NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY ODISHA, CUTTACK
COURSE OUTLINE
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Compulsory Course
(4 Credit Course)
COURSE: B.A. LL.B/[Link].B (Semester IV)
ACADEMIC SESSION
JANUARY – JUNE 2024
COURSE TEACHERS
Anup Kumar Patnaik
Udit Narayan Mishra
Shrabani Acharya
(The course teachers acknowledge the contribution of Nandita Batra and Auroshikha
Mohanty towards this course outline)
DISTRIBUTION OF
LECTURES
MODULE NUMBER DESCRIPTION TENTATIVE
NUMBER OF HOURS
MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 4 HOURS
MODULE 2 INITIATION OF CRIMINAL MACHINERY – PRE 8 HOURS
REQUISITES
MODULE 3 INVESTIGATION OF OFFENCES AND POWERS OF 8 HOURS
ARREST, SEARCH AND SEIZURE
MODULE 4 BAIL 6 HOURS
MODULE 5 PRE TRIAL PROCEEDINGS 8 HOURS
MODULE 6 TRIAL OF CASE 8 HOURS
MODULE 7 FAIR TRIAL 4 HOURS
MODULE 8 RIGHTS OF VICTIM IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 HOURS
ADMINISTRATION
MODULE 9 WITNESS PROTECTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 HOURS
ADMINISTRATION
MODULE 10 OTHER MEANS OF DISPOSAL 8 HOURS
MODULE 11 APPEALS AND INHERENT POWERS OF THE HIGH 4 HOURS
COURT
MODULE 12 OTHER IMPORTANT PROVISIONS- MAINTENANCE 2 HOURS
AND PREVENTIVE URGENT ACTION
TOTAL= 64 HOURS
DETAILED MODULES
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
This module will introduce building blocks of Criminal Procedure in India. It will lay down
foundation, and place stepping stones, for the upcoming modules of detailed studies.
• Importance of Criminal Procedure: Objectives and Purpose
• Stakeholders and Functionaries in the Criminal Justice Administration
• Hierarchy, powers and duties of Criminal Courts
• Definitions- investigation, inquiry, judicial proceeding
• Classification of offences: Bailable-Non-bailable; Cognizable-Non-cognizable; Summons
Case-Warrant Case;
References:
✓
Hebert [Link], ‘Two Models of the Criminal Process’ 113(1) University of
Pennsylvania Law Review, 1964.
✓
SatnamChoongh, ‘Policing the Dross: A Social Disciplinary Model of Policing’ 38(4),
The British Journal of Criminology, 1998.
✓ Prof BB Pande ‘An Overview of Expanding Horizons of Criminal Procedure Law’
published in pp. XCVIII to CXII of Kelkar's Criminal Procedure Seventh Edn. 2021,by
KN Chandrasekharan Pillai.
MODULE 2: INITIATION OF CRIMINAL MACHINERY – PRE-REQUISITES
This module will focus on ways to bring criminal justice system to motion.
• FIR and NCR, S. 154-156 [=S.173-175BNSS]
• Jurisdiction of Police and Criminal Courts [S.156(1), 177-189] [=S.175, 197-209BNSS]
• Zero FIR
• Complaint S. 2(d), S200-203 [=S.223-226 BNSS]
• Procedure when there is a complaint case and police investigation in respect of same offence-
S.210 [=S.233 BNSS]
Cases:
✓ Sonu v Govt. of NCT of Delhi, (2007) 144 DLT 628
✓ Satvinder Kaur v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi), (1999) 8 SCC 728
✓ Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, 2008 (11) SCALE 154
✓ Lalita Kumari v. Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, 2013 (13) SCALE 559
✓ Youth Bar Association of India v. Union of India and Others WRIT PETITION (CRL.)
NO.68 OF 2016
✓ Madhu Bala v. Suresh Kumar, (1997) 8 SCC 476
✓ Sakiri Vasu v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2008) 2 SCC 409
✓ State of Haryana v Dinesh Kumar, (2008) 2 SCC 409
✓ XYZ v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 2022 SC 3957
✓ Babu Venkatesh v. State of Karnataka, (2022) 5 SCC 639
MODULE 3: INVESTIGATION OF OFFENCES AND POWERS OF ARREST, SEARCH AND SEIZURE
This module shall throw light upon procedural aspects of investigation under criminal
justice system in India.
• Procedure of investigation- recording of statements, recording of confessions S. 157-
172 [=S.176-192 BNSS]
• Report of Police Officer on completion of Investigation- S 2(r), S 173 [=S.193 BNSS]
• Procedure for arrest and Rights of the Accused during arrest- S 41-41D, 46-47, 93,
50-50A, 51-53, 53A, 54-54A, 55A, 56-57, 60A. [=S.35-62 BNSS]
• Arrest without warrant- S.41,42, 151, 432(3)
• Search and seizure (sections 165, 166, S.91- 100) [=S.185-186, S.94-103 BNSS]
References:
Clemens Arzt, ‘Police Reform and Preventive Powers of Police in India – Observations on
anunnoticed’Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 2016, Vol. 49, No. 1
(2016),pp. 53-79.
Cases
✓ State of Orissa v. Sharat Chandra Sahu, (1996) 6 SCC 435
✓ Sakiri Vasu v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2008) 2 SCC 409
✓ Jakia Nasim Ahesan v. State of Gujarat, (2011) 12 SCC 302
✓ Joginder Kumar v. State of UP (1994) 4 SCC 260.
✓ D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) I SCC 416.
✓ Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273
✓ Paramvir Singh Saini vs. Baljit Singh and Ors. (02.12.2020 - SC):
MANU/SC/0908/2020
✓ M. Ravindran vs. The Intelligence Officer, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
(26.10.2020 - SC): MANU/SC/0788/2020
✓ Gautam Navlakha v NIA, 2021 SC
MODULE 4: BAIL [Chapter XXXIII CrPC] [=Chapter XXXIV BNSS]
Merely booking a person as an accused need not necessarily justify his custody. Liberty of
an individual is always kept at highest pedestal under a just criminal justice system. This
module discusses enlargement of an accused on bail.
• Bail: Concept, purpose and constitutional overtones
• Anticipatory Bail
• Default Bail
• Bail- conditions for grant
• Cancellation of Bail
• Indefeasible right to bail [Points of difference under special legislations like UAPA]
• Section 436-439,446A
• Concept of interim bail
Cases:
✓ State v. Captain Jagjit Singh, (1962) 3 SCR 622
✓ Moti Ram v. State of M.P., (1978) 4 SCC 47
✓ Gurcharan Singh v. State (Delhi Admn.), (1978) 1 SCC 118
✓ Sanjay Chandra v. Central Bureau of Investigation, (2012)1 SCC 40
✓ Shri Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v. State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 565
✓ State (Delhi Administration) v. Sanjay Gandhi, (1978) 2 SCC 411
✓ P. Chidambaram vs. Central Bureau of Investigation (22.10.2019 - SC):
MANU/SC/1456/2019
✓ Sushila Aggarwal and Ors. vs. State (NCT of Delhi) and Ors. (29.01.2020 - SC):
MANU/SC/0100/2020
✓ Mehboob Dawood Shaikh vs. State of Maharashtra (16.01.2004 - SC):
MANU/SC/0048/2004
✓ Arnab Manoranjan Goswami vs. The State of Maharashtra and Ors. (27.11.2020 -
SC): MANU/SC/0902/2020
✓ UOI v KA Najeeb, 2021 SC
✓ Order dated 03-02-2023 in Miscellaneous Application No.2034/2022 in MA 1849/2021 in
SLP(Crl) No. 5191/2021
✓ Siddharth vs. State of Uttar Pradesh LL 2021 SC 391
✓ Satender Kumar Antil vs Central Bureau Of Investigation 2022 LiveLaw (SC) 577
Report(s):
• 268th Report of Law Commission of India on Provisions relating to bail (with
special reference to Risk Assessment)
References:
✓ Ved Kumari, "Rustam and Sanjay Dutt: From Bail to Bondage", 1 INDIAN JOURNAL OF
CONTEMPORARY LAW, 50-56 (1997)
MODULE 5: PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
Before putting an accused on trial, certain essentialities are required to be complied with.
This module shall discuss the same.
• Sanction for certain offences/ Offenders – S196, 197 [special reference to sanctions
against members of legislature and judges] [=S.217-218 BNSS]
• Cognizance of offences- S 190 [=S.210 BNSS]
• Committal Proceedings – S204-209 [=S.227-231 BNSS]
• Process to compel appearance [S.61-90] [=S.63-93 BNSS]
• Framing of Charges [CHAPTER XVII CrPC] [=CHAPTER XIVIII BNSS]
▪ Contents of a valid charge
▪ Effect of errors in charge
▪ Alteration or addition in the charge
▪ Joinder of Charges
Cases:
✓ Centre for Public Interest Litigation v. UOI (2005) 8 SCC 202
✓ Parkash Singh Badal v. State of Punjab and Ors. (2007) 1 SCC 1
✓ Mohan Singh v. State of Bihar, (2011)9 SCC 272 114
✓ Ajay Kumar Parmar v. State of Rajasthan, (2012)9 SCALE 542
✓ Willie Slaney [Link] of MP AIR 1956 SC 116
✓ P. Gopalkrishnan vs. State of Kerala and Ors. (29.11.2019 - SC):
MANU/SC/1652/2019
✓ Parvez Noordin Lokhandwalla vs. State of Maharashtra and Ors.:
MANU/SC/0743/2020
MODULE 6: TRIAL OF CASE
The entire criminal justice system revolves around Trial. It is at this stage that the truth is
reached at by the criminal courts. This module shall discuss various types, and important
aspects, of trial.
• Types of Trial- Summary Trial, Summons Case, Warrants Case- Ss. 2(w) (wa) and (x), 225-
226, 230-231, 233-234, 242-244, 251, 260, 262 of the Cr PC.
• Discharge and acquittal
• Conviction
• Hearing on sentence (Special emphasis on pre-sentence hearing)
• Content of judgments Judgement
Cases:
✓ Santa Singh v. State of Punjab (1976) 4 SCC 190
✓ Ajay Pandit @ Jagdish Dayabhai Patel v. State of Maharahtra, (2012) 8 SCC 43
MODULE 7: FAIR TRIAL [CHAPTER XXIV CrPC] [=CHAPTER XXVI BNSS]
Justice should not only be done but it should also seem to have been done. Justice is reached
at after trial. A trial without following basic principles of natural justice will not suffice the
object of criminal justice system. This module introduces the concept of fair trial.
• Features of Fair Trial – Ss.273, 300, 303-304, 313, 316, 317, 319, 327
• Legal Aid in Trial Proceedings
Cases:
✓ Zahira Habibulla H. Shiekh v. State of Gujarat, (2004) 4 SCC 158
✓ Mohammed Hussain v. State (Govt. of NCT Delhi), (2012) 9 SCC 408
✓ Mohd. Ajmal Amir Kasab v. State of Maharashtra, (2012) 9 SCC 1
✓ Hardeep Singh v. State of Punjab, (2014) 3 SCC 92
✓ Mehmood Nayyar Azam v. State of Chhattisgarh, (2012) 8 SCC 1 (2012) 9 SCC 1
✓ Mrs. Neelam Katara v. Union of India, ILR (2003) II Del 377
✓ Sukhpal Singh Khaira v. State of Punjab, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1679
MODULE 8: RIGHTS OF VICTIM IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION
Although a crime is considered as a wrong against ‘society’ at large but, at its center lies a
person who is an actual sufferer of the crime. A just criminal justice system therefore not
only provisions for punishing the guilty but among others, it also provides for an adequate
compensation to the sufferer as well. This module highlights the same.
• Victim Rights and participation in criminal trial: S. 2(WA), S 357A, S 357B, S 357C, S 372
Cases:
✓ Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad vs. State of Maharashtra (03.05.2013 - SC):
MANU/SC/0461/2013
✓ Mallikarjun Kodagali (Dead) represented through Legal Representatives vs. State of
Karnataka and Ors. (12.10.2018 - SC): MANU/SC/1165/2018
✓ Jagjeet Singh v. Ashish Mishra @ Monu, AIR 2022 SC 1918
✓ P. Dharamaraj v. Shanmugam, AIR 2022 SC 4195
MODULE 9: WITNESS PROTECTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION
In criminal justice system under adversarial scheme of trial, the testimony of witness
becomes an essential aspect in taking a criminal case to its logical conclusion. Witnesses
therefore have to be protected so that they could depose before courts without fear or favor.
This module discusses measures and various aspects pertaining to witness protection in India.
✓ Witness Protection in India: Judicial Landscape and Guidelines
✓ S. 195A
References:
✓ 198th Report of the Law Commission on ‘Witness Identity Protection and Witness
Protection Programme”.
✓ Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh and Another v. State of Gujarat,2004 (4) SCC 158 SC
✓ Mahender Chawla and Ors. v. Union of India (UOI) and Ors. (05.12.2018 - SC) :
MANU/SC/1421/2018
MODULE 10: OTHER MEANS OF DISPOSAL
For justice to be done, not every criminal case needs to go through full-fledged trial. The
code of criminal procedure provides for alternative means of delivering justice as well.
This module shines light on those means of delivering justice.
• Plea bargaining
• Compounding of cases
• Withdrawal of prosecution
• Limitation
Cases:
✓ Sheonandan Paswan v State of Bihar [ 1986 SC, Constitution Bench]
✓ Abdul Karim v State of Karnataka [ 2000 SC]
✓ Rahul Agarwal v. Rakesh Jain, 2005 SC
✓ VLS Finance v SP Gupta, 2016 SC
✓ Sarah Mathew v Institute of Cardio Vascular Diseases by its Director K.M. Cherian [
2013 SC, Constitution Bench]
✓ State of Maharashtra v. Sharadchandra Vinayak Dongre, 1994 SC
✓ State of HP v Tara Chand, 1999 SC
✓ Gaurav Aggarwal v State, 2019 High Court of Delhi
✓ Gian Singh v State of Punjab, 2012 SC (3 Bench)
✓ State of Madhya Pradesh v. Laxmi Narayan, 2019 SC (3 bench)
✓ 237th Report of Law Commission of India, 2011 on Compounding of IPC offences
MODULE 11: APPEALS AND INHERENT POWERS OF THE HIGH COURT [CHAPTER XXIX CrPC]
[=CHAPTER XXX BNSS]
“To err is human” is an ancient adage. This rule equally applies to courts as well because
courts are presided over by humans only. Should a subordinate court commit mistake,
aggrieved person should have redress of the same in higher courts by way of appeals or
revision. This module introduces the concept of appeal and inherent powers of the court in
this respect.
• SS. 372, 374 - 376, 386,389, 482 OF THE CRPC
Cases:
✓ Gian Singh v. State of Punjab, (2012) 10 SCC 303 216
✓ State of M.P. v. Deepak, (2014) 10 SCC 285
MODULE 12: OTHER IMPORTANT PROVISIONS
This module discusses other important areas of criminal procedure in India.
• Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents [CHAPTER IX CrPC]
=[CHAPTER X BNSS]
• Sec. 144- Urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger [=S.163 BNSS]
Cases:
✓ Shamim Bano vs AsrafKhan, 2014 SC
✓ Ramlila Maidan Incident, In Re (2012) 5 SCC 1.
✓ Anuradha Bhasin and Ors. vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors. (10.01.2020 - SC) :
MANU/SC/0022/2020
Books:
✓ Sohoni’s Code of Criminal Procedure,1973, 22nd ed [ available on lexis advance]
✓ Criminal Procedure by R. Kelkar’s revised by Dr. K.N.C. Pillai, Eastern Book
Company Publication [available on EBC webstore]
