PYQS

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Q1 Case-based/data-based

Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis of all living organisms

and many of the things we use. A large variety of compounds is formed

because of its tetravalency. Compounds of carbon are formed with

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many other elements.

Answer the following questions:

(a) What are hydrocarbons?

(b) List two properties by virtue of which carbon can form a large
number of compounds.
(c) (i) Write the formula of the functional group present in

(1) aldehydes, and (2) ketones. Write chemical equation for the reaction

that occurs between ethanoic acid and ethanol in the presence of a

catalyst.

OR

(c) (ii) What are structural isomers ? Write the structures of two isomers

of butane (C4H10). (2024)

Ans: (a) Compounds formed by carbon and hydrogen only.

(b) Tetravalency and Catenation

(c) (i)
(c) (ii) Compounds with identical molecular formula but different
structures
Two isomers of butane C4H10

Q2Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon by

flame test. List the products of combustion reaction of a saturated

hydrocarbon. (2024)
Ans:

Carbon dioxide; Water

Q 3 Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation
reaction? Name the oxidising agent used in this conversion. Write
chemical equation for this oxidation reaction. How is this reaction
different from the reaction in which ethanol burns in the presence of

oxygen? (2024)
A(i) Oxygen is added to ethanol to produce ethanoic acid.
(ii) Alkaline potassium permanganate or Acidified potassium
dichromate

(iii)
(iv) It is oxidation reaction while other is combustion reaction/ burning
of ethanol is exothermic

Q4 Explain why carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonds.

Explain in brief two main reasons for carbon forming a large number of
compounds. Why does carbon form strong bonds with most other
elements? (2023)
A As carbon has four valence electrons and it can neither loose nor
gain four electrons thus, it attains noble gas configuration only by
sharing of electrons. Thus, it forms covalent compounds. The
existence of large number of compounds is due to some unique
properties of carbon which are:
(i) Carbon atoms possess an unique property to link together to form
very long chains. This property is referred to as catenation.
A large number of carbon atoms can join together to form straight
chains, branched chains and rings as shown below:

ii) Due to small size and presence of four valence electrons, a carbon
atom can form multiple bonds with some other carbon atoms as well
as with other atoms like oxygen, nitrogen etc., This increases the
variety of compounds formed by it and hence the number of
compounds is tremendously increased.

Due to small size, the nucleus of carbon atom can hold its shared
pairs of electrons strongly. As a result, the bonds that carbon forms
with most of the other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
etc. are very strong there by making these compounds exceptionally
stable.
Q 5 (i) Draw two structural isomers of butane.
(ii) Draw the structures of propanol and propanone.
(iii) Name the third homologue of:
(a) alcohols
(b) aldehydes
(iv) Name the following:
(b) CH3 - CH2CH = CH2
(v) Show the covalent bond formation in nitrogen molecule. (2023)

Ans: (i) Structural isomers of butane are the following:

(iii) (a) Three homologue of alcohol are the following:CH3OH,

CH3CH2OH, CH3CH2CH2OH

Third homologue of alcohol is CH3CH2CH2OH

(b) Three homologue of aldehyde are the following:

HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH,CHO

Third homologue of aldehyde is CH3CH2CHO.

(iv) (a) Benzene (b) But-1-ene

(v) Z = 7,

Q6 Write the chemical equation for the following:

(i) Combustion of methane

(ii) Oxidation of ethan

(iii) Hydrogenation of ethene

(iv) Esterification reaction

(v) Saponification reaction (2023)

A(i) The process in which compounds of carbon react with oxygen to
give carbon dioxide, water, heat and light, is known as combustion.
Alkanes burn in air and release large amount of heat, therefore can be
used as excellent fuels.
(ii) Oxidation is a process in which oxygen is added to a substance.

(iii) Hydrogenation means addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated

compound.

(iv) When alcohol is added to carboxylic acid in the presence of acid

catalyst then, a fruity smelling ester is formed. This process is called
esterification.

(v) Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give the

alcohol and carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification
because it is used in the preparation of soap.

Q7 A saturated organic compound ‘A’ belongs to the

homologous series of alcohols. On heating ‘A’ with concentrated
sulphuric acid at 443 K, it forms an unsaturated compound ‘B’
with molecular mass 28 u. The compound ‘B’ on addition of one
mole of hydrogen in the presence of Nickel, changes to a
saturated hydrocarbon ‘C’.
(A) Identify A, B and C.

(B) Write the chemical equations showing the conversion of A

into B.

(C) What happens when compound C undergoes combustion?

(D) State one industrial application of hydrogenation reaction.

(E) Name the products formed when compound A reacts with
sodium. (CBSE 2023)
A(A) Ethanol (C2H5OH) belongs to alcohol's homologous series.

A- Ethanol (C2H5OH)

B- Ethene (C2H4)

C- Ethane (C2H6)
(B) Dehydration occurs when ethanol is heated with concentrated
sulphuric acid at 443 K, resulting in the formation of ethene
Concentrated sulphuric acid serves as a dehydrating agent in this
reaction.
(C) Compound C is ethane. When it undergoes

combustion, it forms CO2 and water.

(D) Hydrogenation reactions are used in the production of

saturated vegetable ghee from unsaturated vegetable oils.
(E) Sodium ethoxide is formed when ethanol (C2H5OH) reacts with
sodium (Na). The reaction is as follows:

Q8(a) Write the molecular formula of the following carbon compounds :

(i) Methane
(ii) Propane
(b) Carbon compounds have low melting and boiling points. Why? (Term
II, 2021-22)
Ans: (a) (i) Methane (CH4)

(ii) Propane (CH3CH2CH3) or C3H8

(b) Due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction, covalent
compounds generally have low melting and boiling points.
Q9Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points. Why?
(2022)

Ans: Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points

because the forces of attraction between molecules of covalent
compounds are very weak. On applying a small amount of heat these
molecular forces break.

Q10Draw the electron dot structure of the molecules of (a) Oxygen, and
(b) Nitrogen. The atomic numbers of oxygen and nitrogen are 8 and 7
respectively. (Term II, 2021-22 C)

(a) Formation of oxygen molecule:

(b) Formation of nitrogen molecule:

Q11Consider the carbon compounds having following molecular

formula:
(i) C3H6

(ii) C3H8

(iii) C4H6

(iv) C6H6
(v) C6H12

(a) State the number of double covalent bonds present in C 3H6.

(b) Write the formula of first member of the homologous series to which

the carbon compound C4H6 belongs.

(c) Which one of the above compounds forms ring structure of carbon

atoms?

(d) Identify, which of the above compounds, is a member of alkane

series. (Term II, 2021-22)
A(a) C3H6(or CnH2n, n = 3) i.e, alkene series thus, has one double
covalent bond.
(b) C4H6 (or CnH2n-2, n = 4) i.e., alkyne series.

The first member of alkyne series is ethyne (C2H2) HC ≡ CH.

(c) C6H12 can form ring structure of C-atoms.

(d) Alkane series: Cn H2n+2

Only C3H8 is a member of alkane series CH3 — CH2 — CH3

Q12The molecular formulae of two alkynes, A and B are CxH2 and C3Hy respectively.
(a) Find the values of x and y.

(b) Write the names of A and B. (Term II, 2021-22)

 n 2n - 2
Ans: (a) General formula of alkyne C H

For CxH2, 2n - 2 = 2 ⇒ n = 2 ∴ x = 2.

For C3Hy, n = 3, y = 2n - 2 = 2 x 3 - 2 = 4

Hence, x = 2, y = 4

2 2 3 4
(b) A is ethyne (C H ) and B is propyne (C H ).

Q13 Consider the following organic compounds:

(i)

(a) Name the functional group present in these compounds.(b) Write the general formula for the compounds of this functional

group.

(c) State the relationship between these compounds and draw the structure of any other compound having similar functional

group (Term II, 2021-22)

(a) Aldehyde (—CHO) group.

(b) CnH2nO
(c) Compound (i) is propanal, and compound (ii) is ethanal. They
belong to the same homologous series where each successive
compound differs from each other by a—CH2 unit.
Other member of same homologous series:

Q14 3 mL of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed gently in a water

bath. A 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate is added first
drop by drop to this solution, then in excess.

(i) How is 5% solution of KMnO4 prepared?

(ii) State the role of alkaline potassium permanganate in this reaction.
What happens on adding it in excess?
(iii) Write chemical equation of this reaction. (2020)
Ans: (i) 5% solution of KMnO4 is prepared by adding 5 g of KMnO4 in
95 g of water.
(ii) Here alkaline KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent. It oxidises ethanol

to ethanoic acid by donating nascent oxygen. If excess of KMnO4 is

added the purple colour will persist indicating no more alcohol is left
and reaction stops.
(iii)

Q15 compound 'X' on heating with excess conc. sulphuric acid at 443 K
gives an unsaturated compound 'Y'. 'X' also reacts with sodium metal to
evolve a colourless gas 'Z'. Identify 'X', 'Y and 'Z. Write the equation of
the chemical reaction of formation of 'Y' and also write the role of
sulphuric acid in the reaction. (2018)

Ans: As X reacts with conc. H2SO4 to give an alkene so it should be

an alcohol as cone. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent. The reaction

of X with Na also confirms that it is an alcohol because alcohols react
with Na metal to evolve colourless hydrogen gas.

Here, cone H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent i.e., helps in the

removal of water.

Q16(a) Compare soaps and detergents on the basis of their composition

and cleansing action in hard water.
(b) What happens when ethanol is treated with sodium metal? State

about the behaviour of ethanol in this reaction.

(c) Draw the structure of cyclohexane.

(d) Name the following compound. (2018)

A(a)

(b) when ethanol is treated with sodium metal observation received are-
Hydrogen gas is evolved and it behaves like an acid.
(c) structure of cyclohexane is below-

(d) Name of the compound is Ethanal and it is an Acetaldehyde