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ISSN 0970-275X MUMBAI July-September 2024 Vol. 56 Issue No. 3

Bangalore Water Treatment Plants Complex at Thorekadanahalli

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 163 July-September 2024
July-September 2024 164 Journal of Indian Water Works Association
 JOURNAL OF INDIAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
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Journal of Indian Water Works Association 165 July-September 2024

July-September 2024 166 Journal of Indian Water Works Association
 ISSN 0970-275X
JOURNAL
OF INDIAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
Published Quarterly in Jan-Mar, April-June,
Founder President : Late D.R. Bhise July-Sept & Oct-Dec

President ISSN 0970-275X MUMBAI July-September 2024 Vol. 56 Issue No. 3

Er. M. Madhiyalagan
CONTENTS
Hon. General Secretary
Er. Basant Kumar Parida
FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK ................................................168

Hon. Editor (Journal) Digital Water: From Concept to Reality

Dr. P N. Ravindra Vishal J. Rathod, Ramesh Naidu L, Hari babu Pasupuleti and
Dr. S D Sudarsan ..........................................................................169
Hon. Editor (Midstream)
Er. Dilip Ganpatrao Sonwane Carbon Foot Print of Various Types of Water Supply Schemes
([2I¿FLR0HPEHU
Dr. P. Mariappan ..........................................................................178
Er. Anil Kumar Gupta Ward-wise groundwater quality analysis of Jabalpur city using
Review Board Members QGIS
Dr. Rajesh Gupta
Dr. Shailza Verma, Jayvardhan Sahu, Neha Bhagat ....................183
Dr. M. L. Agarwal Downscaling CMIP5 Tmin Projections with Random Forest: A
Dr. D. Hanumantha Chary Study on Aurangabad Region, Maharashtra State, India
Dr. H. K. Ramaraju Yogesh Barokar, Vijaya Pradhan .................................................190
Dr. M. S. Mohan Kumar Integrating Advanced Control Methods and Data Analytics in
Dr. Gautam Das Smart Buildings: A Comprehensive Overview
Prof. Parag Sadgir Saurabh Jain .................................................................................196
Dr. D. L. Venkatesh Babu
Dr. Pophali G.R.
3HUIRUPDQFHRI$QDHURELF%DIÀHG5HDFWRUIRUWKHUHPRYDORI
Dr. Gali Veeresh carbonaceous compounds from a Decentralized Waste Water
Yatish Treatment System in Chitrakoot, India.
Dr. ShailzaVerma, Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia, Dr. Dharmendra Singh .198
Price: Rs. 18/-
For Member Only Spectral Characterization and Detection of Sodium Sulphate in
Indian Water Works Association
Water: Insights from Visible Spectrum Analysis
MCGM Compound, Pipeline Road, Pranav P Bansode, Dr. Dattatraya G Regulwar ..........................204
Vakola, Santacruz (East), Alternate Dispute Resolution
Mumbai - 400 055. Parag Jog, Bharat Chavan, Shubhangi Jain ...............................210
Tel.: +91-22-26672665, 26672666
Email: [email protected] Seismic Analysis Of Intze Type Elevated Service Reservoir
[email protected] Using Different Methods
[email protected] Ravindra N. Patil, Pallavi Khatavkar ...........................................213
Website: www.iwwa.info Design of the Wastewater Treatment Plant for Microelectronic
Cover Design: Processes Wastewater Using CHEMCAD® Process Simulator
Bangalore Water Treatment Plants R. W. Gaikwad, Hemant S. Sadafale .............................................218
Complex at Thorekadanahalli
MIDSTREAM ............................................................................226

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 167 July-September 2024

 FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK
H
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ŝŶǀĂůƵĂďůĞĂƌƟĐůĞƐƚŽƚŚŝƐŵĂŐĂnjŝŶĞ͘

(Dr. P. N. RAVINDRA)
HON. EDITOR
JOURNAL OF INDIAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

July-September 2024 168 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 Digital Water: From Concept to Reality

Vishal J. Rathod
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560100. India.
[email protected]
Ramesh Naidu L
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560100. India.
[email protected]
Hari babu Pasupuleti and Dr. S D Sudarsan
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560100. India.
[email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract: Digital Water denotes the combination of modern digital technologies and traditional water management
systems to transform the water industry. This transition is being driven by the urgent need for increased resilience,
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change, population growth, and deteriorating infrastructure. This article focusses on the underlying concept of Digital
Water, which involves using data to improve water infrastructure and operations. Using Internet of Things (IoT),
6HQVRUV$UWL¿FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH $, DQG%LJ'DWD$QDO\WLFVLQZDWHUPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPV:DWHUXWLOLWLHVFDQXVHWKHVH
technologies to monitor water distribution in real time, detect leaks, estimate demand, optimize infrastructure, improve
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concept to reality involves challenges. It includes the high costs of digitalization, concerns about data privacy, and
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Index Terms:$UWL¿FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH$QDO\WLFV'LJLWDO:DWHU,QWHUQHWRI7KLQJV

INTRODUCTION
Conventional water systems are ancient techniques
employed for water conservation and management,
grounded on the distinct biological and cultural settings of
many countries. Systems like check dams, step wells, and
WDQNVDUHIUHTXHQWO\XQFRPSOLFDWHG\HWUHPDUNDEO\HI¿FLHQW
in capturing rainwater and managing local water resources. Figure 1 Water treatment and distribution process
India’s bhandharas (check dams) channel river water into
¿HOGV YLD FDQDOV JXDUDQWHHLQJ ZDWHU DFFHVVLELOLW\ GXULQJ distribution until it reaches the customer. This necessitates
arid years [1]. Systems such as Zabo or Ruza in hilly areas ongoing oversight of the water delivery process to enable
harvest rainfall for agricultural purposes, integrating with the isolation, analysis, and resolution of any emerging
the natural terrain to enhance water retention [2] (as shown
issues, while simultaneously sustaining optimal operational
in Figure I). The Digital Water Solutions Market was
parameters. Effective solutions necessitate point and
assessed at USD 0.92 billion in 2023. The Digital Water
Solutions market is anticipated to expand from USD 1.04 stage-wise monitoring through automated architectures,
ELOOLRQ LQ  WR 86'  ELOOLRQ E\  UHÀHFWLQJ D which encompass a supervision and control system
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.2% throughout for real-time parameter sensing, a programmable logic
the forecast period (2024 - 2032) [3]. controller-based control system featuring fundamental
Water supply is an essential requirement for individuals, and functions (communication, adjustment, measurement, etc.),
the disparity between demand and availability is increasing communication systems, standard or specialized interfaces
daily. This necessitates the optimal utilization of water linked to sensors, electrical drive components, measuring
through the application of information technology at the instruments, and more. The informatics systems enable the
source, during treatment, and throughout transmission and monitoring, analysis, and processing of data, resulting in

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 169 July-September 2024

optimal operation of both the stage and the overall water water supply systems not only eliminates water waste, but
supply system. DOVRSURYLGHVDFRQVLVWHQWÀRZRIZDWHUZLWKLQDVHWSUHVVXUH
range. The concept comprises automation with minimal
IoT systems are Enterprise Systems that utilize latest
technologies like internet, cloud, AI/ML amongst others. human intervention, resulting in effective and HI¿FLHQW
In these systems, the system’s infrastructural cost is network distribution, cost savings, and the preservation of
reduced by implementing IoT through cloud computing. acceptable drinking water quality.
Maintaining as well as integrating these systems is easy ƒ Sensors can be used to monitor key performance
compared with others. In real-time, the condition of LQGLFDWRUV YL] ÀRZ SUHVVXUH OHDNV UHVLGXDO
these systems can be reported through cloud computing. chlorine, etc. but also ensure early detection of
Therefore, the implementation of algorithms like intricate faults/deviations from set routines, quick response,
control can be done that are frequently used on usual PLCs. minimum service delivery outage, minimum water
Smart water management is the use of data and technology ORVVRSWLPL]HHI¿FLHQF\DQGPRQLWRUWKHTXDQWLW\DQG
to optimize water usage, reduce waste, and improve overall quality on sustainable basis. The additional advantage
HI¿FLHQF\ ,R7 V\VWHPV FDQ SOD\ D FULWLFDO UROH LQ VPDUW of this data would be to analyze the demand pattern of
water management by providing real-time monitoring and the user groups over time and use this information for
control of water systems. Digital Twin is a technology demand management at appropriate level, minimize
which creates virtual representation of a water supply non-revenue water, ensure proper management and
system. In other words, Digital Twin creates a virtual effective operation and maintenance of water supply
replica of the real-world water supply system. Digital Twin systems.
brings SCADA, GIS, hydraulic modeling, and consumer
ƒ Instrumentation and control systems are critical
information into a connected data environment, delivering
components in digital water systems, allowing for
cost-effective operations strategies in real time.
real-time monitoring and automated management of
A digital water system is critical for addressing emerging water treatment and distribution processes. These
concerns in water management, such as resource scarcity, systems measure crucial elements such as water
decaying infrastructure, and climate change. Digital water ÀRZSUHVVXUHS+OHYHOVDQGFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ
systems integrate advanced technology such as IoT sensors, allowing for continuous monitoring of water quality
data analytics, and AI to allow real-time monitoring of and resource management. Advanced instrumentation
water quality, usage, and distribution, resulting in increased enables predictive maintenance by detecting
HI¿FLHQF\DQGIDVWHUGHWHFWLRQRIOHDNVRUV\VWHPIDLOXUHV potential system failures or leaks before they occur,
This proactive method not only reduces water waste but hence decreasing water loss and operational costs.
also improves resource management, especially during Automated control, enabled by sensors and intelligent
droughts or peak demand [4]. Furthermore, it increases devices, improves the optimization of water supply
transparency and allows consumers to make educated DQG WUHDWPHQW SURFHVVHV HQVXULQJ HI¿FLHQF\ DQG
decisions about their water consumption, promoting more sustainability in water management [8].
sustainable water practices. Initial cost on infrastructure,
ƒ Internet of Things (IoT) is a game-changing technology
F\EHUVHFXULW\ FRQFHUQV DQG WKH QHHG IRU VSHFL¿F VNLOOV
in digital water systems, enabling better monitoring,
DUH VLJQL¿FDQW EDUULHUV 5HJDUGOHVV RI WKHVH IDFWRUV WKH
ORQJWHUP EHQH¿WV RI GLJLWDO ZDWHU V\VWHPV²LQFOXGLQJ control, and management of water resources. Internet
FRVW HI¿FLHQF\ UHVRXUFH RSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO of Things (IoT) devices, such as intelligent sensors
FRQVHUYDWLRQ²PDNHWKHPLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHIXWXUH>@$V and meters, are used in water infrastructure to collect
the water sector transitions to the digital era, Digital Water UHDOWLPH GDWD RQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ ÀRZ SUHVVXUH DQG
will not only modernize utilities but also revolutionize consumption patterns. This data is transmitted to
societal relations with this critical resource, laying the cloud platforms for analysis in order to improve
groundwork for a sustainable future. In line with this, the water distribution, detect leaks, and ensure effective
article analyses alternative approaches and technology for resource utilization. Water utilities that integrate IoT
digital water distribution [6][7]. can perform predictive maintenance, reduce water
loss, and improve decision-making, resulting in more
TECHNOLOGIES AND HARDWARE sustainable water management practices and cost
Leveraging technology and electronic equipment will savings.
make it easier to monitor and manage leaks in water supply ƒ SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
systems. The use of these revolutionary technologies in systems are critical in digital water systems because

July-September 2024 170 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 they provide real-time monitoring and control of SMART WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
water treatment facilities, distribution networks, A water distribution network is a hydraulic system that
and wastewater management systems. SCADA uses transports water from the source to end users and includes
sensors and automated controls to collect data on pipelines, valves, pumps, ground-level and raised storage
ZDWHUÀRZSUHVVXUHDQGTXDOLW\DOORZLQJRSHUDWRUV tanks, and reservoirs. Conventional water networks meet
to identify problems such as leaks, equipment faults, a city’s water demand primarily through static data,
and water quality variations. This allows utilities to with distribution valves manually opened at preset times
respond quickly, improve procedures, and ensure throughout the day to meet that demand. Furthermore,
HI¿FLHQWFRVWHIIHFWLYHDQGVDIHZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW SLSH OHDNV DUH UHSDLUHG RQO\ DIWHU SXEOLF QRWL¿FDWLRQ $
all while enabling remote operations and predictive typical water distribution network becomes a Smart Water
maintenance. Distribution network by combining sensors, automation
technologies, and a cloud-based Internet of Things (IoT)
ƒ AI can optimize the design, operations, and architecture. The intelligent water distribution network
maintenance of water systems. AI based predictive would enable real-time monitoring and management of
simulations can model and analyze complex ZDWHUÀRZWKURXJKSLSHOLQHV
networks of water distribution, treatment plants,
and reservoirs. AI can optimize water allocation,
detect leakages through advanced visual recognition
models, forecast energy usage for water distribution,
and also provide ways for predictive maintenance,
leading to improved infrastructure performance
and reduced water losses. Also, AI, combined with
sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, can
enable real-time monitoring and analysis of water
quality parameters as well as the health of Water
Distribution System (WDS). AI models deployed
on HPC systems can handle the high-frequency
data generated by these sensors and provide timely
alerts in case of water contamination or deteriorating
quality. This allows rapid response and remediation
measures to protect public health. Figure II A Schematic view of City wide water distribution
ƒ By integrating diverse data sources, modeling network
tools, and algorithms, decision support systems can Figure II illustrates the map of a citywide water distribution
provide actionable insights to policymakers, water network. The water from the source will be conveyed to the
managers, and stakeholders. These systems can treatment facility prior to distribution to the city.
assist in formulating effective strategies, policies,
A smart city water distribution network integrates advanced
and interventions for sustainable water management
WHFKQRORJLHV WR HQKDQFH WKH HI¿FLHQF\ DQG UHOLDELOLW\ RI
and resource allocation. Furthermore, AI can help to water supply systems. This network utilizes real-time data
assess the impact of climate change on water resources collection through sensors and smart meters to monitor
and develop adaptive strategies. By analyzing climate ZDWHU ÀRZ SUHVVXUH DQG TXDOLW\ DFURVV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ
patterns and historical water usage data, AI can infrastructure. By implementing leak detection systems
project future scenarios and support the formulation and automated controls, utilities can promptly address
of resilient water management plans. issues, reduce water loss, and optimize resource allocation.
Moreover, these smart systems facilitate better demand
Smart water networks use sensors, data analytics, and
management and predictive maintenance, leading to
automated controls to improve water delivery and improved sustainability and service delivery [10]. Overall,
management. They help utilities monitor water quality, VPDUWZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNVFRQWULEXWHVLJQL¿FDQWO\WR
¿QG OHDNV DQG LPSURYH HI¿FLHQF\ LQ UHDOWLPH 6PDUW the resilience and effectiveness of urban water management,
Water Networks (SWNs) improve decision-making and aligning with the broader goals of smart city development.
HQFRXUDJH VXVWDLQDEOH ZDWHU XVH EHQH¿WLQJ ERWK XWLOLWLHV 7DEOH,OLVWRXWWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVXVHGLQ
and customers [9]. the smart water network system.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 171 July-September 2024

7$%/(,3DUDPHWHUVSHFL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHVPDUWZDWHU
network
Parameter 'HWDLOVDQG6SHFL¿FDWLRQV
pH Water quality: Acidity or
basicity (pH around 7 is safe )
[6.5 to 8.5 is acceptable]
Turbidity Water quality: Cloudiness due to
particles (< 1 NTU right purity
level) [NTU - Nephelometric
Turbidity Units] [0 to 5 NTU is
acceptable]
Free residual Water quality: Left over chlorine
chlorine after oxidation (maintained
at 2 ppm to ensure no living
organisms) [0 to 2 ppm] Figure III Photograph of the smart water distribution
Dissolved oxygen Water quality: To maintain at network test bed deployed at CDAC Bangalore
least 4 mg/l after conventional
treatment and disinfection chlorine to be 2 ppm before it is sent to the bulk distribution
[Sensing range: 0 to 20 mg/l] line. Figure IV shows the system level architecture of data
Electrically actuated Controls and modulates the ÀRZIURPWKHHQGQRGHVWRWKHVHUYHU
valve ZDWHUÀRZLQWKHSLSHOLQHV
Pump speed control Controls the water pump speed Furthermore, water from ground-level storage stations
by taking inputs from water level would be pumped to raised storage points in each zone.
sensors in an IoT interface and 3UHVVXUH OHYHO ÀRZ UDWH DQG ZDWHU TXDOLW\ ZRXOG EH
DYRLGV RYHUÀRZ IURP RYHUKHDG monitored using appropriate sensors and interfaced
tanks or sumps with 6LoWPAN/LoRa/Cellular-based end nodes. The
Flow sensors Hall effect/Electromagnetic/ data acquired from the end nodes in each zone would be
8OWUDVRQLF ÀRZ VHQVRUV WR forwarded to the 6LoWPAN/LoRa/Cellular Gateway. The
PRQLWRUÀRZUDWH±ZDWHUPHWHU aggregated data from the gateway would be delivered to the
Level sensor Hydrostatic level sensors backend server via the MQTT over TCP/IP protocol. The
(pressure based) Gateway collects and sends data to the 6LoWPAN/LoRa/
Pressure sensor Measures the pressure at the Cellular network while simultaneously communicating with
required points in the pipeline the server. A bespoke application stack would be installed
on the gateway to transport data between the 6LoWPAN/
A typical water network in a city would be divided into LoRa/Cellular and the Node.js server. The Node.js Server
multiple zones with water storage reservoirs and water manages data transfer between the Message Queuing
pipelines of appropriate sizes based on the population Telemetry Transport (MQTT) server and the 6LoWPAN/
density in the given zone. Treated water would be pumped LoRa/Cellular transceiver. Node.js also translates data
to the ground level storage point and the quality would from JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) to the 6LoWPAN/
be checked. The primary quality parameters such as pH, LoRa/Cellular packet structure, and vice versa. MQTT is a
turbidity, free residual chlorine and dissolved oxygen would lightweight, publish-subscribe-based messaging protocol
be monitored at the ground level storage point. It may be used to communicate between the server and the gateway.
noted that, as per the Central Pollution Control Board, India,
GULQNLQJZDWHULVFODVVL¿HGXQGHU&ODVV$DQG&ODVV&ZLWK The Server includes a MQTT broker, a Web app, a
a list of various water quality parameters apart from above dashboard, and a database. The MQTT broker talks with
the gateway, publishing data to the water/panID/command
mentioned primary quality parameters. Figure III depicts the
topic and subscribing to the water/panID/data topic. The
VPDUWZDWHUGLVWULEXWLRQQHWZRUNHVWDEOLVKHGDWRXURI¿FH
web app checks data received from the MQTT topics
&RQYHQWLRQDOO\WKHZDWHUZRXOGEHWUHDWHG¿UVWE\SXPSLQJ water/panID/data and water/panID/command. Along with
it to a fountain arrangement to remove the bad odor, and that, the web app checks data exchanged between the
then sent to the sand, gravel bed to remove the dirt and user from multiple sources such as MQTT brokers and
some sediment. Finally, chlorination would be done to dashboards, the web app updates the database. The wireless
kill any bacteria and it is ensured that the concentration of sensor node receives data from the sensors and transfers

July-September 2024 172 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 The measured water parameter data collected from all
wireless sensor nodes would be sent to the server for
analytics on water billing, quality monitoring, identifying
pipeline leaks, detecting unauthorized water usage,
identifying water consumption patterns, generating water
balance sheets, and automating distribution lines. Figure V
illustrates the dashboard which collects the water quality
data and consumed at the tail node.
Water meters are vital in digital water systems because
they provide accurate, real-time monitoring of water
consumption. These intelligent meters use IoT technology to
monitor usage in both the residential and industrial sectors,
allowing for more effective resource management. They
KHOSXWLOLWLHV¿QGOHDNVUHGXFHZDWHUZDVWHDQGLPSURYH
customer service by providing extensive insights into usage
)LJXUH,96PDUWZDWHUQHWZRUN'DWDÀRZIURPHQG
trends. Furthermore, they advocate for water conservation
nodes to the server
by implementing dynamic pricing methods that encourage
XVHUV WR XVH ZDWHU PRUH HI¿FLHQWO\ 6PDUW ZDWHU PHWHUV
are critical for long-term water management and play
an important role in upgrading urban water systems into
LQWHOOLJHQW HI¿FLHQW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH >@ )LJXUH 9, VKRZV
the different types of water meters and its functionality.
$ ZDWHU PHWHU LV D VFLHQWL¿F HTXLSPHQW XVHG WR FRUUHFWO\
DVVHVV FRQVXPHU ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG HI¿FLHQWO\
manage municipal water supply. Poor selection, lack of
maintenance, and intermittent water supply make 20-30%
of ULB meters inoperable. Water meters are critical for
changing intermittent to 24x7 water supply. 100% metering

Figure V Dashboard that shows the water quality data

and water consumed at the tail node

it to the gateway via 6LoWPAN/LoRa/Cellular using a

bespoke application protocol. The gateway extracts data
from 6LoWPAN/LoRa/Cellular, converts it to JSON string
format, then publishes it to the “water/panID/Data” topic
via MQTT.
When you subscribe to the subject “water/panID/Data”,
the server’s MQTT broker gets data and stores it in the
database via TCP/IP. In addition, the server provides real-
WLPH GDWD XSGDWHV RU QRWL¿FDWLRQV WR WKH GDVKERDUG 7KH
server and dashboard communicate via REST APIs. The
dashboard transmits control or command signals to the
server as the user interacts. The server updates the database
state and publishes data to the MQTT topic based on
the type of command received. The MQTT client on the
Gateway receives data from the server, converts it to the
6LoWPAN/LoRa/Cellular packet structure, and sends it to
the appropriate wireless sensor node. Figure VI Functionality of water meters

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 173 July-September 2024

is required for demand management and water saving. auditing purposes by large customers such as commercial
:LWKRXW  PHWHULQJ LW LV GLI¿FXOW WR SURYLGH  complexes and industries. Woltman water meters
water delivery. Water meters give real-time information (mechanical), as well as electromagnetic and ultrasonic
about a consumer’s household or bulk water consumption, water meters, are commonly used for bulk metering. The
encouraging more effective use. Flow meters measure ideal diameter range for bulk metering is 50mm-150mm.
ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ RU RXWÀRZ IURP D ULYHU ERUH ZHOO
dam/reservoir, Water Treatment Plant (WTP), or District When it comes to the production of water meters,
0HWHULQJ$UHDV7KHÀRZPHWHUPD\DOVRPHDVXUHSUHVVXUH standardization is critical. Water meters must meet a
temperature, turbidity, and water quality if required. There variety of international and regional requirements to assure
are various types of water meters that can be made smart DFFXUDF\GXUDELOLW\DQGHI¿FLHQF\ZKLOHPRQLWRULQJZDWHU
by using IoT. usage. ISO 4064 is a widely used international standard that
VSHFL¿HVWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIZDWHUPHWHUVIRUERWKFROGDQG
hot water applications [12]. In India, regulations like IS
779 and IS 2373 govern the selection and testing of water
meters. The OIML R 49 standard is very relevant globally,
as it makes recommendations for water meter accuracy and
reliability. In North America, the American Water Works
Association (AWWA) establishes manufacturing standards
for water meters. Table II shows some of the national and
internation standards for water meters.

)LJXUH9,,&ODVVL¿FDWLRQRIZDWHUPHWHUV TABLE II National and International standards of

water meters
Water meters are available in multiple varieties, each
GHVLJQHG IRU VSHFL¿F QHHGV 0HFKDQLFDO PHWHUV DUH WKH Sr. Standard /
Title/Description
predominant type, utilizing moving components such as No. Reference
WXUELQHVRUSLVWRQVWRTXDQWLI\ZDWHUÀRZ(OHFWURPDJQHWLF 1 BS: 7405:1991 Selection and application
meters operate by utilizing the conductive characteristics FRQ¿UPHG\HDU RI ÀRZ PHWHUV IRU WKH
of water and are optimal for measurement in extensive, 2017 PHDVXUHPHQW RI ÀXLG ÀRZ
non-residential settings. Ultrasonic meters employ sound in closed conduits
waves to ascertain water velocity and are recognized for 2 BS: 5792:1980 6SHFL¿FDWLRQ IRU (OHFWUR
their precision and absence of moving components, hence Replaced by: BS 0DJQHWLFÀRZPHWHUV
minimizing wear and tear. Smart meters, an innovative EN ISO
technology, employs digital systems to deliver real-time 20456:2019
data on water consumption, facilitating leak detection 3 BS EN ISO: Measurement of
and optimizing water management. Figure VII shows the 6817:1997 FRQGXFWLYH OLTXLG ÀRZ LQ
FODVVL¿FDWLRQRIZDWHUPHWHUV Replaced by: closed conduits - Method
Mechanical meters have moving components that sense BS EN ISO XVLQJ(OHFWURPDJQHWLFÀRZ
ÀRZ VXFK DV D SLVWRQ RU LPSHOOHU 7KH\ PDNH XS WKH 20456:2019 meters
majority of meters used in water distribution networks, 4 ISO 9104:1991/ 0HDVXUHPHQW RI ÀXLG
notably for measuring usage and billing at the domestic Revised by: ISO ÀRZ LQ FORVHG FRQGXLWV
level. Electromagnetic and ultrasonic meters do not have 20456:2017 ² 0HWKRG RI HYDOXDWLQJ
PRYLQJ FRPSRQHQWV DQG GHWHFW ÀRZ YLD WKH PHWHU XVLQJ BS 7526: 1991 the performance of
electromagnetic and acoustic waves, respectively. They HOHFWURPDJQHWLF ÀRZ
are generally used for bulk metering, particularly in large meters for liquids
pipelines, and/or in applications that need high accuracy 5 IS 14615 Part I: 0HDVXUHPHQW RI ÀXLG
measurement, such as DMA measurement. Mechanical 1999: 2018 ÀRZ E\ PHDQV RI SUHVVXUH
water meters, such as single jet, multijet, and piston models, GLIIHUHQWLDOGHYLFHV²3DUW
as well as electromagnetic and ultrasonic meters, are used ,  2UL¿FH SODWHV QR]]OHV
in residential applications. The ideal diameter range for and venturi tubes inserted
residential metering is 15 to 40 mm. Bulk water meters in circular cross-section
DUH XVHG WR DVVHVV VLJQL¿FDQW ZDWHU XVDJH IRU ELOOLQJ DQG conduits running full

July-September 2024 174 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 Sr. Standard / AI-DRIVEN DIGITAL WATER SYSTEM
Title/Description
No. Reference The view of digital water system comprises data collection
6 IS 9115: 1979 Method for estimation of to input in AI-driven digital water system (ADWS),
5HDI¿UPHG<HDU LQFRPSUHVVLEOH ÀXLG ÀRZ Demand pattern simulations, Consumption analysis,
2017 in closed conduits by Bend Leakage analysis, etc. for better management decisions
meters [13]. A high level conceptual view of ADWS is shown in
Figure VIII. The IoT layer/Physical layer over the existing
7 IS 779: 1994 Water meters (Domestic
City infrastructure alone cannot provide accurate, reliable
5HDI¿UPHG<HDU W\SH ±6SHFL¿FDWLRQ 6L[WK
and sustainable insights to address the water challenges
2015 revision)
of a city. When physical water assets are replicated
8 ISO: 4064:2014 Water meters for cold virtually along with its dynamic attributes, the system
&RQ¿UPHG<HDU potable water and hot water should be able to convert massive cold data generated
2019 Part-1: Metrological and into hot data, thereby deriving useful insights, identifying
technical requirements positive approaches like reduced water wastage, real-time
Part-2: Test methods and feedback, etc., which will empower decision making etc.
equipment to improve water equity for citizens. As water is one of the
Part-5: Installation essential and precious commodity, the input volume of the
requirements water distribution system should be tracked for authorized
9 AWWA Manual 6 Water Meters - Selection, consumptions (ex: Billed or Revenue water consumptions,
Installation, Testing and unbilled consumptions, etc.) and water losses (ex: apparent
Maintenance and real water losses) to reduce carbon footprint.
10 ISO 1088: 2007 Velocity-area methods
&RQ¿UPHG<HDU XVLQJ FXUUHQWPHWHUV ²
2020 Collection and processing
of data for determination
RI XQFHUWDLQWLHV LQ ÀRZ
measurement
11 ISO 3354: 2008 Velocity-area method
&RQ¿UPHG<HDU using current-meters in full
2017 conduits and under regular
ÀRZFRQGLWLRQV
12 ISO 4006: 1991 0HDVXUHPHQW RI ÀXLG
&RQ¿UPHG<HDU ÀRZ LQ FORVHG FRQGXLWV ²
2019 Vocabulary and symbols
13 ISO 4064-1: 2005 0HDVXUHPHQWRIZDWHUÀRZ
Replaced by: in fully charged closed
ISO 4064-1:2014 FRQGXLWV²0HWHUVIRUFROG
potable water and hot water Figure VIII Conceptual View of AI-driven Digital Water
²3DUW6SHFL¿FDWLRQV System (ADWS)
14 ISO 4064-2: 2014 Water meters for cold
&RQ¿UPHG<HDU potable water and hot water Water distribution systems are characterized as closed
2019 ²3DUW7HVWPHWKRGV systems with repetitive daily demand patterns and typically
15 ISO 4064-5: 2014 Water meters for cold with more sensors installed compared to urban drainage
&RQ¿UPHG<HDU potable water and hot V\VWHPV HJ ÀRZ PHWHUV LQ WKH V\VWHP LQVWDOOHG WR ¿QG
2019 ZDWHU²3DUW,QVWDOODWLRQ OHDNDJHV 7KH\DUHKRZHYHUPRUHGLI¿FXOWWRLQVSHFWGXHWR
requirements the smaller diameter of the pipes, and therefore errors in the
16 ISO 5168: 2005 0HDVXUHPHQWRIÀXLG SLSHV\VWHPKDYHWREHLGHQWL¿HGLQGLUHFWO\E\LQWHUSUHWLQJ
5HDI¿UPHG ÀRZ²3URFHGXUHVIRUWKH model and sensor data, which is a strong motivation for
evaluation of uncertainties XVLQJ$,$':6EUHDNVGRZQLQWR¿YHPDLQFRPSRQHQWV
and the corresponding details are provided below:

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 175 July-September 2024

a) Asset’s geospatial and physical data in the system for understanding the performance of an asset in future.
For water utilities, the system starts with a GIS Mapping 8WLOLWLHV DUH PDNLQJ D VLJQL¿FDQW HIIRUW WR ³VHQVRU XS´ LQ
vertical assets like pumps and tanks, along with linear this aspect. However, this presents a challenge as many
underground infrastructure, like pipes, giving system water systems are expansive and complex. To depict these
managers an understanding of what they have, and networks in real-time, a staggering amount of sensors would
where it is. In the water world, networked systems are be required. The limiting factors for many utilities include
now hydraulically connected. So, when considering the obtaining funding, locating and installing instrumentation,
physical data about these assets, ADWS will show the dependability, and complexity. A multi-physics and multi-
relative positioning and how one asset affects another. A scale model is a critical part of the ADWS. Additionally,
VLPSOHOLVWRIDVVHWVWKDWPDNHXSWKHV\VWHPZRQ¶WVXI¿FH it forecasts asset behavior and performance using models
instead comprehensive asset registry has to be maintained based on physics, commonly referred to as First Principles
with detailed information of the asset such as current and models, without installing an unnecessary number of
historical data along with location, date of installation, sensors across the entire network.
size, and other unique characteristics that will impact its
d) AI & Analytics Engine
condition (corrosively of the soil, proximity to sensitive
infrastructure like railways or highways, etc..). These 7KH$, $QDO\WLFVHQJLQHSRZHUVWKH$':6WRUHSOLFDWH
inputs help water system managers to integrate observed real-life. To undertake sophisticated hydraulic, hydrologic,
DQGOLYHGDWDIURPWKHZDWHUV\VWHPLQWKH¿HOG and water quality evaluations, AI models integrated with
QXPHULFDOHQJLQHVGH¿QHDQGIRUHFDVWDVVHWSHUIRUPDQFH
b) Sensor data and observations about the asset failure considering both the possibility and impact
environment that affects the assets RI SURVSHFWLYH IDLOXUHV²DV ZHOO DV UHDOWLPH RSHUDWLRQDO
Based on the spectrum of infrastructure that exists for analytics to establish key performance indicators (KPIs) for
water utilities in smart cities, observed data takes the form managing water loss and responding to important events.
of recorded inspection data, CCTV records, or similar The data points described in components 1-3 are activated
W\SHVRIPDQXDOO\FROOHFWHG¿HOGGDWD,I,QGXVWULDO,QWHUQHW E\$, $QDO\WLFVHQJLQHVWRUHSURGXFHDQDVVHW¶VOLIHZLWK
RI 7KLQJV ,,R7  IRU H[DPSOH ¿HOG WHOHPHWU\ VHQVRUV a level of accuracy that is predictive. Pairing up of AI with
SCADA, and smart metering infrastructures, exists in the physics-based models allows us to have more power and
utilities, ADWS gets humongous real-time data. System control over where we can manage our data input to solve
administrators can observe what is happening live in the problems in the real-world.
¿HOG DQG ZKDW KDV KDSSHQHG LQ WKH SDVW RZLQJ WR ERWK
observed data and sensor data. For instance, the question, e) Visualization and Insights
“How much water is in this tank at this moment?” can be 7KH ODVW OD\HU RU FRPSRQHQW LOOXVWUDWHV DQDO\WLFDO ¿QGLQJV
easily addressed with a single sensor. What happened at visually so that stakeholders of the water systems understand
the same moment yesterday? A month before? How has the most obvious triggers for action. For ADWS to be
UDLQIDOO DIIHFWHG WKH UDWH DW ZKLFK WKH WDQN ¿OOV" $':6 effectively useful, it needs to visualize what’s happening in
exceeds these observatory questions and will tell you what physical and virtual setups. Predictive modelling results must
will happen to an asset based on environmental factors and be translated into actionable visual and statistical insights if
gives a diagnostic foundation as to why it occurred this complicated analytics are being conducted. ADWS facilitates
ZD\)XUWKHUWRWKLVSRLQWLWJLYHVDSUHVFULSWLYHLGHD±LILW communication and also visualizes and represents outcomes
UDLQV;DPRXQWWKHQWKHWDQNZLOO¿OODW;UDWH7KLVWKHQ in a deeply analytical, but accessible way.
becomes the foundation of predictive analytics and will be
scaled as needed to larger and more complex systems. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The digital water system illustrates an innovative approach
c) Historical Data to water management, utilizing sophisticated technologies
The more historical performance data exists, the better we such as sensors, IoT, and data analytics to increase water
will be able to replicate the asset’s behavior. These will be VXVWDLQDELOLW\HI¿FLHQF\DQGVHUYLFHTXDOLW\'LJLWDOZDWHU
stored as static data - a single data point at a single time systems address major concerns in resource management
± EXW DV WKH SURSRVHG GDWD VWRUH FRQWLQXHV WR HYROYH ZH and environmental sustainability by improving leak
FDQ SXVK LQWR G\QDPLF GDWD VWRUHV )RU D VSHFL¿F WDQN LQ detection, optimizing water use, and reducing energy
the system, this can appear as a continuous record of time consumption. The technology improves quality control
vs. depth. These variable data points can be stored for a and enables real-time decision-making, lowering operating
VSHFL¿HGSHULRGRIWLPHVD\RYHUWKHFRXUVHRI\HDUVDQG costs and environmental impact. As water utilities
then the asset performance can be analyzed and predicted increasingly use digital technologies, the future promises

July-September 2024 176 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

more resilient and responsive water networks that promote 6. Hoolohan, C., Amankwaa, G., Browne, A. L., er al.
sustainable development. (2021). Resocializing digital water transformations:
In the future, it is likely to focus on enhancing water Outlining social science perspectives on the digital
PDQDJHPHQWVXVWDLQDELOLW\UHVLOLHQFHDQGHI¿FLHQF\ZLWK water journey. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:
advanced digital technology. IoT-enabled smart meters, Water, 8(3), e1512.
AI-facilitated leak detection, and real-time data analytics 7. Zafra-Gómez, E., Garrido-Montañés, M., López-
will make it easier to monitor water usage and identify Pérez, G., et al. (2024). Transparency and
problems quickly. Autonomous control systems offer the Digitalization in Water Services: Reality or Still a
ability to improve water distribution while reducing waste Dream?. Water, 16(3), 367.
and energy consumption. Furthermore, the use of renewable
8. Drake, R. A. R. (Ed.). (2013). Instrumentation and
energy sources in water treatment facilities will allow for
more environmentally sustainable operations. Mitigating Control of Water and Wastewater Treatment and
climate change effects will also encourage the development Transport Systems: Proceedings of the 4th IAWPRC
of adaptive solutions to provide secure and resilient water Workshop Held in Houston and Denver, USA, 27
supply systems. April-4 May 1985. Elsevier.
9. Vatten S. Link: https://www.smartvatten.com/en/
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Haribabu, P. (2018, June). Smart water distribution
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Journal of Indian Water Works Association 177 July-September 2024

 Carbon Foot Print of Various Types of Water Supply Schemes

Dr. P. Mariappan
Executive Engineer, TWAD Board, RWS Division, Dindigul-624 005,Tamil Nadu.
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Drinking water supply systems exit with the civilization. Over a period time, many changes have happened
in the system of drinking water supply. Change in the type of water supply scheme has resulted over a period of time.
3UHVHQWSDSHUWDNHVDVWRFNRIWKHGLৼHUHQWW\SHRIGULQNLQJZDWHUVXSSO\VFKHPHVSUDFWLFHGZLWKWKHHVWLPDWLRQWKH
carbon foot print resulting from electrical energy consumption during operation and maintenance of various water
supply schemes. Traditional water supply systems including hand pump schemes emit no carbon as there is no energy
consumption involved. Each Household pump is estimated to likely to release carbon in the order of 47 to 236 Kg/Year.
Carbon emission by one mini power pump scheme is reckoned at 378 to 1135 Kg/Year. Estimated carbon contribution
from single village piped water is in between 3028 and 15139 Kg/Year. An average estimate of carbon emission from
WKHQXPEHUVRIPXOWLYLOODJHVFKHPHVLQGLFDWHVDVPHWULFWRQ\HDU7RFKHFNWKHJOREDOZDUPLQJUHWUR¿WWLQJ
RIWUDGLWLRQDODQGSURPRWLRQRIXVHRIKDQGSXPSIRUPDWLRQRIOHVVHQHUJ\LQWHQVLYHVFKHPHVZLWKWKHXVHRIH৽FLHQW
pumps may be the options.
Key Words: Carbon foot print, hand pump, piped water supply.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Rain Water Harvesting (Traditional)

Water on the earth crust is a god’s gift to the living plant. Drinking water ponds are more common in the coastal
Scriptures reveal the origin of organisms from water. districts of Tamil Nadu viz: Pudukottai, Sivagangai,
World’s ancient civilizations were along the river courses, Ramanthapuram, Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi and part of
i.e, water. With the traditional wisdom and the technological Dindigul districts in Tamilnadu State. Presence of similar
development, the system of water supply has taken structures has been reported in Orissa State and other coastal
different dimensions. The source of water for the drinking areas of India. It is ascertained that some of these ponds
water supply is also changes with regions and technology. were created by the Kings, other rulers, rich individuals,
Generally, a drinking water supply scheme accommodates and saints. In Sivagangai District of Tamil Nadu State,
a source, conveyance, storage and distribution. Recent it is peculiar to note that some such infrastructures were
schemes mostly energy dependent. Global warming effect created as a part of rituals by the inhabitants. For example,
solicits to check the carbon foot print during operation and one of the ponds was constructed by a family for blessed
maintenance of infrastructures. An attempt has been made with boy baby. The family constructed a pond and handed
to determine the quantity of carbon emission from various over to temple.. These ponds are fed by well-connected
types of water supply schemes LQÀRZ FKDQQHO V\VWHP DQG D VHSDUDWH OLQN FKDQQHO IURP
the irrigation tank has been made to feed the pond in a
2.0 TYPE OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES few locations. No relationship is observed between size
The type of drinking water supply scheme being provided of pond and habitation. In some locations, the ponds are
changes with time and technological development. Rain being well protected by placing notice boards inscribing
water harvesting in natural depressions and man-made OLNH³'ULQNLQJZDWHUSRQGGRQRWSROOXWHGRQRWHQWHUZLWK
ponds stand still today as the model practiced during earlier
periods. Community Open well with manual withdrawal
system is another model. Hand pump schemes were
introduced during seventies and individual power pump
(IPP) came afterwards. Mini power pump scheme has also
come into practice during the last decade. Multi-village
Water Supply Scheme (MVWSS)/Combined Water Supply
Scheme (CWSS), in other words called as Regional Water
Supply Scheme (RWSS), concept has been widely adopted
to cover multi villages drawing water from a single source
since 1980s. Photo I: Drinking water pond ( oorany ) at Samuthirapatty

July-September 2024 178 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

chapels”. Photo I shows the drinking water pond (oorany) 2.2 Hand Pump
at Samuthirapatty in Tamilnadu.
Hand pump scheme incorporates a bore well , hand pump
The water sample was collected for analysis from assembly and platform. Rate of pumping of will be in
Samuthirapatty oorany. Quality of water indicates the TDS the range 10 to 15 lpm. Muscle power is used. Depth of
as 58 mg/l where as the groundwater in that region shows installation is normally in the order of 30 metre. India Mark
the TDS value as 1205 mg/L. II pump is commonly used (Photo V). A Hand pump may
serve for 150 people. Majority of the communities in the
At Sekkipatty of Tamil Nadu, run off from a rock surface
rural area across the country depend on this simple system
is detained by forming a bund around and is being used for
to withdraw water for their drinking, cooking and other day
drinking and cooking purposes ( Photo II ). It is told that food
to day needs.
cooked using the water collected from the pond is tasty. Food
cooked using rain water is most preferred for drinking too.
Similar type of rain water harvesting structure, called Kunds,
(Photo III) is also found widely in Rajesthan. It
accommodates a sump at the centre of the catchment area
and withdrawal arrangement.

Photo V : Hand pump scheme

Photo II : Rain water harvesting for drinking at Sekkipatty.
2.3 Mini Power Pump
Mini power pump schemes a little advanced version to hand
pump based system, here the muscle power to pump water
is eliminated Mini power pump scheme consist of a bore
well ( Source ), power pump (submersible), kiosk, 1000
litres sintex tank with point distribution. Photo VI shows a
mini power pump scheme.

Photo III : Kunds in Rajesthan.

Photo IV shows a very simple water source being used in
one of habitations in Palani hills, Kodaikanal block in Tamil
Nadu. Seepage water is collected in a depression and people
around come collect water for their drinking purposes.

Photo VI. : Mini Power Pump Scheme

Muscle power is not required and is a point distribution

Photo IV : Spring development in Kodaikanal system. Cost is higher than a hand pump scheme.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 179 July-September 2024

2.4 Individual Power Pump Scheme 3.0 METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF CARBON EMISSION
Individual Power pump scheme (IPP) has the following Steps involved in the estimation of quantity of carbon
components: Sustainable water source, pump set, pump emission involve energy consumption and conversion
room, conveying main, service reservoir (Over head tank), to quantity of carbon emission. Energy consumption is
distribution system and public fountain. Schematic diagram determined by formula given below (Equation 1) and
RIDQ,33LVJLYHQLQ¿JXUH:DWHULVVXSSOLHGDWWKHVWUHHWV carbon emission is reckoned by equation (2) (Abhishek
instead of point distribution as in the mini power pump. Rajan et al, 2020).
House service connections is also now encouraged with on Energy consumption
an average monthly charge of Rs.30/= in the rural area.
(E),(kWh) =(Php 7   ȕ /  
It is mainly based on local source. It invites attention for Where Php- Electric pump duty in HP,
the operation and maintenance on a regular basis. Cost is
higher than the mini power pump. 7±+RXUVRISXPSLQJLQKRXU
L - Transmission and distribution energy loss in delivering
2.5 Multi Village Water Supply Scheme
power to pump, (20 %)
Multi-Village Water Supply Schemes (MVS) are
ȕ(I¿FLHQF\RIPRWRU
considered as a suitable choice for the regions where the
water is scarce and bad quality local source. In MVS, water Carbon emission, Kg = E *Cf (2)
from a single source is conveyed to the multi-villages. MVS Where E- Energy consumption (E), (kWh),
facilitate higher levels of service besides offering a feasible
and long-term solution to the acute water scarcity faced by Cf - Carbon Emission factor (0.278)
PDQ\UHJLRQVLQ,QGLD6DOLQLW\H[FHVVLYHLURQDQGÀXRULGH Abhishek Rajan et al (2020) have adopted the carbon
in the groundwater warrant going for the above type of emission factor of 0.278 Kg per kWh for the irrigation
schemes in Tamil Nadu. As on date, 542 multi village pumps in India. The pump horse power, hours of operation
schemes (Combined water supply schemes) are being used for various types of schemes are presented in Table I.
under operation and maintenance by Tamil Nadu Water
Supply and Drainage Board and about 11 numbers of such 4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
schemes are currently being under installation. Hogenakkal Carbon emission reckoned for several types of water supply
Water Supply and Fluorosis Mitigation Project, is one schemes based on the hours of pumping is presented in
such scheme, plans to cater to the drinking needs of 6755 Table II. It is observed from the Table II that the traditional
rural habitations of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri districts. water supply schemes and hand pump schemes do not emit
Conveyance system in multi village schemes incorporates carbon in lieu of muscle power use. These schemes are eco-
pumping and gravity mains with or without branch mains friendly. Water level drop due to drawal of groundwater
(Mariappan, et al., 2011, Mariappan, 2002). render sustainability of hand pump.

TABLE I
PUMP HORSE POWER AND HOURS OF OPERATION

Sl.No Type of scheme Pump HP range Hours of operation / Day

1. Traditional water supply scheme (TWS) 0 0

2. Hand pump scheme (HPS) 0 0

3. Household pump (HHP) 0.5-1.0 0.5

4. Mini Power pump (MPP) 1.0-5.0 2

5. Single village piped water supply (SVS) 2.0-10 8

6. Multi-village water supply scheme (MVS) (30 numbers of 6670 18

MVS in Dindigul district)

July-September 2024 180 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

TABLE II
CARBON EMISSION FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES.

Sl.No Type of scheme Electrical energy Carbon emission, Kg/

consumption, kWh/Day year

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

1. Traditional water supply scheme (TWS) 0 0 0 0

2. Hand pump scheme (HPS) 0 0 0 0

3. Household pump (HHP) 0.47 2.33 47.31 236.55

4. Mini Power pump (MPP) 3.73 11.19 378.48 1135.45

5. Single village piped water supply (SVS) 29.84 149.2 3027.86 15139.32

6. Multi-village water supply scheme (MVS) 149274.60 15146893.66

(Dindigul district)

surface as source is most common in Dindigul district. The

trend of carbon emission with type of scheme is shown in
¿JXUHAs seen from the Figure I that the carbon emission
increases from HPP to MVS. It is due to the duty of pump
sets involved.
7RFKHFNWKHJOREDOZDUPLQJUHWUR¿WWLQJRIWUDGLWLRQDODQG
promotion of use of handpump, formation of less energy
LQWHQVLYHVFKHPHVZLWKWKHXVHRIHI¿FLHQWSXPSVPD\EH
the options. Transmission loss in the pipe line shall be given
serious concern to keep the hours of pumping as per design
to avoid increase in the duration of pumping for obtaining
required quantity of water. An increased hour of pumping
Figure I : Trend of carbon emission with type of scheme. is warranted if loss is more than allowable limit.

Each Household pump is estimated to likely to release 5.0 CONCLUSION

carbon in the order of 47 to 236 Kg/Year. One Mini power The above simple study indicates some insight in to the
pump scheme is reckoned the rate of carbon emission at carbon emission during operation and maintenance of
378 to 1135 Kg/Year. Estimated carbon contribution
various types of water supply scheme. Time has come now
from a single village piped water is in the range 3028 and
WRFKHFNVXFKDVSHFWV7KHIROORZLQJDUHWKH¿QGLQJVRIWKH
15139 Kg/Year. Estimate of carbon emission from the
present work.
30 numbers of multi-village schemes indicates as 15147
metric ton/year.. Hours pumping assumed for household ƒ Each Household pump is estimated to likely to release
pump is the average taken from 10 numbers houses. It may carbon in the order of 47 to 236 Kg/Year.
increase if pumping hours is higher. Average pumping ƒ One Mini power pump scheme is expected to release
duration has been considered for MPP and SVS. Actually, carbon emission at 378 to 1135 Kg/Year.
design of MPP and SVS is done assuming 2 hour and 8
hour respectively. Multi-village schemes are mostly ƒ Estimated carbon contribution from single village
energy intensive due to involvement of more number of piped water is in the range 3028 and 15139 Kg/Year.
booster stations. Topography if a permit, gravity system ƒ An average estimate of carbon emission from the 30
helps in reducing energy consumption. MVS with sub numbers of multi-village schemes under operation

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 181 July-September 2024

 and maintenance in Dindigul district indicates as practices in Sivagangai district, State level workshop
15147 metric ton/year. on Traditional rainwater harvesting systems in Tamil
Nadu, December 7-9, 2005, Coimbatore, Proceedings,
5HWUR¿WWLQJ RI WUDGLWLRQDO DQG SURPRWLRQ RI XVH RI KDQG
pump, formation of less energy intensive schemes with :8-13.
WKHXVHRIHI¿FLHQWSXPSVPD\EHWKHRSWLRQVIRUUHGXFLQJ  0DULDSSDQ3  (VWLPDWLRQ RI ,Q¿OWUDWLRQ LQ
emission of carbon. changing land use pattern using SCS Curve Number
Technique, M.E Thesis, Anna University, Chennai.
REFERENCES
6. Mohamed Farook,C., Mariappan,P.,
 $EKLVKHN 5DMDQ .XKHOLND *KRVK  $QDQ\D 6KDK Neelakantan,T.R., 2014, Hydrology and water
2020, Carbon footprint of India’s groundwater quality of traditional rainwater harvesting pond at
irrigation, Carbon Management, 11(3), 265-280. Samuthirapatty village, Dindigul district, Tamil
2. Mariappan, P. et al, 1999, Water Quality in drinking Nadu, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
water ponds (Oorany) in eastern part of Sivagangai Sciences, .9(12), 2551-2558.
district, Tamil Nadu, Journal of Indian Water Works 7. Mariappan P, 2010, Dual water Supply with coin
Association, 31(2),125-129. box distribution- A success story, 2010, 42nd Annual
3. Mariappan, P, et al, 2000, Traditional rainwater Convention of Indian Water Works Association,
harvesting practices for drinking purpose in part Jodhpur, proceedings, 213-218.
of Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu, 32nd Annual 8. Subramanian,S, Abdul Wahab,A, Mariappan, P,
Convention of IWWA, April 22-24, Bhopal, 2004, performance Evaluation of Water Supply
Proceedings.45-52. Schemes in Sector Reform Perambalur District,
4. Mariappan,P and M.Elango, 2005, Traditional Tamil Nadu, 35th annual Conventin of IWWA, New
rainwater harvesting and water quality management Delhi, Proceedings, 13-17.

July-September 2024 182 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 Ward-wise groundwater quality analysis of Jabalpur city using QGIS

Dr. Shailza Verma

$VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU 'HSDUWPHQW RI &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ -DEDOSXU (QJLQHHULQJ &ROOHJH -DEDOSXU ±  0DGK\D
Pradesh, India,
Email: [email protected]
Jayvardhan Sahu
0('HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ-DEDOSXU(QJLQHHULQJ&ROOHJH-DEDOSXU±0DGK\D3UDGHVK,QGLD
Email: [email protected]
Neha Bhagat
ME., Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur, M.P., India.

Abstract: A necessary component for life to exist on Earth is water. Groundwater depletion is a result of overexploitation
of underground water caused by metropolitan areas’ fast development. Groundwater contamination is brought on by
IHUWLOL]HUVLQGXVWULDOH৾XHQWUXQRৼKXPDQDFWLYLW\HWFDQGUHVXOWVLQSUREOHPVZLWKJURXQGZDWHUTXDOLW\7KHUHIRUH
it is imperative that the quality of groundwater be continuously monitored. In order to assess if the groundwater in 79
Jabalpur city wards is appropriate for human consumption, the current study employs QGIS software to evaluate the
groundwater quality. Data from groundwater samples were collected from all 79 wards and put through a comprehensive
physical-chemical analysis. Several factors were considered in the WQI computation: pH, EC, Ca++, Mg++, TH, TDS,
Na+, SO4--, HCO3-, CO3--, Fe++, F-, Cl-, and K+. By utilizing QGIS to plot all of the variances of the physicochemical
parameters, the zones on which the spatial variation maps were constructed were determined by comparison with the
drinking water standards of the World Health Organization and Indian Standards (IS 10500-2012). The water quality
index study will give an idea of the status of water conditions and also help to identify the causes of the conditions.
Keywords: Groundwater, Surface water, physicochemical parameters, Jabalpur, water quality index, GIS.

1. INTRODUCTION purposes. Maps showing the quality of the groundwater by

ward were made using GIS software. Numerous actions
Water is an all-purpose solvent. This ability makes it
carried out with GIS software might be utilized
possible for a variety of human and natural activities to
contaminate water. Groundwater has various advantages 2. STUDY AREA
over surface water, such as its greater quality, reduced
VXVFHSWLELOLW\WRVHDVRQDOÀXFWXDWLRQVDQGPRUHUHVLOLHQFH The third-biggest city in Madhya Pradesh is Jabalpur.
against possible pollution. In cities, overuse has led to The city’s total population, according to the census, is
poor quality groundwater and surface water due to factors approximately 10.55 lac and is getting close to 14.95 lac as
like industrialization, urbanization, overcrowding, and of right now. Municipal Corporation, which is a part of the
unplanned activities. India is the nation that uses the metropolitan region, governs the city. There are 79 wards
most groundwater worldwide, using more than 60% of in it. Upper 79°52’E Longitude and 23°14’N Latitude, as
it for agricultural and approximately 85% for drinking. well as 80°00’E Longitude and 23°14’N Latitude, encircle
*URXQGZDWHUTXDOLW\LVLQÀXHQFHGE\DQXPEHURIYDULDEOHV Jabalpur. 80°00’ E Longitude and 23006’ N Latitude, and
including climate, precipitation composition, terrain, 79°52’ E Longitude and 23°06’ N Latitude are the lower
aquifer and watershed mineralogy, and others (Kaji et al., boundaries. It is located between the Narmada and Hiran,
 7KH¿HOGRIUHVHDUFK-DEDOSXU&LW\LVUHQRZQHGIRU WZRVLJQL¿FDQWULYHUV,WLVWKH1DUPDGD5LYHU¶VWULEXWDU\
its lakes, although many of them have been removed or are 7KH1DUPDGD5LYHULVDVLJQL¿FDQWVXSSO\RIGULQNLQJZDWHU
QRZEHLQJXWLOL]HGDVODQG¿OOVGXHWRXUEDQL]DWLRQ7KHFLW\ for the city and passes through the Jabalpur district. Alluvial
also has an excellent sewage system, and adding dirty water plains are created in the city’s northwest by the sedimentation
lowers the quality of the surface water, which has an adverse of the Narmada and Hiran Rivers. There are basalt plateaus
effect on the surrounding groundwater. Therefore, in order located in the city’s eastern and southern directions. rocks
WRJXDUDQWHHSURSHUSODQQLQJDQGHI¿FLHQWPDQDJHPHQWLW from the Mahakoshal Group’s Paleo-Proterozoic era to
is imperative to do routine groundwater analysis in order the Deccan Traps (Cretaceous) and alluvium (current).
to ascertain the quality of the groundwater in the area and Granites intrude into the metamorphosed series of variable
to monitor it over time and space. Further assessments of grade that makes up the Mahakoshal rocks. Granites are
the water quality index have been carried out for drinking IRXQG DOO DFURVV WKH SODFH WKH *RQGZDQD URFNV DUH ORZ

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 183 July-September 2024

tracts, while the Lameta rocks are in prominent relief. The 4. RESULT & ANALYSIS
peak of Lametas is covered in basalt, which completely
engulfs the surrounding area southeast (M. Jha et al., 2009). 4.1 PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
$VLJQL¿FDQWIDFWRULQJURXQGZDWHUFKHPLVWU\LVJHRORJ\,Q Data about the samples were gathered, and the water
Fig. 1, the research area is displayed. quality index was computed by taking into account
various physicochemical parameters, including pH, TDS,
EC, TH, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++, Fluoride (F¯), Cl¯,
Sulphate (SO4¯), Carbonate (CO3¯), Bicarbonate (HCO3¯),
and Calcium (Ca++). Every sample was examined and
contrasted with the Indian Standard’s (IS 10500-2012)
norms. With the aid of these maps created with QGIS
software, their variations are displayed.

4.1.1 pH
The alkalinity or acidity of water is determined by its pH.
Water can be categorised as acidic or alkaline based on
LWV S+ YDOXH 7KH S+ UDQJH WKDW ,6  VSHFL¿HV
LV ± 7KH S+ UDQJH FRQVLGHULQJ WKH *: VWXG\ LV
Fig 1. Study Area 5.92 to 8.52. When the pH value is over 64, it is within the
permissible range and is in good shape. The water in Wards
3. METHODOLOGY 78 and 69 is more alkaline because their pH readings are
A methodical technique was used to analyse the higher than the allowable limit. In Fig. 2, the pH spatial
groundwater conditions in several Jabalpur City wards. The variation map is displayed.
proposed ward boundary map obtained from the Jabalpur 4.1.2 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
Municipal Corporation is used, along with the 1:5000 scale
Toposheet No. 55 M /16 survey of India. This is scanned (OHFWULFFXUUHQWVRPHWLPHVNQRZQDVVSHFL¿FFRQGXFWDQFH
and digitized using on-screen digitization to the UTM FDQ ÀRZ WKURXJK DQ DTXHRXV VROXWLRQ %HFDXVH HOHFWULFDO
coordinate system. After digitization, the maps need to conductivity indicates the ionic concentration in
be traced out to create the spatial database of wards and groundwater, it is a crucial factor in deciding whether or
label them. Jabalpur city boundary was digitized from not water is suitable for irrigation. The current investigation
Jabalpur Municipal Corporation’s proposed ward boundary found that EC ranged from 615.19 to 1325 μs/cm. The EC
map. GIS software package QGIS 3.16.9 is used for of 30 wards is between 0-800 μs/cm, which, if there is no
georeferencing and assessing vulnerable zones based on organic contamination, is suitable for human consumption.
physiochemical parameters. The study of the map output Human consumption is possible in 49 wards with EC values
aids in the representation of the vulnerable zones as well as ranging from 800-1500 μs/cm, however most people would
the exploitation area of Jabalpur city. prefer the lower range. Fig. 3 displays the spatial variation
map for EC.
In order to enhance the evaluation of groundwater’s
suitability for human consumption, the groundwater sample 4.1.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
under analysis in the current study region was compared The components of rocks and soil dissolve into the surface
to drinking water quality criteria in India and the World water as it passes through their strata. According to Deepali
Health Organisation. The primary goal of the project is to et al. (2001), dissolved ions such as calcium, carbonates,
use QGIS techniques to visualise the spatial distribution ELFDUERQDWHV QLWUDWHV ÀXRULGHV VRGLXP VXOSKDWH DQG
and variation of several physicochemical parameters in chlorides are the cause of the high TDS concentration in
order to monitor the groundwater conditions of the research drinking water. The range of TDS found in groundwater
region and determine if it is suitable for human use. VDPSOHV LV ± PJO$V WR ,6  WKH
allowable maximum of TDS is 2000 mg/l, whereas the
3.1 GIS ANALYSIS:
acceptable level is 500 mg/l. Only 14 wards have TDS
The spatial distribution of several physicochemical YDOXHVWKDWDUHZLWKLQDQDFFHSWDEOHOLPLWWKH7'6YDOXHVRI
properties is shown using QGIS 3.16.9 software. Users can the other 64 wards fall between 500 and 2000 mg/l, which
study and alter spatial data using this free and open-source may be tolerated in the absence of an alternate source. Fig.
geographic information system software. 4 displays the spatial variation map of the TDS.

July-September 2024 184 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

4.1.4 TOTAL HARDNESS
The presence of multivalent metallic cations, primarily
calcium and magnesium ions, in water is what causes its
hardness. Total Hardness, expressed as mg/l as CaCO3, is
the amount of calcium and magnesium ions in water. Total
hardness values in the groundwater samples in the current
investigation were found to range from 80.3 to 300 mg/l. IS
VWDQGDUGYDOXHVIRU&D&RDUH±PJO
For the most part, the ward TH value is within permissible
bounds and is suitable for consumption. Figure 5 displays
the Total Hardness’s spatial variation map.

Fig 5. Spatial Distribution of Total Hardness in Study Area

Fig 2. Spatial Distribution of pH in Study Area

Fig 6. Spatial Distribution of Calcium in Study Area

Fig 3. Spatial Distribution of EC in Study Area

Fig 7. Spatial Distribution of Magnesium in Study Area

4.1.5 CALCIUM (Ca++):
After weathering, minerals found in calcium-rich igneous
and sedimentary rocks dissolve in groundwater, adding
calcium to the water. One of the causes of the hardness
of water is calcium ions. In the research region, calcium
ion variations range from 30 to 95 mg/l. A standard value
RI±PJOLVXVHG,QWRWDOZDUGVIDOOZLWKLQWKLV
range and could be accepted if there isn’t another source.
Fig 4. Spatial Distribution of TDS in Study Area The calcium levels in every other ward, however, are

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 185 July-September 2024

between 30 and 75 mg/l. Fig. 6 displays a spatial variation 4.1.9 IRON (Fe+)
map of calcium. Iron contamination of groundwater is frequent. In cases
4.1.6 MAGNESIUM (Mg ) ++ when the content of iron exceeds 0.3 mg/l, colour issues
may arise. Surface water is not affected by iron and
In groundwater, magnesium is a crucial characteristic, manganese, but groundwater and lake bottom layers are.
second only to calcium. The breakdown of igneous rock Iron levels in groundwater samples were found to range
minerals like mica, amphibole, and pyroxene is the source from 0.6 to.99 mg/l. The GW iron value for every ward is
of magnesium. Groundwater also contains magnesium higher than permitted. Fig. 10 displays the spatial variation
from dolomite and calcite. For magnesium, there are two map of iron.
acceptable limits: 30 mg/l and 100 mg/l. The magnesium
4.1.10 FLUORIDE (F-)
UHDGLQJVLQHYHU\ZDUG²DSDUWIURPQLQH²IDOOEHWZHHQWKH
permissible limit, or 0 and 30 mg/l. No wards Mg value 7KHSULPDU\VRXUFHRIÀXRULGHLVWKHÀRXUDSDWLWHPLQHUDO
higher than 100 mg/l. Figure 7 illustrates the regional found in granitic rocks. Fluorides up to 1 mg/l can help stop
ÀXFWXDWLRQRIPDJQHVLXPLRQV FDYLWLHVLQWHHWK0RUHWKDQ±PJOFDXVHVPRWWOLQJRI
the teeth, a darkening of the teeth. The illness that results
4.1.7 SODIUM (Na+) LV NQRZQ DV ÀXRURVLV %RQH ÀXRURVLV D GHIRUPLW\ RI WKH
bones, is caused by more than 5 mg/l. The 1-1.5 mg/l
Rock minerals that include sodium make up the majority of
level is acceptable. Fluoride concentrations in the current
the sodium content in groundwater. In addition, it corrodes investigation range from.35 to 3.8 mg/l. In the current
metal surfaces and is poisonous to plants in high doses. In VWXG\DUHDWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQVDPSOHVWKDWDUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\
the research area, the content of sodium in groundwater higher than expected. Fig. 11 displays the Fluoride spatial
samples ranged from 70 to 109 mg/l. The sodium content variation map.
in all of the wards is within the permitted limit, ranging
from 0 to 200 mg/l. Fig. 8 displays the sodium ion spatial
variation map.

4.1.8 POTASSIUM (K+)

6LPLODUWRVRGLXPLRQVJURXQGZDWHUFRQWDLQVDVLJQL¿FDQW
amount of potassium ions. Particularly in areas with
igneous rocks, silicate minerals like orthoclase are the
source of potassium. The groundwater samples used in this
experiment had detected potassium concentrations ranging
from 0.85 to 28.0 mg/l. The potassium level of all wards
(except from ward numbers 71, 8, and 67) ranges from 0 to
12 mg/l, which is within the allowable limit. Fig. 9 displays
the potasVLXPLRQ¶VVSDWLDOÀXFWXDWLRQPDS Fig 9. Spatial Distribution of Potassium in Study Area

Fig 8. Spatial Distribution of Sodium in Study Area Fig 10. Spatial Distribution of Iron in Study Area

July-September 2024 186 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 4.1.12 CHLORIDE (Cl-)
The main sources of chlorides in water are natural mineral
deposits, irrigation discharges, and salt (CaCl2, NaCl,
etc.). High levels of chlorine indicate sewage or industrial
waste pollution of the water. The current investigation’s
groundwater samples had a chloride concentration of
between 71 and 110 mg/l. All wards’ chloride readings fall
between the permissible limit range of 250 mg/l. Allowable
limit: up to 1000 mg/liter. Fig. 14 displays the chloride’s
spatial variation map.

Fig 11. Spatial Distribution of Fluoride in Study Area

4.1.11 BICARBONATES & CARBONATES
The quality of all the ions in water that react to neutralise
H+ ions is known as alkalinity. In naturally occurring water,
OH-, carbonates, and bicarbonates are the main components
of alkalinity. The primary species are caused by inorganic
mineral deposits, several types of organic substances, and
atmospheric CO2. The concentration of bicarbonate and
FDUERQDWHLQWKHJURXQGZDWHUVDPSOHVUDQJHVIURP±
PJODQG±PJOUHVSHFWLYHO\6WDQGDUGLVDWLRQ
organisations do not set any benchmarks for the amounts of
bicarbonate and carbonate in drinking water. Figures 12 and Fig 14. Spatial Distribution of Chloride in Study Area
13, respectively, display the bicarbonate and carbonate’s
VSDWLDOÀXFWXDWLRQPDS 4.1.13 SULPHATE (SO -) 4

The concentration of sulphate ions in groundwater

is extremely low. The area’s rocks and soil contain
sulphide minerals, which are the sources. A high sulphate
concentration in groundwater is indicative of activity that
has been triggered by human activity in cities. Sulfurate
content in the current study ranges from 13.23 to 75
mg/l. Every value falls between the acceptable ranges.
The sulphate concentration in every ward is under the
permissible limit, which is 200 mg/l. It is acceptable to use
400 mg/l. The sulphate’s spatial variation map is displayed
in Fig. 15.

Fig 12. Spatial Distribution of Bicarbonates in Study Area

Fig 13. Spatial Distribution of Carbonates in Study Area Fig 15. Spatial Distribution of Sulphate in Study Area

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 187 July-September 2024

4.1.14 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
A statistical analysis of groundwater with standards is
shown in Table 1.

Parameters Minimum Maximum Indian

Standard
(IS 10500-
2012) mg/l
pH 5.82 8.99 6.5-8.5
EC 615.19 1567.91 -
TH 80.3 300 500-2000
TDS 412.18 888.1 200-600
Ca ++
25 95 75-200 Fig 16. Spatial Distribution of WQI in Study Area
Mg++ 13 48.3 30-100
S No. WQI Values Water Quality
+
Na 70 109 0-200
1 <50 Excellent
K+ 0.85 28 0-12 2 50-100 Good
Fe++ 0.6 .99 .3 3 100-200 poor
-
F 0.35 3.8 1-1.5 4 200-300 Very Poor
HCO3 106.68 354 - 5 >300 Unsuitable for drinking
-
Cl 71 110 250-1000 7DEOH:DWHU4XDOLW\&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ%DVHGRQ:4,
SO 4
13.23 77.58 200-400 Values

CO3 20 55 - According to the WQI study conducted in Jabalpur city, out

of 79 wards, 33 have low groundwater quality, 39 have very
Table 1. Statical Analysis of Ground Water Samples with bad groundwater quality, and 7 have unsustainable drinking
Standards water quality. According to a study, the city’s groundwater
According to the statistical analysis of groundwater TXDOLW\LVXQ¿WIRUKXPDQFRQVXPSWLRQXQOHVVLWLVFRUUHFWHG
quality, the majority of the city’s wards have groundwater It is preferred that the water be supplied by the authorities
concentrations of pH, EC, and Fe+ that are above what IS after it has undergone the appropriate treatment. The results
±  SHUPLWV$OORWKHUSDUDPHWHUVKRZHYHUDUH of the chemical and physical analysis of the water show
within or close to the acceptable range of concentrations that the city’s water quality status is not satisfactory, even
DOORZHGE\,6±   though the biological parameters are not taken into account
in this study.
4.1.15 WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)
5. CONCLUSION
The term “water quality index” refers to a rating system that
shows the combined impact of various water quality criteria *HRJHQLF FRQWDPLQDWLRQ ZKLFK LV GH¿QHG DV QDWXUDOO\
on the overall quality of the water. It presents the entire RFFXUULQJ HOHYDWHG FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI VSHFL¿F HOHPHQWV
quality with just one value. Gandhi et al. (2013), Tiwari in groundwater that have detrimental impacts on human
et al. (2014), Kumar et al. (2020), Singh et al. (2013) The health, is the reason of the greater concentration of
water quality data of the examined samples were compared physiochemical parameters found in the groundwater
to the BIS 2012 drinking water standard (IS:10500), which samples, including TH, TDS, and EC. Groundwater quality
has been taken into account for the computation of WQI, is less impacted by anthropogenic activity. The results
in order to ascertain the acceptability of the water for of this study demonstrate how crucial spatial analysis
consumption. The water quality index (WQI) for each of is to comprehending the local groundwater conditions.
the 79 wards was determined using the weighted arithmetic According to Fig. 2, the water in the city’s centre is acidic
technique. The calculated WQI value has an overall average because the pH there is lower, or less than 6. The pH level
of 217 and a range of 144 to 336. Spatial variation map of is lowered because silicious rock makes up the city’s centre
the water quality index shown in Fig.16. region. Similarly, the northeastern part of the city has a

July-September 2024 188 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

KLJK ÀXRULGH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZKLFK FRXOG EH FDXVHG E\ vulnerability assessment using GIS technique: a
groundwater interacting with contaminated surface water. review.
7KLV LV KRZ FHUWDLQ IDFWRUV LQÀXHQFH D FHUWDLQ UHJLRQ¶V Niranjan M Damle, Deolia DK, Tignath S (2020) Spatial
WQI. It is crucial for the competent authority to calculate Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Jabalpur City
WKH:DWHU4XDOLW\,QGH[GHSLFWLWVVSDWLDOÀXFWXDWLRQDQG Using GIS Techniques International Journal of
identify the best area for effective management in order to ,QQRYDWLRQ,Q(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK 0DQDJHPHQW
increase the quality of groundwater available for use. ISSN: 2348-4918
%KDWWDFKDU\D 6  6LQJK *   *URXQGZDWHU
6. REFERENCES SURVSHFWV LQ WKH ÀXYLRGHOWDLF VHGLPHQWDU\ DTXLIHUV
&KDWXUYHGL 0.  %DVVLQ -.  $VVHVVLQJ WKH ZDWHU of the Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India.
quality index of water treatment plant and bore wells, Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(1), 30.
in Delhi, India. $U\D $ 6  6KULYDVWDYD 5   *URXQGZDWHU
S Deepali, P Sapna, Srivastava VS (2001). Groundwater Exploration in Alluvial Deposits of Narmada River
TXDOLW\DWWULEDOWRZQ1DQGXUEDU 0DKDUDVKWUD  Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India: A Study Based on
Geophysical, Hydrogeological and Remote Sensing
APHA (American Public Health Association) (1994) Techniques. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(1), 8.
Standard method for examination of water and
&KRXGKDU\3 $ZDVWKL$.  +\GURJHRORJLFDO
wastewater, NW, DC 20036.
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQG*URXQGZDWHU±5LYHU,QWHUDFWLRQ
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (2012) 10500, Indian of the Narmada Valley, Central India. Hydrogeology
VWDQGDUGGULQNLQJZDWHUVSHFL¿FDWLRQ)LUVWUHYLVLRQ Journal, 29(2), 703-716.
pp 1-8. Chakraborty, S., et al. (2020). Assessment of Water Quality
Singh PK, Tiwari AK, Panigarhy BP, Mahato MK (2013) Index of Narmada River, Madhya Pradesh, India. SN
Water quality indices used for water resources Applied Sciences, 2(9), 1-10.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 189 July-September 2024

 Downscaling CMIP5 Tmin Projections with Random Forest: A Study on
Aurangabad Region, Maharashtra State, India
Yogesh Barokar
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, MGM University
Email: [email protected]
Vijaya Pradhan
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, MGM University
Email: [email protected]

Abstract:&OLPDWHFKDQJHLVDSUHVVLQJLVVXHZLWKVLJQL¿FDQWFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUDOODVSHFWVRIOLIH7RXQGHUVWDQGIXWXUH
climate patterns, developed countries have developed General Circulation Models (GCMs). However, GCM outputs
are too coarse for analyzing climate variables in smaller regions. Downscaling techniques bridge this gap, allowing
for local-scale climate projections. This study focuses on downscaling Minimum Temperature (Tmin) projections for
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, using the Random Forest technique for statistical downscaling. We employ the CMIP5
CanESM2 model with a baseline period of 1961-2005. Using Random Forest, we established the relationship between
ODUJHVFDOHFOLPDWHYDULDEOHV SUHGLFWRUV DQG7PLQ SUHGLFWDQG )HDWXUHUDQNLQJLGHQWL¿HGWKHWKUHHPRVWLQÀXHQWLDO
predictors. A robust statistical model was then built using these predictors and observed Tmin data for training and
testing. The predicted Tmin values showed strong agreement with the observed data. The model was subsequently used
to project Tmin for three future time series (2020s, 2050s, and 2080s) along with projections for shorter time spans.
Under all three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), Tmin consistently increased. However, the RCP 2.6
scenario showed a slight decrease in Tmin towards 2099 for short time spans. RCP 4.5 indicated a moderate increase,
ZKLOH5&3VKRZHGDVXEVWDQWLDOXSZDUGWUHQG7KHVH¿QGLQJVSURYLGHYDOXDEOHLQVLJKWVIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHIXWXUH
climatic impacts on Aurangabad.
Index Terms : CMIP5, Random forest, RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5, Tmin

INTRODUCTION where, and = Intercept between predictor and

General Circulation Models (GCMs) provide valuable predictand, Xij= Predictor values for selected predictors and
insights into global climate patterns, but their coarse ei= Bias correction value.
resolution limits their usefulness for local-scale studies.
Climatic downscaling techniques bridge this gap by DYNAMIC DOWNSCALING
extracting relevant information from GCM outputs and
Compared to dynamic downscaling, which employs
WUDQVODWLQJ LW WR D ¿QHU VSDWLDO VFDOH VXLWDEOH IRU VSHFL¿F
complex Regional Circulation Models (RCMs) nested
UHJLRQ :LOE\ :LOE\ DQG 'DZVRQ :LOE\ HW
within GCMs, statistical downscaling offers a more
al., no date). Two main approaches exist for downscaling:
HI¿FLHQW DSSURDFK %DURNDU DQG 5HJXOZDU   :KLOH
statistical downscaling and dynamical downscaling
G\QDPLF GRZQVFDOLQJ UHTXLUHV VLJQL¿FDQW FRPSXWDWLRQDO
0DKPRRGDQG%DEHO0DKPRRG%DEHODQG
resources and time investment, statistical downscaling can
Jia, 2015)
achieve comparable results (Wilby, Dawson and Barrow,
STATISTICAL DOWNSCALING  7KLVVWXG\OHYHUDJHVWKHWLPHHI¿FLHQF\RIVWDWLVWLFDO
downscaling to project future Minimum Temperature
Statistical downscaling establishes a mathematical (Tmin) values for the Aurangabad region.
relationship between large-scale atmospheric variables
(predictors) and local-scale climate variables of interest STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
(predictands). This relationship can then be used to
forecast future values of the predictands at the local scale. STUDY AREA
7KH VSHFL¿F IRUP RI WKLV UHODWLRQVKLS FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG The study area selected for downscaling is Aurangabad
mathematically, similar to (1) in other studies (Saraf and UHJLRQZKLFKLVVLWXDWHGDWƒƍ1ODWLWXGHDQGƒƍ(
Regulwar, 2016, 2018). longitude. This region is from Maharashtra State, India.
Total area covered by this region is 10,100 km². The study
area is as shown in Figure I.

July-September 2024 190 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Figure I: Map of Aurangabad Region
DATA COLLECTION implemented within the Google Colab environment,
To carry out the statistical downscaling, we acquired observed ZDV XWLOL]HG 7KLV SURFHVV LGHQWL¿HG WKH WRS WKUHH PRVW
minimum temperature (Tmin) values for Aurangabad region LQÀXHQWLDOSUHGLFWRUVIRUVXEVHTXHQWGRZQVFDOLQJ
from IMD (India Meteorological Department) for the years
DATA SPLITTING: TRAINING AND TESTING DATASETS
1961-2005. The GCM data for CMIP5 were sourced from
the Climate Impact Scenarios site. Next, the available dataset was divided into training and
testing sets. Typically, an 80/20 split is employed, allocating
METHODOLOGY 80% of the data for training the model and the remaining
This section outlines the methodological approach employed 20% for testing its performance. This ensures the model
in this study to downscale Minimum Temperature (Tmin) learns from a representative sample and can be evaluated
values for the Aurangabad region using the Random Forest on unseen data.
technique. The downscaling process involved several key
MODEL TRAINING AND EVALUATION
steps:
A Random Forest model with 100 decision trees was
FEATURE RANKING: IDENTIFYING KEY PREDICTORS initialized and trained using the historical Tmin data and
Prior to downscaling, it's crucial to identify the most WKH LGHQWL¿HG SUHGLFWRUV IURP WKH WUDLQLQJ VHW )ROORZLQJ
LQÀXHQWLDO SUHGLFWRUV LPSDFWLQJ7PLQ7KH &0,3 PRGHO training, the model's performance was evaluated by
provides a set of 26 potential predictors. In this study, a comparing its predicted Tmin values with the actual values
feature ranking technique facilitated by Random Forest, in the historical training and testing datasets.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 191 July-September 2024

ASSESSING MODEL PERFORMANCE Based on the feature ranking results, the following three
The effectiveness of the trained model was assessed using predictors were chosen for the downscaling process: P2
VFDWWHUSORWVDQGWKHFRHI¿FLHQWRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ 5VTXDUHG  (1000 hPa zonal wind component), P8 (5000 hPa zonal
between the predicted and actual Tmin values in both the ZLQGFRPSRQHQW DQG3 K3DVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\ 
training and testing datasets. A high R-squared value indicates
RESULTS FOR COMPARISON BETWEEN PREDICTED
strong agreement between the predicted and observed Tmin
AND ACTUAL TMIN
values, demonstrating the model's ability to accurately
capture the relationship between predictors and Tmin. The relationship between the predicted and actual Tmin
values for both the training and testing datasets was assessed
PROJECTING FUTURE TMIN VALUES
XVLQJ VFDWWHU SORWV DQG WKH FRHI¿FLHQW RI GHWHUPLQDWLRQ
Once a satisfactory R-squared value was achieved, (Rsquared).
signifying a reliable model, the Random Forest code was
then employed to forecast future Tmin values for the
Aurangabad region. This was achieved by utilizing the
same trained model with future climate predictors derived
from the CMIP5 model.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
RESULTS FOR FEATURE RANKING
A Random Forest-based feature ranking technique was
HPSOR\HG WR LGHQWLI\ WKH PRVW LQÀXHQWLDO SUHGLFWRUV
VLJQL¿FDQWO\ LPSDFWLQJ WKH SUHGLFWDQG 7KH WRSUDQNHG
predictors selected through this process are presented in
Figure II.
Fearure Ranking
S Predictor Importance
1 P2 0.415116
8 P8 0.169456 Figure III : Scatter Plot Between Predicted and Actual
23 P23 0.084619 Tmin for Training Data
24 P24 0.080930 The scatter plot in Figure III for the training data reveals
5 P6 0.058601 a strong positive correlation between the predicted and
6 P19 0.025881 observed Minimum Temperatures (Tmin). Figure IV shows
13 P20 0.021426 the scatter plot between predicted Tmin and actual Tmin for
7 P7 0.015960
testing data set.
16 P15 0.015232
22 P23 0.015044
19 P18 0.011718
3 P4 0.008869
21 P22 0.008484
0 P1 0.008165
18 P17 0.007513
17 P16 0.007103
10 P10 0.006870
9 P9 0.005538
11 P11 0.005401
12 P12 0.005155
2 P3 0.004830
4 P5 0.004828
20 P21 0.004507
14 P13 0.004413
15 P14 0.004339 Figure IV : Scatter Plot Between Predicted and Actual
Figure II : Feature Ranking Results Tmin for Testing Data

July-September 2024 192 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

The scatter plot in Figure IV for the testing data also TABLE II : Increase in Tmin under Different RCPs
demonstrates a good agreement between predicted and for Three Future Series With Respect to the Baseline
actual Tmin values. The data points follow the diagonal Period
line reasonably well, indicating that the model's predictions Model RCP Future Increasing
are consistent with the unseen testing data. To quantify this Series Tmin in 0C
DJUHHPHQW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ WKH FRHI¿FLHQW RI GHWHUPLQDWLRQ with respect
(Rsquared) was calculated for both the training and testing to baseline
datasets. The R-squared values are presented in Table I. period
2011-2040 0.17
7$%/(,&RHI¿FLHQWVRI'HWHUPLQDWLRQEHWZHHQ3UHGLFWHG RCP 2.6 2041-2070 0.17
and Actual Tmin for Training and Testing Dataset
2071-2099 0.27
Sr. No. Dataset R2 2011-2040 0.10
CMIP5
RCP 4.5 2041-2070 0.20
1. Between Predicted Tmin and Actual 0.966 (CanESM2)
Tmin for Training Dataset 2071-2099 0.34
2011-2040 0.16
2. Between Predicted Tmin and Actual 0.750
Tmin for Test Dataset RCP 8.5 2041-2070 0.23
2071-2099 0.59
Table ISUHVHQWVWKHFRHI¿FLHQWRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ 5VTXDUHG
The analysis of future Tmin projections across the three
values for both the training and testing datasets. These
time series (2020s, 2050s, and 2080s) compared to the
values indicate a favorable agreement between the
baseline period reveals distinct trends under the different
predicted and actual Tmin values. This suggests that the RCP scenarios:
chosen three predictors (P2, P8, and P23) were effective
a) RCP 2.6: This scenario suggests a gradual increase in
LQFDSWXULQJWKHNH\IDFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJ7PLQYDULDWLRQVLQ monthly mean daily Tmin values by up to 0.27°C by
the Aurangabad region. Subsequently, the Random Forest the end of the 21st century (2099).
model, incorporating these predictors, was employed to b) RCP 4.5: Under RCP 4.5, a more pronounced rise
forecast future Tmin values for the region. in monthly mean daily Tmin values is projected,
reaching up to 0.34°C by 2099.
FUTURE DOWNSCALING RESULTS FOR TMIN
F 5&3  7KH PRVW VLJQL¿FDQW LQFUHDVH LQ 7PLQ LV
The downscaling results were analyzed under three observed under RCP 8.5, with projections indicating
Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios: a rise of up to 0.59°C by 2099.
RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5. These scenarios represent RESULTS UNDER SHORT YEAR SPAN
different levels of future greenhouse gas concentrations. The analysis of downscaled Tmin values extended to
The analysis employed two timescales: Future Series: This examining them across 10-year periods, ranging from 2006-
examined projected Tmin changes for three future decades: 2015 to 2096-2099. These short-year spans provide a more
2020s (2011-2040), 2050s (2041-2070), and 2080s (2071- granular view of projected Tmin changes, allowing for a
nuanced understanding of temperature trends over time. By
2099). Short Year Spans: This provided a more granular breaking down the data into these shorter intervals, we can
view by analyzing Tmin projections for ten individual 10- better capture and analyze the variability and progression
year periods ranging from 2006-2015 to 2096-2099. of temperature changes in response to different emissions
scenarios.
RESULTS UNDER THREE FUTURE SERIES The results are presented graphically under each
The projected changes in monthly mean daily Tmin values Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario: RCP
2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5 (Figures V, VI, and VII). These
for the three future time series (2020s, 2050s, and 2080s)
scenarios represent different trajectories of greenhouse gas
were compared to the baseline period. This analysis was concentrations and their potential impacts on temperature.
conducted under all three RCP scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP To assess the changes, we compared the increments in
4.5, and RCP 8.5) and the results are presented in Table II. monthly mean daily Tmin values within each short-year

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 193 July-September 2024

period to the baseline period of 1961-2005. This baseline Figure VI shows a more pronounced upward trend in
period serves as a reference point, allowing us to measure monthly mean daily Tmin values across each short-year
deviations and trends in temperature more effectively. The period relative to the baseline period. This trend is consistent
FRPSDULVRQV DUH YLVXDOO\ UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKH ¿JXUHV ZKLFK throughout the analyzed period, even accelerating towards
illustrate the degree of cahnge under each RCP scenario. the end of the 21st century (2099), with projections
These visualizations enable us to discern patterns and indicating increases up to 0.43°C under RCP 4.5.
trends more clearly, highlighting the potential impacts of
various emission pathways on Tmin values. The graphical
representation aids in understanding how Tmin might evolve
under different scenarios, providing valuable insights for
future climate projections and adaptation strategies.

)LJXUH9,,,QFUHDVLQJ7PLQXQGHU5&3IRU'LৼHUHQW
Short Year Spans

)LJXUH9,QFUHDVLQJ7PLQXQGHU5&3IRU'LৼHUHQW Figure VII illustrates a persistent rise in monthly mean

Short Year Spans daily Tmin across each year span, exhibiting a substantial
LQFUHDVH WKDW FRQWLQXHV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ KLJKHU XQWLO WKH \HDU
Figure V depicts a gradual increase in monthly mean 2099 which is upto 0.91 0C. Figure VII presents a clear
daily Tmin values across each 10-year period compared and persistent upward trend in monthly mean daily Tmin
to the baseline period. This upward trend suggests rising values for each 10-year period compared to the baseline.
temperatures over the coming decades under RCP 2.6. This trend indicates a substantial and continuous rise in
However, the rate of increase appears to slow down by the temperatures throughout the analyzed period under RCP
end of the 21st century (2099), with projected increases up 8.5. By the end of the 21st century (2099), projections show
to 0.10°C. WKH PRVW VLJQL¿FDQW LQFUHDVH DPRQJ WKH 5&3 VFHQDULRV
reaching up to 0.91°C.
The insights gained from this study are highly relevant
for water management in the Aurangabad region.
Understanding the projected increases in Tmin is critical
for several reasons:
a) Impact on Water Demand: As Tmin rises, the rate of
evaporation from soil and water bodies also increases.
This can lead to greater water consumption for
irrigation as crops require more water to compensate for
the higher evaporation rates. Managing this increased
demand will be crucial for maintaining agricultural
productivity and ensuring water availability.
b) Water Quality Concerns: Elevated Tmin can also affect
water quality. Warmer temperatures can promote the
)LJXUH9,,QFUHDVLQJ7PLQXQGHU5&3IRU'LৼHUHQW growth of algae and other microorganisms in water
Short Year Spans bodies, potentially leading to issues such as algal

July-September 2024 194 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
of regional climate change impacts’, Environmental
7KH DXWKRU GHFODUHV WKDW WKHUH LV QR FRQÀLFW RI LQWHUHVW Modelling & Software  SS±$YDLODEOH
regarding the publication of this paper. at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00060-3.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 195 July-September 2024

 Integrating Advanced Control Methods and Data Analytics in Smart Buildings:
A Comprehensive Overview

Saurabh Jain
Data Scientist, KODE Labs Inc, USA | +1(201)-406-8804
Email: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION analysis helps uncover meaningful trends and correlations

+XDQJ -LDQJ*XSWDHWDO 
The concept of smart buildings revolves around the
integration of modern technology to optimize energy UTILIZING BIG DATA FOR RESIDENTIAL
HI¿FLHQF\LPSURYHRFFXSDQWFRPIRUWDQGHQKDQFHRYHUDOO UTILITIES CONSUMPTION
operational functionality. In this article, we synthesize
UHVHDUFK ¿QGLQJV IURP YDULRXV VWXGLHV WR H[SORUH KRZ The rapid growth of data from smart meters presents unique
data analytics, advanced control techniques, and big data challenges, such as data overload and privacy concerns
management are reshaping building performance and (Wang et al., 2021). With smart meters collecting detailed
residential electricity consumption. consumption data, privacy issues arise, as the data can
expose household behaviors (Zhou et al., 2021).
ADVANCED CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND DATA
To manage and extract meaningful insights from these vast
ANALYTICS IN SMART BUILDINGS
datasets, advanced analytics techniques such as clustering,
Smart buildings are increasingly relying on advanced FODVVL¿FDWLRQ DQG SUHGLFWLYH DQDO\WLFV DUH HPSOR\HG
control systems such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) These methods help in recognizing patterns and predicting
to enhance their operations. The various utilities in a consumption trends, empowering utilities and consumers
building includes water systems, energy usage, HVAC, alike to make informed decisions (Luo et al., 2018).
indoor comfortable environment. The scarcity and limited Ensuring data privacy, however, remains a priority, with
availability of resources like water and energy requires better techniques such as anonymization and encryption crucial
system operation and optimum usage by the consumers. WRSURWHFWLQJFRQVXPHULQIRUPDWLRQ &KHQ =KDQJ 
MPC is particularly effective at predicting and adjusting to
User-friendly visualization tools are critical in making big
real-time changes, allowing buildings to conserve energy
data comprehensible for the average consumer. Real-time
and maintain comfort levels (Gholamzadeh et al., 2020).
insights provided by such tools allow users to explore their
However, despite its potential, widespread implementation
consumption patterns interactively, helping them better
is still challenged by issues like suboptimal local controls
manage their energy usage. Furthermore, incorporating
and unreliable data sources (Ferreira et al., 2021).
FLWL]HQIHHGEDFNLQWRXUEDQSODQQLQJ²XVLQJSODWIRUPVWKDW
Data analytics also plays a critical role in optimizing DQDO\]H VHQWLPHQW GDWD IURP VRFLDO PHGLD²FDQ LPSURYH
building performance. Techniques like machine learning the effectiveness of energy management strategies (Patel
(ML) and neural networks can process large volumes of HWDO=KRXHWDO 7KLVLVIXUWKHUDSSOLFDEOH
data generated by smart systems, identifying useful patterns to study the consumption pattern of water usage and water
that enhance decision-making processes. For instance, ML management strategies.
algorithms can forecast future trends, optimize energy
XVDJH DQG GHWHFW LQHI¿FLHQFLHV ZKLOH QHXUDO QHWZRUNV OPTIMIZING BUILDING PERFORMANCE
excel at load management and anomaly detection (Shi et THROUGH DATA ANALYTICS
DO<XFHHWDO  Smart buildings generate vast amounts of data that, when
Moreover, innovative visualization methods, such as processed and analyzed effectively, provide deep insights
augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), have into building performance. This data may include water
revolutionized how complex data is understood and and energy consumption, indoor parameters --- air quality,
managed. These tools make data insights more intuitive temperature etc. Some of the key techniques used include:
and actionable by offering immersive and interactive ƒ Machine Learning (ML): Algorithms analyze
experiences, especially in urban settings, where spatial historical and real-time data to predict energy

July-September 2024 196 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 GHPDQGVLGHQWLI\LQHI¿FLHQFLHVDQGRSWLPL]HHQHUJ\ sustainable, and comfortable environments (Gupta et al.,
usage (Yuce et al., 2019). 2021).
ƒ Neural Networks: These systems are adept at This rephrased content maintains the original meaning and
uncovering complex patterns in data, which makes depth but offers a more unique presentation while avoiding
them suitable for tasks like demand forecasting, duplication.
anomaly detection, and energy load balancing (Shi et
al., 2020). REFERENCES
ƒ Predictive Analytics: This method employs statistical s #HEN -  :HANG 9   %NHANCING DATA
WRROVWRSUHGLFWIXWXUHHQHUJ\QHHGV¿QHWXQHOLJKWLQJ PRIVACY AND SECURITY IN SMART BUILDINGS Journal of
and HVAC systems, and optimize space utilization Building Engineering  
&KHQ =KDQJ  s &ERREIRA * 3ILVA -  #OSTA !   -ODEL
Data visualization plays a critical role in making these 0REDICTIVE #ONTROL FOR ENERGY OPTIMIZATION IN SMART
insights actionable. AR and VR technologies offer BUILDINGS #HALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Energy and
immersive, interactive methods for stakeholders to engage Buildings  
with building data, while tools like Power BI and Tableau s 'HOLAMZADEH ( ET AL   !DVANCED CONTROL
transform raw data into user-friendly, actionable dashboards STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY EFlCIENCY IN SMART BUILDINGS
DQGUHSRUWV +XDQJ -LDQJ3DWHOHWDO  Building Simulation   
s 'UPTA 3 6ARMA 2  6ERMA 0   !2 AND
THE ROLE OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) 62 IN SMART CITY DATA VISUALIZATION !PPLICATIONS AND
TOOLS IN SMART BUILDINGS CHALLENGES Computers & Urban Systems  
Business intelligence tools such as Power BI and Tableau s (UANG *  *IANG 3   )MMERSIVE VISUALIZATION
are indispensable for unlocking actionable insights in smart OF BIG DATA IN SMART BUILDINGS USING !2 AND 62
buildings. These tools can help in: Journal of Visualization   
ƒ Energy and Water Management: Visualizing patterns s ,UO 7 9ANG 1  3HI ,   "IG DATA
of resource consumption and identifying areas for ANALYTICS FOR SMART METER DATA ! CLUSTERING APPROACH
improvement (Wang et al., 2021). FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR Energy Procedia
ƒ Predictive Maintenance: Aggregating data from   
building systems to forecast when maintenance is s 0ATEL ! 3HROFF .  !NAND "   2EAL TIME
needed, thus reducing downtime (Luo et al., 2018). DATA ANALYTICS IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT USING 0OWER ")
Journal of Energy Management   
ƒ 2FFXSDQW &RPIRUW  6SDFH 8WLOL]DWLRQ $QDO\]LQJ
data from occupancy sensors and environmental s 3HI 7 4ANG 8  ,IU *   .EURAL NETWORKS
FRQWUROV WR HQVXUH ERWK FRPIRUW DQG HI¿FLHQW VSDFH FOR SMART BUILDING ENERGY OPTIMIZATION ! REVIEW
use (Ferreira et al., 2021). IEEE Access   
ƒ Regulatory Compliance: Simplifying adherence to s 7ANG 9 :HANG 4  8U &   3MART METERS IN
regulatory standards by automating data collection RESIDENTIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT "IG DATA CHALLENGES
DQGUHSRUWLQJSURFHVVHV &KHQ =KDQJ  AND OPPORTUNITIES Energy Reports   
ƒ Scenario Planning: Allowing decision-makers to s 9UCE " 2EZGUI 9  -OURSHED -  
simulate different scenarios to evaluate potential -ACHINE LEARNING FOR SMART BUILDINGS #URRENT TRENDS
AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Applied Energy   
impacts before implementing changes (Gholamzadeh
et al., 2020). s :HOU 0 *IN :  ,I 7   "IG DATA AND PRIVACY
CONCERNS IN RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION Energy Policy  
The integration of advanced control methods, data analytics,
and big data holds immense potential for improving
EXLOGLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH ZDWHU DQG HQHUJ\ HI¿FLHQF\
Overcoming challenges such as data integration, quality,
and standardization will be essential in fully realizing the
EHQH¿WV RI VPDUW EXLOGLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ )XWXUH UHVHDUFK
should focus on developing scalable, cross-sector solutions
DQGSURPRWLQJZLGHVSUHDGDGRSWLRQWREXLOGPRUHHI¿FLHQW

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 197 July-September 2024

3HUIRUPDQFHRI$QDHURELF%DIÀHG5HDFWRUIRUWKHUHPRYDORIFDUERQDFHRXVFRPSRXQGV
from a Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System in Chitrakoot, India.

Dr. ShailzaVerma
Associate Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering Collage, Jabalpur (M.P.), India.
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Sadhana Chaurasia
$VVRFLDWH 3URIHVVRU +HDG (QHUJ\  (QYLURQPHQW 'HSDUWPHQW 0DKDWPD *DQGKL &KLWUDNRRW *UDPRGD\D
Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.), India.
Dr. Dharmendra Singh
Assistant Engineer, Department of Rural Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya,
Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.), India.

Abstract: Wastewater generated from residential area of Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust (SSST) eye hospital, Chitrakoot,
Satna (M.P.) was treated by Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS) facility since 2010. There were 12
FRPSDUWPHQWVLQWZRVHULHVRIWHQXSÀRZFKDPEHULQ$%56DPSOLQJZDVVFKHGXOHGLQVXPPHUVHDVRQIDLUHVHDVRQDQG
winter season. The present study evaluates the performance of ABR for the removal of carbonaceous purities.
Samples were analyzed in laboratory for BOD and COD by standard methods. In-situ parameters like temperature and
pH were measured at site. Flow was adjusted to keep uniform hydraulic loading of 159170 l/d and Hydraulic Retention
7LPH +57 ZDVIRXQGKUV:DVWHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHDWLQOHWZDVIRXQGLQVLJQL¿FDQWDQGPHDQWHPSHUDWXUHLQ
faire, summer and winter seasons was found 22.4, 29.6 and 17.1oC respectively.
7KHLPSDFWRIWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDVWHZDWHUDWLQOHWRI$%5RQ%2'ZDVIRXQGLQVLJQL¿FDQW7KXVPRGHOZDVVXVWDLQHGIRU
SHDNVXPPHUDQGZLQWHUWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ(৾XHQWVWUHQJWKZDVIRXQGDQGFRPSDUHGZLWKGLVFKDUJLQJVWDQGDUGV
laid by Pollution control Board in India. Further, the study demonstrated that a smaller ABR of 5 compartments may be
suitable for carbonaceous compound removal and further any add on unit can be used to treat other nitrogenous and
phosphate impurities.
Keywords: $QDHURELFED৾HG5HDFWRU'HFHQWUDOLVHGZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWV\VWHP+\GUDXOLF5HWHQWLRQWLPH

1. INTRODUCTION biomass retention. It is used for industrial waste treatment

OL HW DO    )RRG ZDVWH WUHDWPHQW $KPHG DW DO
:DWHU UHVRXUFHV DUH IDFLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO\ GH¿FLHQW DQG WKH
2015), The ABR does not have the possibility of clogging
value of environment in the world is persistently becoming
and sludge bed expansion as occurred in the other systems,
worsen in most regions. Therefore, it will be a essential
VXFK DV WKH DQDHURELF ¿OWHU DQG 8$6% 0DQDULRWLV DQG
need to develop reliable technologies for wastewater
Grigoropoulos, 2002).
treatment. Sustainable development of water resources
and wastewater disposal are the issues when it comes to The ABR is a high rate anaerobic digester that may
economic development and poverty eradication for any LQWHUQDOO\ FRPSDUWPHQWDOL]HG E\ D VHULHV RI EDIÀHV 1R
nation. It is very crucial factors in the process of social external oxygen source or mechanical devices are needed.
progress of peoples and economic development, as they deal The ABR concept is similar to septic tank in which
with the wellbeing of the people (Bwapwa, 2010). Aerobic treatment of wastewater can be obtained by the naturally
and anaerobic treatment is the two types of treatment developed anaerobic micro-organism. Anaerobic process is
process exist in a biological reactor. These processes can be adopted in most of the DEWTS plant. Standard for design
FODVVL¿HGDFFRUGLQJWRGLJHVWLRQRIZDVWHZDWHULQSUHVHQFH of ABR from 2008 was adopted in many countries. Further
of oxygen or in absence of it. Anaerobic process is adopted studies on ABR performance has made by scientists across
in most of the DEWTS plant because of costeffectiveness the world (López et al., 2013). Chemical oxygen demand
DQG KLJK WUHDWPHQW HI¿FLHQF\ DORQJ ZLWK ORZ VOXGJH &2'  UHPRYDO ZDV REVHUYHG E\  ±  0RUHO DQG
SURGXFWLRQ /DQJHQKRIIHWDO%DUEHUDQG6WXFNH\ Diner et al. 2006, BORDA et al. 2008). Biochemical
1999). Based on the study of Boopathy (1998), the making R[\JHQ GHPDQG %2'  UHPRYDO ZDV REVHUYHG E\  ±
RI $QDHURELF %DIÀHG 5HDFWRU $%5  LV VLPSOH DQG FDQ 95% (Morel and Diner et al. 2006, BORDA et al. 2008).
be easily operated. The reactor also has good solids and ,Q¿UVWFRPSDUWPHQWRI$%5VHWWOHDEOHVROLGVDUHUHPRYHG

July-September 2024 198 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

which is typically represent 50% of the total volume of
solids in wastewater (Tilly, et al. 2008). Non Settleable
VXVSHQGHG VROLGV KDV WUHDWHG DQG UHPRYHG LQ XSÀRZ
chambers. Therefore, up to 90% of total suspended solids
(TSS) removal has observed (Singh, et al 2008). Recycling
RI HIÀXHQW KDYH D VOLJKWO\ QHJDWLYH LPSDFW RQ WUHDWPHQW
quality (Foxon, et al. 2004, Tilly, et al. 2008) Hydraulic
loading could be 2-200 cum/day andn HRT could be from
IHZ KRXUV WR  KRXUV  )R[RQ HW DO  0RUHO DQG
'LQHU HW DO  /LX HW DO   7KHVH VWDQGDUGV KDV
adopted in most of the ABR construction around the world.
Figure 1 Schematic layout of DEWATS unit at SSST
The ABR under study was also constructed by adoption of
(Source: Field layout of ABR in SSST.)
these standards along with some professional inputs, where
HRT has taken as 100 hours and number of compartment
increased to 12.
Thus its performance study was a prime need for further
development of technology in climatic condition of India
specially Chitrakoot Satna Madhya Pradesh to validate
design standards laid in western countries. The present
study focuses the performance of the ABR for the removal
of carbonaceous matter. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of ABR

2.0 THE STUDY AREA availability in bottom of an ABR is a major factor to run
$%5HI¿FLHQWO\7KLV$%5XQGHUWKHVWXG\ZDVIXQFWLRQLQJ
Sadguru Seva Sangh Trust (SSST) eye hospital premise since year 2010.
exists in Jankikund, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh
of India. It is located at latitude and longitude are 250 09’ After the construction and smooth functioning of reactor, it
05.49” N and 800 51’ 27.48” E respectively. Wastewater was felt to analyze the performance of the ABR to correlate
generated from the residential area of the hospital is data and information relevant to different compartment of
treated by constructing an ABR of 0.2 MLD capacity in the reactor for the peak summer and peak winter. Evaluation
the year 2010. It is the part of DEWATS which is shown RIRSWLPL]HGHI¿FLHQF\DQDHURELFEDIÀHGUHDFWRUZLWKSHDN
schematically in Fig.1 . Mild steel coarse screen of opening seasonal temperature variation for the removal of BOD and
VL]H ; P LV WKH ¿UVW XQLW RI '(:$76 ZKLFK LV COD have been done.
LQVWDOOHG LQ D EULFN PDVRQU\ FKDPEHU ZLWK DQ RYHU ÀRZ
SLSH)LUVWO\:DVWHZDWHUUHDFKHVWRVFUHHQZKHUHÀRDWLQJ 3.0 METHODOLOGY
large sized impurities such as wooden pieces, leaves and The methodology started with preparation of plan
polyethene’s screened out and wastewater allowed entering wastewater sampling from different compartments and
LQ$%5 ,W FRQWDLQV  LQOHW  SDUDOOHO XQLW RI  XSÀRZ days to get the seasonal variation also. After collecting the
chamber in each unit and 1 outlet unit as shown in plan samples, testing of BOD and COD were done in the Lab
DQGFURVVVHFWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHHIÀXHQWVHQGWR whereas pH and Temperature were measured onsite. All the
Horizontal Flow Planted Filter (HFPF), where it is treated statistical analysis and correlation were done by MS Excel
in aerobic environment by root zone treatment system. It analysis tool . This study was conducted in three seasons of
reduce odour and colour of waste water simultaneously one year i.e. summer , fair and winter season. Microorganism
%2' DQG &2' RI ZHDN HIÀXHQW IURP $%5 KDV DOVR present in wastewater gets more opportunity to decompose
depleted to discharging standards (Subramanian, et al. organic substances present in wastewater and thus impact
 (IÀXHQWIURP+)3)KDVFROOHFWHGLQDWUHDWHGZDWHU of HRT was observed on carbonaceous parameters.
VXPSDQGUHXVHGIRULUULJDWLRQRIDJULFXOWXUH¿HOG
3.1 WASTEWATER SAMPLING AND
7KH$%5LVDPRYLQJ¿OPW\SHDQDHURELFUHDFWRUZKLFKQHHG
LABORATORY TESTING
HI¿FLHQWEOHQGLQJRIUDZZDVWHZDWHUDQGVOXGJH%OHQGLQJ
RI VOXGJH DQG ZDVWHZDWHU KDV GRQH E\ XS ÀRZ YHORFLW\ ABR was adjusted for receiving samples prior to
RI ÀRZLQJ ZDVWHZDWHU DQG PL[HG OLTXRU IRUPHG LQ$%5 sampling sessions. One sampling point has constructed in
which provide larger contact time between microorganisms HDFK FRPSDUWPHQW E\ ¿[LQJ D PLOG VWHHO SLSH RI  PP
and organic impurities present in wastewater. Thus sludge diameter on the top slab of ABR. Accessibility surrounding

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 199 July-September 2024

the DEWATS area was also made and proper lighting Observed mean BOD and mean COD for sampling seasons
DUUDQJHPHQW ZHUH PDGH DW VLWH  :DVWHZDWHU ÀRZ ZDV in all the compartments was calculated and presented in
DOVR DGMXVWHG E\ SURYLGLQJ DQ RYHUÀRZ SLSH DW VFUHHQLQJ Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Further values have been
chamber in such a manner, so that maximum water depth normalize in percentage and shown in Fig 5 and Fig. 6. It
RYHUZHLUZDVVWDELOL]HGWRIHWFKXQLIRUPÀRZUDWH can be seen that Minimum BOD have been observed in
Compartment 5 i. e. is 58mg per litre in summers , 73mg
Samples were collected alternatively from both series of
per litre in Fair season and 83 mg per liter in Winter season.
compartment, to get 24 hours representative sample and
Which is 20%, 23% an 26% of the total BOD. Whereas
2 liters representative (composite) sample was taken for COD has been found minimum in comarrtment 10 i.e. 86
further analysis. Since ABR under study had chance to get mg per litre in summer, 97mg per litre in fair and 101mg
shock load on the any sampling day, hence sampling session per litre in winter season.
was repeated again after short interval. On the sampling
day samples were collected from compartments of ABR at
0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 hours. Three
days sampling sessions were planned and 36 samples were
obtained from each sampling locations for one season.
Samples were collected and tested for for three seasons
i.e. summer, fair and winter. The sample was collected for
24 hours from ABR and was analyzed within 24 hours of
holding time, when composite period ends as per manual.
This composite sample was analyzed to quantify BOD and
COD in laboratory by standard methods of APHA (2002)
Fig. 3 Mean seasonal temperature at ABR inlet
manual.

3.2 ONSITE TESTING OF WATER QUALITY

PARAMETERS
Water quality parameters temperature and pH were tested
onsite. Temperature of wastewater at inlet was measured
Multiline pH Universal meter with temperature probes.
Probe of the instrument has been calibrated in laboratory by
using standard thermometer and adjusting the instrument
for few set of standard temperature. After being ensured,
Fig. 4 Mean seasonal pH in all the compartments of ABR
the temperature of waste water at inlet of ABR was taken.
Wastewater temperature in summer, faire and winter Table 1 Mean BOD in Summer, Fair and Winter seasons (mg/l)
season was given in Figure 3. pH is an insitu parameter of
COMPARTMENT
wastewater, which has measured on ABR site by Multiline
pH Universal meter with probes. All samples were checked Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
at site for pH. Summer 293 171 77 61 58 77 73 75 72 60 62
Fair 313 199 88 82 73 82 94 88 84 77 73
3.2 WATER QUALITY DATA ANALYSIS
Winter 319 224 99 87 83 99 106 102 97 88 86
Compartment wise mean value of every sampling season
was calculated., then tested for homogeneity using MS
Excel. Mean value of parameters, so obtained for different
sampling session was normalized for comparative study of
parameters. Mean seasonal temperature is shown in Fig 3.
It was found that temperature difference at inlet of ABR
LQ IDLUH VXPPHU DQG ZLQWHU VHDVRQ ZDV VLJQL¿FDQW 7KH
calculated mean seasonal temperature for 0 to 24 hrs in
summer, faire and winter was found as 29.6, 22.3 and 17.1oC
respectively. Fig 2 shows mean value of pH observed in
sampling days which is from 6.4 to 7.3. pHfound in range
6.00 to 8.00. Hence there were no need for pH adjustment Fig. 5 Mean seasonal BOD (%) at all the compartments
as per manual. of ABR

July-September 2024 200 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Table 2 Mean COD in Seasons (mg/l) winter season was 12.50C. Thus, small range of temperature
variation was prevail during study period. Inlet temperature
COMPARTMENT
ZDV IXUWKHU LQÀXHQFHG E\ H[RWKHUPLF ELRGHJUDGDWLRQ
Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 reaction for oxidizing carbonaceous substances in
Summer 716 284 147 145 140 228 251 244 122 86 147 153 compartment 1 to 5 in ABR. The heat generated from
Fair 706 322 174 166 160 258 284 280 146 97 166 176 reaction caused increase in substrate temperature, because
Winter 644 323 171 164 163 252 294 278 137 101 166 176
during oxidation of carbonaceous substances like lipids,
SURWHLQV DQG PRQRPHUV ¿QDOO\ FRQYHUWHG LQWR FDUERQ
dioxide and methane and large amount of heat generated,
which caused increase in wastewater temperature. It
was imperative to say the wastewater temperature was
not controlled in compartment of ABR, thus seasonal
WHPSHUDWXUHLPSDFWZDVQXOOL¿HGLQFRPSDUWPHQWV

4.2 IMPACT OF HRT ON BOD & COD

The variation in BOD and COD corresponding to HRT is
shown in Table 3. It was observed that HRT increases from
8.38 hrs to 100.56 hrs and corresponding BOD were deplete
from 100% to 24.89%. BOD depletion was not uniform in
all 12 compartment of ABR, but after attaining minimum
Fig. 5 Mean seasonal COD (%) in all the compartments BOD 23.6% (72.5 mg/l) in compartment 5 (HRT 41.9 hrs)
of ABR , it start to increase at compartment 7 and then depleted to
24.89% in compartment 12. It can also be seen that COD
3.3 HRT
were deplete from 100% to 22.72% from compartment 1 to
HRT is the time span taken by wastewater from inlet to 5. A second peak 40.23% was found in compartment 7 and
outlet of the bioreactor. It was a very important variable, then depleted to 24.85% in compartment 12 . The least value
ZKLFKFDXVHVLPSDFWRQHIÀXHQWTXDQWLW\+57RI$%5KDV of COD is 13.75%, recorded in compartment 10. There was
been calculated by following expression sharp decrease in COD from 100% at compartment 1(inlet)
to 22.72% at compartment 5. After that but ABR did not
HRT (in hours) =
SHUIRUPHGZLWKVDPHGHSOHWLRQHI¿FLHQF\
HRT of ABR was calculated for annual mean discharge
159170.674 l/d and ABR volume 667.24 cum and found 4.21 CORRELATION BETWEEN HRT AND MEAN
100.56 h. Table 3 presents the HRT of all the compartments. BOD
It was found that wastewater detention in compartment 1 All the statistical analysis and correlation were done by
to 12 were increased from 8.38 hrs to 100.56 hrs , which MS Excel analysis tool. Correlation for compartment 1
indicate that wastewater has got more contact time with to 12 was found -0.65 (Table 4(a)), and it was -0.91 for
anaerobic microorganisms. compartment 1 to 5 (Table 4(b). Hence we can say that
HRT versus observed BOD was higher negative bonding
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
up to compartment 1 to 5 in comparison to the entire
7KHUHZDVVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQWHPSHUDWXUHZDVIRXQG ABR performance data bonding. Therefore, it was been
in summer season and winter season. pH found in range concluded that HRT impact for BOD depletion was higher
6.00 to 8.00. Hence there were no need for pH adjustment up to compartment 5 (HRT 41.9 hrs), It was also found
as per manual. Further, variation in wastewater parameters from Table 3 that least value of BOD, 23.4% was recorded
with HRT has been analyzed for the performance study of in compartment 5. This meant that ABR was performed
ABR. In other words taking HRT as independent variable, well up to 41.9 hrs HRT. Minimum BOD () was found in
its impact on dependent variables BOD, COD have been compartment 5 (HRT 41.9 hrs),
found in the present study.
4.22 CORRELATION BETWEEN HRT AND MEAN
4.1 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE COD
REMOVAL OF BOD AND COD
Correlation for compartment 1 to 12 was found -0.59 Table
Wastewater temperature at inlet in summer and winter 4 (c ) , and it was -0.84 for compartment 1 to 5 (Table 4(d)),
season was found 29.6 and 17.10C, from which it was found So, HRT impact on COD was higher up to compartment
that mean temperature difference between summer and 1 to 5. It was also found least value of COD is 22.72%

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 201 July-September 2024

or 160.0 mg/l were found in compartment 5 (HRT 41.9 u = HRT in hours,
hrs). Again it was less in compartment 10 , but there was
vb = BOD in faire season in percentage.
a moderate negative bonding among variables. So, increase
in HRT cause decrease in COD in ABR or larger the size Equation was differentiated and maxima found
of reactor lesser will be COD. But COD depletion was not
u = 43.98 hours
uniform in all 12 compartment of ABR. That HRT impact
for COD depletion was higher up to compartment 5 (HRT vb = 24.29%.
41.9 hours), but after that ABR did not performed with
It meant that minimum BOD observed 24.29% at HRT
VDPH GHSOHWLRQ HI¿FLHQF\ :KLFK PHDQW WKDW $%5 ZDV
performed well up to 41.9 hours HRT. 43.98 hours. Which indicate BOD depletion 75.71% as
compared to BOD of compartment 1. It was found from
7DEOH  D  &RUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ +57  PHDQ %2'  IRU table 1 that carbonaceous compound indicator BOD was
FRPSDUWPHQWWR E &RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ+57 PHDQ depleted by 75.11% in ABR when substrate remains in its
%2'IRUFRPSDUWPHQWWR F &RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ+57 components for a HRT of 100.56 hours. But it was also
 PHDQ &2'  IRU FRPSDUWPHQW  WR  G  &RUUHODWLRQ analyzed by regression the maximum BOD depletion
EHWZHHQ+57 PHDQ&2'IRUFRPSDUWPHQWWR 75.71% was achieved in 43.98 hours HRT. It means that
4.23 OPTIMIZATION OF ABR FOR a smaller digester of HRT 43.98 hours can be optimized to
CARBONACEOUS COMPOUNDS IXO¿OO%2'UHPRYDOUHTXLUHPHQW

%2' DQG &2' DUH WKH WZR SDUDPHWHUV UHÀHFWV WKH 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
carbonaceous substances in ABR. Correlation of BOD and
COD was found 0.94 in summer and 0.91 in winter (given BOD and COD are two indicator parameters taken for
in Table 5 (a) and (b)) . For fair season it was in between of measure of carbonaceous substance in wastewater. There
both the values such as 0.93. So almost same temperature ZDVLQVLJQL¿FDQWLPSDFWRIWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRQ%2'
impact was found for removal of carbonaceous substance and COD were found for peak summer and peak winter
and a uniform performance was found. Thus, optimization due to uncontrolled temperature of substrate caused by
RIHLWKHU%2'RU&2'UHÀHFWVWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQPRGHORI exothermic reaction in early compartments.
carbonaceous substances in ABR. &RUUHODWLRQDPRQJ+57 KRXUV  %2'  DQG+57
Table 5 Correlation Between BOD and COD for (a) KRXUV  &2'  ZDVIRXQGDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\
Summer season (b) Winter season ,WZDVVLJQL¿FDQWQHJDWLYHGDWDERQGLQJDPRQJYDULDEOHV
Hence it was interpreted that increase in HRT cause
(a) Summer Season (b) Winter Season decrease in BOD in ABR. It can be say that larger the size
BOD COD BOD COD
of reactor lesser will be observed BOD.
BOD 1.00 BOD 1.00 6LJQL¿FDQW %2' DQG &2' UHPRYDO ZHUH IRXQG 
COD 0.94 1.00 COD 0.91 1.00 and 75.01%) corresponding to HRT (100.56 hrs), but
maximum BOD and COD removal (76.60% and 76.99%)
were found for HRT 41.90 hrs. which within standard
discharging standards. Correlation between BOD and
COD has been done for the three seasons and found
0.94 (summer), 0.91 (winter) and 0.93 (fair season). So,
optimization for the removal of carbonaceous impurities
has been done by regression curve analysis for BOD. The
optimization model indicated that maximum BOD removal
was 75.71% at HRT 43.98 hours. So it can be concluded
a smaller ABR of 5 compartments may be suitable for
carbonaceous compound removal. Further study on ABR
Fig 6. Impact of HRT on BOD is recommended for nitrogenous and phosphate impurities
Fig. 6 shows a regressed curve between variables showed a with controlled temperature condition of substrate.
mathematical relation given below- REFERENCES
vb = - 0.0005 u3 + 0.1047 u2 ±X
Ahamed, A., Chen, C. L., Rajagopal, R., Wu, D., Mao,
Where, < +R , - 5   :DQJ - <   0XOWL

July-September 2024 202 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 SKDVHG DQDHURELF EDIÀHG UHDFWRU WUHDWLQJ IRRG LIU, X., REN, N., and WAN, C., (2007).
waste. Bioresource technology, 182, 239-244. Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-
APHA (American Public Health Association) (2002). FRPSDUWPHQW SHULRGLF DQDHURELF EDIÀHG
Standard methods for the examination of water and reactor, Journal of Environmental Sciences,
wastewater. 20th edition, American Public Health   ±
Association, Washington, D.C
Barber, W.P. Stuckey, D.C. (1999) The use of the anaerobic
López, A., Albarrán-Rivas, M. G., Hernández-
EDIÀHG UHDFWRU $%5  IRU ZDVWHZDWHU WUHDWPHQW D Mena, L., and León-Becerril, E., (2013). An
review, Water Research Volume 33, Issue 7, May DVVHVVPHQWRIDQDQDHURELF¿OWHUSDFNHGZLWK
1999, Pages 1559-1578 a low-cost material for treating domestic
Boopathy R., Larsen, V.F, and Senior E., (1988). wastewater: Environmental Technology,
3HUIRUPDQFH RI DQDHURELF EDIÀHG UHDFWRU $%5  LQ   ±
treating distillery wastewater from a Scotch whisky Manariotis, I. D. and Grigoropoulos, S. G.
factory. Bioresources Technology, 16(2):133-143
(2002) Low-strength wastewater treatment
BORDA (2008). Decentralized Waste Water Treatment XVLQJ DQ DQDHURELF EDIÀHG UHDFWRU :DWHU
- DEWATS. http://www.bordanet.Org /modules/
(QYLURQPHQW5HVHDUFK  ±
(accessed in March 2009).
%ZDSZD -.   $QDO\VLV RI DQ DQDHURELF EDIÀHG Morel A. and Diener S. (2006). Greywater Management
reactor treating complex particulate wastewater an in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review
ABR- Membrane bioreactor unit : report University RI GLৼHUHQW WUHDWPHQW V\VWHPV IRU KRXVHKROGV RU
of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban. neighbourhoods. Swiss

Table 3. HRT, BOD and COD (%) in splitting 1 to 12

Surface Area Mean Mean

C u m m u l a t i v e HRT BOD
ABR splitting Compartments Under Spliting C O D
Volume (CuM) (Hrs)
(sqm) (%) (%)

1 1 20.01 55.62 8.38 100 100

2 1,2 40.01 111.22 16.76 64.78 45.6
3 1,2,3 60.01 166.82 25.14 28.29 24.64
4 1,2,3,4 80.01 222.42 33.52 25.46 23.56
5 1,2,3,4,5 100.01 278.02 41.9 23.4 22.72
6 1,2,3,4,5,6 120.01 333.62 50.28 27.84 36.45
7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 140.01 389.22 58.66 30.25 40.23
8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 160.01 444.82 67.04 28.42 39.64
9 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 180.01 500.42 75.42 27.36 20.66
10 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 200.01 556.02 83.8 25 13.75
11 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 220.01 611.62 92.18 23.86 23.48

12 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 240.02 667.24 100.56 24.89 24.85

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 203 July-September 2024

 Spectral Characterization and Detection of Sodium Sulphate in Water: Insights
from Visible Spectrum Analysis

Pranav P Bansode
Research Scholar, Water Resource Engineering Department, Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Chh.
Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, 431005, India. contact no.: 9923966335
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Dattatraya G Regulwar
Professor, Water Resource Engineering Department, Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Chh.
Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, 431005, India. contact no.: 9422202380
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: This study explores the spectral traits of sodium sulphate in water, focusing on its spectral band and signature.
Using a spectroradiometer, we analysed solutions ranging from 50mg/L to 1000mg/L under open sky conditions. Results
pinpoint a sensitive spectral band at 800nm. We also established a correlation with R² = 0.5992 between sodium sulphate
FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGLWVUHÀHFWDQFHE\SRO\QRPLDOHTXDWLRQFRQ¿UPHGE\K\GURORJLFDOVWDWLVWLFVOLNH506(16(0$3(
DQG53'7KHVH¿QGLQJVHQKDQFHRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVRGLXPVXOSKDWH VVSHFWUDOEHKDYLRXUDLGLQJZDWHUUHVRXUFH
management and agricultural sustainability.
Key words: 6RGLXPVXOSKDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ5HÀHFWDQFH5HPRWHVHQVLQJ6SHFWUDO&KDUDFWHULVWLFV6SHFWURUDGLRPHWU\
Water Quality Assessment.

1. INTRODUCTION were examined under open sky conditions to simulate

natural environmental settings.
The characterization and detection of contaminants in
water is a crucial aspect of environmental monitoring and Results from the analysis highlight a sensitive spectral band
management [1]. Sodium sulphate, a common inorganic at 800nm, which is crucial for detecting sodium sulphate
VDOWRIWHQ¿QGVLWVZD\LQWRZDWHUERGLHVWKURXJKQDWXUDO in water. The study further establishes a polynomial
processes and anthropogenic activities, such as industrial correlation between sodium sulphate concentration and
discharge and agricultural runoff [2]. Its presence in water LWV UHÀHFWDQFH YDOLGDWHG WKURXJK K\GURORJLFDO VWDWLVWLFDO
FDQ VLJQL¿FDQWO\ DIIHFW ZDWHU TXDOLW\ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ indicators such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash-
ecosystem health and agricultural productivity [17]. 6XWFOLIIH (I¿FLHQF\ 16(  0HDQ $EVROXWH 3HUFHQWDJH
Thus, understanding the spectral characteristics of sodium Error (MAPE), and Relative Percent Difference (RPD).
sulphate in aqueous environments is essential for effective 7KHVH¿QGLQJVQRWRQO\HQKDQFHRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH
water resource management and pollution control. Spectral spectral behaviour of sodium sulphate but also contribute to
analysis offers a non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective the development of more effective water quality assessment
method for detecting and quantifying chemical substances
and management practices. By integrating spectral analysis
in water [6], [11]. By analysing the interaction of light with
into water monitoring systems, we can achieve more
matter, particularly in the visible spectrum, researchers
accurate and timely detection of contaminants, ultimately
can identify unique spectral signatures that correspond
supporting the sustainable management of water resources
WR VSHFL¿F VXEVWDQFHV >@ >@ 6SHFWURUDGLRPHWU\
and agricultural landscapes. This research underscores
which measures the intensity of light across different
wavelengths, is a powerful tool in this context, enabling the importance of spectral techniques in environmental
precise characterization of the spectral properties of science and highlights the potential of spectroradiometry in
contaminants such as sodium sulphate. This study aims advancing our capabilities for water quality monitoring and
to elucidate the spectral traits of sodium sulphate in water pollution control.
by analysing solutions of varying concentrations using a
2. METHODOLOGY
spectroradiometer. The research focuses on identifying
the spectral band and signature of sodium sulphate and The methodology for this study involved establishing a
establishing a correlation between its concentration and spectral baseline through initial reference readings from a
UHÀHFWDQFH 6ROXWLRQV UDQJLQJ IURP PJ/ WR PJ/ whiteboard using the SVC XHR-1024 spectroradiometer,

July-September 2024 204 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

IROORZHGE\VSHFWUDOUHÀHFWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIGLVWLOOHG 6XFFHVVLYH UH¿QHPHQW LGHQWL¿HG WKH PRVW VHQVLWLYH
water for comparison purposes. We prepared sodium VSHFWUDOEDQGUHODWHGWRWKHUHÀHFWDQFHUHVSRQVHRIVRGLXP
sulphate solutions in concentrations ranging from 50 mg/L sulphate. The wavelength of 800 nm emerged as critical,
to 1000 mg/L, ensuring thorough mixing and replicating particularly through the second-order derivative analysis,
HDFK FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ¿YH WLPHV WR JXDUDQWHH UREXVW UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWLQJWKHKLJKHVWUHÀHFWDQFHYDOXHVDFURVVYDU\LQJ
6SHFWUDO UHÀHFWDQFH RI WKH VDPSOHV ZDV FDSWXUHG DFURVV sodium sulphate concentrations, as detailed in Table 1.
a wavelength range of 350 nm to 2500 nm, starting with
7DEOH6HQVLWLYHEDQGIRUVRGLXPVXOSKDWHUHÀHFWDQFH
baseline readings from the whiteboard and distilled water,
response after 2nd order derivative
then focusing on the sodium sulphate-contaminated water
samples. The data collected was analysed to identify
Sodium Sensitive 5HÀHFWDQFH Band
spectral changes attributable to sodium sulphate by
Sulphate Band (nm) (%) Region
comparing contaminated samples with the distilled water
Conc.
DQG ZKLWHERDUG UHIHUHQFHV OHDGLQJ WR WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ
RI SULPDU\ VSHFWUDO EDQGV ZLWK GLVWLQFWLYH UHÀHFWDQFH
50 mg/L 800 0.16111 Near
properties indicative of sodium sulphate presence. Spectral
InfraRed
data was meticulously organized and analysed, with
readings plotted against wavelength in Excel to highlight
100 mg/L 800 0.17222 Near
variations due to sodium sulphate concentrations. We
InfraRed
LGHQWL¿HGVSHFL¿FZDYHOHQJWKUDQJHVZLWKKLJKUHÀHFWDQFH
FUXFLDOIRUGH¿QLQJVSHFWUDOVLJQDWXUHVRIVRGLXPVXOSKDWH
300 mg/L 800 0.17638 Near
DQG UH¿QHG WKHVH VLJQDWXUHV WKURXJK GHULYDWLYH DQDO\VLV
InfraRed
to focus on maximum sensitivity regions. We related
WKHVH UH¿QHG VSHFWUDO VLJQDWXUHV WR VRGLXP VXOSKDWH
500 mg/L 800 0.2025 Near
concentrations using polynomial trendlines and assessed
InfraRed
WKH¿WZLWKWKHFRHI¿FLHQWRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ 5ð 9DOLGDWLRQ
RI WKH ¿QGLQJV LQYROYHG UHVHUYLQJ RQH VSHFWUDO UHVSRQVH
1000 mg/L 800 0.19833 Near
for evaluation, employing metrics such as RMSE, NSE,
InfraRed
MAPE, and RPD to ensure the accuracy and reliability of
the spectral signatures and concentration calculations.
3.1 Performance Metrics for Model Evaluation: A
3. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS Statistical Approach
Graph 1 depicts the initial spectral response of various To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of our
sodium sulphate concentrations in distilled water, alongside spectroradiometric predictions for sodium sulphate
WKH UHÀHFWDQFH RI GLVWLOOHG ZDWHU ZLWK KLJKHU UHÀHFWDQFH concentration, we computed several statistical indicators.
values ranging from 1250 nm to 2500 nm neglected due to
their association with plain distilled water alone, to isolate &RHI¿FLHQWRI'HWHUPLQDWLRQDQG3RO\QRPLDO
DQGHOLPLQDWHLWVLQÀXHQFHIURPVXEVHTXHQWDQDO\VLV Equation:
7KH &RHI¿FLHQW RI 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ UHSUHVHQWHG DV 5ð
TXDQWL¿HVWKHSURSRUWLRQRIYDULDQFHLQREVHUYHGGDWDWKDW
is accounted for by the model, providing a measure of
how closely the model's predictions correspond to actual
data. R² values range from 0 to 1, with values nearer to
1 indicating a model that explains a greater proportion of
the data's variance and exhibits lower error. An R² value
exceeding 0.5 is generally deemed acceptable, signifying
that the model possesses a reasonably good explanatory
capacity. Additionally, a correlation has been established
for sodium sulphate across varying concentrations from 50
mg/L to 1000 mg/L in water, linking these concentrations
WR WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ UHÀHFWDQFH UHVSRQVHV WKURXJK D
polynomial model. This relationship is visually represented
*UDSK5HÀHFWDQFHSUR¿OHRIVRGLXPVXOSKDWHDQG in Graph 2, which illustrates the plot of R² values and the
distilled water polynomial equation.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 205 July-September 2024

Graph 2: Correlation of sodium sulphate concentrations
ZLWKLWVVSHFWUDOUHÀHFWDQFHDQG5
Graph 3: RMSE Graph Comparing Calculated and Actual
3.1.2Validation of polynomial equation: sodium sulphate Concentrations (mg/L)
)RU YDOLGDWLRQ RQH VSHFWUDO UHÀHFWDQFH UHVSRQVH ZDV 3.1.4 Nash Sutcliffe model (NSE)
UHVHUYHGIURPWKHVHWRI¿YHUHÀHFWDQFHUHVSRQVHVIRUHDFK
7KH 1DVK6XWFOLIIH (I¿FLHQF\ 16(  HYDOXDWHV WKH
concentration of sodium sulphate, ranging from 50 mg/L to
1000 mg/L. The following Table 2 presents the validated JRRGQHVVRI¿W RI SUHGLFWHG GDWD FRPSDUHG WR WKH PHDQ
VSHFWUDO UHÀHFWDQFH UHVSRQVH SRO\QRPLDO HTXDWLRQ RIREVHUYHGGDWD,WUDQJHVIURP’WRZKHUHDYDOXH
actual concentrations of sodium sulphate, and calculated RI  VLJQL¿HV D SHUIHFW PRGHO ¿W 9DOXHV EHWZHHQ 
concentrations of sodium sulphate. and 1.0 indicate satisfactory model performance, while
negative values suggest that the observed mean is a more
Table 2: Actual and Calculated sodium sulphate accurate predictor than the model [8]. The NSE for the
FRQFHQWUDWLRQDORQJZLWKYDOLGDWLRQUHÀHFWDQFHUHVSRQVH aforementioned model, applied to calculated sodium
sulphate concentrations versus actual sodium sulphate
Validation Equation Calc. Sodium Actual
concentrations, is computed in below Graph 4.
5HÀHFWDQFH Sulphate Sodium
Conc. (mg/L) Sulphate
Conc.
(mg/L)
1.49 -8610.3x2 + 30081x - 25606 98.96297 50
1.50 -8610.3x2 + 30081x - 25606 142.325 100
1.54 -8610.3x2 + 30081x - 25606 298.55252 300
1.75 -8610.3x2 + 30081x - 25606 666.70625 500
1.83 -8610.3x2 + 30081x - 25606 666.70625 1000

3.1.3 RMSE / RSR (Root Mean Square Error Ratio):

The Root Mean Square Error Ratio (RSR) evaluates the Graph 4: NSE Graph Comparing Calculated and Actual
model's effectiveness by scaling the Root Mean Square sodium sulphate Concentrations (mg/L)
Error (RMSE) against the standard deviation of the observed
data. An ideal RSR value is 0, indicating no residual The Nash Sutcliffe of sodium sulphate concentration in
YDULDWLRQ DQG ÀDZOHVV PRGHO SHUIRUPDQFH 6PDOOHU 565 mg/L is 0.533.
values are more desirable, as they signify reduced RMSE 3.1.5 Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE):
and thereby improved model accuracy [8]. The RMSE of
the aforementioned model, applied to calculated sodium The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is a metric
sulphate concentrations versus actual sodium sulphate that evaluates the accuracy of a forecasting approach
in percentage terms. It measures the average absolute
concentrations, is computed in below Graph3.
difference between predicted and observed values as a
The Root Mean Square Error of sodium sulphate percentage of the observed values. This metric offers
concentration is 169.155 mg/L. valuable insights into the predictive precision of a model,

July-September 2024 206 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

with lower MAPE values indicating greater accuracy [8]. 3.2 Discussion on Sodium Sulphate Spectral
The MAPE for the aforementioned model, applied to Signatures: Interpretations and Findings
calculated sodium sulphate concentrations versus actual
sodium sulphate concentrations, is calculated in below Table 3: Statistical Analysis of Spectral Signature of
Graph 5. sodium sulphate
Spectral R2 Correlation Equation RSME NSE MAPE RPD
Signature (mg/L) (%) (%)
800 0.5992 y = -8610.3x2 + 30081x - 169.155 0.533 30.9 4.0148
25606

Table 3 presents an in-depth statistical analysis of the

spectral signature of sodium sulphate, showcasing a range
of performance metrics utilized to evaluate the precision
and dependability of the model.
The spectral signature of sodium sulphate shows a moderate
correlation with its concentration, supported by an R2 value
of 0.5992. The NSE value of 0.533 indicates satisfactory
PRGHO SHUIRUPDQFH UHÀHFWLQJ UHDVRQDEOH DJUHHPHQW
between predicted and observed values. The RSME value
of 169.155 is indicative of the model's accuracy in capturing
Graph 5: MAPE Graph Comparing Calculated and Actual the variability of sodium sulphate concentrations within
sodium sulphate Concentrations (mg/L) DFFHSWDEOHERXQGV7KH0$3(YDOXHRIVLJQL¿HVD
moderate level of predictive accuracy, suitable for practical
The Mean Absolute Percentage Error of sodium sulphate applications. The RPD value of 4.0148 suggests a moderate
concentration is 30.9%. agreement between predicted and observed values, further
validating the model's reliability.
5HODWLYH3HUFHQW'LIIHUHQFH 53' 
The Relative Percent Difference (RPD) assesses the CONCLUSION
correspondence between predicted and observed values In this study, we conducted experiments using a
E\FRPSXWLQJWKHUHODWLYHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH¿QDODQG spectroradiometer to investigate the spectral signature of
initial values, divided by their average, and then multiplied sodium sulphate, focusing on the 800nm wavelength and
by 100. RPD is particularly valuable in evaluating the spectral bands within the NIR region of the electromagnetic
dependability and precision of spectral signature analysis spectrum. We established a correlation between sodium
for predicting water quality parameters, with reduced VXOSKDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGLWVVSHFWUDOUHÀHFWDQFHSURYLGLQJ
values signifying improved alignment between model foundational insights into the relationship between spectral
predictions and actual observations [8]. The RPD for features and chemical concentrations. Subsequently, we
the aforementioned model, applied to calculated sodium YDOLGDWHG WKHVH ¿QGLQJV XVLQJ K\GURORJLFDO VWDWLVWLFDO
sulphate concentrations versus actual sodium sulphate indicators, demonstrating the robustness and reliability of
concentrations, is calculated as follows: our spectral analysis approach. The moderate R2 value of
 VLJQL¿HV D VLJQL¿FDQW FRUUHODWLRQ LQGLFDWLQJ WKH
potential for spectral signatures to serve as effective proxies
for sodium sulphate concentration assessment. Despite
the NSE value of 0.533 suggesting opportunities for
Sum of calculated sodium sulphate concentration = enhancement, our model exhibits satisfactory performance
1873.25299 in predicting sodium sulphate concentrations, supported
Sum of actual sodium sulphate concentration = 1950 by the RSME value of 169.155, which indicates adequate
accuracy in capturing concentration variability. The
Therefore, MAPE value of 30.9% underscores the model's practical
SUHGLFWLYHDFFXUDF\ZKLOHWKH53'YDOXHRIUHÀHFWV
a moderate agreement between predicted and observed
values, reinforcing the reliability of our approach.
The Relative Percent Difference of sodium sulphate 2XU¿QGLQJVKDYHLPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUUHPRWHVHQVLQJ
concentration is 4.014 %. applications using satellite data and UAVs equipped with

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 207 July-September 2024

spectral sensors. By leveraging spectral signatures, these with modernization of Indian agriculture. Journal of
technologies can enhance the monitoring and management Pharmacognosy, 9(3), 2073-2080.
of agricultural reservoirs and other water bodies. This  %X;/LX./LX- 'LQJ<  $KDUPIXO
capability is crucial for optimizing resource allocation, algal bloom detection model combining moderate
improving environmental sustainability, and supporting resolution imaging spectroradiometer multi-factor and
informed decision-making in water resource management meteorological heterogeneous data. Sustainability,
SUDFWLFHV)XWXUHUHVHDUFKVKRXOGIRFXVRQUH¿QLQJVSHFWUDO 15(21), 15386.
analysis techniques and expanding the application of these https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115386.
methods across diverse geographical and environmental
 &XL06XQ<+XDQJ& /L0  :DWHU
contexts.
turbidity retrieval based on UAV hyperspectral
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT remote sensing. Water, 14, 128.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010128.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. S.D. Gorantiwar,
 &XUUDQ3-'XQJDQ-/*KRO]+/ 0LOOHU0
Principal Investigator at CAAST-CSAWM, MPKV, and
6   5HÀHFWDQFH VSHFWURVFRS\ RI IUHVK ZKROH
Director of Research at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,
leaves for the estimation of chemical concentration.
Rahuri, for his invaluable guidance and support throughout
Remote Sensing of Environment, 30(2), 271-278.
WKLVUHVHDUFK+LVH[SHUWLVHVLJQL¿FDQWO\FRQWULEXWHGWRWKH
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(89)90069-6.
successful completion of this study. Special thanks to Dr.
Sunil A. Kadam, Associate Professor at Dr. A. S. College  'DQLHO10*LWDX0:3DL1 'DJJXSDWL
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Scientist P. (2015). Hydrological and water quality models:
at CAAST-CSAWM, whose assistance and technical Performance measures and evaluation criteria.
expertise were instrumental in the implementation of the Transactions of the ASABE, 58(6), 1763-1785.
experimental work and data analysis, enhancing the overall https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.58.10715.
success of this re-search project.  'XEH 7 6KHNHGH 0 '  0DVVDUL &  
Remote sensing for water resources and environmental
CONFLICT OF INTEREST management. Remote Sensing, 15(1), 18.
7KH $XWKRUV GHFODUH WKDW WKHUH LV QR FRQÀLFW RI LQWHUHVW https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010018.
regarding the publication of this paper. All authors have  *KROL]DGHK0+0HOHVVH$0 5HGGL/  
DSSURYHGWKH¿QDOPDQXVFULSWDQGDJUHHZLWKLWVFRQWHQW A comprehensive review on water quality parameters
estimation using remote sensing techniques. Sensors,
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Study of Ero and Ele Reservoirs in Ekiti State
Nigeria. International Journal of Multidisciplinary 17. D. Y. Shinggu, O. N. Maitera and J. T. Barminas.
and Current Research. Vol 3, 215-219. (2014). Level of Organochlorine Pesticides Residue
16. Vincent, R. K., Qin, X., McKay, R. M., Miner, J., in Fish, Water and Sediment in Biu Dam (Reservoir)
&]DMNRZVNL.6DYLQR- %ULGJHPDQ7   Borno State Nigeria. International Research Journal
Phycocyanin detection from LANDSAT TM data for RI3XUH $SSOLHG&KHPLVWU\  

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 209 July-September 2024

 ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Parag Jog, Bharat Chavan, Shubhangi Jain -Procurement Experts

Tata Consulting Engineers Limited

Abstract: Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to a range of dispute settlement methods which help the parties
in the dispute to come to a settlement without going to court, or without litigating on the said matter. These methods
usually involve a third party, who helps them in settling the disputes. In this article we will discuss on various types of
$'5PHFKDQLVPVEHQH¿WVRI$'5DQGRWKHUDVSHFWVRI$'5

INTRODUCTION Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) encompasses:

The exigency for swift and cost-effective Commercial ƒ A method of resolving disputes outside the courtroom,
dispute resolution is recognized worldwide. Timely bypassing litigation.
resolution of Commercial disputes not only minimizes ƒ Non-adversarial in nature, encouraging cooperative
SDUWLHV¶ ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHPSRUDO H[SHQGLWXUHV EXW DOVR HIIRUWVWRDFKLHYHPXWXDOO\EHQH¿FLDOUHVROXWLRQV
cultivates an environment that facilitates contract
enforcement. The traditional litigation process i.e the ƒ Involves parties settling disputes with the aid of
process of resolving a dispute by bringing it before a court an impartial third party, avoiding formal court
of law, though well-established, can be protracted, leading proceedings.
WR GHOD\V LQ DFKLHYLQJ MXVWLFH DQG SODFLQJ D VLJQL¿FDQW
burden on the judiciary. Traditional approach presents 1. Various Types of Alternate Dispute Mechanism
several drawbacks like Rigidity and Limited Flexibility,
Financial burden to Parties and has detrimental effect on
Economic activity and Investment.
In current scenario there is large backlog of pending cases
in Courts across India, quick dispense of justice remains a
dream.
Fortunately, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
mechanisms, encompassing Negotiation, Mediation,
&RQFLOLDWLRQ$UELWUDWLRQSURYLGHDQHI¿FDFLRXVDOWHUQDWLYH
These ADR processes offer a more streamlined and
potentially more amicable approach to resolving disputes
compared to conventional litigation.
$'5 PHWKRGV DUH VLJQL¿FDQW IRU &RQVWUXFWLRQ 3URMHFWV
Partnership, Joint ventures, Insurance, and other civil
matters

July-September 2024 210 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 A. Types of Arbitration

Common Types of Arbitration Recognized in India based

on Established Procedures and Rules : Based Bn Procedures
and Rules

 %HQH¿WVRI$OWHUQDWH'LVSXWH5HVROXWLRQ
B. Arbitration Proceedings

3. Aspects of Arbitration as Alternate Dispute

Resolution :
The Indian legislature in order to create a common procedure
for arbitration in India had enacted the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act,1996, which governs arbitration process
in India and enforcement of Domestic and Foreign Awards
in India.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 211 July-September 2024

4. Way Forward : and dispute resolution skills will empower them
ƒ Adopting mechanism like Dispute Adjudication to actively participate in ADR processes and
Board (DAB/DAAB/DRB) : represent their interests effectively. This will help
to bridge the gap between Engineering and Legal
Formation of Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) Fraternity
also sometimes referred to as the Dispute Avoidance/
ƒ Prioritizing ADR as the Preferred Approach
Adjudication Board (DAAB) or Dispute Review
Board (DRB), as a part of Contract process between Commercial disputes should prioritize ADR methods
two parties and adjudication of dispute through DAB as the primary approach for seeking resolution.
ƒ Fostering ADR Expertise and Awareness Litigation should be considered a last resort, employed
only when all other avenues have been exhausted .
y Promoting ADR Knowledge: Increased education
and awareness campaigns are crucial to ensure REFERENCES :
EXVLQHVVHVXQGHUVWDQGWKHEHQH¿WVRIYDULRXV$'5
1. Arbitration and Conciliation Act,1996
methods and their suitability for different types of
commercial disputes. 2. Arbitration centres in India
Ź Indian Council of Arbitration
y Leveraging Engineering Expertise: Engineering
professionals possess valuable analytical skills Ź Indian Chamber of Commerce Council of
DQGWHFKQLFDOSUR¿FLHQF\WKDWFDQEHLQVWUXPHQWDO Arbitration (ICCA)
in effectively resolving complex commercial Ź International Centre for Alternative Dispute
disputes through ADR. Resolution (ICADR)
y Encouraging Legal Training for Engineers: Ź ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $UELWUDWLRQ  0HGLDWLRQ &HQWUH
Encouraging engineers to acquire legal knowledge (IAMC), Hyderabad

July-September 2024 212 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF INTZE TYPE ELEVATED SERVICE RESERVOIR
USING DIFFERENT METHODS
Ravindra N. Patil
Sinhgad College of Engineering, S. No. 44/1, Vadgaon (Budruk), Off. Sinhgad Road, Pune 411 041
M.E. (Structure), E-mail- [email protected], M-9960433839
Pallavi Khatavkar
Sinhgad College of Engineering, S. No. 44/1, Vadgaon (Budruk), Off. Sinhgad Road, Pune 411 041
Assistant Professor, Sinhgad College of Engineering, E-mail- [email protected], M-7276076556

Abstract: Water is basic need of every creation. Water supply scheme in each village and city needed with elevated
service reservoir (ESR) for distribution of water with gravity. Water is importance during disaster like earthquake,
tsunami etc. The elevated service reservoirs are essential part of the water supply schemes in the various part of the
world. Intze type of water tank has economical design for large capacity of water storage. In this paper, seismic analysis
of Intze tank for a given capacity are presented for two ratios of height to diameter, viz. H = 1/3 D and H = 2/3 D.
7KHVHLVPLFDQDO\VLVRIWDQNZLWKVWDJLQJLVSUHVHQWHGKHUHEULHÀ\7ZRFDVHVDUHVWXGLHGE\GRLQJVHLVPLFDQDO\VLVE\
three methods. 1. Linear Static Analysis, 2. Response Spectrum Analysis 3. Linear Time History Analysis. Final results
are compared and concluded.
It is observed that the shallower tank with H=1/3D having more stability among the two cases considered. Base shear in
time history analysis is more and in response spectrum method is less as compared to IS 1893-part 2 method.
Keywords: Elevated Service Reservoirs, Intze Tank, Staging for Intze Tank, Foundation For Intze Tank, Cylindrical Tank,
Spherical Dome, Conical Shell, Cost Of Intze Tank, Over Head Water Tank, Water Tank, Seismic Analysis of water tank.

1. GENERAL Chiara Bedon (Bedon et al. 2023) is focused on the

LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI G\QDPLF SDUDPHWHUV EDVHG RQ PRGDO
Water is basic need of every creation. Water supply scheme
numerical analysis, of a 50-year-old, reinforced concrete
in each village and city needed with elevated service elevated water tank (EWT) characterized by a reservoir
reservoir (ESR) for distribution of water with gravity. Water with a truncated cone shape. G. Darwin (Darwin et al.
is importance during disaster like earthquake, tsunami etc. 2022) has done study on energy-based design (EBD) of
The elevated service reservoirs are essential part of the elevated overhead tank. Energy-Based Design (EBD) can
water supply schemes in the various part of the world. Intze provide a better and more reliable alternative to overcome
type of water tank has economical design for large capacity WKH GH¿FLHQFLHV RI FRGHEDVHG GHVLJQ (%' FRQVLGHUV D
of water storage. The intension of writing this paper is to coherent approach to estimate the input energy, the elastic
represent effect of different methods of seismic analysis on energy dissipation, and the plastic energy dissipation,
considering the inelastic behaviour of structural members.
elevated service reservoir.
9DULRXV OLWHUDWXUHV KDYH VWXGLHG WR ¿QG RXW SUREOHP
2. LITERATURE REVIEW statement. It is observed that there is no study on
M. V. Waghmare (Waghmare et al. 2022) has done seismic comparison of static analysis as per IS 1893 part 2 with
spectrum analysis and time history analysis for Intze tank
study on RC Elevated liquid storage tank by using free
of high capacity. This study will help for engineers during
vibration analysis, linear modal, and nonlinear time history
design of Intze tank of high capacity.
analysis. M. V. Waghmare has presented a brief idea of the
mathematical model for a multi-degree freedom system of 3. CASE STUDY OF INTZE TANK
the staging of the RC elevated tank, and two-mass system Intze tank of 2.5 million Liters (ML) capacity has considered
for container and the contained liquid is presented. Further, for study. Following two cases are evaluated to understand
the governing equation of motion and its solution by the which height to diameter ratio behave differently in seismic
state-space method is also described. condition.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 213 July-September 2024

Case 1 - tank wall height is 1/3 of diameter of tank.
Case 2 - tank wall height is 2/3 of diameter of tank.
The common input parameters for two cases above are as
follows:
Height of staging - 18 m,
)RXQGLQJVWUDWD±0HGLXP6RLO
Grade of concrete - M30
Grade of steel - Fe500
Figure 1 Features of INTZE Tank
6HLVPLF]RQH±9 = 
The various input Parameters of case 1 and case 2 are
Response Reduction Factor R- 2.5
presented in below Table. The main features of the tank in
Importance Factor -1 two cases are explained with the help of above Figure.
Table 1 Input Parameters for the Tank
Description Case-1- Case-2 Units
wall height = 1/3*Diameter Wall height = 2/3*Diameter
Internal clear dia of cylindrical wall 20 17 m
Height of container above conical dome 7.050 (approx. 1/3 of dia.) 10.75 (approx. 2/3 of dia.) m
c/c diameter of staging 13.7 11.825 m
Height of container 10.8 13.94 m
(bottom ring beam to top ring beam)
Staging height 18 18 m
Total Height from Base to Top of tank 29.6 32.74 m
Foundation top below ground 0.8 0.8 m
Cylinder wall thickness tapering between 600 mm at bottom and 650 mm at bottom and mm
300 mm at top 300 mm at top
Conical Dome thickness 1000 1300 mm
Bottom ring beam 1200x1950 1200x1800 mm
Top ring beam 400x500 400x500 mm
Top dome thickness 150 150 mm
Bottom dome thickness 200 200 mm
Staging columns 12 12 Nos.
Column diameter 1200 1200 mm
Bracing beam 600x700 600x700 mm
Foundation Support Fix Support Fix Support mm

Table 2. Tank Geometry

Description A B C D E F G
(Top (Cylinder (Conical (Bottom Ring (Diameter (Bottom (c/c Diameter
Dome Wall Wall Beam Depth) of Dome of Staging
Height) Height) Height) Container) Height) Columns)
Case-1 wall height 2.50 7.05 3.75 1.95 20 2.50 13.7
= 1/3*Diameter
Case-2 wall height 2.125 10.75 3.188 1.8 17 2.125 11.825
= 2/3*Diameter

July-September 2024 214 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Two cases are studied by doing seismic analysis by three B. Response Spectrum Analysis
methods. 1. Linear Static Analysis, 2. Response Spectrum
Spectra of Response spectrum Analysis from IS1893 part
Analysis 3. Linear Time History Analysis. Final results are
compared and concluded. 1 -2016 is used for this method. Spectra of medium soil is
used for analysis. Nine modes are considered in Analysis.
4. ANALYSIS METHODS Staad pro software used for Analysis. Base shear and
GHÀHFWLRQIRUWDQNIXOOLVVWXGLHG
A. Linear Static Analysis
Manual calculations are done for linear seismic analysis
results by using IS1893 Part 2 process. Effect of liquid
exerted impulsive and convective hydrodynamic pressure
on wall and base in addition to hydrostatic pressure is
considered. Tank is idealized as two mass model as show
LQEHORZ¿JXUHIURP,63DUW6WLIIQHVVRIVWDJJLQJ
is calculated by considering unit arbitrary 10 kN lateral
IRUFHDW&*RIHPSW\FRQWDLQHUWRJHWXQLWODWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQ
[7]. Time period for Impulsive and convective mode Figure 4 Spectra from IS 1893 [6]
calculated as per codal process. Base shear for Impulsive
and convective mode is calculated at base of stagging. Total
base shear is calculated by doing summation of both base
shears. Further Base shear and story shear for empty and
full case are calculated.

Figure 5 Staad Models a) Case 1, b) Case 2

C. Time History analysis

It is an analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at
HDFKLQVWDQWRIWLPHZKHQLWVEDVHLVVXEMHFWHGWRDVSHFL¿F
ground motion time history.IS code spectra of medium soil
DVPHQWLRQHGLQ¿JXUHLVXVHGDVJURXQGPRWLRQGDWDIRU
analysis. Below input data is considered for time history
Figure 2 Mass Model Idealization [5] analysis
a) Mass and stiffness distribution: It is distributed based
on input loading and geometry in Staad,
b) Acceleration: Time record taken from IS 1893 part
VSHFWUDRIPHGLXPVRLODVPHQWLRQHGLQ¿JXUH
4.
c) Scaling factor: 1 (It is default taken in Staad pro). The
scale factor option multiplies all forces, accelerations,
and amplitudes entered, read or generated within this
type. Primarily used to convert acceleration in g’s to
)LJXUH0RGHOIRU6WLৼQHVVRI6WDJJLQJ>@ current units.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 215 July-September 2024

d) Integration time steps: 0.001388 (Solution time step j) T2: 9 seconds. Ending time of the steady acceleration.
used in the step-by-step integration of the uncoupled
k) T3: 14 seconds. Ending time of the acceleration
equations. 0.001388 is obtained as 1/10th the period
of 72 cps. 72 cycle per seconds (cps) is chosen as a decay.
number that is high enough that most structures won’t l) Number of digitized frequencies :35 (The input shock
KDYHDVLJQL¿FDQWPRGHZLWKVXFKDKLJKIUHTXHQF\,W spectrum will be re-digitized at NF equally spaced
is default taken in Staad pro) frequencies by interpolation. Default is the greater of
e) Damping: 0.05 35 or the number of points in the input spectrum.)
f) Arrival times: 1, 2 ,3,4 ,5 second considered. (Arrival m) Number of Iteration: 10 (The number of iterations
time is the time at which a load type begins to act at a which will be used to perfect the computed time
joint (forcing function) or at the base of the structure history.)
(ground motion))
n) Direction -X considered for study
g) T max: Maximum time in generated time history is
taken as 20 seconds. Above inputs are provided in Staad Pro software to perform
time history analysis. Software solves series of differential
h) Delta T: 0.2, Delta time step (in seconds) in the
generated time history. equations. Results are evaluated in the form of Base Shear
DQGGHÀHFWLRQIRUWDQNIXOOFRQGLWLRQIRUHDFKFDVH
i) T1: 4 seconds. It is ending time of acceleration rise
time. 5. COMPARISON OF RESULTS

Table 3 Results for two cases as per IS 1893 Part 2-2014 Analysis Method

Description Case-1- Case-2 Units

Wall height = Wall height =
1/3*Diameter 2/3*Diameter
Weight of empty container 17646 18103 kN
Weight of staging 8614 8306 kN
Weight of water 32686.3 31644 kN
Impulsive hydro-dynamic pressure at base of wall 7.48 7.85 kN/m2
Impulsive hydro-dynamic pressure at top of wall 0.00 0.0 kN/m2
Impulsive hydro-dynamic pressure on base slab 5.48 4.84 kN/m2
Convective hydro-dynamic pressure at base of wall 0.76 0.47 kN/m2
Convective hydro-dynamic pressure at top of wall 2.64 4.79 kN/m2
Convective pressure hydrodynamic on base slab 0.76 0.47 kN/m2
Pressure due to wall Inertia 1.02 1.0 kN/m2
Pressure due to vertical excitation at base of wall 12.25 16.42 kN/m2
Maximum hydro-dynamic pressure 14.94 18.66 kN/m2
Base shear due to EQ for tank full -IS 1893-part 2 method 3531 3771.6 kN
Base shear due to EQ for tank empty-IS 1893-part 2 method 2554.4 2559.29 kN
% of base shear of total weight in full case 5.92 6.42 %
Overturning moment at base for full case 75159.5 81666.5 kNm
Restoring moment at base in full case 403789.4 109333.58 kNm
Factor of safety against overturning in tank full case 5.37 1.34 ratio
Overturning moment at base for empty case 58631 61120.75 kNm
Restoring moment at base in empty case 179888.1 107035.2 kNm
Factor of safety against overturning in tank empty case 3.07 1.75 ratio
/DWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQRIWDQNDVSHU,60HWKRG 27.62 31.58 mm
'HÀHFWLRQOLPLW + 91.07 100.7 mm

July-September 2024 216 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Table 4 Base shear comparison with 3 methods of analysis for two cases

Description Case-1- Case-2 Units

Wall height = Wall height =
1/3*Diameter 2/3*Diameter
Base shear due to EQ for tank full -IS 1893-part 2 method 3531 3771.6 kN
Base shear due to EQ for tank full -Response Spectrum Analysis 3496 3440 kN
Base shear due to EQ for tank full -Time History Analysis method 4055 4284 kN
7DEOH/DWHUDO'HÀHFWLRQFRPSDULVRQZLWKPHWKRGVRIDQDO\VLVIRUWZRFDVHV

Description Case-1- Case-2 Units

Wall height = Wall height =
1/3*Diameter 2/3*Diameter
/DWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQRIWDQNDVSHU,60HWKRG 27.62 31.58 mm
/DWHUDO GHÀHFWLRQ RI WDQN DV SHU 5HVSRQVH 6SHFWUXP 26.533 30.014 mm
Analysis
/DWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQRIWDQNDVSHU7LPH+LVWRU\$QDO\VLV 30.8 37.49 mm

6. CONCLUSIONS [3] G. Darwin, Ratnesh Kumar, Onkar Kumbhar, Vijay

ƒ It is observed that Case 1 is more stable than Case 2. N. Khose : Article on “Energy Based Design of
RC Staging in Elevated Service Reservoir.” 22
ƒ Base shear generated in case 1 -5.92% and case 2- December 2022. Published by ASPS, Algeria, https://
6.42% of total vertical weight of tank. Base shear is doi:10.38208/acp.v1.570.
more in case 2 compared to case 1.
[4] Amar Aliche, Hocine Hammoum, Karima Bouzelha
ƒ Impulsive and convective forces in wall surface are : Article on “Fragility analysis of concrete elevated
generated less in Case 1 compared to Case 2. water tanks under seismic loads.” Published on 01,
ƒ /DWHUDO 'HÀHFWLRQ DW WRS RI 7DQN LV OHVV LQ &DVH  July 2021, Published by A. Aliche et alii, Frattura
compared to Case 2 ed Integrità Strutturale. https:// doi: 10.3221/IGF-
ESIS.57.09.
ƒ Base shear in time history analysis is more and in
response spectrum method is less as compared to IS [5] IS 1893 (Part 2): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
'HVLJQ RI 6WUXFWXUHV /LTXLG 5HWDLQLQJ 7DQNV
1893-part 2 method.
(Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 110002,
ƒ /DWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQLQWLPHKLVWRU\DQDO\VLVLVPRUHDQG India) 2014.
in response spectrum method is less as compared to [6] IS 1893 (Part 1): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
IS 1893-part 2 method. 'HVLJQ RI 6WUXFWXUHV *HQHUDO 3URYLVLRQV DQG
Buildings. (Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
REFERENCES
110002, India) 2016.
[1] M. V. Waghmare, S. N. Madhekar, V.A. Matsagar [7] Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IITK-
: Article on “Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of RC GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Liquid
Elevated Liquid Storage Tanks.” 19 December 2022. Storage Tanks, Coordinator, Indian Institute of
Published by ASPS, Algeria, https://doi.org/10.3390/ Technology Kanpur,2007, pp 1 to 93
su14137902. [8] Pankaj Agarwal and Manish Shrikhande: Book
[2] Chiara Bedon, Claudio Amadio, Marco Fasan, Luca on “Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures.”
Bomben: Article on “Comparison of Numerical Published on July 2019, Published by PHI Learning
Strategies for Historic Elevated Water Tanks: Modal Private Limited.
Analysis of a 50-Year-Old Structure in Italy.” 30 May
2023. Published by MDPI, Switzerland. https://doi.
org/10.3390/buildings13061414.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 217 July-September 2024

 Design of the Wastewater Treatment Plant for Microelectronic Processes
Wastewater Using CHEMCAD® Process Simulator
R. W. Gaikwad
Department of Chemical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Chh. Sambhajinagar, 431001 (MS) India
(PDLOUZJDLNZDG#JPDLOFRP0RELOH
Hemant S. Sadafale
Department of Chemical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Chh. Sambhajinagar, 431001 (MS) India
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: The wastewater from the microelectronics sector is generating a lot of organic and inorganic contaminants,
ZKLFK LV GUDZLQJ WKH DWWHQWLRQ RI WKH VFLHQWL¿F FRPPXQLW\ DQG LQGXVWU\ 7KH SROOXWDQWV LQFOXGHG LQ PLFURHOHFWURQLF
ZDVWHZDWHU DUH FODVVL¿HG DV TXDOLWDWLYH FRQWDPLQDQWV DOWKRXJK WKH\ DUH SUHVHQW LQ ORZ FRQFHQWUDWLRQV WKH\
SRVH D VLJQL¿FDQW KDUP WR SXEOLF KHDOWK DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW 7KH GHVLJQ RI WKH ZDVWHZDWHU WUHDWPHQW SODQW IRU WKH
microelectronics industry wastewater using CHEMCAD® process simulator is accomplished by utilizing the process
VLPXODWRU&+(0&$'ŠYHUVLRQ,WZDVGLVFRYHUHGWKDWWKHSURSRVHGVLPXODWLRQSODQWDFWXDOO\UHGXFHGWKHH৾XHQW
characteristics down to the CPCB of India’s limitations.
KeyWords: Microelectronics, wastewater, metal removal, design, CHEMCAD, simulations

1. INTRODUCTION a study done on the accumulation in river waters and bed

VHGLPHQWV FRQWDPLQDWHG E\ HIÀXHQWV IURP VHPLFRQGXFWRU
The microelectronics industry is seeing exponential
increase in production speed due to the huge demand for manufacturers (Hsu et al. 2016).
electronics integrated circuits across multiple industries.
Applications for semiconductors include smart factories,
displays, robots, AI, and automobiles. Numerous hazards to
both humans and the environment are linked to the toxicity
of chemical chemicals employed in the semiconductor
manufacturing process (Mori et al. 2015). One of the
PDMRU LQGXVWULDO HIÀXHQWV VHPLFRQGXFWRU ZDVWHZDWHU
makes for 28% of all wastewater released untreated into
the environment (Mao et al., 2022). Researchers have
paid close attention to these wastes in terms of resource
recovery and zero-liquid discharge. The composition of the
YDULDQFHV LQ WKH JHQHUDWHG HIÀXHQWV SUHVHQWV WKH ELJJHVW
challenge (Cielik and Konieczka 2017).It is concerning
because the microelectronics sector contributes trash
that pollutes the environment negatively by generating Fig. 1. Prominent Chemical And Inorganic Pollutants
large amounts of wastewater that contain heavy metals, )RXQG,Q(৾XHQW)URP0LFURHOHFWURQLFV,QGXVWU\
SKRVSKDWH DQG ÀXRULGH 7KH PRVW SUHYDOHQW NLQG RI
contaminants from microelectronic waste is depicted in The etching procedure used to create integrated circuit chips
Figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates that the heavy metals utilized SURGXFHGWKHÀXRULGHFRPSRXQGZKLFKZDVVKRZQWRUDQJH
in the microelectronics industries most frequently include in concentration from 250 to 1500 mg/l in semiconductor
copper (14.29%), silicon (26.19%), and silver (27.38%). HIÀXHQW /LXDQG/LX/DFVRQHWDO :DVWHZDWHU
One of the metals that can be recovered and recycled from microelectronic devices is very different from that
IURPWKHPLFURHOHFWURQLFVLQGXVWU\¶VHIÀXHQWVLVVLOLFD 6L  from other industries. These wastewaters are produced
residue (Noman, E.A et.al. 2024).The most often discovered by the emulsifying process used in the manufacturing of
elements were Pb2+, Cr2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+, according to ÀXRURSRO\PHUV DQG WKH\ FRQWDLQ EHWZHHQ  DQG 

July-September 2024 218 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 The production of waste occurs in a number of ways during
the microelectronics manufacturing process. When taken
into account separately, these wastes are rather common
and simple to handle. However, the different streams are
occasionally merged and held as a result of continuous
VWXG\ WR ¿QG WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH WHFKQLTXH WR PDQDJH WKH
waste. This study focuses on one potential treatment train
for mixed waste streams.Recently CHEMCAD® simulator
has been used to model and simulate extensive variety
of processes, for instance: the simulation of an olive
pits fed rotary kiln pyrolysis plant installed in Southern
,WDO\ %HQDQWL HW DO   WKH FRQFHSWXDO GHVLJQ RI DQ
acetaldehyde manufacturing plant(Eliasson, J. 2010),
the simulation of the biodiesel production process by
WUDQVHVWHUL¿FDWLRQRIYHJHWDEOHRLOV &KLOHY& 6LPHRQRY
E.2014). In this investigation, the theoretical design of
wastewater treatment.
plant for microelectronic processes wastewater
)LJ6LJQL¿FDQW+HDY\0HWDOV,Q(৾XHQW)URP using CHEMCAD® process simulator is carried out
Microelectronic Industry (Chemstations ,2002). This study aims to understand the
P0RISHUÀXRURRFWDQRLFDFLG 3)2$ DVZHOODVWR mass composition of the different streams involved in the
J/RI70$+WRJ/RIJO\FHURO±PJ/RI wastewater treatment process, so it is possible to determine
S\UD]ROH ± PJ/ RI DFHWRQH ± PJ/ RI WKH PDLQ GHVLJQ SDUDPHWHUV RI SURFHVV HTXLSPHQW WR
FDOFLXPÀXRULGH &D) ±PJ/RI.2+1+±1 FDOFXODWHWKHÀRZUDWHRIWKHGLIIHUHQWDX[LOLDU\FRQVXPHG
± PJ/ DQG WXUELGLW\ 178  ± 7KH S+ The outcomes attained in this simulation analysis will assist
UDQJHV DUH  WR  ± J/ RI WRWDO VROLG ± to design a wastewater treatment plant for microelectronic
PJ/RIVXVSHQGHGVROLG±PJ/RI&2'%2' processes wastewater and can be used to gain the essential
&2'EHWZHHQDQG±PJ/RIVXOSKDWHV methods to intensify the pollutant removal, get better
DQG±PJ/RIWRWDO.MHOGKDOQLWURJHQ 2PDUHW HFRQRPLFV DQG WR DLG LQ GURS LQ WKH FRQWDPLQDWLRQ DV
DO  3RVW HW DO  :DQJ HW DO  7HRZ HW DO well as to form the necessary details for forthcoming
2022). Wastewater from microelectronic industry contains optimization investigations.
Cu+2, Sn+2, Pb+2, HF, methyl methacrylate, methanol,
and acetone. As per the norms of Central Pollution 2. METHODOLOGY
Control Board, before discharged to the environment, Treatment of a wastewater stream from microelectronics
the Cu+2,Pb+2,and HF concentration has to be 3 mg/lit, manufacture obtained by CHEMCAD® simulator is
2 mg/lit, and 1 mg/lit respectively(https://cpcb.nic.in). depicted in Fig. 3.Stream 1 is where the waste stream
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has calculated a enters the process. It is made up of water that has been
Reference Concentration for methyl methacrylate of 0.7 polluted with trace levels of Cu+2, Sn+2, Pb+2, HF,
mg/m3( https://www.epa.gov). methyl methacrylate, methanol, and acetone. Low amounts
of the three metals are successfully eliminated from
Motivation for Design:
the waste by use of an ion-exchange procedure carried
There has been a lot of environmental criticism recently out in Equipment-1. There are twocolumns in the ion-
regarding the amount of wastewater created by the exchange process: one is being used, and the other is being
semiconductor industry. Millions of gallons of water are regenerated. Nitric acid is used as the column regenerant.
used every day in microelectronic operations to wash Although the precise content of the regeneration solution is
chemicals and microscopic debris off chip surfaces. These unknown, a 1 M HNO3 solution likely to work well. The
waste kinds cannot be disposed of on land unless they amount of nitric acid needed to regenerate the column is
have undergone pretreatment in accordance with Best known to be 250 moles. Based on the column capacity,
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) guidelines. which has been sized for a loading period of one day and
Right now, cutting back on waste production is a top a regeneration time of up to one day, this is determined.
priority. However, the waste stream needs to be managed In contrast to vast quantities of sludge, which are more
until a more appropriate method of manufacturing is found. GLI¿FXOW WR GLVSRVH RI WKH UHJHQHUDWLRQ HIÀXHQW IURP WKH

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 219 July-September 2024

column, Stream 4, contains the metals that were originally ¿WV EHWWHU WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG SUHVVXUH UDQJHV KDQGOHG
taken from the wastewater with low volumes of scrap metal throughout the production process, and it’s also capable of
WKDW PD\ EH UHDGLO\ ODQG ¿OOHG )ROORZLQJ WKH UHPRYDO predicting satisfactorily the most important thermodynamic
of the metals, Equipment-4 receives the water stream, variables of all the chemicals used according to the
Stream 3. With the help of this reactor, lime is added to different existing phases. Using this model and the SRK
ZDVWHZDWHU WR QHXWUDOL]H +) DQG FUHDWH FDOFLXP ÀXRULGH
model (Soave-Redlich-Kwong) allows determining the
Since CaF is a solid, removing it from Stream 9 is simple
values of the equilibrium constant K and other important
DQG RQO\ UHTXLUHV ¿OWUDWLRQ ,Q (TXLSPHQW WKH SDUWLFOHV
are extracted from the water, readying the waste for the thermodynamic parameters. Additionally, it is taken
separations phase of the procedure. Only the organic waste, into account some useful recommendations provided by
or Stream 10, makes its way into the separations section of the simulator itself. PSRK (3UHGLFWLYH 6RDYH±5HGOLFK±
the process. Water and methyl methacrylate are separated Kwong) is an estimation method for the calculation of
IURP DFHWRQH DQG PHWKDQRO XVLQJ (TXLSPHQW WKH ¿UVW phase equilibria of mixtures of chemical components. The
distillation column. The acetone and methanol in Stream 12 original goal for the development of this method was to
are then separated using Equipment-7, and they leave the enable the estimation of properties of mixtures containing
system as Streams 14 and 15, respectively. In Equipment-8, supercritical components. This class of substances cannot be
methyl methacrylate is extracted from the water by carbon predicted with established models, for example UNIFAC.
adsorption. The “clean water” leaves the system through
As stated previously, the PSRK model is based on a
Stream 16. The carbon in the column is regenerated off-site
FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH 6RDYH±5HGOLFK±.ZRQJ HTXDWLRQ RI
with steam. Table 1 shows an equipment description for the
SURFHVVÀRZGLDJUDP state with a mixing rule whose parameters are determined
by the UNIFAC method. The equation of state of Soave is
Thermodynamic model selection GH¿QHGDVIROORZV
In CHEMCAD, to simulate the majority of the process
using the SRK as a K-value model and NRTL as an
Enthalpy model. In this design, the ion exchange column
ZDV PRGHOHG DV D FRPSRQHQW VHSDUDWRU 7KH ¿OWHU ZDV
where P, T and nm are the system pressure, temperature
assumed to remove all solids while allowing 99% of the
DQGPRODUYROXPHUHVSHFWLYHO\DDQGEDUHSDUDPHWHUVRI
liquid to continue on to the rest of the process. The two
distillation columns were designed by using CHEMCAD. PSRK EoS.
The carbon adsorption column was also simulated as a
component separator and sized by hand. The Freundlich
isotherm model was used to determine the amount of
carbon required.
K-Value Model -/LTXLG SKDVH DFWLYLW\ FRHI¿FLHQWV DUH
calculated by NRTL equation. The Non Random Two
Liquid equation has the following form.
where Pc,i and Tc,i stand for the critical pressure and
FULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHRISXUHFRPSRQHQWLUHVSHFWLYHO\XLV
the acentric factor. The PSRK mixing rule is written as

Enthalpy Model
Peng-Soave-Redlich-Kwong vapor-phase associated where g0ELVH[FHVV*LEEVHQHUJ\WKHUHFRPPHQGHGYDOXH
thermodynamic model was selected to carry out simulation RI$LVLQWKH365.PRGHOWKHDFWLYLW\FRHI¿FLHQW
calculations in CHEMCAD® simulator. This model of component i, gi is calculated using the UNIFAC model.

July-September 2024 220 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Table 1: Equipment Description With Stream Numbers of the critical point, and the dew and bubble lines of the
(Negative Sign Indicates Outlet Stream) liquid phase envelope. The operating condition of the plant
was located on the phase envelope diagram as well.
Equip- Description Stream Equip Description Stream
-ment Number -ment Number
ID ID 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1 Component 2,-3,-4 5 Rotary 9,-10, The results of the simulation are shown numerically in
Separator 1 Drum Filter -11
WinWord window as shown Table 2. The results show
2 Mixer I 6, 1, -2 6 Distillation 10,-12,
Column 1 -13 PDVV ÀRZ UDWHV LQ HDFK VWUHDP WRJHWKHU ZLWK DQ RYHUDOO
3 Sedimentator 4,-5,-6 7 Distillation 12,-14, input/output balance. In stream number 1, around 0.014260
Column 2 -15 Kmol/h of acetone, 0.004730 methyl methacrylate Kmol/h
4 Reactor 7, -9 8 Component 13,-16, , 0.047300 HF Kmol/h was processed. In stream number
9 Mixer II 8, 3, -7 Separator II -17  DERXW  .PROK FRSSHU K\GUR[LGH 
Kmol/h lead hydroxide, and 0.000400 Kmol/h tin hydroxide
was processed. The Table 3,shows the chemicals and metal
removed from wastewater using simulation.

Table 3: Chemicals And Metal Removed From Wastewater

Stream Stream Name Molar Flow rate

No. Kmol/h
14 Acetone 0.0013822
15 Methanol 0.01222
17 Methyl methacrylate 0.046
11 Calcium Fluoride 0.02
5 Metals 0.0051
Phase Envelope: The phase envelope of the gas stream
Fig.3- Treatment Of A Waste Water Stream From Microelectronics
was generated by using the simulation software packages,
Manufacture Obtained By Chemcad® Simulator
as shown in Fig. 4. Bubble point which forms bubble line
Phase Envelope: in Fig. 4 is a point separating the liquid phase and the two
phases region, namely the liquid phase and the gaseous
Phase diagram or phase envelope is a relation between phase. Dew point which forms dew line in Fig.4 is a point
temperature and pressure that shows the condition of separating the gaseous phase and the two phases region,
equilibria between the different phases of chemical QDPHO\WKHOLTXLGSKDVHDQGWKHJDVHRXVSKDVH7KH¿JXUH
compounds, mixture of compounds, and solutions. Phase illustrates that the operating condition lies very close to
diagram is an important issue in chemical thermodynamics the dew line of the phase envelope. Thus, any movement
and solution reservoir. It is very useful for process along a straight line to the left or right (by changing the
simulation, reactor design, and petroleum engineering WHPSHUDWXUH UHVXOWVLQDFKDQJHRIWKHSKDVHLHLWUHVXOWV
studies. It is constructed from the bubble line, dew line, in a change in the rate of the gas production.
and critical point. Bubble line and dew line are composed
of bubble points and dew points, respectively. Bubble
SRLQWLVWKH¿UVWSRLQWDWZKLFKWKHJDVLVIRUPHGZKHQD
OLTXLG LV KHDWHG 0HDQZKLOH GHZ SRLQW LV WKH ¿UVW SRLQW
where the liquid is formed when the gas is cooled. Critical
point is the point where all of the properties of gases and
liquids are equal, such as temperature, pressure, amount
of substance, and others. Critical point is very useful in
processing and dissolution of certain chemicals. Michelsen
(1980), described the calculation of the phase envelope.
However, to determine the phase of the obtained liquid
stream, CHEMCAD was used to generate the phase
envelope of the liquid stream. The PSRK model refers to Fig.4- Phase Envelop For Methyl Methacrylate Removal
the thermodynamics package that was used in the creation Stream No.17

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 221 July-September 2024

7KHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGPROHIUDFWLRQVSUR¿OHVKDYHGLUHFWO\ Adsorbent (Carbon) requirement Calculation:
drawn using plot function in CHEMCAD, which is
The carbon adsorption column was also simulated as a
illustrated in Fig. 5.
component separator and sized by hand calculations. The
Sizing of Distillation Column Freundlich isotherm model was used to determine the
amount of carbon required. The following parameters were
The results of the simulation for sizing of distillation used.
column are shown numerically in WinWord window as
shown in Table 4.

Where x= mass of methyl methacrylate ,m = mass of

carbon, KF= Freundlich adsorption constant = 1.3, Ce
= concentration of methyl methacrylate in solution at
equilibrium, n = Freundlich exponent = 0.58. The carbon
was assumed to be regenerated by the manufacturer.

Data obtained after Simulation –

Mass of methyl methacrylate= 467.476 gm
Moles of methyl methacrylate = 4.669 mol/hr
9ROXPHWULFÀRZUDWHRIPHWK\OPHWKDFU\ODWH P3/hr
Fig. 5-7KH7HPSHUDWXUH$QG0ROH)UDFWLRQV3UR¿OHV0HWKDQRO
Acetone At 101.33 Kpa By Nrtl For Distillation Column 7 Therefore, concentration of methyl methacrylate,
ChemCad has successfully converged the design of the
wastewater treatment plant for Microelectronics Wastewater
Treatment. The material and energy complexities were
reduced to a greater extent. Different component of mixed Using Freundlich isotherm model,
waste stream were separated more or less to pure form. It
FDQEHYLVXDOL]HGIURPÀRZVXPPDULHVRIVWUHDPV6L]LQJ
of distillation column was done which gives the internal
GHWDLOV IRU IDEULFDWLRQ7KH WHPSHUDWXUH SUR¿OHV IURP WKLV
study are shown in Fig. 6. The goal was to identify a “good This calculation shows only 118.8 gm of carbon is needed
tray” for the temperature control system and to comprehend for the removal of 467.476 gm of methyl methacrylate,
the column’s sensitivity. The decision has been made to
4. CONCLUSION
choose a tray from the region shown in the illustration. Trays
10 through 12 have one thing in common: the temperature The current investigations are found effective for the
SUR¿OHVLQGLFDWHDQLQÀHFWLRQSRLQWDWWKLVORFDWLRQ7UD\ Design of the wastewater treatment plant for the removal
has been chosen to measure and regulate the temperature in of Cu+2, Sn+2, Pb+2, HF, methyl methacrylate, methanol,
the column’s lowermost part. and acetone, using CHEMCAD® process simulator. The
VLPXODWHGSODQWZDVDEOHWRUHGXFHWKHHIÀXHQWVWUHDPVWR
below the regulatory threshold established by the Central
3ROOXWLRQ &RQWURO %RDUG &3&% 7KH VWXG\¶V ¿QGLQJV
support the possibility that CHEMCAD® could serve as a
tool for environmental engineers and engineering students
to use while designing, running, and controlling processes
that must adhere to environmental limitations. Furthermore,
it shows that the SRK and NRTL model thermodynamics
SDFNDJH JLYHV WKH EHVW ¿W LQ WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI GHVLJQ RI
WWT plant, since the obtained results were comparable
to the measured values from real industrial data. Thus, it
FRQ¿UPVWKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHPRGHOZKLFKLVUHTXLUHGEHIRUH
completing any further study (e.g., sensitivity study or
)LJ7UD\7HPSHUDWXUH3UR¿OH,Q'LVWLOODWLRQ&ROXPQ optimization).

July-September 2024 222 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Table 4- Simulation Results For Sizing Of Distillation 4. REFERENCES
Column (Equip. 6 & 7) For Wastewater Stream From %HQDQWL()UHGD&/RUH¿FH9%UDFFLR* 6KDUPD
Microelectronics Wastewater Treatment (Chemcad V, (2011) Simulation of Olive Pits Pyrolysis in a
Simulator Generated) Rotary Kiln Plant. Thermal Science, 15(1), 145-158.
Chemstations (2002), ChemCAD Professional® (Version
5.2.0). Houston, Texas: Chemstations Inc. Recovered
from www.chemstations.com
&KLOHY& 6LPHRQRY(  6LPXODWLRQRI%LRGLHVHO
3URGXFWLRQ E\7UDQVHVWHUL¿FDWLRQ RI9HJHWDEOH 2LOV
Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy,
49(5), 479-486.
&LHĞOLN % .RQLHF]ND 3   $ UHYLHZ RI SKRVSKRUXV
recovery methods at various steps of wastewater
treatment and sewage sludge management. The
concept of “no solid waste generation” and analytical
PHWKRGV-&OHDQ3URG±
Eliasson, J. (2010), Design of a Plant for Manufacturing
of Acetaldehyde. Sweden: Department of Chemical
Engineering, Lund University.
Hsu LC, Huang CY, Chuang YH, Chen HW, Chan YT, Teah
HY, Chen TY, Chang CF, Liu YT, Tzou YM (2016)
Accumulation of heavy metals and trace elements in
ÀXYLDO VHGLPHQWV UHFHLYHG HIÀXHQWV IURP WUDGLWLRQDO
DQGVHPLFRQGXFWRULQGXVWULHV6FL5HS  ±
https://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/
documents/methyl-methacrylate.pdf
Lacson CFZ, Lu MC, Huang YH (2021) Fluoride-rich
wastewater treatment by ballast-assisted precipitation with the
selection of precipitants and discarded or recovered materials as
ballast. J Environ Chem Eng 9(4):105713
/LX&&/LX-&  &RXSOHGSUHFLSLWDWLRQXOWUD¿OWUDWLRQ
IRU WUHDWPHQW RI KLJK ÀXRULGHFRQWHQW ZDVWHZDWHU -
7DLZDQ,QVW&KHP(QJ±
Mao G, Han Y, Liu X, Crittenden J, Huang N, Ahmad UM
(2022) Technology status and trends of industrial
wastewater treatment: a patent analysis. Chemosphere
288:132483
Michelsen, M.L, (1980) Calculation of phase envelopes
and critical points for multicomponent mixtures,
)OXLG3KDVH(TXLOLE±
Mori IC, Arias-Barreiro CR, Koutsaftis A, Ogo A, Kawano
T, Yoshizuka K, Inayat-Hussain SH, Aoyama I
(2015) Toxicity of tetramethylammonium hydroxide
to aquatic organisms and its synergistic action with
SRWDVVLXPLRGLGH&KHPRVSKHUH±
Noman, E.A., Ali Al-Gheethi, A., Al-Sahari, M. et
al. (2024) An insight into microelectronics industry
wastewater treatment, current challenges, and future
perspectives: a critical review. Appl Water Sci 14, 64.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 223 July-September 2024

Omar F, Sohrab H, Tjoon Tow T (2013) Semiconductor
wastewater treatment using tapioca starch as a natural
coagulant. J Water Resour Prot 5:9
3RVW*%&RKQ3'&RRSHU.5  3HUÀXRURRFWDQRLF
acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water
contaminant: a critical review of recent literature.
(QYLURQ5HV±
Teow YH, Chiah YH, Ho KC, Mahmoudi E (2022)
Treatment of semiconductor-industry wastewater
with the application of ceramic membrane and
polymeric membrane. J Clean Prod 337:130569
Wang Q, Luo L, Huang N, Wang W, Rong Y, Wang Z, Yuan
Y, Xu A, Xiong J, Wu Q, Hu H (2022) Evolution of
low molecular weight organic compounds during
ultrapure water production process: a pilot-scale
study. Sci Total Environ 830:154713
Table 2 - Simulation Results For Wastewater Stream
From Microelectronics Wastewater Treatment
(Chemcad Simulator Generated)

July-September 2024 224 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 225 July-September 2024
 Hon. Editor, Midstream – Er. Dilip Ganpatrao Sonwane

The Council of Management (CoM) meeting was held at Ahmedabad on 27/07/2024.

A Visit of Council Members to Gujarat Water Supply Board and Sun Temple was
arranged by the Centre on 28/07/2024. The Engineers Day 15th September falls in this
quarter and has been enthusiastically celebrated by many Centres. The Centres include
Amravati Centre, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad), Gwalior centre, Indore
centre, Meerut Centre, and Prayagraj Centre. Goa Centre had Annual General Meeting
on 23.08.2024.
Bangalore Centre invited research project proposals from Final year students of
Undergraduate (Civil/Environmental Engineering) and Postgraduate (Water Resources/
Environmental Engineering) from Engineering Colleges of Karnataka for the sponsorship
under the Student Research Project Programme (SRPP) for 2023-2024 batch. The
Committee members evaluated the SRPP proposals, out of which selected 24 SRPP
proposals were selected based on the Innovation, Novelty, Quantum of work, Technical
feasibility and Cost effectiveness. Based on the presentation and outcomes of SRPP proposal a total funding of Rs.
1,46,500/- was allocated and disbursed to college account.
Amaravati centre had Engineers Day celebration, Lecture program and felicitation of newly elected Chairman. Indore centre
observed Engineer’s day with the Inauguration stone of IWWA building, the newly installed statue of Sir Mokshagundam
Visvesvaraya and a Technical visit to Jash Engineering Plant on 30/07/2024. The Monthly lecture program was continued
by Nagpur Centre. The Odisha centre conducted a monthly technical discussion :Air Pollution in Changing Climate”.
Meerut Centre celebrated “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” Abhiyan of Government of India by organizing a Tree Plantation
Program on 24th August 2024. On this occasion, total 20 trees were planted by the participants. Ranchi Centre planted
200 trees. Tree Plantation has been a major achievement during this quarter.
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ:DWHUDQG6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW ,&:6' KDVEHHQSODQQHGRQWK±WK1RYHPEHU
2024 at VNIT Nagpur. Also 57th Indian Water Works Association Annual Convention has been scheduled on 10th, 11th and
12th of January 2025, in Jainam Manas Bhawan, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. These are opportunities for all IWWA Members,
Industries and Water Professional to participate, share the knowledge, showcase the products and make presentations on
achievements, products in Water Sector.
FORTH COMING EVENTS
NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL EVENTS
Sr. No. Events Organizer Date Location
1 :$:RUOG:DWHU&RQJUHVV  IWA Exhibition th th
11 -15 August 2024 Toronto, Canada
Exhibitions 2024 Secretariat, Netherlands
2 4th Edition of Global Pipe ITEX Institute along 29th -30th August 2024 Radisson Blu, Dwarka,
Technology and Development with IRM Institute as Co- New Delhi.
Conference (Pipe-Tech) Organizer
3 19th Edition of the Everything Earth Water Foundation 10th-12th September India International
About Water Expo &RQFODYH 2024 &RQYHQWLRQ ([SR
2024 Centre, (Yashobhoomi),
Dwarka, New Delhi.
4 8th India Water Week 2024 The Dept. of Water 17th -20th September Bharat Mandapam,
Resources, River 2024 Pragati Maidan, New
'HYHORSPHQW *DQJD Delhi.
Rejuvenation, Ministry of
Jal Shakti, Govt. of India

July-September 2024 226 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 5 Water Loss Aia Protem Exhibitions and 19th-21st November Royale Chulan Hotel,
Conferences SDN BHD. 2024 kuala Lumpur.

6 7th Envirotech Asia 2024 Envirotech Asia 03-05 December 2024 Yashobhoomi
Convention Centre New
Delhi.

7 Reactor World Expo Orangebeak 9th, 10th th January &,'&2([KLELWLRQ 

Technologies Pvt Ltd 2025 Convention Centre,
Navi Mumbai, India

8 Water to bring in India MCI GeTS India Pvt Ltd 2025 India

9 Malyasia Technology Expo Protemp Exhibitions and 18th -20th February World Trade Centre,
conferences SDN BHD 2025
Kolalumpur

10 Water Today’s Water Expo Water Today Pvt. Ltd. 26th, 27th th Chennai Trade Centre,
Egmore, Chennai. February 2025 Nadambakkam.

11 10th$OJHULD(OHFWULFLW\ :DWHU New Field Exhibition February 3rd -5th 2025 Palais des Expositions
Expo 2025 Organizing L.L.C., AI D’ Alger.
Mamzar, Dubai, UAE

HEAD QUARTER ACTIVITIES

The COM meeting hosted by Ahmedabad centre was organised on 27/07/2024 at GIFT CITY CLUB, Gandhinagar. For
the COM Members, a tour was arranged which is combination of technical site visit and a historical place excursion.
During technical visit, the members were updated with overall water management by GWIL, GWSSB AND WASMO
from Narmada water transmission in bulk (GWIL), multi village Water supply schemes (GWSSB) and village level water
management (WASMO), at one of the water treatment plant which has been operating since last 10 years. The COM
members also had heritage site visit to Modhera Sun Temple (second in India after Konark Sun Temple).

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 227 July-September 2024

NEWS FROM CENTRES :
AMRAVATI CENTRE
Lecture program

Dr. Ingole has been elected as Chairman, Indian Water

Works Association, Amravati Centre.
Felicitation by the hand of Dr. Sanjay Belsare, Secretary,
WRD, Govt. of Maharashtra and Shri Gajbhiye, CE, MJP
on the eve of Engineers Day.

Engineers’ Day celebration by IWWA Amravati Centre for

3 days....13, 14, 15 September 2024.

July-September 2024 228 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

BANGALORE CENTRE CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJI
NAGAR(AURANGABAD) CENTRE
IWWA-Bangalore Centre invited research project
proposals from Final year students of Undergraduate (Civil/ Engineer Day Celebrated at IWWA Chhatrapati
Environmental Engineering) and Postgraduate (Water Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) on 15.09.2024
Resources/Environmental Engineering) from Engineering
Colleges of Karnataka for the sponsorship under the Student
Research Project Programme (SRPP) for 2023-2024 batch.
In line with the above, around 46 SRPP proposals from
various colleges from different parts of Karnataka were
received. A technical committee was formed for the
evaluation of SRPP. The Committee members evaluated
the SRPP proposals, out of which selected 24 SRPP
proposals were selected based on the Innovation, Novelty,
Quantum of work, Technical feasibility and Cost
effectiveness. Based on the presentation and outcomes
of SRPP proposal a total funding of Rs. 1,46,500/- was
allocated and disbursed to college account.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 229 July-September 2024

 GWALIOR CENTER

IWWA Gwalior Center organized a Engineers Day program

on 16 September 2024. The Theme for the discussions
was Driving Sustainability with Engineering Solutions.
The Chief guest was Er.S K Andhwan Project Director Jal
GOA CENTRE Nigam. Govt of MP. Er. Andhwan chief guest expressed
AGM on 23.08.2024 by Goa Centre most thoughtful views. The Program was attended by more.
than 50 members of PHED, Jal Nigam, Municipal Council,
Nagar Nigam and IWWA members.

July-September 2024 230 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

INDORE CENTRE
Indore centre had a Technical visit to Jash Engineering
Plant on 30/07/2024, where members have seen the special
Crest gate of Size 84’ long and 14’ height. It has been made
IRU 86$ WR FRQWURO WKH ÀRRG DQG WR GLYHUW 673 ZDWHU
Members have also seen the very big size screens and Air
vessels, it’s technology.

Indore centre has observed Engineer’s day with the

Inauguration stone of IWWA building, the newly installed
statue of Sir M.Vishveshvaraya was opened. Dr. M. A.
Chitlae, Stockholm Water Prize winner was present on the
occasion.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 231 July-September 2024

MEERUT CENTRE
IWWA, Meerut Centre celebrated “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam”
Abhiyan of Government of India by organizing a Tree
Plantation Program on 24th August 2024 at 245 MLD
water treatment Plant campus, Pratap Vihar, Ghaziabad.

Meerut Centre celebrated 57TH Engineers Day at Hotel Blue

Stone, Seemant Vihar, Kaushambhi. Er. Sarvesh Kumar,
Vice-Chairman, IWWA Meerut Centre briefed about the
Bharat Ratna, Er M. Visvesvaraya and introduced the theme
of the Day i.e. “Engineering Solutions for a Sustainable
World”

The environment friendly species of Trees for Plantation

were selected according to the site environment. Total
20 trees were planted, out of which 06 trees of Champa
(Magnolia champaca), and 14 trees of Askoka trees (Saraca
asoca). The species are native to the Indian subcontinent
and adjacent regions of Southeast Asia. These are popular
ornamental plants and are also used in herbal medicine.
The saplings were planted by all guests and members of
IWWA and everyone actively participated and enjoyed the
Tree Plantation Program. Total 19 participants including
members of IWWA and distinguished guests took part in
the program.

July-September 2024 232 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 NAGPUR CENTRE
The session was started after a short tea- break and Er. Sher Monthly lecture program by Nagpur Centre
Sigh, Retd. Executive Engineer, Delhi Jal Board presented News report in today’s City Line “The Hitavada”
a brief presentation on the subject “Integrating Ethics in
Engineering”, which was appreciated by all. Er. R.K. Garg,
COM. Member, IWWA Meerut Centre addressed the
KRXVHDQGWDONHGDERXWWKHXVHRI$UWL¿FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFHLQ
modern Engineering and technology for the betterment of
life of human beings. Er. Akhil Mittal, Former Managing
Director, UP Jal Nigam talked about the development and
progress made by India after the independence. Er. R.P.
Saxena, Retired Superintending Engineer, UPJN and Er.
Devendra Agarwal, Er. Munna Singh also addressed the
house.
Er. Anil Kumar Srivastava, Former Managing Director,
U.P. Jal Nigam and President IWE(I) addressed the
house on the theme and talked about the Engineers Day
celebration in different countries.
Chief Guest Dr. Ashish Pandey, Former HOD, Bharat
Singh Chair Professor, water Resources Development
and Management, IIT Roorkee talked about the water
management in irrigation. He told that about 30 percent
more water is being used for irrigation by the farmers, a lot
of water can be saved by measuring the soil water content
LQWKH¿HOG+HDOVRWDONHGDERXWWKHWKHPHRIWKHGD\

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 233 July-September 2024

Flag hosting at IWWA Nagpur Centre Dr. A.G.Bhole Endowment Lecture

July-September 2024 234 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Monthly Lecture Nagpur Centre

ODISHA CENTRE
Odisha centre conducted a monthly technical discussion.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 235 July-September 2024

PRAYAGRAJ CENTRE
Celebration of Engineer’s Day by Prayagraj Centre

July-September 2024 236 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

RANCHI CENTREE
B§{S>¶Z dmQ>a dŠg© Egmo{gEeZ Zo 200 no‹S> bJmH$a {X¶m n¶m©daU g§ajU H$m g§Xoe https://newswing.com/indian-water-
works-association-gave-the-message-of-environmental-protection-by-planting-200-trees/784253/

VADODARA CENTRE
Visit of Council Members to Gujarat Water Supply Board
and Sun Temple on 28/07/2024 on the next day of COM
meeting held on 27/07/2024.

Journal of Indian Water Works Association 237 July-September 2024

 LOM – 957
M/s.Raynava Systems Private Limited
Plot No.106A, Near Corporation School, Ramnagar,
1DJSXU±
Tel “ 0712-6054040 Email: [email protected]
Website : www.raynavasystems.com
Activities : Automation of Water Infrastructure Membrane
based Systems.
Contact : Mr.Purohit Amalesh P.
LOM – 958
M/s.Merck Life Science Pvt. Ltd.
Godrej One, 8th Floor, Pirojshah Nagar, Eastern
ExpressHighway, Vikhroli(East) Mumbai 400079
Tel : 022-62109778
Email : [email protected]
USUAL FEATURES Website : www. merckmillipore.com
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Life Fellow 1062 Contact : Mr. Atul Agrawal, Head Projects.

Life Member 10701 LOM – 959

M/s.Shree Jagannath Iron Foundry Pvt. Ltd.
Life Organisation Member 617 69/1/2. Ashutosh Mukherjee Lane Near Golabarti Police
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Mobile : 9836668654 Fax : 033-26659572
Total 13046 Email : [email protected]
Website : www.www.sjif.in
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New Life Fellows: Contact : Mr.Madhogaria Aaayush , Director.
LOM – 960
LF – 1390 Mr.Wasewar Kailas, Nagpur, M/s.Ecometrix Consultants Private Limited
Maharashtra A-401, Om Sai Arcade, Patia Station Raod, Patia,
Bhubaneshwar 751024 Odisha
LF – 1391 Prof.Singh Anupam Kumar, Email : [email protected], www.ecometrix.co.in
Ahmedabad, Gujarat Activities : Consulting Engineers.
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LOM – 1078 Ms/.Mega Pipes Private Ltd., Mumbai ,
Maharashtra
LOM - 1079 M/s.Elico Limited, Hyderabad,
Telangana.

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LOM – 956
Instronix Process Control
A-33, Meldi Estate, Near Railway Crossing, Ota
Ahmedabad 382481 Gujarat
Tel : 02717-242330 Email : [email protected]
Website : www.addmas.in
Activities : Manufacturers of Flowmeters.
Contact : Mr.Patel Divyang K., CEO

July-September 2024 238 Journal of Indian Water Works Association

 Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers
for India, under Regn. no. 18768/1969

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Published and Edited by PAVAGADA MATHA NAGABHUSHANAIAH RAVINDRA on behalf of INDIAN WATER WORKS
ASSOCIATION, Printed at INDIA PRINTING WORKS, INDIA PRINTING HOUSE, 42, G.D. AMBEKAR MARG, WADALA,
MUMBAI 400 031 and Published from INDIAN WATERWORKS ASSOCIATION, MCGM COMPOUND, PIPELINE ROAD,
VAKOLA, SANTACRUZ (EAST), MUMBAI 400055, MAHARASHTRA. Printer: SHRIKRISHNA VISHWANATH LIMAYE