12/01/2025, 11:53 Mobile app - Wikipedia

Mobile app
A mobile application or app is a computer program or software application designed to run on
a mobile device such as a phone, tablet, or watch. Mobile applications often stand in contrast to
desktop applications which are designed to run on desktop computers, and web applications which
run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device.

Apps were originally intended for productivity assistance such as email, calendar, and contact
databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such as mobile
games, factory automation, GPS and location-based services, order-tracking, and ticket purchases,
so that there are now millions of apps available. Many apps require Internet access. Apps are
generally downloaded from app stores, which are a type of digital distribution platforms.

The term "app", short for "application", has since become very popular; in 2010, it was listed as
"Word of the Year" by the American Dialect Society.[1]

Apps are broadly classified into three types: native apps, hybrid and web apps. Native applications
are designed specifically for a mobile operating system, typically iOS or Android. Web apps are
written in HTML5 or CSS and typically run through a browser. Hybrid apps are built using web
technologies such as JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5 and function like web apps disguised in a native
container.[2]

Overview
Most mobile devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as a web
browser, email client, calendar, mapping program, and an app for buying music, other media, or
more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving
more storage space for desired ones. Where the software does not allow this, some devices can be
rooted to eliminate the undesired apps.

Apps that are not preinstalled are usually available through distribution platforms called app
stores. These may operated by the owner of the device's mobile operating system, such as the App
Store or Google Play Store; by the device manufacturers, such as the Galaxy Store and Huawei
AppGallery; or by third parties, such as the Amazon Appstore and F-Droid.

Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be
downloaded to laptops or desktop computers. Apps can also be installed manually, for example by
running an Android application package on Android devices.

Some apps are freeware, while others have a price, which can be upfront or a subscription. Some
apps also include microtransactions and/or advertising. In any case, the revenue is usually split
between the application's creator and the app store.[3] The same app can, therefore, cost a different
price depending on the mobile platform.

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Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and

information retrieval, including email, calendar, contacts, the stock
market and weather information. However, public demand and the
availability of developer tools drove rapid expansion into other
categories, such as those handled by desktop application software
packages. As with other software, the explosion in number and variety
of apps made discovery a challenge, which in turn led to the creation
of a wide range of review, recommendation, and curation sources,
including blogs, magazines, and dedicated online app-discovery
services. In 2014 government regulatory agencies began trying to
regulate and curate apps, particularly medical apps.[4] Some
An emulation app for the
companies offer apps as an alternative method to deliver content with
programmable pocket
certain advantages over an official website. calculator HP-41CX from
1983. Several such apps
With a growing number of mobile applications available at app stores exist for full-functionally
and the improved capabilities of smartphones, people are emulating old home
downloading more applications to their devices.[5] Usage of mobile computers, game consoles
apps has become increasingly prevalent across mobile phone users.[6] or even mainframe
A May 2012 comScore study reported that during the previous computers from up to
several decades ago.
quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on
their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively.[7] Researchers found that
usage of mobile apps strongly correlates with user context and depends on user's location and time
of the day.[8] Mobile apps are playing an ever-increasing role within healthcare and when designed
and integrated correctly can yield many benefits.[9][10]

Market research firm Gartner predicted that 102 billion apps would be downloaded in 2013 (91%
of them free), which would generate $26 billion in the US, up 44.4% on 2012's US$18 billion.[11] By
Q2 2015, the Google Play and Apple stores alone generated $5 billion. An analyst report estimates
that the app economy creates revenues of more than €10 billion per year within the European
Union, while over 529,000 jobs have been created in 28 EU states due to the growth of the app
market.[12]

Types
Mobile applications may be classified by numerous methods. A common scheme is to distinguish
native, web-based, and hybrid apps.

Native app
All apps targeted toward a particular mobile platform are known as native apps. Therefore, an app
intended for Apple device does not run in Android devices. As a result, most businesses develop
apps for multiple platforms.

While developing native apps, professionals incorporate best-in-class user interface modules. This
accounts for better performance, consistency and good user experience. Users also benefit from
wider access to application programming interfaces and make limitless use of all apps from the
particular device. Further, they also switch over from one app to another effortlessly.

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The main purpose for creating such apps is to ensure best performance for a specific mobile
operating system.

Web-based app
A web-based app is implemented with the standard web technologies of HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript. Internet access is typically required for proper behavior or being able to use all features
compared to offline usage. Most, if not all, user data is stored in the cloud.

The performance of these apps is similar to a web application running in a browser, which can be
noticeably slower than the equivalent native app. It also may not have the same level of features as
the native app.

Hybrid app
The concept of the hybrid app is a mix of native and web-based apps. Apps developed using Apache
Cordova, Flutter, Xamarin, React Native, Sencha Touch, and other frameworks fall into this
category.

These are made to support web and native technologies across multiple platforms. Moreover, these
apps are easier and faster to develop. It involves use of single codebase which works in multiple
mobile operating systems.

Despite such advantages, hybrid apps exhibit lower performance. Often, apps fail to bear the same
look-and-feel in different mobile operating systems.

Development
Developing apps for mobile devices requires considering the
constraints and features of these devices. Mobile devices run on
battery and have less powerful processors than personal
computers and also have more features such as location
detection and cameras. Developers also have to consider a wide
array of screen sizes, hardware specifications and
configurations because of intense competition in mobile
software and changes within each of the platforms (although
these issues can be overcome with mobile device detection). Developers at work

Mobile application development requires the use of specialized

integrated development environments. Mobile apps are first tested within the development
environment using emulators and later subjected to field testing. Emulators provide an
inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may not have physical
access.[13][14]

Mobile user interface (UI) Design is also essential. Mobile UI considers constraints and contexts,
screen, input and mobility as outlines for design. The user is often the focus of interaction with
their device, and the interface entails components of both hardware and software. User input
allows for the users to manipulate a system, and device's output allows the system to indicate the
effects of the users' manipulation. Mobile UI design constraints include limited attention and form

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factors, such as a mobile device's screen size for a user's hand. Mobile UI contexts signal cues from
user activity, such as location and scheduling that can be shown from user interactions within a
mobile application. Overall, mobile UI design's goal is primarily for an understandable, user-
friendly interface.

Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The
mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line,
and service orchestration. This functionality is supported by a mix of middleware components
including mobile app servers, Mobile Backend as a service (MBaaS), and SOA infrastructure.

Conversational interfaces display the computer interface and present interactions through text
instead of graphic elements. They emulate conversations with real humans.[15] There are two main
types of conversational interfaces: voice assistants (like the Amazon Echo) and chatbots.[15]

Conversational interfaces are growing particularly practical as users are starting to feel
overwhelmed with mobile apps (a term known as "app fatigue").[16][17]

David Limp, Amazon's senior vice president of devices, says in an interview with Bloomberg, "We
believe the next big platform is voice."[18]

Distribution
The three biggest app stores are Google Play for Android, App Store for iOS, and Microsoft Store
for Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, and Xbox One.

Google Play
Google Play (formerly known as the Android Market) is an international online software store
developed by Google for Android devices. It opened in October 2008.[19] In July 2013, the number
of apps downloaded via the Google Play Store surpassed 50 billion, of the over 1 million apps
available.[20] As of September 2016, according to Statista the number of apps available exceeded
2.4 million. Over 80% of apps in the Google Play Store are free to download.[21] The store
generated a revenue of 6 billion U.S. dollars in 2015.

App Store
Apple's App Store for iOS and iPadOS was not the first app distribution service, but it ignited the
mobile revolution and was opened on July 10, 2008, and as of September 2016, reported over
140 billion downloads. The original AppStore was first demonstrated to Steve Jobs in 1993 by
Jesse Tayler at NeXTWorld Expo[22] As of June 6, 2011, there were 425,000 apps available, which
had been downloaded by 200 million iOS users.[23][24] During Apple's 2012 Worldwide Developers
Conference, CEO Tim Cook announced that the App Store has 650,000 available apps to download
as well as 30 billion apps downloaded from the app store until that date.[25] From an alternative
perspective, figures seen in July 2013 by the BBC from tracking service Adeven indicate over two-
thirds of apps in the store are "zombies", barely ever installed by consumers.[26]

Microsoft Store

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Microsoft Store (formerly known as the Windows Store) was introduced by Microsoft in 2012 for
its Windows 8 and Windows RT platforms. While it can also carry listings for traditional desktop
programs certified for compatibility with Windows 8, it is primarily used to distribute "Windows
Store apps"—which are primarily built for use on tablets and other touch-based devices (but can
still be used with a keyboard and mouse, and on desktop computers and laptops).[27][28]

Others
Amazon Appstore is an alternative application store for the Android operating system. It was
opened in March 2011 and as of June 2015, the app store has nearly 334,000 apps.[29] The
Amazon Appstore's Android Apps can also be installed and run on BlackBerry 10 devices.
BlackBerry World is the application store for BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry OS devices. It
opened in April 2009 as BlackBerry App World.
Ovi (Nokia) for Nokia phones was launched internationally in May 2009. In May 2011, Nokia
announced plans to rebrand its Ovi product line under the Nokia brand[30] and Ovi Store was
renamed Nokia Store in October 2011.[31] Nokia Store will no longer allow developers to
publish new apps or app updates for its legacy Symbian and MeeGo operating systems from
January 2014.[32]
Windows Phone Store was introduced by Microsoft for its Windows Phone platform, which was
launched in October 2010. As of October 2012, it has over 120,000 apps available.[33]
Samsung Apps was introduced in September 2009.[34] As of October 2011, Samsung Apps
reached 10 million downloads. The store is available in 125 countries and it offers apps for
Windows Mobile, Android and Bada platforms.
The Electronic AppWrapper was the first electronic distribution service to collectively provide
encryption and purchasing electronically[35]
F-Droid — Free and open Source Android app repository.
Opera Mobile Store is a platform independent app store for iOS, Java, BlackBerry OS,
Symbian, iOS, and Windows Mobile, and Android based mobile phones. It was launched
internationally in March, 2011.
There are numerous other independent app stores for Android devices.

Enterprise management
Mobile application management (MAM) describes software and services responsible for
provisioning and controlling access to internally developed and commercially available mobile
apps used in business settings. The strategy is meant to off-set the security risk of a Bring Your
Own Device (BYOD) work strategy. When an employee brings a personal device into an enterprise
setting, mobile application management enables the corporate IT staff to transfer required
applications, control access to business data, and remove locally cached business data from the
device if it is lost, or when its owner no longer works with the company. Containerization is an
alternate approach to security. Rather than controlling an employee/s entire device,
containerization apps create isolated pockets separate from personal data. Company control of the
device only extends to that separate container.[36]

App wrapping vs. native app management

Especially when employees "bring your own device" (BYOD), mobile apps can be a significant
security risk for businesses, because they transfer unprotected sensitive data to the Internet
without knowledge and consent of the users. Reports of stolen corporate data show how quickly

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corporate and personal data can fall into the wrong hands. Data theft is not just the loss of
confidential information, but makes companies vulnerable to attack and blackmail.[37]

Professional mobile application management helps companies protect their data. One option for
securing corporate data is app wrapping. But there also are some disadvantages like copyright
infringement or the loss of warranty rights. Functionality, productivity and user experience are
particularly limited under app wrapping. The policies of a wrapped app can not be changed. If
required, it must be recreated from scratch, adding cost.[38] An app wrapper is a mobile app made
wholly from an existing website or platform,[39] with few or no changes made to the underlying
application. The "wrapper" is essentially a new management layer that allows developers to set up
usage policies appropriate for app use.[39] Examples of these policies include whether or not
authentication is required, allowing data to be stored on the device, and enabling/disabling file
sharing between users.[40] Because most app wrappers are often websites first, they often do not
align with iOS or Android Developer guidelines.

Alternatively, it is possible to offer native apps securely through enterprise mobility management.
This enables more flexible IT management as apps can be easily implemented and policies
adjusted at any time.[41]

See also
Appbox Pro (2009)
App store optimization
Enterprise mobile application
Mobile commerce
Super-app
Unified Remote
WideAngle (2013)

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External links
Media related to Mobile phone software at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "[Link]

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