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A Study on Production of Coconut in Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu

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 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics

A Study on Production of Coconut in

Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu
Dr. Govindasamy
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics
OPEN ACCESS Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract
Volume: 7 This study intends to analyse the production aspects of coconut cultivation in Coimbatore
district of Tamil Nadu state. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the respondents
by selecting district in first stage, blocks in second stage, villages in third stage and farmer
Issue: 1
respondents in fourth stage. gross returns estimated for one acre of coconut cultivation was Rs.
81907.94 for small farmer, Rs. 76794.40 for medium farmers and Rs. 67395.72 for large farmers
Month: December and the estimated gross for over all farms was estimated as Rs. 75366.02 in considering the
variable costs alone.
Year: 2018 Keywords: coconut, cost and returns, farmers

ISSN: 2319-961X Introduction

This study intends to analyse the production aspects of coconut cultivation
Received: 14.12.2018
in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu state. During the medieval ages, the
Accepted: 29.12.2018
coconut was known as “Nux idica”, the Indian nut. During the same period, it
was also referred as Nargil tree, “the tree of life”. Western literature mentioned
Published: 31.12.2018 the Malayalam name “Tenga” for the coconut palm which is related to Tamil
‘Tennai’ and believed to have been introduced from SriLanka.
Citation: India occupies a predominant position in the world in coconut production.
Govindasamy. “A Study India ranks third in the world map of coconuts and in due course became
on Production of Coconut the largest producer of coconut with the production of 16.9 billion nuts from
in Coimbatore District, acreage under plantation of about 1.89 million hectares. Even though India
Tamilnadu.” Shanlax is among the largest producer of coconut with a distinction of having the
International Journal of highest productivity of 7779 nuts per hectare as against 3630 nuts per hectare
Economics, vol. 7, no. 1, in Indonesia and 3859 nuts per hectare in Philippines, the per capita annual
2018, pp. 27–35 availability of coconut is estimated to have been 10 nuts only which is quite
low, when compared to 222 of Philippines, 145 of Sri Lanka and 55 nuts of
DOI:
Indonesia.
[Link]
zenodo.2528787
Production and global trade scenario of coconut
The global exports of some coconut products during the last 5 years showed
an increasing trend, particularly for coco powder, desiccated coconut, coco
chemicals, shell charcoal, and coir and coir products. There was a decrease
in the export of copra, coconut oil, coconut crease and copra meal, and a
significant increase in coco chemicals, coconut shell charcoal, coir as well as
coir products. Apart from the recent global financial crisis, shortage of raw
materials for the processing industry, high domestic price of raw materials,
decline of export prices, and increase of the cost of production are some of the
factors which affected coconut product exports in the last five years.

[Link] 27
 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics
Major Trading Centres of Coconut of coconut by different categories of farmers of
Major markets of coconuts in the world are: selected district.
Indonesia, Philippines and Sri Lanka
Review of Literature
Strengths of Indian Coconut Industry Shyamal Roy (1982) in his study states that, in
1. One of the leading producers of coconut in the a study conducted in India, the yield performance
world producing 13 billion nuts per annum. varied from about 3,000 to 10,000 nuts per hectare,
2. Coconut area distributed in 18 states and three giving an all India average of 5,400 nuts hectare. In
union territories under different agro-climatic Tamil Nadu yield per hectare was over 9,000 nuts
conditions. whereas in Kerala, the major coconut producing
3. 3000 years tradition in coconut cultivation. state, it was about 6,000 nuts. In the other coconut
4. Premier coir producing country in the world. growing states, the yield ranges between 4,000 and
5. Producer of best grade milling copra in the 5,000 nut per hectare
world yielding high grade coconut oil known Das (1984) in his report states that the cost of
for its aroma and flavour. production of coconuts in Kerala had been estimated
6. A large number of farmers’ cooperative at Rs. 1.10 per nut in 1982-83 factor costs, without
societies in primary processing and marketing. taking the value of land into consideration. In view
7. Government agencies such as Kerafed, State of the fact that the rate of appreciation of land was
Trading Corporation, Kerala State Marketing significantly higher than that of bank interest rates
Federation and Karnataka state Marketing and the land market was out of normal economic
Federation in manufacturing and marketing of ambit, there was no justification to include land value
branded coconut oil in small packs. in the investment in the present situation of Kerala
8. Hundreds of reputed and established private When a moderate price of Rs.50.000 per hectare
firms in manufacturing and marketing of of land was added to the investment on coconuts,
various coconut products including branded the production cost came about Rs.1.94 per nut.
coconut oil in small packs. Considering the average production cost and farm
9. Wide range of coconut products, both edible gate price of coconut as Rs. 1.10 and Rs. 1.50 per
and non-edible, available for export. nut respectively, the net returns worked out to be Rs.
10. Technical know-how and trained manpower 4,200 per hectare. The cost of bringing one hectare of
for the manufacture of various coconut based coconut garden to bearing or the total establishment
products. cost per hectare came about Rs. 35,000. The annual
11. Availability of research support by reputed maintenance cost came about Rs. 5,500. Since
research organizations such as CSIR, ICAR coconut was a small holder plantation crop, at least
and DRDO. 75 per cent of labour required for various operations,
To conclude, the coconut economy of India is in excluding harvesting could be expected from the
a comfortable position. India accounts about 22.34 farmer’s family itself. Therefore, the returns to
per cent of the world’s coconut production and is one family labour and investment per hectare of coconut
of the major players in the world’s coconut trade. garden worked out to be Rs. 5,760 per annum. The
Currently, the crop is grown in 1.91 million hectares study thus reveals that coconut cultivation under
with an annual production of nearly 13,000 million good management was a profitable proposition in
nuts. Copra processing, coconut oil extraction and Kerala.
coir manufacturing are the traditional coconut based
industries in the country. Methodology
Collection of Primary Data
Objectives of the Study Primary data required for the study were collected
To study on socio economic conditions of coconut from the selected respondents (coconut grower) of
cultivators in Coimbatore district Coimbatore district in order to analyse the technical
To assess the cost and profitability in cultivation efficiency of the farmers.
28 [Link]
 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics

Selection of Respondents generalize the results. Further, survey method was

Multistage sampling technique was used to select adopted for collection the data for the study, which
the respondents by selecting district in first stage, has its own limitations. This is because respondent
blocks in second stage, villages in third stage and farmers do not maintain any records.
farmer respondents in fourth stage. They had to recall from their memory and furnish
Coimbatore district constituted the universe the information for the queries put forth. Hence, the
for this study. Coimbatore district was chosen data collected is subject to recall bias. However, the
purposively partly due to prominence of coconut results are made reliable by drawing conclusions,
cultivation. From the 12 blocks of the district three through cross check, in case the accuracy and
blocks of the district were chosen purposively and reliability of data given by respondents were
they were Annamalai, Pollachi South and Pollachi doubtful.
North blocks. From each blocks three villages
were selected purposively. The blocks and villages Result and Discussion
selection were made based on the prominence Sex plays a crucial role in agricultural activities.
of coconut cultivation. Disproportionate random Even though both male and female are equally
sampling technique was used to select the farmer participating in agricultural activities, male
respondents. Due to time and resource constraints, dominates in most of the agriculture activities
from each villages 10 per cent of the farmers were especially in coconut farming.
selected and in total 345 farmers were selected.
Later, the respondent farmers were classified Table Gender Wise Classification of House
into three categories namely small, (Less than 7 Hold Head
acres), medium (7 to 15 acres) and large farmers Sl. Category of
(more than 15 acres), for the purpose of analysis. Male Female Total
No farmers
The respondents were classified into three categories Small 149 6 155
based on the following criteria. 1
farmers (96.13) (3.87) (100.00)
Medium 132 8 140
Scope of the Study 2
farmers (94.29) (5.71) (100.00)
The present study is based mainly on production
Large 48 2 50
and marketing of coconut in Coimbatore district. 3
farmers (96.00) (4.00) (100.00)
Based on the result of the study, the study would
provide the required information for the policy 329 16 345
4 Over all
makers to suggest suitable policy measures either to (95.36) (4.64) (100.00)
increase area or to increase the yield or to increase (Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to
the production. The study would help to increase total)
marketing facilities, created by Government, and to Table 1 shows that in total a large number of
eliminate whole sellers and retailers. male has engaged in coconut cultivation than that
of female (95.36%). Among the farmers categories
Limitations also the same contribution could be seen. The female
The study is confined to a particular region participation in coconut cultivation is meager among
(Coimbatore district) and hence the conclusions all types of farmers.
is drawn with due care, as it is an attempt made to

Table Type of Family

[Link] Category of farmers Joint family Nuclear family Extended family Total

1 Small farmers 14 (9.03) 141 (90.97) 0 155 (100.00)

2 Medium farmers 20 (14.29) 120 (85.71) 0 140 (100.00)
[Link] 29
 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics

3 Large farmers 13 (26.00) 37 (64.00) 0 50 (100.00)

4 Over all 47 (13.62) 298 (86.38) 0 345 (100.00)
(Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to total) seen in the study area among the farm size also the
Type of family of the sample respondents is same trend could be seen. However in large farmer
given in table .2. In all more than 86 per cent of the joint family system is somewhat higher. (26%) than
farmersfamilies belong to nuclear type and above that of other two farm size
and 13 per cent of the respondents belong to joint
family system. The extended family could not be

Table 3 Age Wise Distribution of Selected Household

[Link] Category of farmers Below 35 35 to 60 Above 60 years Total
1 Small 9 (5.80) 138(89.03) 8 (5.16) 155(100.00)
2 Medium farmers 6 (4.20) 126 (90.00) 8 (5.71) 140 (100.00)
3 Large farmers 2 (4.00) 43 (86.00) 5(10.00) 50(100.00)
4 Over all 17(4.93) 307 (88.98) 21 (6.07) 345(100.00)
(Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to total) Community Wise Classification of the Farmers
Table .3 shows that majority (88.98%) of the A community is a collection of farmers normally
farmers who undertook agricultural activities ranged associated with a specific occupation. Hence each
between 35 to 60 years of age group and about 5 community has a particular occupation and its own
per cent of the head of the selected households were customs which determine even minute details of
below 35 years and 6.07 per cent of them were above the daily life. Hence distribution of sample farmers,
60 years. according to the community classification is given in
the following table.
Table Community Wise Classification of the Farmers
[Link] Category of farmers BC MBC GC Total
1 Small farmers 117 (75.48) 38 (24.52) 0 (0) 155 (100.00)
2 Medium farmers 116 (82.86) 24 (17.14) 0 (0) 140 (100.00)
3 Large farmers 46 (92.00) 2 (4.00) 2 (4.00) 50 (100.00)
4 Over all 279 (80.87) 64 (18.55) 2 (0.58) 345 (100.00)
(Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to total) to backward community.
Table 4 reveals that more than 80 per cent of the The formal education acquired by a person will
sample farmers belong to the backward community, have impact on the success on any business. A good
nearly one fifth of the sample farmers belong to Most education combined with good experience would
Backward Community and only 0.58 per cent belongs bring in good results.
to general category. Among the farmers category
also more than three fourth of the respondents belong

Table The Educational Status of the Head of the Selected Sample Farm Household
[Link] Level of education Small farmers Medium farmers Large farmers Over all
1 Primary 5 (3.22) 2 (1.43) 3 (6.00) 10 (2.90)
2 Secondary 50 (32.26) 47 (33.57) 13 (26.00) 110 (31.88)
3 Higher secondary 27 (17.42) 30 (21.43) 7 (14.00) 64 (18.55)
4 Graduated 50 (32.26) 55 (39.29) 26 (52.00) 131 (37.97)
5 Uneducated 23 (14.84) 6 (4.28) 1 (2.00) 30 (8.70)
Total 155 (100.00) 140 (100.00) 50 (100.00) 345 (100.00)

30 [Link]
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International Journal of Economics

(Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to total) Family Labour

It could be observed from table 5 that in all more This is evaluated on the basis of the prevailing
than one third of the respondents have educated wage rate of the hired labour.
secondary graduation levels. Further nearly one
fifth respondents were educated up to HSC level. It Owned Bullock Labour
could be noted that 8.7 per cent of the respondent It is evaluated on the basis of the prevailing rate
were illiterates. It implies that though most of for the hired bullock labour in the study area.
farmers were educated, considerable propositions
were educated up to graduation. Among the farmer Hired Bullock Labour
category the higher percentage could be seen in the This is evaluated on the basis of the actual amount
graduation level. In case of large farmers it was 52 paid.
per cent, and for another it was about 32 to 40 per
cent. The illiterate are high in case of small farmer Owned Tractor Hours
and it is lowest in case of large farmers. The cost of owned tractor hours is computed on
the basis of the prevailing hire charges in the market.
Economics of Coconut Cultivation
In order to work out the profitability in cultivation Hired Tractor Hours
of coconut, costs and returns were worked out from The cost of hired tractor hours is calculated for
the information gathered from the selected coconut the actual hours of work in the field at the current rate
cultivators of the Coimbatore district. in the study area.
The cost includes both establishment and
maintenance costs. The establishment cost means Manures, Fertilizers and Pesticides
the cost incurred in coconut garden at pre-bearing Manure prepared on the own have been valued at
stage. The maintenance cost means the cost incurred the prevailing market price.
by the farmers from the bearing stage. Establishment In the case of parched manners, fertilizers and
cost in this study, excluding the establishment for pesticides actual cost of purchase has been taken in
banana, turmeric, maize and lady’s finger which to account.
were cultivated as intercrops. The profits from these
intercrops cover major portion of the costs incurred Irrigation Charges
in establishment of garden. In this study electricity charges are not taken
into account since the state government provides
Cost of Production free electricity and the labour cost is accounted
Cost and Returns Analysis exclusively for irrigation purposed.
Production cost plays an important role in the
decision making process of the farmers. Generally, Land Tax
the farmer can increase the farm income by two Land taxes paid by every farmer are considered.
ways. Viz., by increasing the crop production and
reducing the cost of cultivation. The cost reduction Interest on Working Capital
can be achieved through economic use of various This is computed at the rate of 12 per cent per
factors of inputs. Therefore the analysis of cost of annum for owned as well as borrowed capital for the
production is of strategic importance to the farmers. growing period of coconut
Hence in this section an attempt has been made to Interest on Fixed Capital
study the various input cost and their relationship The actual amount of current interest per annum
between various outputs. is taken into account in the case of fixed capital.
Hired Labour Rental Value on Land
The evaluation has been made on the basis of The normal rent paid in terms of monetary value
prevailing market price. has been taken into account.

[Link] 31
 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics
Total cost of production includes both fixed and heads. To estimate the establishment cost the last
variable costs. Expenditure on individual items of year’s cost under different heads of sample growers
fixed and variable cost is presented in table in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th years of starting
the plantation have been recorded. For instance if
Establishment Cost a grower has two holdings two and four year’s old
Establishment cost for a coconut plantation then the grower’s current year’s expenditure under
includes all those costs incurred during the first six different heads in the two holding were collected
years of a plantation. But it is not possible for a separately. Cost per hectare of these six years
grower to remember all the costs incurred during the of grower’s was taken as the estimated cost per
establishment period. It becomes more difficult for a hectare in the first six years of planting form these
grower when costs get mixed up because of having establishment cost of one acre coconut holding was
more than one holding of different ages of trees. calculated.
Therefore information from the grower was gathered
only for current year expenditure under different

Table Year wise Establishment Costs of Coconut Garden (Per acre)

[Link] Items I Year II Year III Year IV Year V Year VI Year Overall
Land
3832.45 0 0 0 0 0 3832.45
1 Clearance
(5.15) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (2.22)
Cost
Ploughing 2437.23 1125.35 1463.75 1432.11 1732.10 1810.30 10000.84
2
Cost (3.27) (6.89) (7.82) (7.51) (8.09) (7.89) (5.78)
Digging &
Sand 8518.75 0 0 0 0 0 8518.75
3
Applica- (11.44) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (4.93)
tion cost
Support-
1196.30 0 0 0 0 0 1196.30
4 ing and
(1.61) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.69)
fencing
Cost of 2880.00 0 0 0 0 0 2880.00
5
seedling (3.87) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (1.66)
Drip
32000.00 0 0 0 0 0 32000.00
6 irrigation
(42.98) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (18.50)
cost
Drip
1500 1600 1800 1900 2000 2000 10800.00
7 maintains
(2.01) (9.80) (9.61) (9.97) (9.35) (8.71) (6.25)
cost
Irrigation
5000.00 5000.00 5000.00 5000.00 5000.00 5000.00 30000.00
8 labour
(6.71) (30.60) (26.70) (26.22) (23.37) (21.79) (17.35)
charge
Cleaning 693.63 760.40 863.35 1037.43 1125.00 1600.00 6079.81
9
the pits (0.93) (4.65) (4.61) (5.44) (5.26) (6.97) (3.51)
Weeding 970.45 1185.27 1234.23 1310.23 1543.26 1738.45 7981.89
10
cost (1.30) (7.25) (6.59) (6.87) (7.21) (7.57) (4.62)
Digging
0 711.32 732.14 832.17 1318.10 1432.75 5026.48
11 around
(0.00) (4.35) (3.91) (4.36) (6.16) (6.24) (2.91)
plants
Gap filling 800 600 300 200 80 80 2060.00
12
cost (1.07) (3.67) (1.60) (1.05) (0.37) (0.35) (1.19)

32 [Link]
 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics

FYM/
6000.00 2342.72 2564.67 1895.00 2340.20 2650.25 17792.84
13 compost
(8.06) (14.34) (13.70) (9.94) (10.94) (11.55) (10.29)
cost
Fertilizers 0 520.00 1905.00 2457.50 2828.35 2936.21 10647.06
14
cost (0.00) (3.18) (10.17) (12.89) (13.22) (12.79) (6.16)
Insecticide
and 650.00 737.62 850.32 952.30 1130.60 1237.20 5558.04
15
pesticide (0.87) (4.51) (4.54) (4.99) (5.28) (5.39) (3.21)
cost
5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 30
16 Tax
(0.01) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02)
Interest on
7978.06 1750.52 2006.22 2042.60 2292.31 2458.82 18528.53
17 working
(10.71) (10.71) (10.71) (10.71) (10.71) (10.71) (10.71)
capital
74461.87 16338.2 18724.68 19064.34 21394.92 22948.98 172932.99
Total cost
(43.06) (09.45) (10.83) (11.02) (12.37) (13.27) (100.00)
(Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to total)
Table 6 shows the operation wise and year wise while 18.50 per cent of total cost is incurred for
establishment cost of one acre coconut plantation by drip irrigation cost, 17.35 per cent of the total cost
an individual grower operation wise, there are 17 is incurred for irrigation labour charge. Interest on
functions have been carried out in the establishment working capital comes third in terms of importance
of coconut plantation. They are land clearance, in establishment cost of a coconut plantation with
ploughing, digging, sand application, supporting 10.71 per cent of the cost incurred in this operation.
and fencing, cost of seeding, drip irrigation, drip FYM/Compost is another major head with 10.29 of
maintenance, irrigation labour charge cleaning the the total establishment cost incurred in this operation.
pits, weeding, digging around plants, gap filling, Though the total establishment cost between the
FYM compost, fertilizer, insecticides, tax and growers did not suffer much there are variations year
interest on working capital. It is seen that the total wise and operation wise.
establishment cost of one acre coconut plantation As coconut yields only after six years all cost met
was worked out for Rs. 1,72,932.99. In all, in the by the farmers with inter crops such as turmeric,
initial year itself total amount spend on the above lady fingers, banana, and corriander. These inter
said items accounts for 43.06 per cent crops cover major portion of the cost incurred on
In the subsequent years the cost has shared establishment in coconut plantation.
fluctuations between 9-13 per cent. This shows the
high capital requirement during 1st year of plantation

Table Cost and Returns of Coconut Cultivation (Per acre)

Medium
[Link] Particulars Small farmers Large farmers Over all
farmers
1352.42 1469.40 1109.20 1310.34
1 Ploughing cost (3.35) (4.11) (3.31) (3.58)
664.87 693.82 657.43 672.04
2 Harrowing cost (1.65) (1.94) (1.96) (1.84)
Farm-Yard 4020.33 3767.37 4013.93 3933.88
3 Manure cost (9.96) (10.53) (11.97) (10.76)
2666.52 2725.55 2789.88 2727.32
4 Fertilizer cost (6.61) (7.62) (8.32) (7.46)

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 Shanlax
International Journal of Economics

383.25 282.84 336.68 334.26

5 Neemcake cost (0.95) (0.79) (1.00) (0.91)
Manual weeding 1039.52 1094.19 960.80 1031.50
6 cost (2.57) (3.06) (2.87) (2.82)
Weedicides & 299.89 240.02 170.39 236.77
7 pesticides cost (0.74) (0.67) (0.51) (0.65)
8726.81 5090.33 4432.22 6083.12
8 Irrigation cost (21.62) (14.23) (13.22) (16.64)
159 62.41 130.00 117.13
9 Gap filling cost (0.39) (0.17) (0.39) (0.32)
Repair & 1188.36 1147.91 755.71 1030.66
10 maintenance of (2.94) (3.21) (2.25) (2.82)
implements cost
5 5 5 5
11 Tax charges (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)
7539.30 7362 6534.40 7145.23
12 Harvesting cost (18.68) (20.58) (19.49) (19.55)
Interest on 3365.32 2869.20 2674.40 2964.64
13 working capital (8.34) (8.02) (7.98) (8.11)
Variable cost 31410.59 26810.04 24570.04 27591.89
Rental value on 8000 8000 8000 8000
1 land (19.82) (22.37) (23.86) (21.89)
Interest on fixed 960 960 960 960
2 investment (2.38) (2.68) (2.86) (2.63
Total fixed cost 8960 8960 8960 8960
Total operating 40370.59 35770.04 33530.04 36551.89
cost (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
Yield (nuts/per
1 8377 8180 7256 7938
acre)
2 Price of per nut 9.12 8.97 8.89 9.00
Income of
3 76398.24 73374.6 64505.84 71426.22
coconuts
By products of
4 5509.70 3419.80 2889.88 3939.80
coconut
5 Gross income 81907.94 76794.40 67395.72 75366.02
Net income 41537.35 41024.36 38865.68 38809.13
Input/output 2.03 2.15 2.01 2.06
ratio
(Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to total)

Fixed Cost Interest on average fixed investment was estimated

Fixed cost includes the items such as rent paid for at Rs.960 for small, medium and large farmers.
leased in land or rental value of land, depreciation The estimated average interest for all farms pooled
farm assets and interest on fixed investment. Rental together was estimated Rs. 8960.
value of own land was work out based on the rates Variable Cost
paid for leased in lands of similar type in the same Variable cost includes the plaguing, harrowing,
localities which was estimated as Rs.8000 per annum FYM cost, fertilizer cost, chemical, manual weeding

34 [Link]
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International Journal of Economics

and irrigation, harvesting etc., The estimated variable meant for medium farmers to a greater extent than
cost per acre was Rs. 31410.59 for small farmers, Rs. the small and large farmers. This can be achieved by
26810.04 for medium farmers and Rs.24570.04 for gap filling, and modern farming technology.
large farmers the variable cost together accounted all
the farmers Rs. 27591.89. Conclusion
It is concluded that the total establishment cost
Total Cost of per acre coconut plantation was worked out for
The total cost of cultivation of coconut was for Rs. 1,72,932.99. The net return earned by three
small, medium and large size group farmers was category of farms after covering fixed and variable
estimated at Rs.40370.59, Rs. 35770.04 and Rs. cost Rs. 41537.35, for small farmers Rs. 41024.36
33530.04 respectively. Hence there is a difference in for medium farmers and Rs. 38865.68 for large
the cost of cultivation of small, medium and large farmers respectively. Coconut cultivation is benefit
size group of farmers. The cost of cultivation Large for the cultivators however profit received by them is
farmers Rs. 33530.04 was less than the small and not enough so, government should provide technical
medium farmers. and financial assistance to these farmers

Returns References
The returns include income earned by selling Govindaraju, A, “Development of Coir Industry in
main and by products. To estimate the returns from India”, Southern Economist, vol. 49, no. 10,
coconut products, the quantity used for personal 2010, pp. 17-19.
consumption also valued so as to get actual rate Das, PK, “Estimating Production costs and returns
of returns, gross returns estimated for one acre of for Coconut in Kerala”, Journal of Plantation
coconut cultivation was Rs. 81907.94 for small Crops, vol. 12, no. 2, 1984. pp. 152-159.
farmer, Rs. 76794.40 for medium farmers and Rs. Kalathiya, KV, Dave, SK & Mehta, DR, “Cost and
67395.72 for large farmers and the estimated gross return in different sizes of coconut holding
for over all farms was estimated as Rs. 75366.02 in in Valsad district (South Gujarat)”, Indian
considering the variable costs alone. Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 41,
The net return earned by three category of farms no. 3, 2007, pp. 13-18
after covering fixed and variable cost Rs. 41537.35, Nagaraja, G, “Prospects and Problems of coir
for small farmers Rs. 41024.36 for medium farmers Industry in India”, Southern Economist,
and Rs. 38865.68 for large farmers respectively. vol. 49, no. 9, 2011, pp. 40-44.
Multistage sampling technique was used to select the Shyama Roy, “Coconut Oil Situation in India
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This will indicate the profitability of coconut is

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