by
a different distribution of forces acting on the same portion of the body, then the effects
of the two different distributions on the parts of the body sufficiently far removed
from the region of applications of the forces are essentially the same, provided that
the two distributions of forces are statically equivalent”.
Saint-Venant’s Principle ——

“statically equivalent”: the two distributions of forces have the same resultant
force and moment.

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
The version by A.E.H. Love ( )

Saint-Venant’s Principle ——

”... the strains that can be produced in a body by the application, to a small part of
its surface, of a system of forces statically equivalent to zero force and zero
couple, are of negligible magnitude at distances which are large compared with
the linear dimensions of the part.”

A.E.H. Love —— author of A treatise on the mathematical theory of

elasticity (published in —)

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
The ordinary and much simpler version

Saint-Venant’s Principle ——

”The difference between the stresses caused by statically equivalent load

systems is insignificant at distances greater than the largest dimension of
the area over which the loads are acting.”

principle of the elastic equivalence of statically equivalent systems of loads

——

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Remarks on Saint-Venant’s Principle

Significances ( )
. greatly simplifies physical problems
—— unknown boundary conditions/loads can be replaced by simpler/easier
ones
. works well in practice

Drawbacks
. not easy to justify in all cases on purely mathematical grounds


. will fail in special cases, such as in problems involving structural members with


thin plates/shells/walls, etc.

Some facts:
() details on contact are un-available;
() few people care about the local deformation;

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
. Load-displacement Relation
( - )

. . . . . .
 stretching or shortening
When of a spring is analogous
determining
FIG. 2-4 Typical cross sections of
to the behavior
the changes in
tension
structural or compression, and so the same terminology is used.
members
Axially loaded members —— Basic is convenient
forms to begin with a coil"
Springs are used in large numbers in many
Springs Prismatic bars (twisted) Cables
The elongation of a spring
instance, is pictured
there are in Fig. 2-2,of
dozens where
them the
( of the figure ) shows a spring This equation
in load
its natural
shows that the elo
P and thelength length LLand (also
inv
unstressed length,When relaxed alength,
load orisfree
elasticity applied
Elength),
and the and along the low
cross-section th
the figure Lshows the effects
the spring gets longer of applying
the axial a tensile
[Link]
rigidity of load.
the Under
bar. defi
of the force P, the spring lengthens 2-6by
strands an
Although
Typical amount
FIG.
arrangement
(a steel dofand
(2-3) wasits
strands deri
If the load acts away
and wires inwell
equally from
becomes L ! d. If the material of the spring is linearly elasti tocable
a the
member sprin
in com
P and elongation ) and wires
shortening of the( bar. Usually
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the will be proportional:
spring is loaded gets longerin tension.
or shorter; If th
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shortens d and we$minate
P " kUsage: say
$to itWhenisthatin
"transmit
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shortening as negative.
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tha
May not b
L in which k and f are constants oftensile Theforces.
proportionality.
change in length of a ba
subjected
δ constant
FIG. 2-5 Elongation
The to
k is called
of a prismatic direct
to its
bar in the.stiffness tensile
length,
cannotofresist especially or
the spring and is com
when the
=the
Ptension
A(E force)required to produce a steelelongation,
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k "
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larly, the constant f is known as the flexibility and is defin
δ : elongation/contraction
elongation stretching a or
produced byCopyrightloadshortening
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of have
2004 unit
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little
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that
Learning,
ais,spring
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Inc. f"
All d/P.R
Rights
P: axial
we usedloada spring in tension
tension or compression, and so theobso
May notfor this
be to discussion,
bending
copied, it should
scanned, or duplicated,
Eqs. (2-1a) and (2-1b) also apply to springs in compression.
be
in whole
d
From the preceding discussion it is apparent that the sti
P Springs
flexibility of a spring are the reciprocal of each other:

P = kδ
FIG. 2-2 Elongation of an axially loaded The elongation 1 1
k " ## of fa"spring
## is pictu
spring f k
k: stiffness (spring) constant
HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) —of
. .

theDeformation
Axial Elastic
. .

figure shows aSeptspring

.

, 
.

 in
/ 
 i!1
In writing these equations we used the
As already explained,
preceding the(internal
section changesaxial
in length
forces
Axially loaded members —— varying dimensions/loads
ically, with elongations being positive and sho
and negative when in compression).

PA Bars Consisting of Prismatic Segments

A N1
A
This same general approach can be used when
prismatic segments, each having
L1 different axi
PB PB
sions, and different materials (Fig. 2-10). The
obtained from theBequation B
E1 L1
L2 n
PB $!! " Ni L i
"
C C
i!1 Ei Ai
B
P P
in which the subscript i Cis aL numbering index
C
f
3
the bar and n is the total number of segments
E2 L2 not an external load but is the internal axial fo
D D D
2-9 (a) Bar with external loads
FIG.C Bars with Continuously Varying Loads or
acting at intermediate points; (b), (c), PD PD
and (d) free-body diagrams showing theSometimes the axial force N and the cross-sec
FIG. 2-10 Bargeneral
internal axial case
consisting forces N1, N2, and N3 uously along the
of prismatic axis
(a) ofcase
special a bar, as illustrated
(b)
segments having A
(non-uniform different axial forces,
, non-constant N) 2-11a. This (uniformbar not only has a continuously
A, non-constant N) v
different dimensions, and different but also a continuously . . .
varying
.
axial
.
force.
.
In
materials(HIT) Copyright consists
2004 of
Thomsontwo
Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation
parts,
Learning, a
[Link]
All force
Rights P actin
Reserved.
Sept ,  B  / 
Typical cross sections of structural members

solid cross sections

hollow or tubular cross sections

thin-walled open cross sections

. . . . . .
solid — HIT) , tubular/hollow
(
— , thin-walled —
Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Bars with continuously varying loads
tapered: gradually narrowing toward one end
a tapered bar:

x dx P1 6= P2
A(x)
P1 P2 P (x) P (x)

L δ dx dδ
there might be distributed loads in between the two ends
P(x) dδ
equil.: σ(x) = , geo. : є(x) =
A(x) dx
P(x) dδ P(x) dx
Hooke’s law: σ(x) = Eє(x) Ð→ =E Ð→ dδ =
A(x) dx A(x) E
L L P(x)
δ=

∫
dδ =
 EA(x)
dx ∫
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Remarks

. force-displacement relation: P(x) ∼ δ

relation: load versus length change
. relative displacement: dδ (micro), δ (total)
displacement of one end with respect to the other end as caused by the axial
loading.
. Problem solving: find out the followings
. P(x); . A(x); . L
. limitations:
. linear-elastic;
. geometries:
✓ prismatic bars;
✓ bars with slowly varied A(x) or
✓ tapered bars with included angle ≤ ○

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
A reduced case: const. load and const. cross-sectional area
L P(x)
δ= ∫  A(x)E
dx
constant load (P(x) = P) and cross-sectional area (A(x) = A)
PL
δ= EA: axial rigidity —— ( )
EA
Sign convention for internal axial force/displacement

force displacement
positive tension elongation
negative compression contraction

safety checking and design

δ (for given P, EA, L) —— max. deformation
P (for given δ , L, EA) —— max. load
EA (for given δ , P, L) —— min. rigidity
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Rigidity, stiffness and flexibility

for uniform uniaxial tension/compression:

PL
δ= , where EA is axial rigidity ( ( ) )
EA

written in a computation-oriented form ( ):

.
P EA
δ = , where k ≡ is stiffness ( )
k L
stiffness: force required to produce a unit elongation
. δ = fP, where L 
 f≡ = is flexibility ( )
EA k
flexibility: elongation due to a unit load

rigidity: /
resistance with which a body opposes change of form
** rigidity and stiffness are practically interchangeable ( )

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
. Axial force diagram
—— multiple-segment bar/multiple loads

. . . . . .
 As already explained, the changes in leng
ically, with
Multiple-segment bar with combined elongations being positive and sh
loadings
PA Bars Consisting of Prismatic Segments
A
This same general approach can be used whe
with abrupt ( ) changes in:
prismatic segments, each having different a
() Psions,
or () and differentE materials
A or () (rare) or(Fig.
() 2-10). T
combined
obtained from the equation
n
E1 L1 Pi Li
δ=∑ n
PB
i= Ei Ai
$ ! !" Ni L i
"
i!1 Ei Ai
B Pi : method of sections
inAwhich the subscript i is a numbering index
i , Li , Ei : given
the bar and n is the total number of segmen
E2 L2 not an external load but is the internal axial f
method of sections:
. Bars with Continuously
set imaginary cuts Varying Loads o
C
 . Sometimes
draw FBD the axial force N and the cross-s
FIG. 2-10 Bar consisting of prismatic .
uously along the axis of a bar, as illustrate
apply balance equations
segments having different axial forces, 2-11a. This bar not only has a continuously
different dimensions, and different but also a continuously varying axial force.
. . . . . .
materials (HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — consists of two parts, a single
Axial Elastic Deformation force
Sept ,  P act
B / 
segments 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Determine the internal axial forces N1, N2, and N3 in segments 1, 2,
Reduced case: Bars with intermediate axial loads
and 3, respectively, from the free-body diagrams of Figs. 2-9b, c,
and d. Note that the internal axial forces are denoted by the letter N
o distinguish them from the external loads P. By summing forces in
he reduced
vertical direction,
case: we obtain the following expressions for the
axial forces:
E = E, N2 A
N1 ! "PB # PC i# PD ! iPC=#A
PD N3 ! PD . segment identification by observation
n we used the nsign convention given in the
PL
n writing these equations
i i PL i i of geometry and loading style
δ=∑ =∑
preceding section (internal axial forces are positive when in tension
i= Ei Ai i= EA
and negative when in compression).
. axial forces by method of sections
A N1 N = −PB + PC + PD , N = PC + PD ,
PB
L1
PB
N = PD
. segment-by-segment elongation in

B B N2
Ni Li
L2 uniform condition δi =
EA
C C C N3
(i = , , )
PC PC PC
L3
. superposition (
 ) algebraically (
):

D D D D
δ = ∑ δi
PD PD PD PD i=
(a) (b) (c) (d)

. . . . . .
mson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
scanned, or duplicated, in HIT
( whole
) or in part. Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Example of axial force diagram

FBD
8KN 4KN 7KN
5KN
5KN PAB=5KN
A B C D
A
PBC =3KN
5KN 8KN LAB LBC LCD
P(KN)
A B 5

PCD =7KN 7KN

-3
D
-7

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Principle of superposition ( )

When a member is subjected to a system of loadings

. subdivide the system into components
. find the stress or displacement caused by each component load acting
separately on the member
. sum up the contributions caused by each component
Ð→ resultant stress or displacement.
Principle of superposition
NOTE:
Linear force-displacement relation
Bounded loads without causing geometric nonlinearity ( )

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
. Examples

. . . . . .
he pitch of the threads (that is, the distance from one thread to the next) is
16 in., which means that one full revolution of the nut will move the rod
Example : example -, page 
same amount. Initially, when there is no weight on the hanger, the nut is
untilGiven
the pointer at theL-shaped
: . rigid end of arm frame
BC is directly
ABC; over the reference mark
outer frame.
. ABC
a weight W! is 2attached
lb is placedwith outer
on the hangerframe BCD
at A, how ; revolutions of
many
are. pointer at C is controlled by a spring with k = N/m
required to bring the pointer back to the mark? (Deformations of the ;
parts of the device may be disregarded because they are negligible
. threaded ( ) rod can be adjusted by a knurled nut (
red to the change in length of the spring.)
);
. initially no loading, BC is vertical.
b
A B
Parameters:
Hanger
Frame
b =  mm, c =  mm
W c pitch of the threads
p = . mm
Knurled nut Spring
weight W =  N
Threaded
rod C Determine: revolutions ( )
D of the nut to bring the pointer
back to the mark.
(a)
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
g upon how W the structure is arranged,c turning the nut
Example
press a member. example
: Spring
-, page  (cont.)
Knurled nut

Threaded
rod C
p effective elongation or contraction of the
D
rod between CD n revolutions Ð→ np
deformation analysis
(a) . weight W Ð→ tensile force in
Wb
CD: F =
W c
a double-acting turnbuckle
b (Fig. 2-28), there are two F Wb
A B F . in spring: δ = =
se a right-hand thread is used at one end and a left-
elongation
k ck
other,Wthe device either lengthens or shortens
. markerwhen
forced back to mark Ð→ rod
ed. Each full turn of the buckle causes it mustto travel a
be shortened by δ
c
ach screw, where again p is the pitch of the threads. Wb Wb
. np = δ = are Ð→ n =
urnbuckle is tightened by one turn, the screws ck ckp
F
her by a distance 2p and the effect is to .
shorten
detailed
the
calculation: n = . revs.
C
turns, we have
(b)
d ! 2np (2-23)
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Example : from Hibbeler’s book ex. -

Given: . Aluminum tube AB, Aal = mm ; . Steel rod, d =  mm; . tensile
load T =  kN; . Esteel =  GPa, Ealuminum =  GPa. Solve: δC

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Example : (cont.)

Solution:
PLCB + kN × . m
δC/B = = = +. m Ð→ +
Ast Est π(. m) ×  GPa
PLBA − kN × . m
δB/A = = = −. m ←Ð +
Aal Eal  mm ×  GPa
δC = δC/A = −δB/A + δC/B = . mm (to the right Ð→)

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
 A B C
ce shown in Fig. 2-8a consists of a horizontal beam ABC supported by
Example : example -, page 
cal bars BD and CE. Bar CE is pinned at both ends but bar BD is fixed
undation at its lower end. The distance from A to B is 450 mm and from
s 225 A device
mm. Barsconsists
BD and CE of ahave
beam ABC
lengths , two
of 480 and BD
mmbars P and CE. D is fixed, E is pinned.
600 mm,
ely, Land
BD = 
their mm , L
cross-sectional
CE = 
areas are mm ,
1020 Amm
BD
2
=
and
520 mm
mm 2 
ACE
, ,450 mm=  mm 
225 mm. Bars are
ely. The bars are made of steel having a modulus of elasticity E ! 205 600 mm
made of steel with Est =  GPa.
uming that beam ABC
Assuming thatisbeam ABC
rigid, find the is
maximum allowable
rigid, find allowable load Pmax
load Pmax
the max. D if the
placement of point A is limited to 1.0 mm.
displacement at A is limited to . mm. 120 mm E
A B C
(a)

P A
B H C
450 mm 225 mm
600 mm

P FBD FCE
D
450 mm 225 mm
120 mm E
(b)

(a) CE: two-force member

A" B" ( C' )
Equil.A eqns. : FBD − FCE − P = , MB = P ⋅ LAB − FCE ⋅ LCB =  B a d CE
A C
B H C Ð→dFBDCEB'= P, FBD = P
. . . . . .

(HIT) dA Deformation
Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Sept ,   / 
 450 mm 225 mm

Example : example
(b)
-, page  (cont.)
FCE LCE
A" B" C' CE is in tension: δCE = =
a d CE EACE
B P ×  mm
A
d BD
C = .P × − mm
B'  GPa ×  mm
dA ABC being rigid Ð→ displacement
diagram
A'
450 mm 225 mm similar triangles:
′ ′′ ′ ′ ′′ ′
A A C and B B C
(c) δA + δCE δBD + δCE
=
 +  
Suppose P is recorded in newtons (N) substituting the values: δA = . mm,
BD is in compression: δBD , δCE
Learning, Inc.
FBDAll P ×  mm
LBDRights Reserved.
d, orδBD =
duplicated, =
in whole or in part. =
EABD  GPa ×  mm Ð→ P = Pmax = . kN
.P × − mm
. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
and area A2 ! 0.15 in.2 The modulus of elasticity E of the steel is
i. The left- and right-hand
Example : exampleparts of beam
-,BDE
page lengths a !
have 
25 in., respectively.
the vertical displacement dC at point C if the load Pl ! 2100 lb
A vertical steel bar ABC is pin-supported at its upper end and loaded by a force P
2 ! 5600 lb. (Disregard the weights of the bar and the beam.)
at its lower end. A horizontal beam BDE is pinned at the vertical bar at joint B and
supported at point D. The beam carries a load P at end E.
Parameters:
upper part:
A A1 L =  mm, cross-sectional area
L1 A =  mm ,
a b lower part:
B D E L =  mm, cross-sectional area
A =  mm .
P2 Esteel =  GPa, a =  mm, b =  mm
L2
A2

C (a)

P1
If P =  kN, P =  kN (disregard the weights), determine the vertical
displacement δC at point C. RA
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
 Example
b : example -, Apage  (cont.)
D E
a b
Solution
P3 :
P2
B D E
B
. P at B: MD =  Ð→ P = P b =
a
(a)P
3 RD P2  kN ×  mm
= . kN
 mm
(b) C
. RA = P − P = . kN


RA
P1.
axial forces:
(c)
AB: N = −RA = −. kN (comp.)
A
BC: N = P =  kN (tens.)
P3 . changes in length:
b 

son Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 

D E Ni Li N L N L
nned, or duplicated, in whole
B or in part. δ=∑ = +
RD P2 i= Ei Ai Est A Est A
δ = −. mm + . mm = . mm
) C
δC = δ = . mm
P1
(elongation, downward ↓)
(c)
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
 eters of the b
Example : example -, page 
Determi
A tapered bar AB of solid circular cross section and length L is supported at end B
and subjected to a tensile load P at the free end A. angle of tape
The diameters ( ) of the bar at ends A and B are dA and dB , respectively.
Determine the elongation of the bar due to the load P, assuming that the angle of
taper is small.
B
A
P
dB
dA

(a)
. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
 A tapered bar AB of solid circular cross section and length L (Fig. 2-13a) is
supported at end B and subjected to a tensile load P at the free end A. The diam-
Example : example -, page  (cont.) eters of the bar at ends A and B are dA and dB, respectively.
Determine the elongation of the bar due to the load P, assuming that the
angle of taper is small.

B Solutions: x dx B
A A
P . unlike the way in textbook, set origind(x)
at end
dB O d A d B
dA B
LA L
L . simplify notation ( d(x) = a + cx
LB)

(a)
.
(b) πd (x)
cross sectional area A(x) =
FIG. 2-13 Example 2-4. Change in length 
of a tapered bar of solid circular cross Solution .
section x is left-going (base B) axial force N(x) = P
The bar being analyzed in this example has a constant axial force (equal to
the load P) throughout itsL N(x)dx
length. However, the L cross-sectional
Pdx area varies
by linear interpolation (
dA − dB
continuously
): . from
∫
δ =one end to the other. Therefore,
EA(x)
Eq. 2-7) to determine thechange in length.
= ∫ = (see
we must use integration
 Eπ(a + cx)
d(x) = dB + x, sion Cross-sectional area. The first L
P area
for the cross-sectional
step in the solution is to obtain an expres-
 A(x) at any PL cross section of the bar. For this
L − ∣ = the coordinate
x ∈ [, L] Ecπ a +
purpose, we must establish an origin for
cx  πEd
place the origin of coordinates at the free end A A ofdthe
x. One possibility is to
B bar. However, the inte-
grations to be performed will be slightly simplified if we locate the origin of
coordinates by extending the sides of the tapered bar until they meet at point O,
as shown in Fig. 2-13b.
The distances LA and LB from the origin O to ends A and B, respectively,
are in the ratio . . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Example : from Hibbeler’s book ex. -
Given: . specific weight ( ) γ , elastic modulus E
Solve: δ of the end due to gravity

Solution:
. at y, radius r = r y (y ∈ [, L] upward)
L
. weight of the cone ( ) below

 γπr 
P(y) =γV = γ πr y = y
 L
πr
A(y) =πr =  y
L
L P(y)dy γ L γL
δ=
 A(y)E
∫ =
E 
ydy =
E
. ∫

. . . . . .

(HIT) Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Example 
The ball is truncated at its end to support the bearing load P. If the modulus of
elasticity for the material is E. Determine the decrease in its height when the load is
applied.

r/2 r sin θ

θ
r cos θ r

π π
Solution: take one half, then θ ∈ [ , ]
 
. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Example  (cont.)

π
(−P)(−d (r cos θ))
δ = π ∫ Eπ(r sin θ)

π
Pdθ
= −  π ∫Eπ(r sin θ)

P π/
=− ln(csc θ − cot θ)∣π/
πrE
P √
=− (ln  − ln( − ))
πrE
.
=− (downward ↓)
πrE

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
. Strain energy
—— for uniaxial load case

. . . . . .
Strain energy of axially loaded prismatic bars
Strain energy (U) = work done by the external load (W)

Pδ
U=W=

By force-displacement relation:
PL
δ=
EA
Stored strain energy:

P L EAδ 
U= or U= (∵P = EAδ/L)
EA L
Define the strain energy density ( ) for uniaxial stress state

U P L P   σ  
u= =  =( ) = = σє = Eє
V EA L A E E  

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Strain energy for non-prismatic bars

n
U = ∑ Ui
i=

. a non-prismatic bar with multiple prismatic segments with constant axial



force within each

Pi Li
n
U=∑
i= Ei Ai

. a non-prismatic bar with continuously varying axial force



L P (x)
U= ∫  EA(x)
dx

P(x): axial force; A(x): cross-sectional area

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Remarks on strain energy

. one type of potential energy (or “energy of position”)

it depends upon the relative locations of the particles or elements that make
up the member
. always positive —— quadratic ( ) form
the work done is positive regardless of the deformation
. a nonlinear function of force/deformation/stress/strain


▸ total ≠ sum of individual contributions from each load.

Instead, must be evaluated with all the loads acting simultaneously.

proof:
load a structure with P and P in an order
final P = P + P , but P + P ≠ P unless P =  or P = 
▸ total = sum of contributions from each geometric part.

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Summary

. necessary conditions for uniform stress distribution

. Saint-Venant’s Principle ( )
away from the loading zone, deformation is non-sensitive to the loads Ð→
loads can be replaced by equivalent ones.
. axial force-displacement relation


PL
basic form: δ= EA: axial rigidity
EA
L P(x)
continuously varying loads/dimensions: δ= ∫ E(x)A(x)
dx
n
Pi Li
multi-segment prismatic bars: δ=∑
i= Ei Ai
. strain energy for axially loaded bars:


P L EAδ  σ  
U= = , strain energy density u = = σє = Eє
EA L E  

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 
Homework 

Chap. 
 (p. )
 (p. )
 (p. )
 (p. )
 (p. )

Due: .. (Thur.)

to my office L

. . . . . .

HIT)
( Lecture : Axial Load (I) — Axial Elastic Deformation Sept ,   / 