French Verb Summary

Indicative Tenses
The Present (Le Présent)
J'étudie les verbes français. I study / am studying French verbs.

The Past Perfect (Le Passé Composé)

J'ai étudié les verbes français. I studied French verbs.

The Imperfect Past (L'Imparfait)

J'étudiais les verbes français. I was studying French verbs.

The Pluperfect Past (Le Plus-Que-Parfait)

J'avais étudié les verbes français. I had studied French verbs.

The Immediate Past

Je viens d'étudier les verbes français. I just studied French verbs.

The Future (Le Futur)

J'étudierai les verbes français. I will study French verbs.

The Future Perfect (Le Futur Antérieur)

J'aurai étudié les verbes français. I will have studied French verbs.

The Immediate Future (Le Futur Proche)

Je vais étudier les verbes français. I am going to study French verbs (right now).

Conditional Tenses
The Conditional (Le Conditionnel)
J'étudierais les verbes français. I would study French verbs.

The Past Conditional (Le Conditionnel Passé)

J'aurais étudié les verbes français. I would have studied French verbs.

The Imperative
The Imperative (L'Impératif) – tu form
Étudie les verbes français. Study French verbs.

The Imperative (L'Impératif) – vous form

Étudiez les verbes français. Study French verbs.

The Imperative (L'Impératif) – suggestive

Étudions les verbes français. Let's study French verbs.

Subjunctive Tenses
The Present Subjunctive (Le Présent du Subjonctif)
Il faut que nous étudiions les verbes français.
We have to study French verbs.

The Past Subjunctive (Le Passé du Subjonctif)

Je veux que vous ayez étudié les verbes français avant demain.
I want you to have studied French verbs before tomorrow.
COMPOUND CONJUGATIONS
être/avoir auxiliary usage
Compound tenses are formed using a conjugated form of être or avoir plus the past participle of the
verb. Most verbs use avoir, with the following two exceptions (in which case être is used):

1) Reflexive verbs- all reflexive verbs use être as the auxiliary verb

Je me suis levé les mains.

I washed my hands.

2) The so-called "house" verbs: aller, arriver, devenir, entrer, mourir, naître, partir, rester, retourner,
revenir, tomber, venir. Also included in this list are 5 other verbs that use avoir when used with a direct
object, and être otherwise (the meaning of the verb changes slightly depending on the presence of a
direct object):

descendre

Elle est descendue vite. Elle a descendu la valise.

She came down quickly. She brought down the suitcase.

monter

Elle est monteé vite. Elle a monté l'escalier.

She went up quickly. She went up the stairs.

passer (note: se passer, "to take place", is a different verb from passer)

Elle est passée chez moi. Elle m'a passé le sel.

She came by my house. She passed me the salt.

Elle a passé l'examen.

She took the test.

rentrer

Elle est rentrée tôt. Elle a rentré le chat dans la maison.

She returned early. She brought the cat into the house.

sortir

Elle est sortie heir soir. Elle a sortie son mouchoir.

She went out last night. She took out her handkerchief.

Participle Agreement
When using a compound tense, there are certain cases when the ending of the part participle is
changed to agree in gender and number of another object in the sentence (subject or direct object).
There are three main cases in which this happens:

1) être verbs- the “house” verbs listed above, when using être as the auxiliary verb, change the
past participle to agree in gender and number with the subject. Note that montrer, descendre, passer,
rentrer, and sortir do not use être as their auxiliary verb when they have a direct object, and in those
cases, the past participle remains unchanged (see the examples above for details).
 Il est allé au cinema heir soir. Elles sont allées au cinema hier soir.
He went to the movies last night. They (f) went to the movies last night.

Nous avons acheté une nouvelle voiture. Nous sommes arrivés á la heure.
We bought a new car. We arrived on time.

2) When the compound verb appears with a preceding direct object, the past participle agrees with
the direct object.

J'ai descendu les valises. (no agreement; the direct object follows the verb)
I took down the suitcases.

Tes valises? Je les ai descendues. (agreement; the direct object precedes the verb)
Your suitcases? I took them down.

Quelles valises est-ce que tu as descendues? (agreement; the direct object precedes the verb)

Note that this is totally independent of avoir/être usage:

J'ai perdu mes portefeuilles. Ces sont les portefeuilles que j'ai perdus.
I lost my wallets. These are the wallets that I lost.

3) Reflexive verbs have past participles that agree with the subject/object, but only if the reflexive
pronoun is a direct object. This is really just a special case of the second case (listed above):

Elle s'est lavée. Elle s'est lavé les mains.

She washed herself. She washed her hands.

Note that some verbs, like parler and téléphoner only take indirect objects (á), and as such the past
participle does not change in compound tenses:

Ils se sont téléphoné. Elles se sont parlé.

They called each other on the phone. They talked to each other.

Pronoun/Negative/Adverb placement
All personal and adverbial (y and en) pronouns precede the auxiliary verb:

Je te l'ai donné. Nous y serons allés.

I gave it to you. We will have gone there.

When a compound tense is used with a negative construction, or with an adverb, the additional words
surround the auxiliary verb, or in other words, appear after the auxiliary verb but before the part
participle:

Si je n'avais pas lu le livre, j'aurais mieux aimé le film.

If I hadn't read the book, I would have enjoyed the movie better.

Je n'ai pas le fait. Nous n'aurions jamais su.

I didn't do it. We never would have known.

If you have both an pronoun and a negative adverb,

There are two exceptions to this: when using the past infinitive (negative constructs precede the verb as
a single unit), and when using the negative pronouns personne, nulle part, and aucun (the pronouns
 follow the part participle):

J'espère ne pas avoir perdu. Je n'ai vu personne.

I hope I didn't lose. I didn't see anyone.

Je ne l'ai trouvé nulle part.

I didn't find it anywhere.

PRESENT/PAST PARTICIPLES
The Present Participle (le Participe Présent)
Formation:
Take the nous form of the present, drop the -ons and add -ant

Usage:
To tell how someone is doing something, or describe a simultaneous action:

Je suis partie en courant. En ouvrant son sac, elle en sort une photo.
I took off at a run. Opening her purse, she takes out a photograph.

Also used to show cause and effect; or the manner in which things are done:

Il gagne d l'argent en lavant des voitures. On ne maigrit pas en mangeant des glaces.
He makes money by washing cars. You don't get thinner by eating ice cream.

The present participle can also be used as an adjective, in which case it usually agrees in gender
and number with noun it modifies:

de l'eau courante les numéros gagnants des histoires touchantes

running water the winning numbers touching stories

Note:
When verbs take a pronoun, it comes before the present participle:

Je retiens l'homme en l'interrogeant à nouveau.

I stopped the man, asking him more questions.

Important Irregulars:
ayant (avoir), étant (être), sachant (savoir)

The Past Participle (le Participe Passé)

Formation:
Take the infinitive form of the verb, drop the ending (-er, -ir, -re) and add -é for -er verbs, -i for -ir
verbs, and -u for -re verbs.

Usage:
The past participle is used in many compound tenses; please refer to those sections for details on its
usage.

Note:
 When used in a compound tense with the verb être the past participle agrees in number and gender
with the subject.

Elle est arrivée à Paris. Les garçons sont arrivés à Paris.

She arrived in Paris. The boys arrived in Paris.

When used with a reflexive verb, this gets a little complicated. In such a case, the past participle
agrees with the reflexive pronoun if and only if it is the direct object (the reflexive pronoun is the direct
object if it is what is receiving the action).

Elle s'est lavée. Elle s'est lavé les cheveux.

She washed herself. She washed her hair

When used in a compound tense with the verb avoir the past participle agrees in number and gender
with a proceeding direct object (note that this extends across phrase boundaries, as in the last
example).

Où sont les petits gâteaux? Paul les a mangés.

Where are the little cakes? Paul ate them.

Qui a écrit les lettres? Paul les a écrites.

Who wrote the letters? Paul wrote them.

Paul a oublié le nom de la personne que nous avons recontrée ce matin.

Paul forgot the name of the person whom we met up with this morning.

Important Irregulars:

asseoir - assis avoir - eu boîre - bu

conduire - conduit courir - couru couvrir - couvert
craindre - craint croire - cru devoir - dû / due
dire - dit écrire - écrit être - été
faire - fait falloir - fallu lire - lu
mettre - mis mourir - mort naître - né
offrir - offert ouvrir - ouvert paraître - paru
plaire - plu pouvoir - pu prendre - pris
recevoir - reçu rire - ri savoir - su
suivre - suivi taire - tu tenir - tenu
valoir - valu venir - venu vivre - vécu
voir - vu vouloir - voulu

INDICATIVE MOOD (L'INDICATIF)

The Present (le Présent)
Formation:
-er verbs -re verbs -ir verbs
-e -ons -s -ons -is -issons
-es -ez -s -ez -is -issez
-e -ent - -ent -it -issent

Usage:
Present action, habitual action, state of being, near future, present perfect (Je suis ici despuis dix
minutes, I have been here for ten minutes)
 Important irregulars:
aller - to go avoir - to have boire - to drink
vais allons ai avons bois buvons
vas allez as avez bois buvez
va vont a ont boit boivent

croire – to believe devoir - must/should être - to be

crois croyons dois devons sois sommes
crois croyez dois devez es êtes
croit croient doit doivent est sont

faire - to do/make lire - to read mettre - to put or place

fais faisons lis lisons mets mettons
fais faites lis lisez mets mettez
fait font lit lisent met mettent

mourir - to die naître - to be born partir - to leave

meurs mourons nais naissons pars partons
meurs mourez nais naissez pars partez
meurt meurent nait naissent part partent

pouvoir - to want prendre - to take savoir - to know

peux pouvons prends prenons sais savons
peux pouvez prends prenez sais savez
peut peuvent prend prennent sait savent

suivre - to follow/take valoir - to be worth, deserve, merit venir - to come

suis suivons vaux valons viens venons
suis suivez vaux valez viens venez
suit suivent vaut valent vient viennent

vivre - to live voir - to see vouloir - to want

vis vivons vois voyons veux voulons
vis vivez vois voyez veux voulez
vit vivent voit voient veut veulent

The Past Perfect (le Passé Composé)

Formation:
This is a compound verb with the present (le présent) form of être/avoir plus the past participle (le
participe passé).

Usage:
This describes an action in the past with an emphasis on its completion. Often used in conjunction
with the imperfect (l'imparfait).

Je suis allé à l'école. Je dormais quand tu m'a téléphoné.

I went to school. I was sleeping when you called.

The Imperfect (l'Imparfait)

Formation:
Take the nous form of the present, drop the -ons and add:
-ais -ions
-ais -iez
-ait -aient

Usage:
An ongoing action in the past (either habitually, while another action was occurring or occurred, a
mental/physical condition, etc)
 Il lisait pendant que j'écrivais Il lisait quand je suis entré.
He was reading while I was writing He was reading when I came in.

Nous allions à la plage tous le jours.

We went to the beach every day.

J'attendais l'autobus despuis dix minutes quand il est arrivé.

I had been waiting for the bus for ten minutes when it arrived.

Quand ma mère était jeune, elle était belle.

When my mother was young, she was beautiful.

Ça allait être merveilleux, mais rien du tout est allé comme nous prévisions.
It was going to be wonderful, but nothing at all went according to our expectations.

Also, when used in a si clause on its own, this means a wish or a suggestion.

Dis, si tu m'aidais? Si on allait regarder un film?

Hey, what about helping me out? Hey, how about going to see a movie?

Ah, si j'étais riche....

Oh, if only I were rich....

Important Irregulars: Important but not irregular:

être - to be avoir - to have
étais étions avais avions
étais étiez avais aviez
était étaient avait avaient

Note:
See si clauses for usage with the conditional mood (see below for details).

Note:
Some verbs have slightly different meanings between the imperfect (l'imparfait) and the past perfect
(le passé composé):

savoir (su)- knew (l'imparfait) vs. found out (le passé composé)
connaître (conné)- knew (l'imparfait) vs. met (le passé composé)
devoir (dû/due)- was supposed to (l'imparfait) vs.
probably/must have (le passé composé)

The Pluperfect (Le Plus-Que-Parfait)

Formation:
This is a compound verb with the imperfect (l'imparfait) of être/avoir plus the past participle (le
participe passé).

Usage:
Describes a past event that happened before another event in the past.

Ma mère avait déjà mangé quand nous sommes arrivés.

My mother had already eaten when we arrived.

J'avais étudié la leçon que le professeur a expliquée.

I had studied the lesson which the professor explained.
 (note the agreement of the proceeding direct object with the past participle, even across
clauses).

J'étais fatigué ce matin parce que je n'avais pas dormi heir soir.
I was tired this morning because I hadn't slept last night.

Gustav Eiffel, qui n'avait pas encore construit la fameuse tour parisienne portant son nom,
donnera corps á la vision de Frédéric-August Bartholdi.
Gustav Eiffel, who hadn't yet built the famous Parisian tower that carries his name, would work
on the vision of Frederic-August Bartholdi.

Note:
This is used in si clauses with the past subjunctive (le passé subjonctif); see sections below for
details.

The Immediate/Near Past

Formation:
Present tense (le présent) of venir + de + infinitive.

Usage:
Used to express something that is just happened in the near past.

Il vient de manger. Je viens de retourner.

He just ate. I just got back.

The Future (Le Futur)

Formation:
Add the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb:
-ai -ons
-as -ez
-a -ont
Note that with verbs that end in -re, the final e is dropped (lire becomes lirai, liras, and naître
becomes naîtrai, naîtras, etc). Also note some common orthographic changes (given below): -eler
verbs (appeler) and -yer verbs (payer).

Usage:
Action that will take place in the future.

J'irai à Paris l'été prochain. J'y penserai.

I will go to Paris this next summer. I'll think about it.

Je te dirai tout quand tu seras ici.

I'll tell you all of it when you are here.

Important irregulars: (only the je form is given for the future)

acheter – achèterai appeler – appellerai aller – irai

avoir – aurai devoir – devrai envoyer - enverrai
être – serai faire – ferai mourir - mourrai
payer – paierai pouvoir – pourrai recevoir – recevrai
savoir – saurai tenir – tiendrai venir – viendrai
 voir – verrai vouloir – voudrai

Also: il faudra (falloir) and il pleuvra (pleuvoir)

Note:
This is used in si clauses with the present tense (le présent); see sections below for details.

The Future Perfect (Le Futur Antérior)

Formation:
Future tense of être/avoir followed by the past participle of the verb you are using (le participe passé).

Usage:
This tense expresses what will have happened, usually in relation to some other event.

Quand tu arriveras, nous serons déjà partis en vacances.

When you arrive, we will have already left for vacation.

J'aurai fini vers cinq heures du soir.

I will have finished around 5pm.

Je te téléphonerai quand le lettre seta arrivé.

I will call you when the letter arrives.

Nous partirons aussitôt que Bridget aura fini son travail.

We will leave as soon as Bridget has finished her work.

The Near Future (Le Futur Proche)

Formation:
Present tense (le présent) of aller + infinitive.

Usage:
Used to express something that is going to happen in the near future.

Il va t'appeler. Nous allons manger.

He's going to call you. We're going to eat.

CONDITIOINAL MOOD (LE CONDITIONNEL)

The Present Conditional (Le Conditionnel Présent)

Formation:
The present conditional mood (le conditionnel présent) is formed very similarly to the indicative
future, only with a slight change in endings:
-ais -ions
-ais -iez
-ait -aient
Usage:
The conditional (le conditionnel) is used:

1. to make polite requests

2. offer advice
3. talk about things that might happen if something else were possible
4. express a desire, and in particular what someone stated, hoped, or decided (in the past)
would happen in the future (just as in English).
5. when you want to convey a sense of not being sure of something that will happen in the
future (contrast with the certainty of the future tense)

Je voudrais du café.
I would like some coffee.

Est-ce que vous pourriez m'aider dans mon recherches?

Can you help me with my research?

À votre place, j'abandonnerais cette idée.

If I were you, I would give up that idea.

Dans un monde parfait, il n'y aurait plus jamais de guerre.

In a perfect world, there would be no more war.

J'aimerais bien le voir!

I would love to see it!

Je voudrais une grande maison.

I would like to have a big house.

L'Institut sera fermé demain. (future) / L'Institut serait fermé demain. (conditional)
The Institute will be closed tomorrow. / The Institute might be closed tomorrow.

Also, the conditional is used in past declarative speech:

Maintenent, elle dit qu'il ira au ciné. (now = present tense, later = future tense)
Right now, she says that he will go to the movies.

Heir, elle a dit qu'il irait au ciné. (yesterday = past tense, later = conditional tense)
Yesterday, she said that he would go to the movies.

Marianne a dit qu'elle ferait ses devoirs après le dîner.

Marianna said that she would do her homework after dinner.

Le prof a décidé qu'il n'y aurait plus d'examens.

The professor decided that there would be no more exams.

One more important use of the conditional is in regards to reported facts/events that have been
reported but not yet confirmed:

Selon les études, le choclat serait bon pour la santé.

According to the studies, chocolate is good for your health.

Dans l'accident aujourd'hui, il y aurait deux morts et plusieurs blessés.

There were reportedly two people killed and several injured in today's accident.

Important Irregulars:
See the indicative future (le futur).
 Note:
This is used in si clauses with the imperfect (l'imparfait); see sections below for details.

The Past Conditional (Le Conditionnel Passé)

Formation:
This is a compound verb with the conditional present (le continionnel présent) of être/avoir plus the
past participle (le participe passé).

Usage:
This is used to express a conditional action that would have happened (but didn't), or would have
been (but wasn't).

À ta place, je n'aurais pas pris ma voiture.

In your place, I would not have taken my car.

Si j'avais étudié, j'aurais réussi à l'examen.

If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

J'aurais fait le travail si j'avais eu le temps.

I would have done the work if I had had the time.

J'aurais voulu voir ce film.

I would have liked to see that movie.

Vous auriez dû étudier pour l'examen.

You should have studied for the exam.

Tu aurais pu me dire plus tôt.

You could have told me sooner.

Note:
This is used in si clauses with the past perfect (le plus-que-parfait); see sections below for details.

Tout le monde serait ici, si il ne avait pas plu.

Everybody would have been here, if it hadn't rained.

IMPERATIVE MOOD (L'IMPÉRATIF)

Formation:
There are two forms to the imperative (l'impératif), based on tu and vous. In both cases, you use the
present tense (l'présent) and drop the subject pronoun, and drop any final -s in the tu form if it exists.
You can use the same construct in the nous form to make a suggestion for the group that includes
yourself.

Usage:
This mood gives a command.

Va me chercher du sucre, s'il vous plaît.

Go and get me some sugar, please.

Soyez à l'heure! Allons au marché.

Be on time! Let"s go to the market.
 Important Irregulars:
être - sois, soyez, soyons
avoir - aie, ayez, ayons

Note:
In positive commands, pronouns come after the verb, and me/te are changed to moi/toi.

Réponds-moi! Lavez-vous!
Answer me! Wash yourself!

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (LE SUBJONCTIF)

The Present Subjunctive (Le Présent du Subjonctif)
Formation:
Take the -ils form of the present, drop -ent, and add:

-e -ions *
-es -iez *
-e -ent

Another way to think about it (which makes things a lot easier), is that the nous and vous forms are
identical to the imperfect (l'imparfait). This makes a difference when it comes to verbs with two
stems; rather than thinking about these as irregular verbs, if you just think that the nous and vous
forms as being identical to l'imparfait it is a bit easier. For example:

venir - to come
present tense imperfect present subjuntive
viens venons venais venions vienne venions
viens venez venais veniez viennes veniez
vient viennent venait venaient vienne viennent

Important Irregulars:

être aller avoir

sois soyons aille allions aie ayons
sois soyez ailles alliez aies ayez
soit soient aille aillent ait aient

faire pouvoir savoir

fasse fassions puisse puissions sache sachions
fasses fassiez puisses puissiez saches sachiez
fasse fassent puisse puissent sache sachent

vouloir
veuille voulions
veuilles vouliez
veuille veuillent

Usage:
To express feelings, judgments, what is desirable, opinions/advice, possibility, uncertainty, what may
or may not be, wish, fear, or supposition- that which is not real. Specifically:
 1. Verbs of desire: vouloir, rêver, désirer, attendre, donner...
2. Verbs of sentiment: aimer, adorer, détester, regretter, être <adjective> de...
3. After impersonal statements: il faut que, il est nécessaire que, il semble que...

This is used much more frequently in French than in English. One reason is that with the subjunctive
there is no concordance of time as there is with the indicative. For example:

Je pense qu'il viendra ce soir. Je pensais qu'il viendrait ce soir.

I think that he will come tonight. I thought that he would come tonight.

Note that in the examples above (indicative mood), the present tense is followed by a subordinate
clause in the future, while a past tense is followed by the conditional. When using the subjunctive
mood, time is much more simple:

Je veux que tu fasse... I want you to do...

Je voulais que tu fasse... I wanted you to do...
Je voudrais que tu fasse... I would like you to do...

The subjunctive used to have different tenses for time (subjonctif imparfait, etc), but these forms are
no longer used. You might run into them in very formal or old writings however. The only instance
where time matters is when you want to put the subjunctive action definitively before the action in the
main clause (see Le Subjonctif Passé below).

The idea of doubt/uncertainty becomes very important when you negate certain phrases. “I believe
that...” is an assertion of truth so it takes the indicative, but “I don't believe that...” is an assertion of
doubt, which takes the subjunctive. On the other hand, “I doubt that...” is an assertion of doubt, so it
is followed by the subjunctive, whereas “I don't doubt that...” takes the indicative.

Je crois qu'il a 20 ans. Je ne crois pas qu'il ait 20 ans.

I believe he is 20 years old. I don't believe that he is 20 years old.

Je doubte qu'il vienne. Je ne doubte pas qu'il viendra.

I doubt that he will come. I don't doubt that he'll come.

Je pense qu'elle me prête sa voiture. Je ne pense pas qu'elle me prête sa voiture.

I think that she'll lend me her car. I don't think that she'll lend me her car.

Note: for the example above, prêter in the 3rd person singular has the same form as the subjunctive;
this is one of the difficult things about the subjunctive, as there is a lot of overlap in form with the
present indicative, depending on the verb. So in the phrase on the left above, prête is an example of
the present indicative, and in the phrase on the right above, prête is an example of the subjunctive.

However, not all negated phrases change between the subjunctive and the indicative. For example,
negating a statement of sentiment, is still a statement of sentiment!

Je suis heureux que nous allions. Je ne suis pas heureux que nous allions.
I'm happy that we're going. I am not happy that we're going.

So you need to use care when using the subjunctive and negation; sometimes the negation means
that you switch between the indicative and the subjunctive, sometimes not. Just remember that the
subjunctive means subjective, unreal, unsure, and that should get you through most of the time. This
includes some forms of interrogation:

J'insiste que vous soyez ici à l'heure. Je n'insiste jamais que vous soyez ici à l'heure.
I insist that you be here on time. I never insist that you be here on time.

Il vaut mieux qu'il vienne. Il ne vaut pas mieux qu'il vienne.

It would be better if he came. I wouldn't be better if he came.
 Il est important que vous fassiez le travail. I n'est pas important que vous fassiez le travail.
It is important that you do the work. It isn't important that you do the work.

Il paraît que nous avons besoin d'aller. Il ne paraît pas que nous ayons besoin d'aller.
It seems that we need to go. It doesn't seem that we need to go.

Il est évident qu'elle te dit la vérité. Il n'est pas évident qu'elle te dise la vérité.
It's clear that she is telling you the truth. It isn't clear if she is telling you the truth (or not).

Penses-tu qu'il soit sympa? Oui, je pense qu'il est sympa.

Do you think that he is nice? Yes, I think he is nice.

Non, je ne pense pas qu'il soit sympa.

Non, I don't think that he is nice.

Note: Il faut que is an interesting construct, which I find to be a bit illogical when it comes to negation
and expressing obligation:

Il faut qu'il soit puni. Il ne faut pas qu'il soit puni.

It is necessary that he be punished. It is necessary that he not be punished.

Negating falloir does not mean negating the obligation, it negates what is required/necessary (and
still takes le subjonctif!). If you want to express the lack of obligation, you have to use another
construct altogether (see the Personal Obligation section below):

Il faut que tu partes. Il ne faut pas que tu partes.

You need to leave. You need to not leave.

Il n'est pas nécessaire que tu partes.

Tu n'es pas obligé de partir.
Tu n'as pas besoin de partir.
Tu n'as pas á partir.
You don't have to leave.

Note that the subjunctive is used only when the subjects of the main clause and the subordinate
clause are different; if they are the same then the infinitive is used.

Je veux que tu reviennes. Je veux revenir.

I want you to come back. I want to come back.

Ils préfèrent que nous restions. Ils préfèrent rester.

They prefer that we stay. They prefer to stay.

The subjunctive is also used with phrases/clauses that modify a superlative:

Voilà la plus belle femme que j'aie jamais vue.

There is the most beautiful woman that I have ever seen.

La seule voiture bleue que nous puissions conduire se trouve là bas.

The only blue car that we can drive is over there.

Another use of the subjunctive is for indefinite antecedents, which is when an object is talked about in
the main clause that is nonexistent or whose existence is in doubt.

Nous cherchons quelqu'un qui puisse travailler indépendamment.

We are looking for someone who can work independently.

Il ne connaît personne qui veuille venir à la fête.

He doesn't know anyone who would want to come to the party.
 The important aspect is the doubt or lack of existence. If the implication is that something does
indeed exist, the indicative is used:

Il connaît quelqu'un qui veut venir à la fête.

He knows someone who wants to come to the party.

Note on Conjunctions:

The subjunctive is required after some conjunctions. This seems to be a somewhat confusing and
arbitrary topic, and probably is best to be memorized and/or learned by rote. These conjunctive
phrases usually end in que, and if the two clauses have the same subject are usually replaced by a
form without que, which would take the indicative.

These conjunctions always take the subjunctive case, as there is no prepositional forms to use
without que (therefore using the same subject in both clauses is OK):

jusqu'à que until

bien que although / despite (opposite of donc)
quoique although / despite (opposite of donc)
pourvu que provided that

Quoiqu'elle soit belle, il ne l'aime pas.

Although she is beautiful, he does not love her.

Tu ne peux pas recevoir ton diplôme juqu'à ce que tu finisses tes cours.
You cannot receive your diploma until you finish your classes.

Le gâteau doit rester au four jusqu'a qu'il soit cuit.

The cake should stay in the oven until it is cooked.

Bien que j'aie faim, je n'ai rien mangé.

Although I was hungry, I didn't eat anything.
(note that the passé composé is what defines the past tense here)

Note on bien que and quoique: these are used with phrases and clauses. If you want to express
although/despite with a noun, you use malgré: Malgré la pluie, je ne prends pas mon parapluie.

These conjunctions take the subjunctive if the subjects differ, otherwise they are replaced by the non-
que form given, and the subjunctive is not used (rather, the infinitive is used):

pour que (-) so that

afin que (de) so that
à moins que (de) unless
à condition que (de) provided that
avant que (-) before (note that après que takes the indicative)
sans que (-) without
où que wherever
quoi que whatever
qui que whoever
quel que whichever
si <adjective> que however

Je partirai à moins qu'il ne vienne pas.

I will leave unless he does not come.

Phillippe est parti sans que tu lui dises au revoir.

 Phillip left without you saying goodbye to him.

Phillippe est parti sans te dire au revoir.

Philip left without saying goodbye to you.

Téléphone à tes parents, afin qu'ils sachent où nous sommes.

Call your parents, so they know where we are.

Je vais leur téléphoner afin de commander une pizza.

I'm going to call them to order a pizza.

Où que j'aille dans la vie, je me souviendrai de votre gentillesse.

Wherever I go in life, I will remember your kindness.

Si idiot que ce soit, rends-moi ce service.

However idiotic it may be, do me this favor.

Note:
Again, if you are stating something that you hold/feel to be true, do not use the subjunctive. If you
are denying or otherwise doubting something, then the subjunctive is used:

Je crois que tu est fatigué. Je ne crois pas que tu sois fatigué.

I believe that you are tired. I don't believe that you are tired.

Also note that neither esperer nor penser take the subjunctive:

J'espère qu'il fait le ménage.

I hope that he does the housework.

Je pense qu'il est malade aujourd'hui.

I think that he is sick today.

The Past Subjunctive (Le Passé du Subjonctif)

Formation:
This is a compound verb tense, formed by the present subjunctive (le présent du subjonctif) of
être/avoir plus the past participle (le participe passé).

Usage:
Same as the present subjunctive (le présent du subjonctif), only the wish/desire clause describes an
action that took place before the action in the main clause. This is a very important distinction,

Il est possible qu'il soit parti. Je doute qu'il ait fait cela.
It is possible that he has left. I doubt that he did that.

How you mix the tense of the main clause with the subjunctive present/past are all grammatically
fine, but do change the meaning to allow complex constructs of meaning:

Je regrette qu'il vienne. I regret (now) that he is coming.

Je regrette qu'il soit venu. I regret (now) that he came.
J'ai regretté qu'il vienne. I regretted (in the past, maybe not any longer) that he is coming
(he is coming now or in the future).
J'ai regretté qu'il soit venu. I regretted (in the past) that he came (he came prior to my
regretting it).
 Just like the regular subjunctive, if you have the same subject in both clauses, it collapses to use an
infinitive form. To keep the idea of the secondary/subjunctive action happening before the action of
the main clause, this means you use the past infinitive:

Je regrette que je sois allé... WRONG!

Je regrette d'être allé... RIGHT!

See the Past Infinitive below.

OTHER TOPICS
Si Clauses
Formation:
The word si can be used to create sentences with multiple clauses that correspond to if-then clauses
in English. There are three main types:

First conditional:
This is formed with the si clause in the present indicative (le présent) or the past perfect (le passé
composé), and the main clause in either the present, future, or imperative, depending on the
intention.

Nous ne sortons pas s'il pleut. Si j'ai le temps, je le ferai.

We don't go out if it rains. If I have the time, I will do it.

Viens me voir si tu peux. Si tu as fini, tu peux partir.

Come and see me if you can. If you have finished, you can leave.

Si tu n'as pas finis, dis-moi.

If you haven't finished, tell me.

Second conditional:
This is formed with the si clause in the imperfect (l'imparfait), and the main clause in the present
conditional (le conditionnel présent). This expresses something that is contrary to fact or unlikely to
occur; a hypothetical that is outside of reality.

Si nous habitions à Paris, nous parlerions français tout le temps.

If we lived in Paris, we would speak in French all the time.

Si je gagnais à la loterie, j'acheterais une nouvelle moto.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.

Si j'avais le temps, je le ferais.

If I had the time, I would do it (implies that I do not have the time).

Si tu étudiais, tu serais intelligent.

If you studied, you would be smart (implies that you do not study)

Third Conditional:
This is formed with the si clause in the pluperfect (le plus-que-parfait) and the main clause in the past
conditional (le conditionnel passé). This expresses a hypothetical situation in the past that is different
from reality.
 Si vous étiez allés à la boum, vous seriez amusés.
If you had gone to the party, you would have had fun.

Si elle vous avait vu, elle vous aurait aidé.

If she had seen you, she would have helped you.

Si j'avais su, je ne t'aurais pas écouté.

Had I known, I would not have listened to you.

There are other patterns besides the three common ones above; context will help you figure out the
sequence of tenses. The tenses will be the same in English as in French, so just follow your intuition
and you should be OK.

Si tu avais étudié (plus-que-parfait), tu pourrais répondre à ces questions (le conditionnel).

If you had studied (pluperfect), you would be able to answer these questions (conditional).

S'il fait beau (présent), on fait souvent une promenade (présent).

If the weather is nice (present), we often take a walk (present).

On pourrait aller au restaurant (conditionnel), si j'avais fini (plus-que-parfait) mes devoirs.

We could go to the restaurant (conditional), if I had finished my homework (pluperfect).

Passive Voice
Formation:
The passive voice is when the action is being done to the subject, rather than the other way around
(the actor is can be given with the preposition par, unless the verb expresses a state of being, in
which case it is de). For example:

Benoît lit le livre. Le livre est lit par Benoît.

Benoît is reading the book. The book is read by Benoît.

Tout le monde le respecte. Il est respecté de tout le monde.

Everybody respects him. He is respected by everybody.

Anne fait la tarte. La tarte est faite par Anne.

Anne is making the cake. The cake is being made by Anne.

Mes amis aiment bien ma mére. Ma mére est aimée bien de mes amis.
My friends like my mother. My other is like by my friends.

There are two ways of forming the passive voice in French The first is formed by some conjugation of
être followed by the past participle (le participe passé), where the mood/tense of être is dependent on
what the phrase is saying (all moods/tenses can apply). Note that since the recipient of the action
appears before the conjugated être verb, the past participle needs to agree in gender/number with
the subject (just like in other compound tenses).

Françoise lit le livre. Le livre est lite par Françoise.

Françoise is reading the book. The book is being read by Françoise.

The passive voice can be used in any tense:

Le livre a été lite par Gabrielle. Le livre sera lite par Gabrielle.
The book was read by Gabrielle. The book will be read by Gabrielle.
 Le livre serait lite par Gabrielle. Je veux que le livre soit lite par Gabrialle.
The book would be read by Gabrielle. I want the book be read by Gabrielle.

The passive voice is used as it is in English- to put more emphasis on the performer of the action, or
to not identify the performer of the action at all.

Un enfant écrit ce livre. Ce livre a été lit par un enfant.

A child wrote this book. This book was written by a child.

Quelqu'un a écrit ce livre en 1975. Ce livre a été lit en 1975.

Someone wrote this book in 1975. This book was written in 1975.

Note:

The passive voice is used in French, but it is preferable to avoid it if you can. There are a couple of
ways of rewording a sentence to avoid a passive construct:

To focus on the performer, use c'est:

Cette film a été faite par Marie-Claire. C'est Marie-Claire qui a fait cette film.
This film was made by Marie-Clarie. It was Marie-Claire who made this film.

Le record a été battu par Thierry. C'est Thierry qui a été battu le record.
The record was broken by Thierry. It was Thierry who broke the record.

To avoid identifying the performer of the action, you can use the impersonal pronoun on:

Ils ont été dits de venir à midi. On leur a dit de venir à midi.
They were told to come a noon. They were told to come at noon.

La voiture avait été vendue samedi. On avait vendu la voiture samedi.

The car was sold on Saturday. The car was sold on Saturday.

You can also avoid mentioning the performer of the action by using the se passive: using a reflexive
pronoun with a normally non-reflexive verb, to demonstrate the passive nature of the action:

Elle s'applle Isabelle. Cela ne se fait pas.

She is called Isabelle. That is not done.

Ce livre se compose de 8 chapitres. La glace se vende ici.

This book is comprised of 8 chapters. Ice cream is sold here.

Les mûres ne se vendent pas ici. Ce produit devrait s'utiliser quotidiennement.

Blackberries are not sold here. This product should be used daily.

faire + <infinitive>
Usage:
This is not really the passive voice, but the expression faire + <infinitive> is used to describe actions
that we make or have other people do:

Je fais développer les photos. Ta voiture est sale- fais-la laver.

I am having the pictures developed. Your car is dirty- have it cleaned!
 It is also used to describe situations where people are made or forced to perform an action:

Le professeur fait étudier les élèves.

The teacher makes the students study.

The use of se faire + <infinitive> is used to describe actions that people are having done for/to
themselves:

Je vais me faire couper les cheveux.

I'm going to have my hair cut.

J'ai fait reparer ma montre.

I had my watch fixed.

Idiomatic usage:
faire savoir means "to let someone know":

Faites-le moi savoir dès que possible.

Let me know as soon as possible.

Personal Obligation
Note:

Il faut que + <infinitive> One should ... / One has to ...

Il faut que + <subjunctive> It is necessary that ...
Devoir + <infinitive> I/you/etc. have to ...

Il ne faut pas que + <subjunctive> One should not ...

Il n'a pas à + <infinitive> It is not necessary to ...

Je n'ai pas besoin de + <infinitive> I don't have to ...
Vous n'avez obligé de + <infinitive> You don't have to ...

Note that you do not put a negative clause after il faut que.... The negative comes wrapped around
the il faut que:

Il ne faut pas au'on achète plus du chocolat.

You shouldn't buy more chocolate.

If you want to say that it is not imperative that you don't do something, you have to use another form:

Vous n'avez obligé d'acheter plus du chocolat.

You don't have to buy more chocolat.

The Past Infinitive (L'Ifinitif Passé)

Formation/Usage:

The past infinitive is used whenever an infinitive is called for, but you want to express that the action
takes place before the action of the main verb. It is formed from the infinitive of avoir or être + the
 past participle. Note that agreement of the participle and the subject happens as per normal.

Je suis content d'avoir trouvé un emploi.

I'm happy to have found a job.

Qu'est-ce que tu vas faire après avoir fini tes études?

What are you going to do after having finished your studies?

Alice a étudié après s'être reposée.

Alice studied after having rested.

This form us used when you have two clauses, one of which would be in the past subjunctive but you
have identical subjects in both clauses:

Je regrette que nous soyons allés au cinèma hier soir.

I regret that we went to the movies last night.

Je regrette d'être allé au cinèma hier soir.

I regret that I went to the movies last night / I regret going to the movies last night.

Note that in the above example, a de was used before the infinitive; this is dependent on the verb you
are using so caveat emptor.

Note:

When using a negative form (past infinitive or otherwise), if you want to use a negative construct with
it, all words of the negative construct go before the infinitive:

Je regrette de ne pas être allé au cinèma hier soir.

I regret not going to the movies last night.

Je suis heureux de ne jamais avoir fumé.

I am happy to have never had smoked before.

Object, Adverbial and/or Reflexive Pronoun Order

Pronoun ordering:

When multiple pronouns are used in a sentence, they all are placed in front of the verb and their
ordering is set:

me le lui y en
te la leur
se les
nous
vous

Je montre la carte à mon père. Je la lui montre.

I'm showing the letter to my father. I'm showing it to him.

Je mets la carte sur la table. Je l'y mets.

I'm putting the letter on the table. I'm putting it there.

Ne me les donnez pas.

Don't give them to me.
 Il leur en a donné.
He gave them some.

This is true for all tenses and moods except for the affirmative imperative. In this tense, the
pronouns do not come before the verb, but instead are hyphenated suffixes to the verb:

Donnez-le-moi.
Give it to me.

Vendez-nous-en.
Sell us some

Trouvez-le-moi.
Find it for me

Parlez-nous-y.
Talk to us there

Envoyez-le-lui.
Send it to him

Va-t'en !
Go away!

For compound tenses, the verb is considered to be the entire construction, so all pronouns come
before the auxiliary verb:

Je lui ai parlé.
I talked to him.

Il t'aurait aimé.
He would have loved you.

Nous l'avons fait.

We made it.

This contrasts with dual-verb constructions, such as when using pouvoir, devoir, vouloir, aller,
promettre, or espérer. In this case, the pronouns go in front of the verb who's action they are
involved with:

Je vais te le donner.
I am going to give it to you.

Je promets de le manger.
I promise to eat it.

Je dois me brosser les dents.

I need to brush my teeth.