CHEM111: ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

TOPIC: LABORATORY SAFETY

1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Transcribed by: Janiah Maxene J. Ramirez
LECTURER: Ma’am Jericha Carina Pascua, MSPH
TOPIC - PATIENTS are people who have sickness; CLIENT is
SUBTOPIC a person who is well
SUB SUBTOPIC • requirement for HBV vaccination
- For preventions when there are accidents in the
laboratory; for the professionals to be protected
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (OSHA) with such incidents such as needle pricking, etc.
• Public Law 91-596 HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD
- Was enacted by the U.S Congress in 1970
• Main goal: to provide all employees with a safe work • Toxic and Hazardous Substances regulations
environment • to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals used in
- not only applicable to health occupation the workplace have been evaluated and that this
environment, but to all work environment hazard information is successfully transmitted to
- all workspace is asked to comply to the mandatory employers and their employees
standards • The primary means of communication are through
proper labeling, the development and use of
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH material safety data sheets (MSDSs), and employee
ADMINISTRATION education.
• Proper label – Chemical identity, concentration,
• Authorized to conduct on-site inspections to
hazard warning, special handling, storage conditions,
determine whether an employer is complying with
date prepared, expiration date (if applicable), and
the mandatory standards
preparer’s initials.
- Safety is no longer only a moral obligation but also
a federal law

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (OSHA)
• OSHA Standards that regulate safety in the
laboratory include the following:
- Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
- Formaldehyde Standard
- Laboratory Standard
- Hazard Communication Standard
- Respiratory Standard
- Air Contaminants Standard
- Personal Protective Equipment Standard

BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN STANDARD - There are three factors for the occurrence of
• Applies to all exposure to blood or other potentially disease (with the absence of one factor, the
infectious materials (body fluids) in any occupational chain of infection will be cut; you will limit the
setting transmission by cutting one of the factors)
- All blood and other body fluids are infectious • These microorganisms are frequently present in the
• Universal Precaution and PPE specimens received in the clinical laboratory.
- WASHING OF HANDS Understanding how microorganisms are transmitted
• Mandates the development of an exposure control (chain of infection) is essential to preventing
plan infection.
- decontamination and safe handling of specimen
• The source is the location of potentially harmful STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
microorganisms, such as a contaminated clinical
specimen or an infected patient. • Handwashing
• Gloves
KIND OF VACCINE MENTIONED • Mask, eye protection, and face shield
Weakened form of that • Gown
virus/microbe • Patient care equipment
- Your body will • Environmental control
1. Live Attenuated
develop an • Linen
(could be a bacteria
antibody to fight • Occupational health and blood-borne pathogens
or virus)
against that • Patient placement
antigen - In 1996 the CDC combined the major features of
- Weakened RNA UP and BSI guidelines and called the new
2. Vaccine that has an antibody guidelines Standard Precautions.
- Ensure that reusable equipment is not used for the
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTION care of another patient until it has been cleaned
and reprocessed appropriately. Ensure that
• Instituted by CDC (1987) single-use items are discarded properly
• all patients are considered to be possible carriers of - use self-sheathing needles or a mechanical device
blood-borne pathogens to conceal the needle
- recommends wearing gloves when collecting or - 15 seconds – Downward position
handling blood and body fluids contaminated
with blood
- wearing face shields when there is danger of blood CHEMICAL SAFETY HAZARD COMMUNICATION
splashing on mucous membranes
- disposing all needles and sharp objects in • OSHA published the new Hazard Communication
puncture-resistant containers. Standard (Right to Know Law).
- resulted in the drafting of guidelines and • To comply with the regulation, clinical laboratories
regulations by the Centers for Disease Control must:
and Prevention (CDC) and the Occupational - Plan and implement a written hazard
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to communication program
prevent exposure. - Obtain material safety data sheets (MSDS):
• CDC excluded urine and body fluids not visibly document that will guide you how to properly
contaminated by blood from Universal Precaution, handle chemicals; directory of chemicals that
although many specimens can contain a are handled in the laboratory
considerable amount of blood before it becomes - Educate all employees
visible. - Maintain hazard warning labels on containers
- The modification of UP for body substance
received or filled on site.
isolation (BSI) helped to alleviate this concern.
- BSI guidelines are not limited to blood-borne MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
pathogens; they consider all body fluids and
moist body substances to be potentially • major source of safety information for employees
infectious. who may use hazardous materials:
- Product name and identification
BSI GUIDELINES - Hazardous ingredients
- Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
• personnel should wear gloves at all times when
- Physical and chemical data
encountering moist body substances.
- Health hazard data and carcinogenic potential
• A major disadvantage of BSI guidelines is that they
- Primary routes of entry
do not recommend handwashing following removal
- Fire and explosion hazards
of gloves unless visual contamination is present.
- Reactivity data
- Spill and disposal procedures
- PPE recommendations
 - Handling - inspection checklist as part of their laboratory
- Emergency and first aid procedures accreditation Program
- Storage and transportation precautions • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- Chemical manufacturer’s name, address, and - developed a standard hazards-identification
telephone number system (diamond-shaped, color-coded symbol)
- Special information section

OSHA LABORATORY STANDARD

• to address the shortcomings of the Hazard
Communication Standard
• requires the appointment of a chemical hygiene
officer and the development of a chemical hygiene
plan
- This plan is required to describe the laboratory’s
method of identifying and controlling physical
and health hazards presented by chemical
manipulations, containment, and storage.

CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN

• Procedures describing how to protect employees
against teratogens, carcinogens, and other toxic - In addition, each quadrant shows the magnitude of
chemicals must be described in the plan. severity, graded from a low of 0 to a high of 4, of
• Must detail engineering controls, PPE, safe work the hazards within the posted area.
practices, and administrative controls, including
provisions for medical surveillance and
consultation, when necessary ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
- In case of accidents, emergencies, spills, the 2000 (REPUBLIC ACT 9003) BY DENR
chemical hygiene plan will be the standard with Food wastes, yard
how to handle these kinds of incidents. Biodegradable Waste
wastes, etc. (green)
paper, plastic, styrofoam,
Non-biodegradable
tin cans, bottles, etc.
Waste
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS/LAW CONCERNED WITH (red)
LAB SAFETY used/worn out rugs,
Non-recyclable/Residual ceramics, soiled plastics,
• Clean Water Act Wastes candy wrappers, etc.
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (blue)
• Toxic Substances Control Act used fluorescent
• The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Special/Hazardous lamps/bulbs, batteries,
(CLSI) provides excellent general and infection Wastes spray canisters, etc.
control guidelines in their documents (black)
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards NCCLS
SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY
• Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care
Organizations [JCAHO]) EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITIES
• The Joint Commission (TJC)
- TJC publishes a yearly accreditation manual for • Establish laboratory work methods and safety
hospitals policies.
• College of American Pathologists (CAP) • Provide supervision and guidance to employees.
• Provide safety information, training, personal CHEMICAL FUME HOODS AND BIOLOGICAL
protective equipment, and medical surveillance to SAFETY CABINETS
employees.
• to expel noxious and hazardous fumes from chemical
• Provide and maintain equipment and laboratory
reagents.
facilities that are adequate for the tasks required.
• velocity at the face of the hood (with the sash in
EMPLOYEE’S RESPONSIBILITIES normal operating position) must be 100 to 120 feet
per minute. Smoke testing is also recommended,
• Know and comply with the established laboratory personal air monitoring should be conducted
work safety methods. • 4 levels of biosafety (Centers for Disease Control and
• Have a positive attitude toward supervisors, co- Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of
workers, facilities, and safety training. Health)
- Have knowledge (even just a little) about what • The biosafety level of a laboratory is based on the
you’re doing or about to do operations performed, the routes of transmission of
the infectious agents, and the laboratory function or
• Give prompt notification of unsafe conditions or
activity.
practices to the immediate supervisor and ensure
that unsafe conditions and practices are corrected.
• Engage in the conduct of safe work practices and
use of personal protective equipment.

GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY PRACTICES

• No smoking, eating, and application of cosmetics
• Proper use of PPE (should never be worn outside
the laboratory)
• Shoes should be made of nonporous materials
with closed toes and heels
• Hand washing should be done between each
patient even if gloves are worn
BIOLOGICAL SAFETY GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Needles and other sharps should be discarded into
puncture-resistant and leak-proof containers (½ SPILLS
to ¾ full before disposal)
• Wear appropriate protective equipment.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT • Use mechanical devices to pick up broken glass or
other sharp objects.
• All laboratories are required to have
• Absorb the spill with paper towels, gauze pads, or
- safety showers, (recommended that safety
tissue.
showers deliver 30 to 50 gallons of water per • Clean the spill site using a common aqueous
minute at 20 to 50 psi) detergent.
- eyewash stations, • Disinfect the spill site using approved disinfectant or
- fire extinguishers. 10% bleach, using appropriate contact time.
- fire blankets, spill kits, and first aid supplies. • Rinse the spill site with water.
• Dispose of all materials in appropriate biohazard
containers.
 LAB SAFETY GENERAL CATEGORIES OF CHEMICALS
CORROSIVE chemicals with a pH of <2 or > 12.5
• Concentrated Acid/Base Spills
- Should be diluted with water before cleanup is TOXIC poisons, irritants and asphyxiants
SUBSTANCES
attempted
CARCINOGENS capable of causing cancers
- Cover the spill with neutralizer
MUTAGENS capable of causing chromosomal
o Sodium bicarbonate- acids
AND aberrations and congenital
o Boric acid- bases TERATOGENS malformations
- Absorb spill using an absorbent IGNITABLE flammable and combustible
- Surface should be covered with soap and water REACTIVE explosives and oxidizers

OTHER CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND SYMBOLS CORROSIVE CHEMICALS

• injurious to the skin or eyes by direct contact
• Injurious to the tissue of the respiratory and
gastrointestinal tracts if inhaled or ingested.
• Acids (acetic, sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric)
• Bases (ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,
and sodium hydroxide)

REACTIVE CHEMICALS
• With molecular structures of high reactivity
• Oxidizers with high oxygen content or compounds
with redox groups
• substances that, under certain conditions, can
spontaneously explode or ignite or that evolve heat
or flammable or explosive gases
• Some strong acids or bases react with water to
CHEMICAL HAZARDS generate heat (exothermic reactions)
• mixture of oxidizing agents, such as peroxides, and
FLAMMABLE/COMBUSTIBLE CHEMICALS reducing agents, such as hydrogen, generate heat
• Flash point, which is the temperature at which and may be explosive.
sufficient vapor is given off to form an ignitable - Hydrogen is liberated if alkali metals (sodium or
mixture with air potassium) are mixed with water or acids, and
• Acetone, Benzene, Ethanol, Heptane, Isopropanol, spontaneous combustion also may occur
Methanol, Toluene, xylene. OSHA REGULATED CARCINOGENIC CHEMICALS
• Certain gases, such as hydrogen, and solids, such as
paraffin • Chloromethyl methyl ether- vinyl chloride
- A flammable liquid has a flash point below 37.8°C • N-Nitrosodimethylamine
(100°F) and combustible liquids, by definition, • Benz[a] pyrene
have a flash point at or above 37.8°C (100°F). • 4-Aminobiphenyl
• Benzidine
• 1-Naphthylamine
• 2-Naphthylamine
• 4-Nitrobiphenyl
• Benzene
• Ethylenimine
• P-Dimethylaminobenzene
• Β-Propiolactone
• Bis Chloromethyl ether
 RADIATION SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL → Effects:
PROTECTION - damage to DNA leading to mutation, cancer or
cell death
FOUR TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION • Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license is
- Large and can travel only a required if the total amount of radioactive material
very short range in air exceeds a certain level.
Alpha Particles (e. • Film badge or dosimeter must be worn when
- May be stopped by skin or
g. Plutonium)
paper handling radioactive chemicals
- Cause tissue damage if
inhaled or ingested
- Smaller and they are
negatively charged
electron
- With limited penetrating
Beta Particles
power
- Cause tissue damage if
inhaled or ingested
- Emitted by 3H, 14C, 32P
• Gamma rays and X-rays
- Composed of
electromagnetic THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
energy and not • Exposure limits to toxic chemical in the workplace
composed of atomic - SHOULD NEVER BE EXCEEDED
particles
THREE TYPES
represents the maximum
Time-Weighted
allowable exposure over an 8-
• Gamma rays Average (TLV-TWA)
hour work day
- No mass or charge but represents the maximum
Electromagnetic with great penetrating Short-Term
amount of allowable exposure
Radiation (gamma ability Exposure Limit
for a short period such as 15
rays and x-rays) - Produce significant (TLV-STEL)
minutes
internal and external represents the concentration
Ceiling Value Form
hazard if in high of an agent that must never be
(TLV-C)
concentration exceeded
- Produced by 125I and
131I
STORAGE OF CHEMICALS
• Stored in an uncluttered area (properly ventilated)
• X-rays
• Away from heat source
- Differ from gamma rays
only in the origin of • Should not be stored above eye levels
radiation • Inorganics should be stored separately from
organics (EXCEPT NITRIC ACID)
- Arise from spontaneous • Flammables should be stored in an approved
fission of some isotopes flammable safety cabinet
Neutron and produced by atomic • Water reactive chemicals should be stored in a dry
reactors and accelerators environment (no automatic sprinkler system)
 FIRE SAFETY; THE CHEMISTRY OF FIRE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
• all the elements essential for fire to begin are • Use only explosion-proof equipment in hazardous
present—fuel, heat or ignition source, and oxygen atmospheres.
(air) • Be particularly careful when operating high-voltage
equipment, such as electrophoresis apparatus.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES
• Use only properly grounded equipment (three-
ordinary combustible solid materials, such pronged plug).
CLASS A as paper, wood, plastic, and fabric - In the Philippines, the plugs aren’t usually this
kind.
flammable liquids/gases and combustible • Check for frayed electrical cords.
CLASS B petroleum products • Promptly report any malfunctions or equipment.
CLASS C energized electrical equipment • Do not work on “live” electrical equipment
combustible/reactive metals, such as - Do not work with equipment that has exposed
CLASS D
magnesium, sodium, and potassium wires
• Equipment should be checked annually for current
leakage and ground integrity (work of laboratory
technician)

LAB SAFETY RULES

1. Always follow the teacher’s directions and only do
lab work when a teacher is present.
2. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all
times.
3. Do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other
materials until told to do so.
4. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the
lab. Do not use lab glassware as food or beverage
containers
5. Report ALL accidents to your teacher immediately,
even if you think it is minor.

“The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is

sweet” --- Aristotle