Course No.
: EE 231
Course Title: Electronics and Microprocessor
Diba Das, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, CUET
EE 231
• 4.00 Contact Hour; 4.00 Credit Hour;
• Level: Level-2, Term-I
• Rationale: To learn and familiarize the basics of
electronics and microprocessors.
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Contents
• Electronics: Semiconductor materials, semiconductor diodes and rectifiers, bipolar
junction transistor, bipolar junction transistor biasing, field effect transistor and their
characteristics, CMOS. Feedback amplifiers, operational amplifiers, push-pull amplifier,
introduction of filter and their uses. Introduction to SCR and its application. Introduction
to IC and VLSI technology.
• Digital Electronics: Number system, Boolean algebra, logic gates and combinational
circuits, half adder, full adder, decoder, multiplexer, flip-flops, counters and registers.
• Microprocessors: Introduction to different types of microprocessors, microprocessor
evolution, architecture and operation, pin diagram and functions of microprocessors,
Assembly language programming.
• Semiconductor Memory: RAM, SRAM, ROM, DRAM, PLA, cache memory.
Text & Reference Books
01. Integrated Electronics, Millman and Halkies, TATA McGraw Hill.
02. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Boylestad," Pearson
03. Electronic Devices and Circuits, David A. Bell, Oxford, Fifth Edition.
04. The Intel Microprocessors, Barry B. Brey
05. Microprocessor and Interfacing, Douglas Hall
06. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085 6/e,
Ramesh Gaonkar
07. Microprocessors and Micro Computer Based System Design, Mohammad
Rafiquzzaman
Digital
Electronics:
• Number system,
• Boolean algebra,
• Logic gates and combinational
circuits,
• Half adder,
• Full adder,
• Decoder,
• Multiplexer,
• Flip-flops,
• Counters and
• Registers.
Number System
• Data can be analog or digital
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous
• Analog data take on continuous values
• Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete states
• Digital data take on discrete values
• Digital signals can have only a limited number of values
Analog & Digital Signals
Analog & Digital Systems
• An Analog system contains devices that manipulate physical quantities that
are represented in analog form.
• In an analog system, the quantities can vary over a continuous range of
values.
• For example, the amplitude of the output signal to the speaker in a radio
receiver can have any value between zero and its maximum limit.
• Other common analog systems are audio amplifiers, magnetic tape recording
and playback equipment and a simple light dimmer switch.
Analog & Digital Systems
• A Digital system is a combination of devices designed to manipulate logical
information or physical quantities that are represented in digital form; that is,
the quantities can take on only discrete values.
• These devices are most often electronic, but they can also be mechanical,
magnetic or pneumatic.
• Some of the more familiar digital systems include digital computers,
calculator, Digital audio and video equipment and telephone system etc.
• Moreover, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 as zero voltage.
• A digital signal can have more than two levels.
• In this case, we can send more than 1 bit for each level.
ADC and DAC Converters
Digital Systems
Digital System Structure
Advantage & Disadvantage of Digital System
➢ Advantages of Digital System:
• Very much easier to design.
• Information storage is easy.
• Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain throughout the system.
• Operation can be programmed.
• Less affected by noise.
• More circuits can be fabricated on IC chips.
➢ Limitations of Digital Techniques:
• The real world is analog
• Processing digitized signals takes time.
Binary Numbers
Convert Decimal to Binary
Convert Decimal to Binary
Convert Decimal to Binary
Convert Decimal to Octal
Convert Decimal to Octal
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
Conversion from base r to Decimal
Other Conversions
Basic logic functions
• OR operation with OR gates,
• AND operation with AND gates,
• NOR operation with NOR gates,
• Describing logic circuits algebraically,
• Evaluating logic circuit
• outputs, Implementing circuits from Boolean expressions,
• NOR gates & NAND gates.
Diba Das, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, CUET
Boolean Algebra
• Boolean theorems,
• Demorgan’s Theorems,
• Universality of NAND gates & NOR gates
Diba Das, Lecturer, Dept. of EEE, CUET
Logic gates
Logic gates
Logic gates
Logic gates
• Digital systems are said to be constructed by using gates.
• These gates are --
• AND GATE
• OR GATE
• NOT GATE
• NAND GATE
• NOR GATE
• Ex-OR GATE
• Ex-NOR GATE
Truth Tables
• Used to describe the functional behavior of a Boolean expression and/or
Logic circuit.
• Each row in the truth table represents a unique combination of the input
variables.
• For n input variables, there are 2𝑛 rows.
• The output of the logic function is defined for each row.
• Each row is assigned a numerical value, with the rows listed in ascending
order.
• The order of the input variables defined in the logic function is important.
AND Gate
AND Gate
• The AND operation is performed the same as ordinary
multiplication of 1s and 0s.
• An AND gate is a logic circuit that performs the AND operation
on the circuit’s input.
• An AND gate output will be 1 only for the case when all inputs
are 1; for all other cases, the output will be 0.
• The expression Z=A.B is read as “Z equals A AND B.”
OR Gate
OR Gate
• The OR operation produces a result (output) of 1 whenever
any input is a1. Otherwise the output is 0.
• An OR gate is a logic circuit that performs an OR operation
on the circuit’s input.
• The expression Z=A+B is read as “Z equals A OR B.”
NOT Gate
NAND Gate
NOR Gate
EX-OR Gate
EX-NOR Gate
Universal Gates
