7. SECTION III.

READING COMPREHENSION (6 points)

Part 1: Read the text and circle one correct answer A, B, C or D that best fits each blank.
The expression on your face can actually dramatically alter your feelings and perceptions, and it has
been proved that (66) ____ smiling or frowning can create corresponding emotional responses. The
idea was first (67) _______ by a French physiologist, Israel Waynbaum, in 1906. He believed that
different facial (68) _______ affected the flow of blood to the brain, and that this could create positive or
negative feelings. A happy smile or irrepressible laughter increased the blood flow and contributed to
joyful feelings. But sad, angry expressions decreased the flow of oxygen- carrying blood, and created a
vicious (69) _______ of gloom and depression by effectively (70) _______ the brain of essential fuel.

Psychologist Robert Zajonc rediscovered this early research, and (71) ____ that the temperature of
the brain could affect the production and synthesis of neurotransmitters which definitely influence our
moods and energy levels. He argues that an impaired blood flow could not only deprive the brain of
oxygen, but create further chemical imbalance by inhibiting these vital hormonal messages. Zajonc
goes on to propose that our brains remember that smiling is associated with being happy, and that by
deliberately smiling through your tears you can (72) ____ your brain to release uplifting
neurotransmitters – replacing a depressed condition with a happier one. People suffering from
psychosomatic illness depression and anxiety states could (73) _____ from simply exercising their
zygomatic (74) ____ which pull the corners of the mouth (75) ____ to form a smile, several times an
hour.

66. A. desperately B. determinedly C. deliberately D. decidedly

67. A. put off B. put down C. put by D. put forward
68. A. aspects B. looks C. expressions D. appearances
69. A. cycle B. spiral C. circle D. vortex
70. A. cutting B. starving C. removing D. eliminating
71. A. advises B. wants C. demands D. suggests
72. A. make B. persuade C. give D. decide
73. A. recover B. improve C. benefit D. progress
74. A. muscles B. nerves C. veins D. bones
75. A. to and from B. up and back C. now and then D. up and down
Part 2: Read the passage and fill in one word that best fits each space. Write your answers in the
space provided.
The Countryside Agency began the process of designating the South Downs as a National Park in April
last year. We believe that being a National Park is the best way to protect the Downs, build on the
achievements of the past to (76) ______________ and enhance the area in its widest sense for future (77)
______________ . The Downs are under huge and increasing pressure. The South East is one of the busiest
and most pressurised regions (78) ______________ Europe. This means there is (79) ______________ demand
for the development of new homes, roads and industry. There are also more people living and working
in the region, which means more need for people to be able to access beautiful and peaceful countryside
to get (80) ______________ from it all. The Downs already receives around 35 million visits a year: this
number is likely to increase as more and more people
live and work in the area.
Designation will bring a body with new ideas and resources specifically focused on (81) ______________
and visitor management, working with others across the whole of the Park to encourage co-ordination
and joint action, and taking action itself where needed. It will be able to manage the increasing number
of visitors so that the Downs themselves are not (82) ______________, but are still a resource everyone can
enjoy. It will also be best placed to protect and enhance the Downs, so that the qualities so many people
love in this special area remain for future generations. We have two (83) ______________: to identify a
boundary for the proposed National Park and to prepare advice to the Government on the
arrangements needed for a South Downs National Park Authority.
The Agency is launching a widespread public consultation in November 2015 which will last for three
months and give all interested organisations and individuals the (84) _________ to comment in detail on
our initial proposals for the boundary and the administrative options for the National Park Authority. If
you would like to receive a copy of the consultation document once it is published then please contact
us (85) _____________ the feedback form.

Part 3: Read the following passage then circle the best choice to the statement. Identify your
answer by circling the corresponding letter A, B, C or D.
The Creators of Grammar
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences
and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny variations in
meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to
take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this
complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have
clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between
'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all these meanings are
summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no
matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar?
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created,
someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence. Many
historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to
answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how
languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a
number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no
opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin.
Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in the way of
grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did
what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning
understood. [B]Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a
group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children
did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a
new, expressive language. [D] Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed
creoles, and they are invented by children.
Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not
simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken
languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such
language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from
each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were
taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign
system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs
differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when
this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was
based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact,
and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used
the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The
English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It
end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by
children. Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life
when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them. Their minds can serve to create
logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy

86. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
[Link] show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
[Link] show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
[Link] prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
[Link] demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
87. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A It contained complex grammar. B It was based on many different languages.
C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D It was created by the land-owners.

88. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
A .The language has been created since 1979.
B. The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C. The language incorporates signs which children used at home.
D. The language was perfected by younger children.
[Link] paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin
language, nor the language of the colonizers.
A
B
C
D
90.'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
A. from the very beginning B. in simple cultures
C. by copying something else D. by using written information
91.'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
A. complicated and expressive B. simple and temporary
C. extensive and diverse D. private and personal
[Link] sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence?
Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is.
A. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar.
B. Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little.
D. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.
[Link] of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:
A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning.
B. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
C. The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
D. New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.

94. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?

A. English was probably once a creole. B. The English past tense system is inaccurate.
C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.
95. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the
following?
A. natural B. predictable C. imaginable D. uniform
Part 4. For questions 96 - 101, read the text and do as guided.
Questions 96 – 101:
‘THIS MARVELOUS INVENTION’
A
Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions -the wheel,
agriculture, sliced bread - may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is
what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything
we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never
have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.
B
But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary
sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: ‘this marvellous invention of composing out
of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no
likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to
those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’ This was how,
in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence
of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so,
there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment
conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankind s greatest invention - except, of course,
that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it
holds many of its secrets.
C
Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the
perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely
three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh,a,e
and so on - amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no
meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the
language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these
meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling
the fundamental order of the universe.
D
the most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesn’t have to be a genius to set its
wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the
subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl - to tie these meaningless
sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion.
Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday
life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely
bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it
tick. Language conceals art.
E
Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that
brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off
is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English
takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word çehirliliçtiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example,
means nothing less than ‘you are one of those whom we can’t turn into a town-dweller’. (In case you were
wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together -
most ol its components cannot even stand up on their own.)
F
And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of
the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the
documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintuma'a (‘when he had made it suitable for her’)
might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however,
is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse - the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is
made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design
allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been
enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to
the pronoun ‘it’ in the English translation ‘when he had made it suitable for her’, then the answer would
have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot
in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a
particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with
such a nifty contraption?
Questions 96-101
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of
headings below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
Target
List of Headings
a. Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness
b. The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaning
c. Why the sounds used in different languages are not identical
d. Apparently incompatible characteristics of language
e. Even silence can be meaningful
f. Why language is the most important invention of all
g. The universal ability to use language
Characteristics
96. Paragraph A
97. Paragraph B
98. Paragraph C
99. Paragraph D
100. Paragraph E
101. Paragraph F
Questions 102 – 105: Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage
3? In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the
writer thinks about this

Statements T F NG
102. Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.
103. The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.
104. A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single
word.
105. The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events
Part 5: Read the following passage then circle the best choice to the statement. Identify your
answer by circling the corresponding letter A, B, C or D.
Most forms of property are concrete and tangible, such as houses, cars, furniture, or anything else that is
included in one's possessions. Other forms of property can be intangible, and copyright deals with
intangible forms of property. Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for
example, books, magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs,
music, choreography in dance, and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property.
Although the purpose of artistic property is usually public use and enjoyment, copyright establishes
the ownership of the creator. When a person buys a copyrighted magazine, it belongs to this individual
as a tangible object. However, the authors of the magazine articles own the research and the writing that
went into creating the articles. The right to make and sell or give away copies of books or articles
belongs to the authors, publishers, or other individuals or organizations that hold the copyright. To copy
an entire book or a part of it, permission must be received from the copyright owner, who will most
likely expect to be paid.
Copyright law distinguishes between different types of intellectual property. Music may be played by
anyone after it is published. However, if it is performed for profit, the performers need to pay a fee,
called a royalty. A similar principle applies to performances of songs and plays. On the other hand,
names, ideas, and book titles are excepted. Ideas do not become copyrighted property until they are
published in a book, a painting, or a musical work. Almost all artistic work created before the 20 th
century is not copyrighted because it was created before the copyright law was passed.
The two common ways of infringing upon the copyright are plagiarism and piracy. Plagiarizing the
work of another person means passing it off as one's own. The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin
plagiarus, which means "abductor." Piracy may be an act of one person but, in many cases, it is a joint
effort of several people who reproduce copyrighted material and sell it for profit without paying
royalties to the creator. Technological innovations have made piracy easy, and anyone can duplicate a
motion picture on videotape, a computer program, or a book. Video cassette recorders can be used by
practically anyone to copy movies and television programs, and copying software has become almost as
easy as copying a book. Large companies zealously monitor their copyrights for slogans, advertisements,
and brand names, protected by a trademark

106. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Legal rights of property owners B. Examples of copyright piracy
C. Copying creating work for profit D. Legal ownership of creative work
107. The word “extended” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. granted B. guaranteed C. exposed [Link]
108. It can be inferred from the passage that copyright law is intended to protect _______.
A. the creator’s ability to profit from the work
B. paintings and photographs from theft
C. the user’s ability to enjoy an artistic work
D. computer software and videos from being copied
109. The word “principle” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. crucial point B. formidable force C. fundamental rule D. cardinal role
110. Which of the following properties is NOT mentioned as protected by copyright?
A. music and plays B. paintings and maps
C. scientific discoveries D. printed medium
111. It can be inferred from the passage that it is legal if _______.
A. two drawings, created by two different artists, have the same images
B. two songs, written by two different composers, have the same melody
C. two plays, created by two different playwrights, have the same plot and characters
D. two books, written by two different authors, have the same titles
112. With which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree?
A. It is illegal to make photographs when sightseeing or traveling
B. Singers can publicly sing only the songs for which they wrote the music and the lyrics
C. Plays written in the 16th century cannot be performed in theaters without permission
D. Teachers are not allowed to make copies of published materials for use by their students
113. The phrase “infringing upon” in paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.
A. violating B. abhorring
C. inducting for D. impinging upon
114. The purpose of copyright law is most comparable with the purpose of which of the following?
A. A school policy B. A household rule C. A law against theft D. A law against smoking
115. According to the passage, copyright law is _______.
A. routinely ignored B. meticulously observed C. zealously enforced D. frequently debated