1.

Stimuli
Stimuli are events or occurrences that provoke a response from an organism.
External Stimuli: Environmental factors like light, sound, temperature, and touch.
Internal Stimuli: Factors within the body like hunger, thirst, or hormonal changes.
2. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external
conditions.
3. the main significance of studying the past
Understanding Human Development: It reveals how societies, cultures, and technologies have evolved.
Learning from Mistakes and Successes: It helps us avoid past mistakes and build on successful strategies.
Cultural and Identity Awareness: It fosters a sense of identity and continuity, helping us appreciate our heritage and
understand present-day issues and traditions.
4. If you had Pasteur's experiment results, how would you deprave spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur’s experiment showed that microbes in broth come from pre-existing organisms in the air, not from
spontaneous generation. His use of swan-neck flasks prevented contamination, proving that life does not arise from
non-living matter.
5. evolution
Evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time through variations in their genetic makeup.
These changes occur due to mechanisms like natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Over long
periods, evolution can lead to the development of new species and the adaptation of organisms to their environments.
6. Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments. It examines how organisms
interact with each other and with their physical surroundings, including factors like climate, soil, and water, to
understand the distribution and abundance of life.
7. What are the end products of light reaction?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) and Oxygen (O₂)
8. What are the three events in the light reaction
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons to a higher energy
state. These excited electrons are then used to produce ATP and NADPH, which power the Calvin cycle in the next stage
of photosynthesis.
9. What is the key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen and produces a large amount of energy (ATP). It takes place in the mitochondria
of cells.
Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen and produces less energy (ATP). It typically occurs in the cytoplasm of
cells and results in byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.
10. End-products of anaerobic respiration in animal cells?
Lactic Acid and ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
11. Asexual reproduction in animals involves
Budding, Fragmentation and Parthenogenesis
12. Which representative demonstrates external fertilization but doesn't live in water ?
B. Frogs
13. The following group of organisms utilizing a unique reproductive strategy, such as budding, is
C. Cnidaria(Hydra)
14. The primary advantage of sexual reproduction in animals is:
b) Enhanced genetic diversity
17. How does genetic variation contribute to the resilience of species?
Adaptation to Changing Environments, Disease Resistance and Evolutionary Potential
18. Genetic engineering can be best defined as:
b) Manipulation of an organism's genetic material to achieve desired traits
20. An example of gene editing that involves precise modification of DNA sequences is.
c) CRISPR-Cas9
21. The significance of genetic engineering in agriculture lies in:
a) Enhancing crop yields and improving resistance to pests
23. What term describes the introduction of traits not occurring naturally in organisms?
Genetic Engineering
24. How does the digestive system work with all other systems?
The digestive system works with the circulatory system to distribute absorbed nutrients throughout the body. It
collaborates with the nervous system, which controls digestion through various nerve signals and hormones.
Additionally, the digestive system supports the immune system by protecting the body from harmful pathogens
ingested with food.
25. The man's thigh bone (femur) was replaced by a metal. What do you think is the special function of the bone that
the metal can't do?
Circulatory System: Distributes absorbed nutrients to cells.
Nervous System: Regulates digestive speed and functions.
Endocrine System: Controls digestive processes via hormones.
Muscular System: Moves food through the digestive tract.
Respiratory System: Supplies oxygen for metabolism and removes carbon dioxide.
Excretory System: Removes waste products from digestion.
Immune System: Protects against pathogens in the digestive tract.
29. The function of the cardiovascular or circulatory system is to transport blood though out the body. What organ
provides the force needed to transport or move to move the blood?
The heart provides the force needed to transport or move the blood throughout the body in the cardiovascular or
circulatory system.
27. Which body system is responsible for taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide?
The respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.
28. What two systems work together to provide body cells with a constant supply of oxygen while removing carbon
dioxide waste?
The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide body cells with a constant supply of oxygen while
removing carbon dioxide waste. The respiratory system takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide, while the circulatory
system transports these gases between the lungs and body cells.

29. example of the endocrine system directly interacting with the nervous system?
An example of the endocrine system directly interacting with the nervous system is the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. The
hypothalamus, part of the brain, releases hormones that control the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then secretes
hormones that regulate various endocrine glands throughout the body. This interaction is crucial for maintaining
homeostasis and coordinating the body's responses to stress, growth, and other physiological processes.

30. Which of the following organ systems consists of lungs, nose, and trachea?
The organ system that consists of the lungs, nose, and trachea is the respiratory system.

31. Which organ is responsible for nutrient absorption during digestion?

D. small intestine

32. Mechanisms of evolution that occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused by environmental
stressors.
A. natural selection

33. Which among the following mechanisms of evolution explains the difference in survival of individuals and
reproduce in a particular environment. ?
A. natural selection

34. Why does nonrandom mating important?

mating increases the frequency of animal with desirable traits.

35. Bottle neck effect takes place when population decreases due to various environmental factors EXCEPT
c. MIGRATION

37. What do you call to the diagram that trace evolutionary relationships and connections among organisms?
phylogenetic tree

38. Which among the following branches of science is the science of naming organisms?
D.Taxonomy

39 . Organisms are classified based on the following taxonomic classification EXCEPT

C. nomenclature

40. Why is phylogeny important?

D. All are importance of phylogeny

41 . What do you call to the place where an organism lives out its life?
A. habitat

42. What biotic relationship occurs in organisms where one species is benefited while the other is harmed?
C. parasitism

43. Which of the following statements BEST portray an ecosystem?

D. The area in which living things interact with one another and with their environment.

45. Singkamas (Jícama)

Pachyrhizus erosus / Sexual reproduction

46. Talong (Eggplant)

Solanum melongena / Sexual reproduction

47. Sigarilyas (Winged Bean)

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus /Sexual reproduction

48. Mani (Peanut)

Arachis hypogaea / Sexual reproduction

49. Sitaw (String Bean)

Vigna unguiculata / Sexual reproduction

50. Bataw (Hyacinth Bean)

Lablab purpureus / Sexual reproduction

51. Frog
Anura / Sexual reproduction

52. Mosquito
Culicidae / Sexual reproduction

53. Hen (Chicken)

Gallus gallus domesticus / Sexual reproduction
 EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES REVIEWER
PRINCIPLE OF GRAPHIC AND LAYOUT
Layout -It is the arrangement of visual elements in a page (electronic or non-electronic.)
LAYOUT/GRAPHIC PRINCIPLES
COLOR – evokes mood and emotion; hue another term for color. Saturation is the intensity of color whether it subtle or
vibrant. Value is the lightness or darkness of color.
TYPOGRAPHY - style or appearance of text; the art of working with text. (Example Serif Font which is good for
traditional projects; Sans Serif, easier to read on computer screen)
IMAGES - are the hook that draws the viewers in; it can help you connect with the audience. Images make strong
impression before reading a single word.
Things to consider when selecting images and set your designs apart
-Be creative and think outside the box
-Use high quality images
-Don’t use images which are too generic
- Use bigger images
COMPOSITION
Contrast - refers to how different elements are in a design, particularly adjacent elements.
Balance - refers to the visual weight of each element on either side. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical
Repetition - a great way to reinforce an idea. It can be done via repeating the same colors, typefaces, shapes, or other
elements of a design
Pattern - are nothing more than a repetition of multiple design elements working together.
Image Exposure - or simply exposure is the amount of light that reaches the camera sensor creating visual data over a
period of time (second or hours)
The exposure triangle
Shutter - Speed the amount of time that the camera’s shutter is open and measure the length of exposure (in second).
(Example: the best shutter speed to use for a moving car is 1/400)
Aperture - is the adjustable lens opening that controls the amount of light allowed into the camera. It works like the eye’s
pupil. (Example: applying the correct aperture in a dimly lit room, the best aperture size for this is f/2.8)
ISO - represents the sensitivity of the light sensor within the camera.
Low ISO - less sensitive while high ISO is more sensitive to light.
Concept Paper - Paperwork that will allow the experts to see if the project is doable over a period of time
Mapping Tools - allows the user to view, create, and interact with geographic data
Web Page Creator - it is an online platform used for creating presentations
Facebook page – it is a public profile designed for commercial or government organizations, celebrities, artist, brand or
any entity which allows the creator to make connections online
Youtube Channel - this is a personalized home for all the videos the creator/ user has uploaded
Adobe systems - the company behind illustrator and photoshop
Webcast – a broadcast via a streaming service over the internet
Open Source Software - Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is released under a license in which the
copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code to anyone
and for any purpose. (Example: Gimp, Mozilla Firefox, VLC Media Player, Linux etc.)
Closed Source Software - refers to computer software whose source code is closed means the public is not given access
to the source code. In short it is referred as CSS. In closed source software the source code is protected. The only
individual or organization who has created the software can only change it. (Example: Apple Keynote, Microsoft Office
(Powerpoint, Graphical Presentatio, and excel), Skype, Microsoft Windows etc.)
BLOG - It will cost the web hosting for the creator. A website or webpage consisting of regularly updated content, mostly
text and images. They are usually less engaging due to their content of purely text and images
VLOG - Creators make money out of advertisements. A form of blog where the content is mostly in the video format. They
are usually hosted on facebook, Instagram, flickr and vimeo. The content is mostly in the video format
A ROLL - Contains the action shots. Example: Joker with tears in his eyes from laughing so hard. He’s trying to get it under
control
B ROLL - Contains landscape, scenery, and backgrounds. Example: A clear blue sky, vast, empty sand dunes
Cloud Computing - It is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software,
analytics, and intelligence—over the internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of
scale. (Example: Google Form, Sharepoint, Microsoft, Netflix, etc.)
File Converter Management - This is used to convert thousands of different file formats, including document and image
formats, audio and video formats, e-book formats, Computer Aided Design (CAD). (Example: Zamzar, Word 2PDF, and
Cloud Convert)
Presentation - (Example: Haiku Deck, Powtoon, Zoho Show and etc.)
Website Principles
F Shaped Layout - It is a layout that mimics the reader’s natural pattern of scanning a page.
Z Pattern - Allows the users to be drawn to a single call to action
Grid Layout - It is a layout that helps to structure your design and keep your content organized.