RIVER BASIN ATLAS OF NEPAL

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

2024
 Final Report
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

RIVER BASIN
ATLAS OF NEPAL
Preparation of River Basin Plans and Hydropower Development Master
Plans and Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment

Loan/Credit/Grant No. Credit No.: 4515-NP; 902-NP for IWRMP, and Grant No.:
TF018570-NP for PSRSHDP
Contrat No. IWRMP & PSRSHDP/WECS/S/QCBS-1

Tractebel Engineering GMBH (Germany) in joint venture with Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research (China) and
in association with Total Management Services Pvt. Ltd. (Nepal)
 Table of Contents

Introduction 1 River Prifile and Annual Flow 30

Composition of River Basin Atlas 1 Elevation Zone 31
Drainage System of Nepal 2 Land Use/Cover 32
Average Temperature Distribution 33
Section 1: Nepal Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 34
Administrative Division of Nepal 5 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 35
River Basin of Nepal 6 Irrigation Projects 36
Physiographic Division 7 Hydropower Projects 37
Elevation Zone 8 Greenfield Hydropower Projects 38
Geology 9 Population Distribution and Density 39
Land Use/Cover 10 Protected Areas 40
Average Temperature Distribution 11 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 41
Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 12
Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 13 2. Gandaki Basin
Protected Areas 14 Gandaki Basin 45
Road Network 15 Salient Features of Gandaki Basin 45
Population Distribution and Density 16 Administrative Division of Gandaki Basin 46
Domestic Water Demand 17 River Flow Line Diagram of Gandaki River 48
Hydropower Projects 18 River System 49
Greenfield Hydropower and Mega Projects 19 River Prifile and Annual Flow 50
Irrigation Projects 20 Elevation Zone 51
Existing and Planned Industrial Districts 21 Land Use/Cover 52
Average Temperature Distribution 53
Section 2: River Basins Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 54
1. Koshi Basin Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 55
Koshi Basin 25 Irrigation Projects 56
Salient Features of Koshi Basin 25 Hydropower Projects 57
Administrative Division of Koshi Basin 26 Greenfield Hydropower Projects 58
River Flow Line Diagram of Koshi River 28 Population Distribution and Density 59
River System 29 Protected Areas 60
Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 61 Population Distribution and Density 93
Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 94
3. Karnali Basin
Karnali Basin 65 5. Babai Basin
Salient Features of Karnali Basin 65 Babai Basin 97
Administrative Division of Karnali Basin 66 Salient Features of Babai Basin 97
River Flow Line Diagram of Karnali River 68 Administrative Division of Babai Basin 98
River System 69 River Flow Line Diagram of Babai River 99
River Prifile and Annual Flow 70 River Prifile and Annual Flow 99
Elevation Zone 71 River System 100
Land Use/Cover 72 Elevation Zone 101
Average Temperature Distribution 73 Land Use/Cover 102
Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 74 Average Temperature Distribution 103
Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 75 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 104
Irrigation Projects 76 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 105
Hydropower Projects 77 Irrigation Projects 106
Greenfield Hydropower Projects 78 Population Distribution and Density 107
Population Distribution and Density 79 Protected Areas 108
Protected Areas 80 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 109
Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 81
6. West Rapti Basin
4. Mahakali Basin West Rapti Basin 113
Mahakali Basin 85 Salient Features of West Rapti Basin 113
Salient Features of Mahakali Basin 85 Administrative Division of West Rapti Basin 114
Administrative Division of Mahakali Basin 86 River Flow Line Diagram of West Rapti River 115
River Flow Line Diagram of Mahakali River 87 River System 116
River System 87 River Prifile and Annual Flow 117
River Prifile and Annual Flow 88 Elevation Zone 118
Elevation Zone 89 Land Use/Cover 119
Land Use/Cover 89 Average Temperature Distribution 120
Average Temperature Distribution 90 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 121
Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 91 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 122
Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 91 Irrigation Projects 123
Irrigation Projects 92 Hydropower Projects 124
Protected Areas 92 Population Distribution and Density 125
Hydropower Projects 93 Protected Areas 126
Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 127 9. Kankai Basin
Kankai Basin 157
7. Bagmati Basin Salient Features of Kankai Basin 157
Bagmati Basin 131 Administrative Division of Kankai Basin 158
Salient Features of Bagmati Basin 131 River Flow Line Diagram of Kankai River 159
Administrative Division of Bagmati Basin 132 River System 159
River Flow Line Diagram of Bagmati River 133 Elevation Zone 160
River System 133 Land Use/Cover 160
Elevation Zone 134 Average Temperature Distribution 161
Land Use/Cover 134 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 162
Average Temperature Distribution 135 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 162
Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 136 Irrigation Projects 163
Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 136 Protected Areas 163
Irrigation Projects 137 Hydropower Projects 164
Protected Areas 137 Population Distribution and Density 165
Hydropower Projects 138
Population Distribution and Density 138 10. Mechi Basin
Hydrographs at Major River Nodes 139 Mechi Basin 169
Salient Features of Mechi Basin 170
8. Kamala Basin Administrative Division of Mechi Basin 170
Kamala Basin 143 River Flow Line Diagram of Mechi River 171
Salient Features of Kamala Basin 143 River System 171
Administrative Division of Kamala Basin 144 Elevation Zone 172
River Flow Line Diagram of Kamala River 145 Land Use/Cover 172
River System 145 Average Temperature Distribution 173
Elevation Zone 146 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 174
Land Use/Cover 147 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 174
Average Temperature Distribution 148 Irrigation Projects 175
Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 149 Population Distribution and Density 175
Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 150 Protected Areas 176
Irrigation Projects 151
Population Distribution and Density 152 Section 3: Southern River Blocks
Protected Areas 153
Southern River Blocks 179
Administrative Division of Southern Block - 1 180
Southern Block 1: River System 181
Southern Block 1: Elevation Zone 182 Southern Block 4: Population Distribution and Density 221
Southern Block 1: Land Use/Cover 183 Southern Block 4: Protected Areas 222
Southern Block 1: Average Temperature Distribution 184
Southern Block 1: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 185
Southern Block 1: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 186
Southern Block 1: Irrigation Projects 187
Southern Block 1: Population Distribution and Density 188
Southern Block 1: Protected Areas 189
Administrative Division of Southern Block - 2 190
Southern Block 2: River System 192
Southern Block 2: Elevation Zone 193
Southern Block 2: Land Use/Cover 194
Southern Block 2: Average Temperature Distribution 195
Southern Block 2: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 196
Southern Block 2: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 197
Southern Block 2: Irrigation Projects 198
Southern Block 2: Population Distribution and Density 199
Southern Block 2: Protected Areas 200
Administrative Division of Southern Block -3 201
Southern Block 3: River System 203
Southern Block 3: Elevation Zone 204
Southern Block 3: Land Use/Cover 205
Southern Block 3: Average Temperature Distribution 206
Southern Block 3: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 207
Southern Block 3: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 208
Southern Block 3: Irrigation Projects 209
Southern Block 3: Population Distribution and Density 210
Southern Block 3: Protected Areas 211
Administrative Division of Southern Block -4 212
Southern Block 4: River System 214
Southern Block 4: Elevation Zone 215
Southern Block 4: Land Use/Cover 216
Southern Block 4: Average Temperature Distribution 217
Southern Block 4: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution 218
Southern Block 4: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution 219
Southern Block 4: Irrigation Projects 220
Introduction
The River Basin Atlas can be a comprehensive from the upper catchments in Nepal, India
resource for understanding and managing river and Tibet. The medium rivers like the Mechi,
basins. It offers an abundance of information Kankai, Kamala, Bagmati, West Rapti and Babai
and data on the physical, ecological, and originate from the Mahabharat range. The
socio-economic characteristics of river basins, smaller rivers in the Southern plains originate
as well as the challenges and opportunities from the Siwalik Range, and are ephemeral
for sustainable water management. The atlas and most dry in the dry season, Ground water
provides a basis for stakeholders to access available in the Terai plains. hills, valleys and
and analyze information, share knowledge the mountains supplement the surface water.
and experiences, and collaborate on solutions The catchments in the upper elevations, in the
to water-related issues. The River Basin High Himalayan Mountains, have glaciers, ice
Atlas can be a valuable tool for researchers, and snow which augment the dry season flows
policy makers, water managers, and all those with glacier and snow melt. The direct surface
interested in sustainable water management. runoff when rain occurs, glacier and snow
melt in the pre-monsoon months, and the
The River Basin Atlas provides a holistic view of perennial groundwater baseflow make Nepal
the topography, hydrology, climate, and land a rich country in water resources availability.
use of each river basin. It also presents key
socio-economic indicators, such as population Though there are abundant water resources
density, infrastructure development, and water available in Nepal, the utilization is small
use. The atlas highlights the status of basin- compared to the availability. Agricultural fields
wide water availability and its potential use. lack reliable irrigation facility, households are
deprived of dependable and safe domestic
Composition of the River Basin Atlas water supply. and reliable and accessible
electricity supply. Drought in the dry season Figure 1.1: Nepal from Satellite
The River Basin Atlas is divided in two
and water induced disasters in the wet
sections. The first section provides maps and Climate change in Nepal in recent years has Water resources have many crucial functions
season are regular phenomenon in Nepal.
information at the national level covering affected the discharge pattern of rivers resulting and requires a holistic planning approach at the
the whole of Nepal. Whereas, the second River basins comprise many complex in an increase in flood and drought events. river basin level for their optimal utilization.
section provides maps at basin level. Nepal and correlated elements. Development The rivers are facing an increased high flow, If the competing demands on available water
is divided in to 10 river basins and the activities in river basins should therefore be decrease in low flows, and more intense rainfall resources exceed their availability, it may result
Southern Blocks. The 10 river basins are: undertaken with full the consideration of the with reduction of the number of rainy days. in unsustainable abstraction of the resources
Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali, Mahakali, Babai, West regional, social, environmental, and economic and conflict among competing users. So, proper
Rapti, Bagmati, Kamala, Kankai, and Mechi. implications. Utilization of water for single Most of the big rivers in Nepal have religious river basin planning is a basic requirement for
In addition to these 10 river basins, drainage purpose affects the use in other sectors. and cultural values. These rivers are also optimal and sustainable management of river
areas of the rivers originating from the Chure So, a comprehensive river basin planning is sources of livelihood to millions of people that basins. Summary results of the integrated
hills are defined as the Southern Block. necessary for the optimal, socially acceptable depend on it for irrigation and domestic use. water resources planning and development
and environmentally sustainable use of The rivers also produce hydropower needed for are presented in this River Basin Atlas.
The major river of Nepal like the Koshi, economic growth and prosperity of the country.
water and land resources in the river basins.
Gandaki, Karnali and Mahalaki rivers orginate

Section - 1: Introduction 1
 Drainage System of Nepal

Drainage systme of Nepal

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Data Source: Survey Demapartment, GON; ICIMOD, 2015

2 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

Section 1 - Nepal
 Administrative Division of Nepal
Local Government
Province Gaunpa- Nagarpalika Upamah- Mahanag-
lika anagarpa- arpalika Total
lika
Koshi 88 46 2 1 137
Madhesh 59 73 3 1 136
Bagamati 74 41 1 3 119
Gandaki 58 26 1 85
Lumbini 73 32 4 109
Karnali 54 25 79
Sudurpaschim 54 33 1 88
Total 460 276 11 6 753

Data Source: Survey Demapartment, GON.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 5
 River Basin of Nepal

For the purpose of the present Atlas, ten major and medi- consisting of Khando, Balan, Rato, Lakhendehi and other
um river basins:(1) Koshi, (2) Gandaki, (3) Karnali, (4) Ma- small local rivers; and Southern Block-4 consisting of Mawa
hakali, (5) Babai, (6) West Rapti, (7) Bagmati, (8) Kamala, Ratwa, Birin, Budhi, Chisan and other smaller rivers.
(9) Kankai, and (10) Mechi, and four southern basin blocks
are considered. The river basins in the southern part of the Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali, Mahakali and Mechi river basins
country draining into India are grouped into four south- have catchments extended beyond the border of Nepal.
ern blocks; namely, Southern Block-1 consisting of Khutia, These basins have a total catchment area of 46,311 km2
Mohana, Donda, Chaoudhar and other small local rivers; outside Nepal, in China and India.
Southern Block-2a consisting of Banganga, Tinau, Rohini
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
and other small local rivers; Southern Block-2b consisting
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal of Lal Bakeya and other small local rivers; Southern Block-3

6 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Physiographic Division

Data Source: Survey Department, GON.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 7
 Elevation Zone

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data (1998) produced by

Survey Department of Nepal using Topo to raster tool in ArcGIS.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

8 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Geology

Data Source: Geological Map of Nepal - Scale 1:1,000,000, Department

of Mines and Geology, GON.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 9
 Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

10 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section - 1: Introduction 11
 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

12 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Pre-Monsoon Monsoon
(Mar-Apr-May) (Jun-Jul_Aug-Sep)

Post-Monsoon Winter
(Oct-Nov) (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section - 1: Introduction 13
 Protected Areas

Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

14 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Road Network

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 15
 Population Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

16 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Domestic Water Demand

Data Source: Estimated from the Population data, CBS Census 2012.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 17
 Hydropower Projects

Data Source: DOED, GON.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

18 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Greenfield Hydropower Projects

Data Source: RBP, WECS & DOED, GON.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 19
 Multi Purpose Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

20 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Existing and Planned Industrial Districts

Data Source: IDML, GON.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 1: Introduction 21
Section 2 - River Basin
1. Koshi Basin
 Koshi Basin Salient Features of Koshi Basin
Koshi River Basin is a transboundary river basin located high Himalayas rising to above 8,000 m in the North, Basin location Latitudes: 26°26’20” to 28°12’23” N
in eastern Nepal. The basin, in Nepal, extends from including Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest, 8848.86m), the Longitudes: 85°23’11” to 88°12’06” E
85° 23’ 11.39” to 88° 12’ 05.75” East longitudes and highest mountain in the world. The southern area,
26° 26’ 20.40” to 28° 12’ 12.23” North latitudes. The called Terai in Nepal, is a part of the flat lands of the Catchment area 27720 [Link] (Nepal) and 28327
Koshi river basin covers about 18.8 percent area of the Gangetic Plains with elevation as low as 65 m. [Link] (China)
country. Most of the rivers of the basin originate from Major rivers Tamor (183 km), Arun (164 km), Dudhkoshi
the World’s highest mountain i.e. the High Himalayas The basin covers partial area of 22 districts with 144 (132 km), Likhu (83 km),Tamakoshi (92 km),
and drain southwards to meet the Gangetic River local bodies with 98 Gaunpalikas, 45 Nagarapalikas, Sunkoshi (282 km), Indrawati (66 km)
near Kursela in Bihar, India. The river is also called and 1 Upamahanagarpalika with the total population
of population of 2,915,792 as per estimated from the River length Sunkoshi: 453 km (China to Nepal-India
‘Sapta-Koshi’ as Koshi has seven major tributaries viz. border), Sunkoshi: 342 km (up to Ne-
Sun Koshi, Indrawati, Tama Koshi, Likhu, Dudh Koshi, Preliminary results, Population census, 2021. Three pal-India border), Arun: 615 km (China
Arun and Tamor. Some of the tributaries of the Koshi, inter-basin diversion projects are planned in the basin; to Nepal-India border) and Arun: 221 km
Bhotekoshi, Tamakoshi and Arun - originate from first. the Sunkoshi Marin Diversion to divert water to (up to Nepal-India border)
China. The total area of the basin up to Nepal-India Bagmati Basin; second, the Sunkoshi Kamala Diversion
Elevation Maximum - 8,848.86 m.; Minimum - 63 m.
Border is about 56,047 km2, of which 27,720 km2 lies to divert water to Kamala Basin; and third, the Tamor
within Nepal and 28,327 km2 lies in China. Basin areas Morang diversion to supply water to eastern Terai Hydro-meteorological stations 59 Meteorological stations
within Nepal include parts of Koshi, Madhesh and districts. 22 Hydrological stations
Bagmati Provinces of Nepal. The basin contains the Flood forecasting stations 5

Average rainfall 1,681 mm

Average river flow 1,820 cumec; 57,383 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 44; 952.6 MW

and Capacity (DOED, March2023)

Agriculture land 624,516 ha.

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 81,813 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
316,826 ha.)

Total population 2,915,792

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 1,294,200 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand:1254 MCM

Domestic demand: 526 MLD

Administrative units Province: Koshi, Bagmati, and Med-

hes Pradesh
Districts: 21
Local Bodies:
(99 Gaupalika; 44Nagarpalika;
Google Earth Image, 2022
12 Upa-mahanagarpalika)
Figure 2.1: Koshi River flows down to Terai Plain land

Section 2: Koshi Basin 25

 Administrative Division of Koshi Basin

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

26 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Table 2.1 List of Local Bodies in Koshi Basin
SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of
Area Area Area Area
1 Aathrai Tribeni GP 100 37 Dharmadevi NP 100 73 Jantedhunga GP 100 109 Baiteshwor GP 100

2 Maiwakhola GP 100 38 Khandbari NP 100 74 Kepilasagadhi GP 100 110 Bhimeshwor NP 100

3 Meringden GP 100 39 Madi NP 100 75 Khotehang GP 100 111 Bigu GP 100

Sankhu- Khotang
4 Mikwakhola GP 100 40 Makalu GP 100 76 Rawa Besi GP 100 112 Gaurishankar GP 100
wasabha
5 Taplejung Phaktanglung GP 100 41 Panchakhapan NP 100 77 Rupakot Majhuwagadhi NP 100 113 Dolakha Jiri NP 100

6 Phungling NP 100 42 Sabhapokhari GP 100 78 Sakela GP 100 114 Kalinchok GP 100

7 Sidingba GP 100 43 Silichong GP 100 79 Belaka NP 100 115 Melung GP 100

Koshi
8 Sirijangha GP 100 44 Aamchowk GP 100 80 Chaudandigadhi NP 100 116 Sailung GP 100

9 Pathibhara Yangwarak GP 100 45 Arun GP 100 81 Katari NP 28 117 Tamakoshi GP 100

10 Falelung GP 100 46 Bhojpur NP 100 82 Rautamai GP 98 118 Balefi GP 100

Udayapur
11 Falgunanda GP 100 47 Hatuwagadhi GP 100 83 Limchunbung GP 100 119 Barhabise NP 100

12 Hilihang GP 100 48 Bhojpur Pauwadungma GP 100 84 Tapli GP 100 120 Bhotekoshi GP 100

13 Kummayak GP 100 49 Ramprasad Rai GP 100 85 Triyuga NP 81 121 Chautara SangachokGadhi NP 100
Panchthar
14 Miklajung GP 100 50 Salpasilichho GP 100 86 Udayapurgadhi GP 11 122 Helambu GP 100

15 Phidim NP 100 51 Shadananda NP 100 87 Agnisair Krishna Savaran GP 75 123 Indrawati GP 100
Sindhupalchok
16 Tumbewa GP 100 52 Tyamkemaiyung GP 100 88 Hanumannagar Kankalini NP 100 124 Jugal GP 100

17 Yangwarak GP 100 53 Thulung Dudhkoshi GP 100 89 Kanchanrup NP 100 125 Lisangkhu Pakhar GP 100

18 Barah NP 68 54 Dudhkoshi GP 100 90 Mahadeva GP 77 126 Melamchi NP 100

Koshi Koshi Bagamati
19 Sunsari Dharan UMNP 17 55 Khumbu Pasanglahmu GP 100 91 Madhesh Saptari Rajbiraj NP 2 127 Panchpokhari Thangpal GP 100

20 Koshi GP 98 56 Likhupike GP 100 92 Rupani GP 2 128 Sunkoshi GP 100

Solukhumbu
21 Chaubise GP 85 57 Mahakulung GP 100 93 Saptakoshi NP 100 129 Tripurasundari GP 100

22 Chhathar Jorpati GP 100 58 Nechasalyan GP 100 94 Tilathi Koiladi GP 60 130 Banepa NP 100

23 Dhankuta NP 100 59 Solududhakunda NP 100 95 Tirahut GP 100 131 Bethanchowk GP 75

24 Dhankuta Shahidbhumi GP 100 60 Sotang GP 100 96 Golanjor GP 96 132 Bhumlu GP 100

25 Mahalaxmi NP 100 61 Champadevi GP 100 97 Kamalamai NP 2 133 Chaurideurali GP 100

26 Pakhribas NP 100 62 Chisankhugadhi GP 100 98 Sindhuli Phikkal GP 100 134 Dhulikhel NP 100
63 Khijidemba GP 100 Kabhrepalan-
27 Sangurigadhi GP 100 99 Sunkoshi GP 100 135 Mandandeupur NP 100
chok
28 Aathrai GP 100 64 Likhu GP 100 100 Tinpatan GP 13 136 Namobuddha NP 100
Okhaldhunga
29 Chhathar GP 100 65 Manebhanjyang GP 100 101 Doramba GP 100 137 Panauti NP 100

30 Laligurans NP 100 66 Molung GP 100 102 Bagamati Gokulganga GP 100 138 Panchkhal NP 100
Terhathum
31 Menchayam GP 100 67 Siddhicharan NP 100 103 Khadadevi GP 100 139 Roshi GP 97

32 Myanglung NP 100 68 Sunkoshi GP 100 104 Likhu Tamakoshi GP 100 140 Temal GP 100
Ramechhap
33 Phedap GP 100 69 Ainselukhark GP 100 105 Manthali NP 100 141 Lalitpur Mahalaxmi NP 17

34 Bhotkhola GP 100 70 Barahapokhari GP 100 106 Ramechhap NP 100 142 Bhaktapur Suryabinayak NP 2
Sankhu- Khotang
35 Chainpur NP 100 71 Diprung GP 100 107 Sunapati GP 100 143 Kathmandu Shankharapur NP 50
wasabha
36 Chichila GP 100 72 Halesi Tuwachung NP 100 108 Umakunda GP 100 144 Nuwakot Shivapuri GP 2

Section 2: Koshi Basin 27

 River Flow Line Diagram of Koshi River

28 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Koshi Basin 29

 River Profile and Annual Flow

30 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

Section 2: Koshi Basin 31

 Land Use/Cover

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: IMP, 2019.
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

32 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 2: Koshi Basin 33

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

34 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 2: Koshi Basin 35

 Irrigation Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

36 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

Section 2: Koshi Basin 37

 Greenfield Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

38 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Koshi Basin 39

 Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

40 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes

160
1270 MCM 1250
Net Available Water (m3/s

140
11397 MCM
)

Net Available Water (m3/s

)
120 1000
100
750
80

60 500

40 250
20
0
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D

700
5923 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s
)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

1500
14009 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s

1000
)

1250
8966 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

)
1000
750
750

500 500

250
250
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

2500
24625 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s
)

2000

1500

3000 6000 2000

1000 56963 MCM 18413 MCM
26340 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

)
)

2500 5000
500 1500
2000 4000
0
1500 3000 1000
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1000 2000
500
500 1000

0 0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Koshi Basin 41

2. Gandaki Basin
 Gandaki Basin
The Gandaki River Basin is one of the major river eighth highest peak. and Annapurna-1 (8091m), the Salient Features of Gandaki Basin
basins in Nepal. The basin lies in the central part of tenth highest peak, lie in central part of the basin.
Basin location Latitudes: 27°20’47” to 29°19’53” N
Nepal, with Koshi River Basin in the east and Karnali Longitudes: 81°13’57” to 82°36’08” E
River Basin in the west. The river is also called ‘Sapta The Gandaki River Basin covers areas of three
Gandaki (Seven Gandakis)’ or Narayani, south of provinces: Gandaki, Bagmati and Lumbini. The Catchment area 32,034 [Link]. (Nepal)
Devghat where Kali Gandaki and Trishuli Ganga meet. basin covers partial area of 21 districts with xx local 4,349 [Link]. (China)
The river is called Gandak as it enters India. bodies with 112 Gaunpalikas, 46 Nagarapalikas, 1
Upamahanagarpalika, and 2 Mahanagarpalika with Major rivers Kerun Khola (China -119 km), Trishu-
li (183 km), Budhigandaki (146 km),
The Gandaki River is a trans-boundry river basin and the total population of population of 4,848,295 as per Marsyangdi (176 km), Daraudi (70 km),
it passes through China, Nepal and India. The main estimated from the Preliminary results, Population Madi (77 km), Seti (148 km), Kaliganda-
course of the river (Kaligandaki) originates from census, 2021. ki (403 km), East Rapti (142 km) and
Nhubine Himal Glacier in Mustang District and meets Narayani River (109 km)
the River Ganges on the left bank at Konhara Ghat, The Gandaki Basin has a long-term mean annual
flow of 1,466 m3at Devghat. The major tributaries River length 411 km (up to Nepal-India border)
Hajipur. The total catchment area of Gandaki Basin
when it merges with River Ganges in Inida is 46,300 of the system are Trishuli, Budhi Gandaki, Daurandi, Elevation Maximum - 8,167 m.; Minimum - 79 m.
km2, of which about 32,034 km2 (70%) in Nepal, 4,349 Marsyangdi, Seti, and Kali Gandaki. Other tributaries
km2 (9%) in China, and 9,917 km2 (21%) in India. The are Madi, Modi and Rapti (East). The Gandak Barrage Hydro-meteorological stations 79 Meteorological stations
27 Hydrological stations
basin consists of many Himalayan peaks, of which is a major structure in the Gandaki River, from which
three are more than 8000m high. Dhawalagiri (8167m) irrigation canals are taken to India and Nepal. There Flood forecasting stations 5
which is the seventh highest peak in the world lies in are many irrigation schemes in the mountain, hills and
Terai areas of this basin. Average rainfall 1,827 mm
the western part of the basin. Manaslu (8163m). the
Average river flow 1,952 cumec; 61,568 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 49; 828.7 MW

and Capacity (DOED, March2023)

Agriculture land 668,857 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 2

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 55,922 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation - 467,596 ha.)

r Total population 4,848,295

ive (extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)
iR
yan
ra Forest land 1,326,400 ha.
Na
Total water demand (2025) Irrigation demand:1155 MCM
Domestic demand: 312 MLD
Kaligandaki
Administrative units Province: Bagmati, Gandaki, and Lumbi-
ni Pradesh
li
shu

Districts: 21
Tri

Local Bodies:
(112 Gaupalika; 46 Nagarpalika; 1
Upa-mahanagarpalika; 2 Mahanagarpa-
Figure 2.2: Narayani River flows down to Chitwan valley lika)

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 45

 Administrative Division of Gandaki Basin

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

46 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Table 2.2 List of Local Bodies in Gandaki Basin
SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of
Area Area Area Area
1 Bharatpur MNP 100 42 Nuwakot Tarkeshwar GP 100 83 Chame GP 100 124 Anbukhaireni GP 100

2 Ichchhyakamana GP 100 43 Aamachhodingbo GP 100 84 Manang Nishyang GP 100 125 Bandipur GP 100
Manang
3 Kalika NP 100 44 Gosaikunda GP 100 85 Narpa Bhumi GP 100 126 Bhanu NP 100

4 Chitawan Khairahani NP 100 45 Bagamati Rasuwa Kalika GP 100 86 Nashon GP 100 127 Bhimad NP 100

5 Madi NP 100 46 Naukunda GP 100 87 Baragung Muktikhsetra GP 100 128 Byas NP 100
Gandaki Tanahu
6 Rapti NP 100 47 Uttargaya GP 100 88 Gharapjhong GP 100 129 Devghat GP 100

7 Ratnanagar NP 100 48 Sindhupalchok Melamchi NP 1 89 Mustang Lo-ghekar Damodarkund GP 100 130 Ghiring GP 100

8 Benighat Rorang GP 100 49 Badigad GP 100 90 Lomanthang GP 100 131 Myagde GP 100

9 Dhunibesi NP 100 50 Baglung NP 100 91 Thasang GP 100 132 Rhishing GP 100

10 Gajuri GP 100 51 Bareng GP 100 92 Annapurna GP 100 133 Shuklagandaki NP 100

11 Galchi GP 100 52 Dhorpatan NP 100 93 Beni NP 100 134 Bhumekasthan NP 4

12 Gangajamuna GP 100 53 Galkot NP 100 94 Dhaulagiri GP 94 135 Chhatradev GP 100

Baglung Myagdi
13 Jwalamukhi GP 100 54 Jaimuni NP 100 95 Malika GP 100 136 Arghakhanchi Malarani GP 60

14 Dhading Khaniyabash GP 100 55 Kanthekhola GP 100 96 Mangala GP 100 137 Panini GP 72

15 Netrawati Dabjong GP 100 56 Nisikhola GP 100 97 Raghuganga GP 100 138 Sandhikharka NP 91

16 Nilakantha NP 100 57 Tamankhola GP 92 98 Binayee Tribeni GP 100 139 Chandrakot GP 100

17 Rubi Valley GP 100 58 Tarakhola GP 100 99 Bulingtar GP 100 140 Chatrakot GP 100

18 Siddhalek GP 100 59 Aarughat GP 100 100 Bungdikali GP 100 141 Dhurkot GP 100

19 Thakre GP 100 60 Ajirkot GP 100 101 Devchuli NP 100 142 Gulmidarbar GP 100
Nawalparasi East
20 Tripura Sundari GP 100 61 Barpak Sulikot GP 100 102 Gaidakot NP 100 143 Isma GP 100

21 Bagamati Chandragiri NP 8 62 Bhimsentapa GP 100 103 Gandaki Hupsekot GP 100 144 Kaligandaki GP 100
Gulmi
22 Kathmandu Nagarjun NP 8 63 Chum Nubri GP 100 104 Kawasoti NP 100 145 Madane GP 59

23 Tarakeshwor NP 14 64 Gorkha Dharche GP 100 105 Madhyabindu NP 100 146 Malika GP 100

24 Bhimphedi GP 76 65 Gandaki GP 100 106 Bihadi GP 100 147 Musikot NP 100

Gandaki
25 Hetauda UMNP 93 66 Gorkha NP 100 107 Jaljala GP 100 148 Resunga NP 100
Lumbini
26 Kailash GP 100 67 Palungtar NP 100 108 Kushma NP 100 149 Rurukshetra GP 100

27 Makawanpur Makawanpurgadhi GP 85 68 Sahid Lakhan GP 100 109 Parbat Mahashila GP 100 150 Satyawati GP 100

28 Manahari GP 100 69 Siranchok GP 100 110 Modi GP 100 151 Bardaghat NP 20

29 Raksirang GP 100 70 Annapurna GP 100 111 Painyu GP 100 152 Pratappur GP 42

Nawalparasi
30 Thaha NP 40 71 Machhapuchchhre GP 100 112 153 West
Phalebas NP 100 Sunwal NP 5

31 Belkotgadhi NP 100 72 Kaski Madi GP 100 113 Aandhikhola GP 100 154 Susta GP 96

32 Bidur NP 100 73 Pokhara MNP 100 114 Arjunchaupari GP 100 155 Bagnaskali GP 74

33 Dupcheshwar GP 100 74 Rupa GP 100 115 Bhirkot NP 100 156 Mathagadhi GP 36

34 Kakani GP 100 75 Besishahar NP 100 116 Biruwa GP 100 157 Nisdi GP 100

35 Kispang GP 100 76 Dordi GP 100 117 Chapakot NP 100 158 Purbakhola GP 97

36 Nuwakot Likhu GP 100 77 Dudhpokhari GP 100 118 Syangja Galyang NP 100 159 Palpa Rainadevi Chhahara GP 45

37 Myagang GP 100 78 Kwholasothar GP 100 119 Harinas GP 100 160 Rambha GP 94

Lamjung
38 Panchakanya GP 100 79 Madhyanepal NP 100 120 Kaligandagi GP 100 161 Rampur NP 100

39 Shivapuri GP 98 80 Marsyangdi GP 100 121 Phedikhola GP 100 162 Ribdikot GP 38

40 Suryagadhi GP 100 81 Rainas NP 100 122 Putalibazar NP 100 163 Tansen NP 45

41 Tadi GP 100 82 Sundarbazar NP 100 123 Waling NP 100

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 47

 River Flow Line Diagram of Gandaki River

48 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River System

Tri
hus

Kali
G
li

and
aki

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 49

 River Profile and Annual Flow

50 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 51

 Land Use/Cover

Government of Nepal
Data Source: IMP, 2019. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

52 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Annual Average

Summer Average Winter Average

(May-Jun-Jul) (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 53

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution
450.0
400.0
350.0

Basin Rinafall in mm.

300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

54 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 55

 Irrigation Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019. Government of Nepal

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

56 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 57

 Greenfield Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

58 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 59

 Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

60 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes
250 1000
2493 MCM 8354 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

)

)
200 800

150 600

100 400

50 200

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

175
2332 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

600 150

)
5821 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s
)

500 125

400 100
75
300
50
200
25
100
0
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D

800
7137 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

)
600
1250
11379 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s

400
)

1000

200
750

500 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
250

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

1750
16385 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

1500

)
1250
1000
750
7000 600 6000
61864 MCM 5965 MCM Net Available Water (m3/s
50350 MCM 500
Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

6000 )
)

500 5000
250
5000
400 4000 0
4000 J F M A M J J A S O N D
300 3000
3000
200 2000
2000
1000 100 1000

0 0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: Gandaki Basin 61

3. Karnali Basin
 Karnali Basin
Salient Features of Karnali Basin
Ka Karnali River Basin is one of the three major river There are 44 urban municipalities and 91 rural
basins in Nepal. The basin extends from 80° 33’ 27” municipalities in the basin with a population of Basin location Latitudes: 28°19’28” to 30°26’50” N
to 83° 40’ 49” East longitudes and 28° 19’ 28” to 30° 2,660,036 as per estimated from the Preliminary Longitudes: 80°33’27” to 83°40’49” E
26’ 50” North latitudes in Nepal. The basin lies in the results, Population census, 2021.
Catchment area 43,001 [Link]. (Nepal)
western part of Nepal with Gandaki River Basin in the 3,040 [Link]. (China)
east and Mahakali River Basin in the west. The Karnali The existing irrigation systems covers 49,746 ha of
River is a transboundry river basin and it passes agricultural land. These systems provide irrigation Major rivers Humla Karnali (137 km), Mugukarnali
through Tibet China, Nepal and India. The Karnali River facilities to 10,335ha in the mountains, 15,420 ha area (116 km), Tila (124 km), Karnali (345
originates from Mapchachungo Glacier in Tibet, passes in the hill districts and 23,991 in the Terai . km), West Seti (233 km), Bheri (296
km)
through Nepal and joins the Ganges River downstream
With the highest potential for hydropower development
of Chhapra, India after travelling 1,080 km. The Karnali River length 603 km (Total from China to Nepal-In-
in Nepal, the basin has many big hydropower projects
Basin, with a catchment area of 4349 km2 in China and dia border), 491km (up to Nepal-India
studied and planned for development. The biggest
43,001 km2in Nepal, covers areas of four provinces: border)
hydropower Project studied in Nepal, Karnali-
Karnali, Sudurpaschim, Lumbini and Gandaki.
Chisapani storage project, with 10,800 MW capacity is Elevation Maximum - 7,739 m.
The Karnali River Basin has a long-termmean annual situated in the basin. Minimum - 129 m.
flow of 1,441 m3/s, the major tributaries being, Bheri,
Hydro-meteorological stations 39 Meteorological stations
Humla-Karnali, Mugu-Karnali, Tila, Seti (West) and 16 Hydrological stations
Karnali.
Flood forecasting stations 4

Average rainfall 1,226 mm

Average river flow 1,218 cumec; 38,411 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 4; 22.9 MW

and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 466,369 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 2

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 69,341 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation - 227,877 ha.)

Total population 2,660,036

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 1,677,900 ha.

Total water demand (2025) Irrigation demand:1424 MCM

Domestic demand: 363 MLD

Administrative units Province: Karnali, Sudurpaschim, Gandaki,

and Lumbini Pradesh
Districts: 22
Google Earth Image, 2022 Local Bodies:
(91 Gaupalika; 44 Nagarpalika)
Figure 2.3: Karnali River flows down to Terai plane land

Section 2: Karnali Basin 65

 Administrative Division of Karnali Basin

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

66 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Table 2.3 List of Local Bodies in Karnali Basin
SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of
Body Area Body Area Body Area Body Area
1 Baglung Tamankhola GP 8 36 Chandannath NP 100 71 Birendranagar NP 100 107 Khaptadchhanna GP 100
Gandaki
2 Myagdi Dhaulagiri GP 6 37 Guthichaur GP 100 72 Chaukune GP 100 108 Masta GP 100
3 Aathabis NP 100 38 Hima GP 100 73 Chingad GP 100 105 Saipal GP 100
Bajhang
4 Bhagawatimai GP 100 39 Kanakasundari GP 100 74 Karnali Surkhet Gurbhakot NP 100 109 Surma GP 100
Jumla
5 Bhairabi GP 100 40 Patrasi GP 100 75 Lekbeshi NP 100 110 Talkot GP 100
6 Chamunda Bindrasaini NP 100 41 Sinja GP 100 76 Panchpuri NP 100 111 Thalara GP 100
7 Dullu NP 100 42 Tatopani GP 100 77 Simta GP 100 112 Badimalika NP 100
8 Dailekh Dungeshwor GP 100 43 Tila GP 100 78 Geruwa GP 100 113 Budhiganga NP 100
9 Gurans GP 100 45 Khandachakra NP 100 79 Madhuwan NP 38 114 Budhinanda NP 100
Bardiya
10 Mahabu GP 100 46 Mahawai GP 100 80 Rajapur NP 100 116 Gaumul GP 100
11 Narayan NP 100 47 Naraharinath GP 100 81 Thakurbaba NP 71 117 Bajura Himali GP 100
Lumbini
12 Naumule GP 100 48 Pachaljharana GP 100 82 Rolpa Thawang GP 26 118 Jagannath GP 100
13 Thantikandh GP 100 49 Kalikot Palata GP 100 83 Bhume GP 85 115 Khaptad Chhededaha GP 100
14 Chharka Tangsong GP 100 50 Raskot NP 100 84 Rukum East Putha Uttarganga GP 100 119 Swami Kartik Khapar GP 100
15 Dolpo Buddha GP 100 51 Sanni Tribeni GP 100 85 Sisne GP 100 120 Tribeni NP 100
16 Jagadulla GP 100 44 Shubha Kalika GP 100 86 Bannigadhi Jayagadh GP 100 121 Sudur- Amargadhi NP 25
17 Kaike GP 100 52 Tilagufa NP 100 87 Chaurpati GP 100 122 pashchim Dadeldhura Ganayapdhura GP 98
Dolpa
18 Mudkechula GP 100 53 Karnali Chhayanath Rara NP 100 88 Dhakari GP 100 123 Nawadurga GP 100
19 Karnali Shey Phoksundo GP 100 54 Khatyad GP 100 89 Kamalbazar NP 100 124 Adharsha GP 100
Mugu
20 Thuli Bheri NP 100 55 Mugum Karmarong GP 100 90 Mangalsen NP 100 125 Badikedar GP 100
Achham
21 Tripurasundari NP 100 56 Soru GP 100 91 Mellekh GP 100 126 Bogtan GP 100
22 Adanchuli GP 100 57 Aathbiskot NP 100 92 Panchadewal Binayak NP 100 127 Dipayal Silgadi NP 100
23 Chankheli GP 100 58 Banfikot GP 100 93 Ramaroshan GP 100 128 Doti Jorayal GP 95
24 Kharpunath GP 100 59 Chaurjahari NP 100 94 Sanphebagar NP 100 129 K I Singh GP 100
Rukum West
25 Humla Namkha GP 100 60 Musikot NP 100 95 Sudur- Turmakhad GP 100 130 Purbichauki GP 100
26 Sarkegad GP 100 61 Sani Bheri GP 100 96 pashchim Dilasaini GP 1 131 Sayal GP 100
27 Simkot GP 100 62 Tribeni GP 100 97 Patan NP 21 132 Shikhar NP 100
Baitadi
28 Tanjakot GP 100 63 Bagchaur NP 12 98 Purchaudi NP 1 133 Chure GP 34
29 Barekot GP 100 64 Bangad Kupinde NP 96 99 Sigas GP 100 134 Janaki GP 31
30 Bheri NP 100 65 Darma GP 100 100 Bithadchir GP 99 135 Kailali Lamkichuha NP 11
Salyan
31 Chhedagad NP 100 67 Kumakh GP 100 101 Bungal NP 100 136 Mohanyal GP 72
32 Jajarkot Junichande GP 100 68 Sharada NP 2 102 Chabispathivera GP 100 137 Tikapur NP 39
Bajhang
33 Kuse GP 100 66 Siddha Kumakh GP 45 103 Durgathali GP 100
35 Nalagad NP 100 69 Barahtal GP 100 104 JayaPrithivi NP 100
Surkhet
34 Shiwalaya GP 100 70 Bheriganga NP 100 106 Kedarseu GP 100

Section 2: Karnali Basin 67

 River Flow Line Diagram of Karnali River

68 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Karnali Basin 69

 River Profile and Annual Flow

70 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 71

 Land Use/Cover

Government of Nepal
Data Source: IMP, 2019. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

72 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution
Annual

Summer Winter
(May-Jun-Jul) (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 73

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution
350.0

300.0

Basin Rinafall in mm.

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

74 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 75

 Irrigation Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

76 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 77

 Greenfield Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

78 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 79

 Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022 Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

80 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes
500 1200
5022 MCM 12312 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

)

)
400 1000

800
300
600
200
400
100 200

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

1400 250
14453 MCM 2023 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

)
1200
)

1000 150
800
600
50
400
200
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0 -50
J F M A M J J A S O N D

600
5051 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s
)

500

400

300

200

100

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

2500
25988 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s
)

2000
4000 1000 800
38108 MCM 8476 MCM 7351 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

1500 3500 700

)
)

800
3000 600
1000
2500 600 500

500 2000 400

1500 400 300
0 1000 200
J F M A M J J A S O N D 200
500 100
0 0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 81

4. Mahakali Basin
 Mahakali Basin
The Mahakali River is a border river between Nepal in India, the major rivers meeting Mahakali River are Salient Features of Mahakali Basin
and India in the western border of Nepal. The river is Darma, Gauri Ganga and Saryu. Basin location Latitudes: 28°48’51” to 30°28’23” N
called by various names, namely, Mahakali in Nepal Longitudes: 80°03’30” to 81°06’31” E
and, Sarda or Saryu in India. The Mahakali River reaches the Terai plains at
Brahmadev Mandi, where it is called the Sharda River Catchment area 5,254 [Link]. (Nepal)
Geographically, the basin in Nepal extends from 80° in India.. The river then flows southward lying entirely 10,497 [Link]. (India)
03’ 30.59” to 81° 06’ 30.95” East longitudes and 28° within India from Tanakpur Barrage to Sharada
Major rivers Chameliya (92 km), Rangun (46 km),
48’ 51.83” to 30° 14’ 47.76” North latitudes . Most Barrage. From then, it flows entirely within Nepal in
Surnayagad (80 km)
of the major rivers of the basin originate from the the Dodhara Chadini area. After exiting Nepal, it flows
Himalaya range and drain south to the Gangetic plain. towards southeast direction in Uttar Pradesh in India River length 351 km (up to Nepal-India border)
The total area of the basin up to Nepal-India Border and meets Karnali (Ghaghara) River downstream of
is about 15751 km2 in which about 33 percent of this Girijapur Barrage in Uttar Pradesh near Amritpur Elevation Maximum - 7,112 m.; Minimum - 154 m.
area (5,254 km2) lies in Nepal. The basin covers about village. Hydro-meteorological stations 6 Meteorological stations
3.3 percent land of the country. The long-term mean 4 Hydrological stations
annual discharge of Mahakali River is 698 m3/s. The Mahakali Basin has a high potential for hydropower.
elevation of the river basin in Nepal ranges from 155 Pancheswar storage project with a 315 m high dam Flood forecasting stations 0
meter to 7132 meter (Mt. Api ). and 5600 MW installed capacity is under study by
Nepal and India. At present there are three operating Average rainfall 1,938 mm
There are three major tributaries meeting on the hydropower projects in the basin with the total Average river flow 719.8 cumec; 22,700 MCM
left bank of the Mahakali Riverin Nepal, namely, installed capacity of 46.5 MW.
Chamelia, Surnaygad and Rangoon. On the right side, Existing hydropower stations 3; 46.5 MW
and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 81,986 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 1

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 19,886 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
55,268 ha.)

Total population 562,928

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 282,900 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand: 472 MCM

Domestic demand: 43 MLD

Administrative units Province: Sudurpaschim Pradesh

Districts: 5
Local Bodies:
(17 Gaupalika; 10 Nagarpalika)

Google Earth Image, 2022

Figure 2.4: Mahakali River

Section 2: Mahakali Basin 85

 Administrative Division of Mahakali Basin
Table 2.4 List of Local Bodies in Mahakali Basin
SN Province District Name of Local Body % of Area
1 Doti Jorayal GP 5

2 Bhimdatta NP 57
Kanchanpur
3 Dodhara Chandani NP 100

4 Ajaymeru GP 100

5 Alital GP 88

6 Amargadhi NP 75
Dadeldhura
7 Bhageshwar GP 100

8 Ganayapdhura GP 2

9 Parashuram NP 100

10 Dasharathchanda NP 100

11 Dilasaini GP 100

12 Dogadakedar GP 100

13 Melauli NP 100

14 Baitadi Pancheshwar GP 100

Sudur Pashchim
15 Patan NP 79

16 Purchaudi NP 100

17 Shivanath GP 100

18 Surnaya GP 100

19 Apihimal GP 100

20 Byas GP 100

21 Dunhu GP 100

22 Lekam GP 100
23 Darchula Mahakali NP 100

24 Malikaarjun GP 100

25 Marma GP 100

26 Naugad GP 100

Government of Nepal 27 Shailyashikhar NP 100

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
28 Bajhang Bithadchir GP 1

86 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Flow Line Diagram of Mahakali River River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Mahakali Basin 87

 River Profile and Annual Flow

88 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Elevation Zone Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Mahakali Basin 89

 Average Temperature Distribution

Annual Average Summer Average Winter

(May-Jun-Jul) (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

90 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 91

 Irrigation Projects Protected Areas

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

92 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydropower Projects Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

Section 2: Mahakali Basin 93

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

94 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

5. Babai Basin
 Babai Basin
The Babai River Basin is situated in Karnali Province and The Babai River flows southwards after it enters the Salient Features of Babai Basin
Lumbini Province in western Nepal. The basin extends Terai, flowing through Bardiya and exiting the Nepal-
from 81° 13’ 57” to 82° 26’ 08” East longitudes and 27° India Border before merging into Ghagra River (Karnali Basin location Latitudes: 27°56’39” to 28°33’15” N
56’ 39” to 28° 33’ 15” North latitudes in Nepal. The in Nepal) in further south in Uttar Pradesh, India. Longitudes: 81°13’57” to 82°36’08” E
basin has an area of 3,566 km2 in Nepal draining parts It’s catchment within Nepal is 3,566.07 km2 and the
of Rolpa, Salyan, Dang and Bardiya districts. The Babai length is about 240.41 km. The elevation of the river Catchment area 3,566 [Link].
River originates from the Mahabharat range and flows basin in Nepal ranges from 132 meter to 2816 meter
Major rivers Sharada (110 km), Guhar (25 km)
westwards in the inner Terai Valley of Dang formed and is a rain-fed river.
between the Mahabharat range and the Siwaliks. River length 241 km (up to Nepal-India border)
The average annual rainfall of Babai Basin is 1,582
The Babai River flows along west-northwest axis of the mm. The average annual flow of the basin is estimated Elevation Maximum - 2,809 m.
valley through Dang and Salyan district. The Sharada to be 103 m3/s. Minimum - 132 m.
Khola, meets Babai at Bardiya, draining the southern
The existing irrigation systems cover an area of 49,269 Hydro-meteorological stations 10 Meteorological stations
slopes of the Mahabharat region of Salyan and parts
ha, for which round the year irrigation demand 3 Hydrological stations
of Rolpa district. The combined river then flows
westwards and then makes a left turn in Bardiya itself cannot be met. Therefore, the Bheri-Babai interbasin Flood forecasting stations 2
cutting across the Siwalik and emerging into the Terai. diversion project is being implemented to provide
The major tributaries of Babai River are Katuwa khola, adequate supply to meet the irrigation demand of the Average rainfall 1,582 mm
Jangawa Khola, Guhar Khola, Patu Khola, Sharada Babai Irrigation System.
Average river flow 79.9 cumec;
Khola in the hill region and Bhada Khola in the Terai. 2,520 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 0

and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 123,945 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 1

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 64,638 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
96,836 ha.)

Total population 791,543

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 203,500 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand: 1,616 MCM

Domestic demand: 77 MLD

Administrative units Province: Karnali, and Lumbini

Pradesh
Districts: 4
Local Bodies:
Google Earth Image, 2022
(11 Gaupalika; 8 Nagarpalika, 2 Upa-
mahanagarpalika)
Figure 2.5: Babai River flows down to Terai plane land

Section 2: Babai Basin 97

 Administrative Division of Babai Basin

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Table 2.5 List of Local Bodies in Babai Basin

SN Province District Name of Local Body % of Area SN Province District Name of Local Body % of Area SN Province District Name of Local Body % of Area
1 Lumbini Rolpa Runtigadi GP 41 9 Lumbini Bardiya Badhaiyatal GP 8 17 Karnali Salyan Chhatreshwori GP 100
2 Tribeni GP 1 10 Bansagadhi NP 33 18 Siddha Kumakh GP 55
3 Dang Babai GP 100 11 Barbardiya NP 100 19 Kalimati GP 100
4 Banglachuli GP 6 12 Gulariya NP 100 20 Kapurkot GP 100
5 Dangisharan GP 100 13 Madhuwan NP 62 21 Sharada NP 98
6 Ghorahi UMNP 75 14 Thakurbaba NP 29 22 Tribeni GP 100
7 Shantinagar GP 100 15 Karnali Salyan Bagchaur NP 71
8 Tulsipur UMNP 100 16 Bangad Kupinde NP 4

98 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Flow Line Diagram of Babai River River Profile and Annual Flow

Section 2: Babai Basin 99

 River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

100 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

Section 2: Babai Basin 101

 Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

102 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Annual Average

Summer Average Winter Average

(May-Jun-Jul) (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 2: Babai Basin 103

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

450.0
400.0
350.0

Basin Rinafall in mm.

300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

104 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal),
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 2: Babai Basin 105

 Irrigation Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: IMP, 2019.

106 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Babai Basin 107

 Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

108 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes

300 60
3055 MCM 1297 MCM 389 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

160
)

)
250 50

200 120 40

150 30
80
100 20
40
50 10

0 0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

50
377 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s
)

40

30

20

10

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Babai Basin 109

6. West Rapti Basin
 West Rapti Basin
West Rapti River is called the Dangdung Khola, when it Bhalubang (Capital of Lumbini Province), an emerging
originates at an elevation of 3,428 m at Jaljala area in town on the Bank of the river at a chainage of about
Salient Features of West Rapti Basin
the high hills of Rolpa District in Thabang Municipality. 170 km. Obstructed by the Duduwa Range of the
Basin location Latitudes: 27°40’35” to 28°34’21” N
The right tributary, which is called ‘Chunbang Sivaliks, the river continues to flow in a westerly
Longitudes: 81°39’23” to 83°09’39” E
Khola’, originates at Manjan Danda in Bhume Rural direction. Several small rivulets meet the river on
Municipality of West Rukum District. After the the hills and Inner Terai, called Deukhuri Valley, on Catchment area 6,947 [Link].
confluence of Dangdung Khola and Chunbang Khola, both sides of the river. The river follows westward
the river flows southward, and is called Madi at the until it reaches the end of Duduwa Range about Major rivers Madi (127 km), Jhimruk (96 km),
Rapti (195 km)
upper reach. The river flows in the south east direction 15 km downstream of Agaiya, Banke District and
after it meets Chiura Gad at about 30 km from its origin. takes another sharp turn towards the south. The River length 322 km (up to Nepal-India border)
The Madi River meets two important tributaries: river meets Dunduwa Khola, another tributary at
Lungri Khola at a chainage of about 80 km and Jhimruk about of 330 km chainage and flows to India after a Elevation Maximum - 3,665 m.;
Khola at a chainage of about 140 km. The highest course of more than 340 km from its origin in Nepal. Minimum - 125 m.
elevation in the basin is 3,665 m at Barun Pokhari Hydro-meteorological stations 8 Meteorological stations
Danda, a ridgeline separating Rolpa and Baglung The West Rapti Basin covers a basin area of 6947 km2
8 Hydrological stations
Districts near Jalkarni Kharka in the Lungri Khola Basin. in Nepal. It is one of the tributaries of Karnali River
(known as Ghagra River in India). After crossing over Flood forecasting stations 4
The river is called Rapti after the confluence of the to India, Rapti River flows towards the south-east
Madi River and Jhimruk Khola. After meeting Jhimruk direction until it merges with Ghaghara (Karnali in Average rainfall 1,582 mm
Khola, the river takes a sharp right turn and flows Nepal) River at Kaparwaaghat after flowing about 510
Average river flow 176 cumec;
in the westerly direction along Deukhuri Valley in Km in India. Total length of the river from its origin to 5,550 MCM (annual)
Dang District. East-West highway crosses the river at confluence at Ghagra River in India is about 850 km.
Existing hydropower stations 1; 12.5 MW
and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 144,528 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 4

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 61,490 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
144,528 ha.)

Total population 1,041,930

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 501,800 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand:1494 MCM

Domestic demand: 55 MLD

Administrative units Province: Karnali, and Lumbini

Pradesh
Districts: 9
Google Earth Image, 2022
Local Bodies:
(27 Gaupalika; 10 Nagarpalika, 2
Figure 2.6: Rapti River flows into Deukhuri valley Upamahanagarpalika)

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 113

 Administrative Division of West Rapti Basin

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

114 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Table 2.6 List of Local Bodies in West Rapti Basin
SN Province District Name of Local % of
River Flow Line Diagram of West Rapti River
Body Area
1 Gulmi Madane GP 41
2 Kapilbastu Shivaraj NP 3
3 Bhumekasthan NP 96
4 Malarani GP 40
Arghakhanchi
5 Sandhikharka NP 9
6 Sitganga NP 63
7 Ayirabati GP 100 Sikta Irrigation Project
8 Gaumukhi GP 100 Sikta Irrigation Project
9 Jhimruk GP 100 A barrage of length 317 m is con-
10 Mallarani GP 100 structed across the Rapti River at
11 Pyuthan Mandavi GP 100 Agaiya of Rapti Sonari Rural Munic-
12 Naubahini GP 100 ipality in Banke District of Lumbini
13 Pyuthan NP 100 Province, with the aim of providing
14 Sarumarani GP 100
reliable irrigation facilities to a total
command area of 42,766 hectares of
15 Sworgadwary NP 100
land of 6 rural municipalities, Ko-
16 Paribartan GP 100
halpur municipality and Nepalgunj
17 Lungri GP 100
sub-metropolitan in Nepalgunj Dis-
18 Madi GP 100
trict. The Sikta Irrigation Project,
19 Rolpa NP 100
Lumbini which was started in F.Y.2062/63 by
20 Runtigadi GP 59
Rolpa the Government of Nepal from its own
21 Sukidaha GP 100 resources, covers a command area
22 Sunchhahari GP 100 33,766 hectares on the western side
23 Suwarnabati GP 100 and 9,000 hectares on the eastern side
24 Thawang GP 74 of the Rapti River.
25 Tribeni GP 100
26 Banglachuli GP 94
27 Gadhawa GP 97
28 Ghorahi UMNP 25
Dang
29 Lamahi NP 100
30 Rajpur GP 100
31 Rapti GP 100
32 Duduwa GP 84
33 Janki GP 2
34 Kohalpur NP 71
Banke
35 Narainapur GP 100
36 Nepalgunj UMNP 19
37 Rapti Sonari GP 100
38 Rukum East Bhume GP 15
39 Karnali Salyan Bagchaur NP 17

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 115

 River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

116 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Profile and Annual Flow

Section 2: West Rapti Basin 117

 Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

118 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Land Use/Cover

Government of Nepal
Data Source: IMP, 2019. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 119

 Average Temperature Distribution
Annual

Summer Winter
(May-Jun-Jul) (Dec-Jan-Feb)

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

120 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution
450.0
400.0
350.0
Basin Rinafall in mm.
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 121

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
(Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

122 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Irrigation Projects

Government of Nepal
Data Source: IMP, 2019. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 123

 Hydropower Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

124 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 125

 Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

126 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes

175
1407 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

150

)
40
290 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

125

)
30 100
75
20
50
25
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

50
363 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

)
40

30

20

10

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

400
2980 MCM

Net Available Water (m3/s

350

)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
700 600 500
5338 MCM 5013 MCM 4086 MCM
Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

Net Available Water (m3/s

600
)

500 400
500
400
400 300
300
300 200
200
200
100 100
100
0 0 0
Government of Nepal
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 127

7. Bagmati Basin
 Bagmati Basin
The Bagmati River Basin is a basin in central part of both surface and ground water resources. Due to lack Salient Features of Bagmati Basin
Nepal with a basin area of 3,831 km2, which is about of sufficient dry season flow, it is necessary to the
2.6 percent area of the country. The basin extends augment water resources in the basin either by storage Basin location Latitudes: 26°44’29” to 27°49’04” N
from 85° 01’ 21” to 85° 57’ 25” East longitudes and or by an inter-basin transfer from Sunkoshi River. At Longitudes: 85°01’21” to 85°57’25” E
26° 44’ 29” to 27° 49’ 04” North latitudes in Nepal. present, a river diversion project diverting water from
Catchment area 3,831 [Link].
The Bagmati river flows in Bagmati and Madhesh water surplus Sunkoshi basin to Marin River, a tributary
Provinces in central Nepal draining the middle hills of the Bagmati River is being implemented. Major rivers Bishnumati (17 km), Kulekhnani (39
of Mahabharat Range as well as the Siwaliks and the km), Marin (75 km)
Terai. It drains the whole of the Kathmandu Valley and There are 3 small hydropower plants operational
Parts of Sindhuli, Makawanpur, Sarlahi and Rautahat in 88 with a total installed capacity of MW. The first River length 207 km (up to Nepal-India border)
district. The elevation range of the of the river basin storage project, Kulekhani Hydropower Project, has
Elevation Maximum - 2,940 m.;
ranges from 69 m to 2,940 m. The river enters India been developed and with 104 MW installed capacity
Minimum - 69 m.
at Gaur (Nepal) / Bairgainia (India). The river crosses (3 phases). The project diverts water from Kulekhani
Nepal, flows through Bihar, India joins Kamala and River in Bagmati River Basin to East Rapti Basin in Hydro-meteorological stations 27 Meteorological stations
merges into the Koshi River. The river is called Bagmati Gandaki River Basin. 13 Hydrological stations
from its origin at Bagdwar in Shivpuri National Park in Flood forecasting stations 3
The basin area has 27 meteorological stations and 13
Kathmandu district to the outflow in the river Ganges.
hydrological stations .
Average rainfall 1,797 mm
The average annual rainfall in the basin is about 1,797
mm and average basin flow of 236 MCM. The existing Average river flow 236 cumec;
irrigation systems cover an area of 59,085 ha using 7,442 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 6; 41.9 MW

and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 1,246 [Link].

Existing big irrigation systems 1

Total irrigated area 59,085 ha.

Total population 3,738,216

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 2,020 [Link].

Administrative units Province: Bagmati and Madhes

Pradesh
Districts: 8
Local Bodies:
(19 Gaupalika; 33 Nagarpalika, 2 Ma-
hanagarpalika)

Google Earth Image, 2022

Figure 2.7: Bagmati River flows into Terai plain land

Section 2: Bagmati Basin 131

 Administrative Division of Bagmati Basin
Table 2.7 List of Local Bodies in Bagmati Basin
SN Prov- District Name of Local % of SN Prov- District Name of Local % of
ince Body Area ince Body Area

1 Bagmati NP 100 28 Kabhrepalanchok Roshi GP 3

2 Balara NP 74 29 Bagmati GP 100

3 Barahathawa NP 82 30 Godawari NP 100

4 Basbariya GP 73 31 Konjyosom GP 100

Sarlahi Lalitpur
5 Dhankaul GP 82 32 Lalitpur MNP 100

6 Haripur NP 6 33 Mahalaxmi NP 83

7 Hariwan NP 22 34 Mahankal GP 100

8 Ramnagar GP 83 35 Bhaktapur NP 100

9 Brindaban NP 100 36 Changunarayan NP 100

Bhaktapur
10 Chandrapur NP 100 37 Madhyapur Thimi NP 100
Madhesh
11 Dewahhi Gonahi NP 6 38 Suryabinayak NP 98

12 Durga Bhagwati GP 100 39 Budhanilakantha NP 100

13 Gadhimai NP 100 40 Chandragiri NP 92

14 Garuda NP 100 41 Bagamati Dakshinkali NP 100

Rautahat
15 Gaur NP 11 42 Gokarneshwor NP 100

16 Gujara NP 82 43 Kageshwori Manahora NP 100

17 Katahariya NP 25 44 Kathmandu Kathmandu MNP 100

18 Madhav Narayan NP 87 45 Kirtipur NP 100

19 Rajdevi NP 100 46 Nagarjun NP 92

Government of Nepal 20 Yemunamai GP 79 47 Shankharapur NP 50

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

21 Ghanglekh GP 100 48 Tarakeshwor NP 86

22 Hariharpurgadhi GP 100 49 Tokha NP 100

Sindhuli
23 Kamalamai NP 29 50 Bagmati GP 100

24 Bagamati Marin GP 100 51 Bakaiya GP 19

25 Bethanchowk GP 25 52 Makawanpur Bhimphedi GP 24

26 Kabhrepalan- Khanikhola GP 100 53 Indrasarowar GP 100

chok
27 Mahabharat GP 100 54 Thaha NP 60

132 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Flow Line Diagram of Bagmati River River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Bagmati Basin 133

 Elevation Zone Land Use/Cover

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

134 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 2: Bagmati Basin 135

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

136 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Irrigation Projects Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022 Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Bagmati Basin 137

 Hydropower Projects Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

138 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Hydrographs at Major River Nodes

Source: Bagmati DSS, WECS, 2018

Section 2: Bagmati Basin 139

8. Kamala Basin
 Kamala Basin
Salient Features of Kamala Basin
The Kamala River originates from the Mahabharat range whole country. The elevation ranges from 66 m to
in Kamala Mai Rural Municipality of Sindhuli district 2203 m.
draining the southern slopes of the middle mountains Basin location Latitudes: 26°36’18” to 27°16’43” N
The basin area is located in 4 districts and has 20 Longitudes: 85°49’50” to 86°36’25” E
of the Mahabharat Range. The basin extends from 85°
49’ 50.16” to 86° 36’ 24.12” East longitudes and 26° local bodies with 6 Rural Munacipalities and 14 Urban
Catchment area 2,211 [Link].
36’ 18.00” to 27° 16’ 42.60” North latitudes in Nepal Municipalities .
. Near Maithan, it makes a turn and flows eastwards Major rivers Tawa (44 km), Chadaha (38 km) and
parallel on the northside of the Siwalik hill. The river is Charnath Khola (33 km)
joined by Tawa Khola, which originates from Udaypur River length 126 km (up to Nepal-India border)
district flowing from east to west. The Kamala makes
a U-bend near Mari and flows northwest to Chisapani Elevation Maximum - 2,203 m.
in Dhanusa district. From there, it turns to the south Minimum - 68 m.
cutting through the low Siwalik Range and emerging Hydro-meteorological stations 4 Meteorological stations
unto the Terai just south of Chisapani Bazar. The 2 Hydrological stations
mainstream of Kamala River is about 126 km long.
Flood forecasting stations 1
The total area of the basin up to Nepal-India Border
is about 2,211 km2 which is about 1.5 percent of the Average rainfall 1,634 mm

Average river flow 111.7 cumec; 3,523 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 0

and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 80,916 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 1

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 48,662 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
65,834 ha.)

Total population 655,074

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 114,300 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand: 1030 MCM

Domestic demand: 43 MLD

Administrative units Province: Bagmati, Koshi, and Mad-

hesh Pradesh
Districts: 4
Local Bodies:
Google Earth Image, 2022 (7 Gaupalika; 14 Nagarpalika)
Figure 2.8: Kamala River flows down to Terai plane land

Section 2: Kamala Basin 143

 Administrative Division of Kamala Basin

Table 2.8 List of Local Bodies in Bagmati Basin

SN Province District Name of Local Body % of

Area

1 Katari NP 72

2 Koshi Udayapur Rautamai GP 2

3 Udayapurgadhi GP 69

4 Bishnupur GP 70

5 Golbazar NP 12

6 Kalyanpur NP 100

7 Siraha Karjanha NP 100

8 Mirchaiya NP 100

9 Naraha GP 83

10 Siraha NP 40
Madhesh
11 Bideha NP 14

12 Dhanusadham NP 2

13 Ganeshman Charnath NP 91

14 Dhanusha Janaknandani GP 100

15 Kamala NP 100

16 Sabaila NP 60

17 Sahidnagar NP 75

18 Dudhouli NP 100

19 Golanjor GP 4
Bagamati Sindhuli
20 Kamalamai NP 69
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal 21 Tinpatan GP 87

144 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Flow Line Diagram of Kamala River River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Kamala Basin 145

 Elevation Zone

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

146 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Kamala Basin 147

 Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

148 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 2: Kamala Basin 149

 Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

150 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Irrigation Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Section 2: Kamala Basin 151

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

152 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: PCTMCDB, GoN, 2022.

Section 2: Kamala Basin 153

9. Kankai Basin
 Kankai Basin
The Kankai River Basin is a small basin of 1,328 km2, endowed with water resources. The existing irrigation Salient Features of Kankai Basin
which is about 0.9 percent land of the country. The systems cover an area of 8,431 ha using both surface
basin extends from 87° 40’ 48” to 88° 08’ 08” East and ground water resources. Another 2,111 ha of land Basin location Latitudes: 26°2611 to 27°06’25” N
longitudes and 26° 26’ 11” to 27° 06’ 25” North latitudes for irrigation has been identified in the Terai region. Longitudes: 87°40’48” to 88°08’08” E
in Nepal. The Kankai river flows in Koshi Pradesh in Due to lack of sufficient dry season flow, it is necessary
eastern Nepal draining the middle hills of Mahabharat to the augment water resources in the basin either by Catchment area 1,328 [Link].
Range as well as the Siwaliks and the Terai. It drains storage or by conjunctive use of surface and ground
Major rivers Deumai (36 km), Puwakhola (42 km)
the northern parts of Ilam district, southeastern part water resources. There are 10 small hydropower
and Jogmai Khola (30 km)
of Panchthar district and a strip of the Jhapa district plants operational in Kankai basin with a total installed
to the south. The basin borders India on the north- Capacity of 80.40 MW. River length 126 km (up to Nepal-India border)
east part, and Panchthar district. The elevation range
of the river basin ranges from 67 m to 3717 m. It flows The basin area has 13 meteorological stations and Elevation Maximum - 3,617 m.
three hydrological stations Minimum - 67 m.
through Bihar and merges into Mahananda River,
called Fulahar River locally, at Bhasia of Bihar which Hydro-meteorological stations 3 Meteorological stations
The basin coverts areas of 13 municipalities, of which 6
ultimately drains into the Ganges. 3 Hydrological stations
are Rural Municipalities and 7 are Urban Municipalities.
The average annual rainfall is about 1,999 mm and Flood forecasting stations 1
average basin flow of 67.70 m3/s. The rainfall is more
than the average for the nation, so the basin is well Average rainfall 1,994 mm

Average river flow 55.8 cumec; 1,760 MCM (annual)

Existing hydropower stations 15; 30.3 MW

and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 43,089 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems 1

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 8,431 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
19,556 ha.)

Total population 270,458

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 77,500 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand: 466 MCM

Domestic demand: 72 MLD

Administrative units Province: Koshi Pradesh

Districts: 2
Local Bodies:
(6 Gaupalika; 6 Nagarpalika)
Google Earth Image, 2022

Figure 2.9: Kankai River flows down to Terai plane land

Section 2: Kankai Basin 157

 Administrative Division of Kankai Basin

Table 2.9 List of Local Bodies in Kankai Basin

SN Province District Name of Local Body % of

Area

1 Deumai NP 100

2 Fakphokthum GP 100

3 Illam NP 100

4 Mai NP 88
Ilam
5 Maijogmai GP 100

6 Mangsebung GP 48
Koshi
7 Sandakpur GP 100

8 Suryodaya NP 38

9 Gauriganj GP 6

10 Jhapa GP 69
Jhapa
11 Kankai NP 10

12 Shivasataxi NP 58

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

158 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Flow Line Diagram of Kankai River River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Kankai Basin 159

 Elevation Zone Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

160 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 2: Kankai Basin 161

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

162 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Irrigation Projects Protected Areas

Data Source: PCTMCDB, GoN, 2022.

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Kankai Basin 163

 Hydropower Projects

Data Source: DOED, GoN (as of March 2023).

164 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Kankai Basin 165

10. Mechi Basin
 Mechi Basin
The Mechi River Basin is a border river basin located in area, respectively. Two local bodies, Mechinagar Sub- Salient Features of Mechi Basin
the eastern Nepal in Koshi Pradesh. The basin extends metropolitan city and Bhadrapur Municipality, are
from 87° 58’ 35” to 88° 11’ 17” East longitudes and fully within the basin and 7 other municipalities are Basin location Latitudes: 26°21’40” to 26°57’04” N
26° 21’ 40” to 26° 57’ 04” North latitudes in Nepal. partly within the basin. Longitudes: 87°58’35” to 88°11’17” E
The basin covers about 0.5 % land of the country.
The total area of the basin up to Nepal-India Border The Mechi River originates from the Mahabharat range Catchment area 705 [Link]. (Nepal); 98 [Link]. (India)
is about 802.82 km2, of which about 88% of the land near Pashupati Nagar area of Suryodaya Munic-ipality
in Ilam District. All major tributaries are from Nepal Major rivers Siddi Khola (24 km), Ninda (35 km),
(about 705.18 km2) lies in Nepal. The elevation of the
side of the river (from the west) while it also drains a Deuniya (36 km)
river basin in Nepal ranges from 62 m to 2168 m.. The
Mechi River forms an international boundary with narrow tract of land along the river in the Indian side. River length 62 km (up to Nepal-India border)
India along most of its stretches. There exist no major tributaries into Mechi from India
till it leaves Nepal. The river crosses Nepal-India border Elevation Maximum - 2,169 m.
With an annual rainfall of 2,735 mm, it is the wettest and enters the Indian State of Bihar and merges with Minimum - 59 m.
river basin of Nepal. The lower reaches of the river Mahananda River in Kishangunj District (India), which
Hydro-meteorological stations 2 Meteorological stations
basin suffer from floods and bank erosion due to flash ultimately drains into the Ganges. 0 Hydrological stations
floods. Being a border river harnessing the water
resources of the mainstream Mechi depends on The main stream of Mechi River is 62 km long. Flood forecasting stations
cooperation with India. Themajor tributaries are Siddhi Khola, Paliya Khola,
Ninda Khola and Deuniya Khola. Ninda Khola has the Average rainfall 2,723 mm
The Nepal part of the river basin lies in Ilam and Jhapa largest catchment 236.03 km2 with a length of 35.02
Average river flow 40.8 cumec; 1,286 MCM (annual)
districts occupying about 24% and 76% of the basin km.
Existing hydropower stations 0
and Capacity (DOED, March 2023)

Agriculture land 41,151 ha.

Existing big irrigation systems

Total irrigated area (IMP, 2019) 3,136 ha.

(total land suitable for irrigation -
34,325 ha.)

Total population 381,049

(extimated from Preliminary result of Population Census, 2021)

Forest land 20,400 ha.

Total water demand (for 2025) Irrigation demand: 67 MCM

Domestic demand: 21 MLD

Administrative units Province: Koshi Lumbini Pradesh

Districts: 2
Local Bodies:
(4 Gaupalika; 5 Nagarpalika)
Google Earth Image, 2022

Figure 2.10: Mechi River flows down to Terai plane land

Section 2: Mechi Basin 169

 Administrative Division of Mechi Basin

Table 2.10 List of Local Bodies in Mechi Basin

SN Province District Name of Local Body % of

Area

1 Rong GP 54
Ilam
2 Suryodaya NP 38

3 Arjundhara NP 15

4 Bhadrapur NP 100

5 Koshi Birtamod NP 37

6 Jhapa Buddhashanti GP 89

7 Haldibari GP 54

8 Kachankawal GP 64

9 Mechinagar NP 100

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

170 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 River Flow Line Diagram of Mechi River River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Mechi Basin 171

 Elevation Zone Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

172 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 2: Mechi Basin 173

 Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD
(India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

174 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Irrigation Projects Population Distribution and Density

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Mechi Basin 175

 Protected Areas

Data Source: PCTMCDB, GoN, 2022.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

176 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

Section 3 - Southern River Blocks
 Southern River Blocks
The drainage area originating from the Siwalik (Chure) range
are categorized into four Southern River Blocks. The drainage
area between Mahakali Basin and West Rapti Basin is defined
as Southern Block-1, which is located in the far-western part
of Nepal. The Karnali Basin and Babai Basin separates the
block into two parts. The total drainage area of the block up
to Nepal-India Border is 4,820.54 km2. which is about 3.3 %
land of the country. The elevation of the area in Nepal ranges
from 125 m to 1959 m. About 78.5 % of the area of Southern
Block-1 lies in Terai region whereas the Siwalik region covers
about 21.5 percent land.

The main rivers in Southern Block-1 are Mohana and Khutiya

in Kailali and Dodha in Kanchanpur districts. Other rivers are:
Chaudhara, Shyali, Banhara, Surmi, Godavari and Manohara
(tributaries of Mohana), Shivaganga (Tributary of Khutia)
and Godkhola-Karha nadi. There are two small river systems
namely, Kiran and Jethan nala in the eastern sub-block in
Banke district.

The drainage area originating from Mahabharat and Siwalik

(Chure) range between West Rapti Basin and Gandaki Basin
in Lumbini Province is defined as Southern Block 2A The total
drainage area of the block up to Nepal-India Border is about Figure 3.1: Location of Southern River Blocks
4,396 km2. which is about 3.0 % land of the country. The
elevation of the area in Nepal ranges from 79 m to 2268 m. of the country. The elevation ranges from 70 meter to 2135 region covers 19 % land.
meter.
About 69.4 % of the area of Southern Block-2A lies in Terai The drainage area originating from Mahabharat and Siwalik
region, whereas the Middle Mountain and Siwalik region cover The main rivers in Southern Block-2B are Lal Bakeya, Pasaha, (Chure) range between Koshi Basin and Mechi Basin is defined
about 9.9% and 20.7% land, respectively. Tilabe and Sirsiya. Except the Lal Bakeya, which originates from as Southern Block 4, which is located in Koshi Province. Districts
the Mahabharat range, all other smaller rivers originate from in the block are SunsintoMorang, Ilam, Jhapa, Panchthar and
The main rivers in Southern Block-2A are Banganga, Tinau, the Chure hills. Dhankuta. The Kankai Basin separates the block in to two
Dano, Rohini Mahao and Jharahi. Tinau and Banganga originate parts. The total drainage area of the block up to Nepal-India
from the Mahabharat range and other smaller rivers originate The drainage area originating from Siwalik (Chure) range in Border is about 3,977.76 km2 , which is about 2.7 % land of the
from the Chure hills. between Bagmati Basin and Koshi Basin is defined as Southern country. The elevation ranges from 60 meter to 2410 meter.
Block-3. It is in the central part of Nepal in Sarlahi, Mahottari,
The drainage area originating from Mahabharat and Siwalik Dhanusa, Siraha and Saptari Districts in Madhesh Pradesh. About 81.4 % of the area of Southern Block-4 lies in Terai region
(Chure) range between Gandaki Basin and Bagmati Basin in The Kamala Basin separates the block into two parts. The total whereas the Middle Mountain and Siwalik region cover about
Madhesh and Bagmati Provinces is defined as Southern Block- drainage area of the block up to Nepal-India Border is about 7.5% and 11.1% land, respectively. The main rivers in Southern
2B. Districts in the block are Bara, Parsa, Makwanpur and 4,424.65 km2, which is about 3 % land of the country. The Block-4 are Budhi, Lohandra, Chisang, Bakraha, Ratuwa, Kamal
Rautahat. The total drainage area of the block up to Nepal- elevation ranges from 60 m to 964 m. About 81 % of the area and Biring.
India Border is about 3,396.59 km2, which is about 2.3 % land of Southern Block-3 lies in Terai region, whereas the Siwalik

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 179

 Administrative Division of Southern Block - 1

Table 3.1 List of Local Bodies in Bagmati Basin

SN Province District Name of Local % of
Body Area
1 Baijanath GP 100
SN Province District Name of Local % of
2 Duduwa GP 16
Body Area
3 Janki GP 98 17 Joshipur GP 100
Banke
4 Khajura GP 100 18 Kailari GP 100
Lumbini
5 Kohalpur NP 29 19 Kailali Lamkichuha NP 89

6 Nepalgunj UMNP 81 20 Mohanyal GP 28

7 Badhaiyatal GP 92 21 Tikapur NP 61
Bardiya
8 Bansagadhi NP 67 22 Bedkot NP 100

9 Bardagoriya GP 100 23 Belauri NP 100

Sudur
10 Bhajani NP 100 24 Pashchim Beldandi GP 100

11 Chure GP 66 25 Bhimdatta NP 43
Kanchan- Government of Nepal

12 Dhangadhi UMNP 100 26 pur Krishnapur NP 100 Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Sudur
Kailali
13 Pashchim Gauriganga NP 100 27 Laljhadi GP 100

14 Ghodaghodi NP 100 28 Punarbas NP 100

15 Godawari NP 100 29 Shuklaphanta NP 100

16 Janaki GP 69 30 Dadeldhura Alital GP 12

180 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 1: River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 181

 Southern Block 1: Elevation Zone

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

182 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 1: Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 183

 Southern Block 1: Average Temperature Distribution

Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

184 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 1: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 185

 Southern Block 1: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

186 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 1: Irrigation Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 187

 Southern Block 1: Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

188 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 1: Protected Areas

Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 189

 Administrative Division of Southern Block - 2

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

190 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Table 3.2 List of Local Bodies in Southern Block 2A Table 3.3 List of Local Bodies in Southern Block 2B

SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of
Body Area Body Area Body Area Body Area

1 Bagnaskali GP 26 23 Mayadevi GP 100 1 Baudhimai NP 100 24 Parwanipur GP 100

2 Mathagadhi GP 64 24 Omsatiya GP 100 2 Dewahhi Gonahi NP 94 25 Pheta GP 100

3 Purbakhola GP 3 25 Rohini GP 100 3 Gaur NP 89 26 Prasauni GP 100

Bara

4 Rainadevi Chhahara GP 55 26 Sainamaina NP 100 4 Gujara NP 18 27 Simraungadh NP 100

Palpa
5 Rambha GP 6 27 Sammarimai GP 100 5 Ishanath NP 100 28 Suwarna GP 100
Rupandehi

6 Ribdikot GP 62 28 Siddharthanagar NP 100 6 Katahariya NP 75 29 Bahudaramai NP 100

Rautahat
7 Madhav Narayan NP 13
7 Tansen NP 55 29 Siyari GP 100 30 Bindabasini GP 100

8 Maulapur NP 100
8 Tinau GP 100 30 Sudhdhodhan GP 100 31 Birgunj MNP 100
9 Paroha NP 100
9 Bardaghat NP 80 31 Tillotama NP 100 32 Chhipaharmai GP 100
10 Phatuwa Bijayapur NP 100
10 Palhi Nandan GP 100 32 Banganga NP 100 33 Dhobini GP 100
Madhesh
11 Rajpur NP 100
11 Pratappur GP 58 33 Bijayanagar GP 100 34 Jagarnathpur GP 100
Lumbini Lumbini 12 Yemunamai GP 21
Nawal- Madhesh
12 Ramgram NP 100 34 Buddhabhumi NP 100 35 Jirabhawani GP 100
parasi
West 13 Adarshkotwal GP 100
Parsa
13 Sarawal GP 100 35 Kapilbastu NP 100 36 Kalikamai GP 100
14 Baragadhi GP 100
14 Sunwal NP 95 36 Krishnanagar NP 100 37 Pakahamainpur GP 100
15 Bishrampur GP 100
Kapilbastu
15 Susta GP 4 37 Maharajgunj NP 100 38 Parsagadhi NP 100
16 Devtal GP 100
16 Butwal UMNP 100 38 Mayadevi GP 100 39 Paterwasugauli GP 100
17 Jitpur Simara UMNP 100
17 Devdaha NP 100 39 Shivaraj NP 97 40 Pokhariya NP 100
18 Kalaiya UMNP 100
Bara
18 Gaidahawa GP 100 40 Suddhodhan GP 100 41 Sakhuwa Prasauni GP 100
19 Karaiyamai GP 100

19 Kanchan GP 100 41 Yashodhara GP 100 20 Kolhabi NP 100 42 Thori GP 100

Rupandehi

20 Kotahimai GP 100 42 Panini GP 28 21 Mahagadhimai NP 100 43 Bakaiya GP 81

Ar-
ghakhan-
21 Lumbini Sanskritik NP 100 43 chi Sitganga NP 37 22 Nijgadh NP 100 44 Makawan- Hetauda UMNP 7
Bagamati
pur
22 Marchawari GP 100 44 Gadhawa GP 3 23 Pacharauta NP 100 45 Makawanpurgadhi GP 15
Dang

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 191

 Southern Block 2: River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

192 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 2: Elevation Zone

Southern Block 2B

Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

Southern Block 2A Government of Nepal

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Babai Basin 193

 Southern Block 2: Land Use/Cover

Southern Block 2B

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Southern Block 2A
Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

194 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 2: Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 195

 Southern Block 2: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Southern Block 2B

Southern Block 2A Government of Nepal

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

196 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 2: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 2: Babai Basin 197

 Southern Block 2: Irrigation Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

198 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 2: Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 199

 Southern Block 2: Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DNPWC & PCTMCDB , GON, 2022

200 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Administrative Division of Southern Block - 3

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 201

 Table 3.4 List of Local Bodies in Southern Block 3

SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of SN Province District Name of Local % of
Body Area Body Area Body Area Body Area

1 Triyuga NP 19 23 Golbazar NP 88 45 Sabaila NP 40 67 Chakraghatta GP 100

Koshi Udayapur Dhanusha
2 Udayapurgadhi GP 20 24 Lahan NP 100 46 Sahidnagar NP 25 68 Chandranagar GP 100

3 Agnisair Krishna Sava- 25 25 Laxmipur Patari GP 100 47 Aurahi NP 100 69 Dhankaul GP 18

ran GP

4 Balan Bihul GP 100 26 Naraha GP 17 48 Balwa NP 100 70 Godaita NP 100

Siraha
5 Rajgadh GP 100 27 Nawarajpur GP 100 49 Bardibas NP 100 71 Haripur NP 94

6 Bishnupur GP 100 28 Sakhuwanankarkatti GP 100 50 Bhangaha NP 100 72 Haripurwa NP 100

7 Bode Barsain NP 100 29 Siraha NP 60 51 Ekdanra GP 100 73 Hariwan NP 78

Madhesh Sarlahi
8 Chhinnamasta GP 100 30 Sukhipur NP 100 52 Gaushala NP 100 74 Ishworpur NP 100

9 Dakneshwori NP 100 31 Aaurahi GP 100 53 Jaleswor NP 100 75 Kabilasi NP 100

Saptari
10 Khadak NP 100 32 Bateshwor GP 100 54 Loharpatti NP 100 76 Kaudena GP 100
Mahottari

11 Mahadeva GP 23 33 Bideha NP 86 55 Mahottari GP 100 77 Lalbandi NP 100

Madhesh Madhesh
12 Rajbiraj NP 98 34 Chhireshwornath NP 100 56 Manra Siswa NP 100 78 Malangawa NP 100
Madhesh
13 Rupani GP 98 35 Dhanauji GP 100 57 Matihani NP 100 79 Parsa GP 100

14 Shambhunath NP 100 36 Dhanusadham NP 98 58 Pipra GP 100 80 Ramnagar GP 17

15 Surunga NP 100 37 Ganeshman Charnath 9 59 Ramgopalpur NP 100

NP
Dhanusha
16 Tilathi Koiladi GP 40 38 Hansapur NP 100 60 Samsi GP 100

17 Arnama GP 100 39 Janakpurdham UMNP 100 61 Sonama GP 100

18 Aurahi GP 100 40 Lakshminiya GP 100 62 Balara NP 26

19 Bariyarpatti GP 100 41 Mithila NP 100 63 Barahathawa NP 18

Siraha
20 Bhagawanpur GP 100 42 Mithila Bihari NP 100 64 Basbariya GP 27
Sarlahi

21 Bishnupur GP 30 43 Mukhiyapatti Musarmi- 100 65 Bishnu GP 100

ya GP

22 Dhangadhimai NP 100 44 Nagarain NP 100 66 Bramhapuri GP 100

202 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 3: River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 203

 Southern Block 3: Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data.

204 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 3: Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 205

 Southern Block 3: Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

206 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 3: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 207

 Southern Block 3: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

208 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 3: Irrigation Projects

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 209

 Southern Block 3: Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

210 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 3: Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Data Source: PCTMCDB, GoN, 2022.

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 211

 Administrative Division of Southern Block - 4

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

212 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Table 3.5 List of Local Bodies in Southern Block 4

SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of SN Province District Name of Local Body % of
Area Area Area

1 Chulachuli GP 100 23 Gramthan GP 100 45 Itahari UMNP 100

2 Mai NP 12 24 Jahada GP 100 46 Koshi GP 2

Sunsari
Koshi
3 Mangsebung GP 52 25 Kanepokhari GP 100 47 Ramdhuni NP 100
Ilam

4 Rong GP 46 26 Katahari GP 100 48 Chaubise GP 15

Dhankuta

5 Suryodaya NP 24 27 Kerabari GP 100

6 Arjundhara NP 85 28 Letang NP 100

7 Barhadashi GP 100 29 Miklajung GP 100

Morang

8 Birtamod NP 63 30 Patahrishanishchare NP 100

9 Buddhashanti GP 11 31 Rangeli NP 100

10 Damak NP 100 32 Ratuwamai NP 100

11 Gauradhaha NP 100 33 Sundarharaicha NP 100

Koshi Koshi
12 Gauriganj GP 94 34 Sunwarshi NP 100
Jhapa

13 Haldibari GP 46 35 Uralabari NP 100

14 Jhapa GP 31 36 Barah NP 32

15 Kachankawal GP 36 37 Barju GP 100

16 Kamal GP 100 38 Bhokraha Narsingh GP 100

17 Kankai NP 90 39 Dewanganj GP 100

18 Shivasataxi NP 42 40 Dharan UMNP 83

Sunsari

19 Belbari NP 100 41 Duhabi NP 100

20 Biratnagar MNP 100 42 Gadhi GP 100

Morang
21 Budhiganga GP 100 43 Harinagar GP 100

22 Dhanpalthan GP 100 44 Inaruwa NP 100

Section - 2: West Rapti Basin 213

 Southern Block 4: River System

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

214 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 4: Elevation Zone

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: DEM prepared from Topographic data. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 2: Babai Basin 215

 Southern Block 4: Land Use/Cover

Data Source: IMP, 2019.

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

216 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 4: Average Temperature Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from DHM Temperature Data - 1985-2015.

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 217

 Southern Block 4: Annual Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

218 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 4: Seasonal Average Rainfall Distribution

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: Surface generated from Rainfall Data - DHM (Nepal), IMD (India), and ITPCAS (China); 1985-2015.

Section 2: Babai Basin 219

 Southern Block 4: Irrigation Projects

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Data Source: IMP, 2019. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

220 River Basin Atlas of Nepal

 Southern Block 4: Population Distribution and Density

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Section 3: Southern River Blocks 221

 Southern Block 4: Protected Areas

Government of Nepal
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Data Source: PCTMCDB, GON, 2022

222 River Basin Atlas of Nepal