DATE: NOVEMBER 29, 2024
NAME: ALFREDO C. ABELLA JR
SUBJECT: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
GRADE/SECTION: 12- MARCELO
Drawing Conclusions from Research Findings
Drawing conclusions from research findings is a critical skill that requires analyzing data,
identifying patterns, and synthesizing results to answer research questions or hypotheses. It
involves interpreting data in the context of the study's objectives, ensuring conclusions are
supported by evidence rather than assumptions. This skill bridges the gap between data
collection and real-world application, making it integral to scientific inquiry and decision-making
processes.
Effective conclusions not only summarize findings but also connect them to broader
contexts, highlighting implications and potential applications. For instance, a study on renewable
energy adoption might conclude that cost reductions and public awareness campaigns
significantly increase usage rates. These conclusions guide policy recommendations, further
research, or technological advancements. Clear, evidence-based conclusions enhance the
credibility of research and its usefulness in addressing practical problems.
The ability to draw conclusions from research findings is essential across disciplines, as it
fosters critical thinking and informed decision-making. Whether in science, business, or social
studies, interpreting data allows individuals to propose solutions, predict outcomes, and evaluate
the impact of their recommendations. This skill is particularly relevant in today’s data-driven
world, where evidence-based reasoning underpins progress in fields ranging from public health to
climate science.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Analyzing Real-World Data:
Search studies on the effects of different fertilizers on plant growth. Identify trends,
determine which fertilizer is most effective, and justify your conclusions with evidence. You
should also consider limitations of the data and propose follow-up experiments.
2. Case Study Evaluation:
Look, Search and Examine the summary of a research study on the impact of screen time
on academic performance. Analyze the findings, draw evidence-based conclusions, and
discuss how these conclusions might influence policies in schools or parenting strategies.
SUBJECT: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
GRADE/SECTION: 11-RIZAL
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two
molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of energy in the form of ATP and NADH. This
process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and does not require oxygen, making it an anaerobic
pathway. Glycolysis is vital for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, serving as the
foundation for energy production under various conditions.
The process consists of ten enzymatic steps divided into two phases: the energy
investment phase and the energy payoff phase. In the investment phase, ATP is used to
phosphorylate glucose, making it more reactive. In the payoff phase, the molecule is split and
further processed, resulting in a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules. These
products are then used in subsequent stages of cellular respiration or fermentation, depending
on the availability of oxygen.
Glycolysis is not only crucial for energy production but also for providing intermediates for other
metabolic pathways. It plays a central role in metabolism, linking the breakdown of
carbohydrates to other processes like the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of biomolecules.
Understanding glycolysis is essential for fields like biochemistry, medicine, and bioengineering,
where energy management and metabolic disorders are studied.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Tracing Energy Flow in Glycolysis:
Calculate the net energy yield (ATP and NADH) from a single glucose molecule. Predict the
impact of a hypothetical enzyme deficiency on the process and explain the consequences
for cellular energy production.
2. Analyzing Real-World Data:
Compare ATP production under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Explain why cells switch
to fermentation in the absence of oxygen.
SUBJECT: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
GRADE/SECTION: 12-AGUINALDO/LUNA/MARCELO
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
The classification of organisms, known as taxonomy, has evolved from simple systems
based on physical traits to more complex frameworks incorporating evolutionary relationships.
This approach, called phylogenetics, groups organisms based on shared ancestry and genetic
similarities. By analyzing DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, scientists can construct evolutionary
trees or cladograms that illustrate how species diverged over time. These tools provide a deeper
understanding of biodiversity and the mechanisms that drive evolution.
This evolutionary perspective also highlights the dynamic nature of classification systems. Unlike
early taxonomies that relied solely on observable features, modern systems recognize
convergent evolution and genetic markers that offer a more accurate depiction of relationships.
For example, whales and bats, though seemingly different, share a closer evolutionary ancestor
with each other than with reptiles. This refined understanding underscores the importance of
genetics and molecular biology in modern taxonomy.
The evolutionary framework fosters a holistic view of life’s interconnectedness. By
understanding how organisms are related, scientists can better study ecological systems, trace
the origins of specific traits, and predict how organisms may evolve in response to environmental
changes. Such insights are crucial for conservation biology, helping to preserve biodiversity and
maintain ecosystem stability.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Cladogram Construction:
Search for DNA sequence data for different organisms. Analyze the sequences and
construct a cladogram showing evolutionary relationships. Interpret the genetic similarities
and justify the placement of each organism on the diagram.
2. Case Study Analysis:
Present a case study involving the reclassification of an organism based on new genetic
evidence (e.g., the shift of red pandas to their own family). Evaluate the evidence, discuss
its implications for understanding evolutionary history, and propose conservation
strategies based on the updated classification.
DATE: NOVEMBER 30, 2024
NAME: ALFREDO C. ABELLA JR
SUBJECT: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
GRADE/SECTION: 12-AQUINO/MARCELO
Formulating Recommendations in Research
Formulating recommendations is a crucial step in the research process that bridges the
gap between findings and practical applications. Recommendations are based on data analysis
and conclusions, providing actionable steps to address the problem studied or improve existing
conditions. These suggestions should be specific, feasible, and aligned with the research
objectives, ensuring they are both relevant and impactful.
Good recommendations extend beyond summarizing findings; they also consider the
broader implications of the study. For example, a study on student performance and study habits
might recommend implementing structured study schedules or integrating time-management
workshops into curricula. By connecting research to real-world contexts, recommendations can
guide policymakers, practitioners, or future researchers in making informed decisions or
conducting further investigations.
Formulating effective recommendations also requires researchers to acknowledge
limitations and uncertainties in their study. These insights help refine the suggestions, ensuring
they are realistic and adaptable. Ultimately, well-crafted recommendations demonstrate the
value of the research and its potential to contribute to knowledge, solve problems, and drive
innovation in the field.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Case Study Evaluation:
Search a research summary, such as one on reducing waste in a community. Analyze the
findings and propose three specific, evidence-based recommendations for addressing the
issue. Justify your suggestions and anticipate potential challenges in implementation.
2. Recommendation Critique:
Look for pre-written recommendations from a research report. Evaluate these suggestions
for clarity, feasibility, and alignment with the study’s findings. Rewrite or refine the
recommendations to improve its quality and relevance.
SUBJECT: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
GRADE/SECTION: 12-MARCELO/AQUINO/LUNA
Biotic Potential and Environmental Resistance in Population Dynamics
Biotic potential refers to the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under ideal
conditions. Factors like high birth rates, early reproductive age, and the ability to produce
multiple offspring contribute to a species’ biotic potential. For instance, bacteria have a high
biotic potential due to their rapid reproduction rates, while larger animals like elephants have
lower biotic potential due to longer gestation periods and fewer offspring. This potential, if
unchecked, can lead to rapid population growth or even population explosions in some species.
However, environmental resistance limits the growth of populations, preventing them from
reaching their full biotic potential. Environmental resistance includes biotic factors like predation,
competition, and disease, as well as abiotic factors such as limited food, water, and space. For
example, a growing deer population may be curbed by limited grazing areas or the presence of
predators like wolves. These factors maintain the balance in ecosystems by regulating population
size and preventing overpopulation that could lead to resource depletion and habitat destruction.
The interplay between biotic potential and environmental resistance determines population size
and growth patterns. When biotic potential exceeds environmental resistance, populations can
experience a temporary explosion, as seen in invasive species entering a new habitat.
Conversely, when environmental resistance dominates, populations stabilize or decline.
Understanding these dynamics is crucial for managing ecosystems and addressing issues like
overpopulation, habitat loss, and biodiversity conservation.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Data Analysis on Population Growth:
Search graphs showing the population growth of a species in different environments (with
varying levels of environmental resistance). Analyze the data, identify factors limiting
growth, and predict what might happen if resistance factors were removed.
2. Case Study Discussion:
Present a case study of an invasive species, such as rabbits in Australia, that experienced
a population explosion due to a lack of natural predators. Evaluate the role of biotic
potential and environmental resistance in the case and propose strategies for managing
the population.
SUBJECT: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
GRADE/SECTION: 11-RIZAL
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle, is a crucial metabolic
pathway in cellular respiration. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells and
involves a series of enzyme-driven reactions that break down acetyl-CoA, a derivative of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This cycle generates energy-storing molecules such as NADH
and FADH₂, which are later used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the cell’s primary
energy currency.
The cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which
undergoes a series of transformations. Throughout these steps, carbon dioxide is released as a
byproduct, and high-energy electrons are transferred to NAD⁺ and FAD, forming NADH and
FADH₂. Additionally, a small amount of ATP or GTP is directly synthesized. The regeneration of
oxaloacetate at the end of the cycle ensures its continuation, making it a cyclic process.
The Krebs cycle is not only central to energy production but also provides intermediate
compounds for biosynthetic pathways, including amino acids and nucleotides. It is a vital part of
aerobic respiration and is tightly regulated to match the energy needs of the cell. Understanding
the Krebs cycle is essential for comprehending how cells convert macronutrients into usable
energy, a fundamental aspect of biochemistry and physiology.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Energy Yield Analysis:
Search diagram of the Krebs cycle and a set of data showing the number of ATP, NADH,
and FADH₂ molecules produced per acetyl-CoA molecule. Calculate the total energy yield
of the cycle and explain how this contributes to cellular respiration.
2. Case Study Application:
Present a case study where a genetic mutation impairs one of the enzymes in the Krebs
cycle. Analyze the potential effects on energy production and propose how the body might
compensate for the metabolic imbalance.
