CHAPTER 4: INDUSTRIES

SUBJECTIVE WORKSHEET

1. What do you understand by the term ‘manufacturing’? Give an example.

Secondary activities or manufacturing change raw materials into products of more value to people.
As you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper into a note book. These represent the two
stages of the manufacturing process.

2. Define the term industry. Classify industries on the basis of raw material.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction
of minerals or the provision of services.
 Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. Food
processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries are examples of
agro-based industries.
 Mineral-based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The
products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of
mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of several other products,
such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.
 Marine-based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries
processing seafood or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.
 Forest-based industries utilize forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with
forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.

3. Classify industries based on size and ownership with examples.

Industries can be classified on the basis of size:
It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.
Based on size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale industries.

Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are
manufactured by hand, by the artisans. Basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts are examples of
cottage industry. Small scale industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to
large scale industries that produce large volumes of products.
Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large scale industries. Silk
weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries Production of automobiles and heavy
machinery are large scale industries.

Industries can be classified on the basis of ownership:

Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and
cooperative sector.
1. Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, like,
Reliance, TATA.
2. The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.
3. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.
4. Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) and Sudha Dairy are a success stories
of a co-operative venture.
 4. What are the main factors that affect the location of an industry?
 The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water,
labour, power, capital, transport and market. Industries are situated where some or all of
these factors are easily available.
 Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidized power, lower transport cost
and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas. Industrialization
often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

5. Name the major industrial regions of World.

Major industrial regions of the world are:
a. Eastern North America
b. Western and central Europe
c. Eastern Europe
d. Eastern Asia.

6. What are the main reasons that lead to industrial disasters? What risk reduction measures
should be adopted by industries to avoid disasters?
In industries, accidents/disaster mainly occur due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of
hazardous material.
Risk Reduction Measures:
1. Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.
2. People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of toxins or
hazardous substances and their possible effects in case if an accident occurs.
3. Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
4. Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
5. Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.

7. Why is steel known as the backbone of modern industry?

Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron
or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals. Ships, trains, trucks, and
automobiles are made largely of steel. Even the safety pins and the needles you use are made from
steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with
steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel framework.

8. What are the locational advantages enjoyed by TISCO for the development of the iron and steel
industry at Jamshedpur?
Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.
 This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
 It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a
large market.
 TISCO, gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from
Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
 The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.
 Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.
OR
Why is the iron and steel industry referred to as the backbone of modern industry? Outline the
locational benefits of the iron and steel plant at Sakchi.
Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron
or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals. Ships, trains, trucks, and autos
are made largely of steel. Even the safety pins and the needles you use are made from steel. Oil wells
are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel
equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel framework.
Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons.
 This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line.
 It was close to the iron ore, coal and manganese deposits as well as to Kolkata, which provided a
large market.
 TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from
Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
 The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply.
 Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

9. Discuss the factors that led to the rise of iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh.
It is an important steel city of the United States of America. The steel industry at Pittsburgh enjoys
locational advantages.
a. Some of the raw material such as coal is available locally.
b. While the iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
c. Between these mines and Pittsburgh is one of the world’s best routes for shipping ore cheaply
– the famous Great Lakes waterway. Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh
area.
d. The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

10. Distinguish between:

a) Small and Large Scale industries
i. Small scale industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to large
scale industries that produce large volumes of products.
ii. In Large scale industries investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large
scale industries.
iii. Silk weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries. Production of
automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.

b) Joint Sector industries and Cooperatives

i. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.
ii. Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success stories of a
co-operative venture.