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 Model Answer - RPL_2024_E
Note: The Model Answer is given to appraise students of varied dimensions and provide them contents for
the essay topics. These are only indicative and meant for providing value addition points to the students.
Students are expected to include some of these points in their own style of writing.

01 FORESTS PRECEDE CIVILIZATIONS AND DESERTS FOLLOW THEM

Structure of the Essay:

1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay
2) Body:
a) How do ‘Forests’ symbolize the foundation of early civilizations?
b) Why do civilizations often lead to environmental degradation, symbolized by ‘Deserts’?
c) What is the relationship between ecological balance and the rise and fall of civilizations?
d) How does unsustainable human activity turn ‘Forests’ into ‘Deserts’ over time?
e) What lessons can modern societies learn from historical examples of environmental destruction following
civilizations?
f) Can civilizations not thrive without ‘Forests’? Are ‘Deserts’ inevitable? [Critical]
g) Best practices that must be emulated by all the countries in the world
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes:
1) "The forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people."
2) “In wilderness is the preservation of the world.” – Henry David Thoreau.
3) "When we destroy forests, we destroy our ability to sustain life on Earth." – Vandana Shiva
4) "Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice." – Will Durant
5) "Desertification is not natural; it is a process caused by human mismanagement of land."
6) "You cannot have civilization without stability, and you cannot have stability without sustainability." – Sadhguru

Introduction:
In the heart of Rajasthan lies the Thar Desert, an expansive, arid landscape that once had flourishing greenery. Local
folklore tells the story of how centuries ago, the region was covered with dense forests. As communities grew and
thrived, forests were cleared for agriculture and settlements. But over time, the relentless deforestation and misuse
of land led to the spread of barren land. What was once a cradle of civilization slowly turned into an unforgiving
desert, where water is scarce and life struggles to survive. This story mirrors the broader relationship between
human progress and the environment – forests give birth to life and prosperity, but neglect can turn them into
deserts. Throughout history, civilizations have relied on forests for survival, and their downfall often coincided with
the destruction of these natural resources.

This essay will explore the delicate balance between forests and human society, highlighting how the depletion of
forests can lead to irreversible environmental damage. By examining both historical and modern examples, we will
see that the health of forests is not just an environmental concern but a foundation for sustainable civilizations.

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How do ‘Forests’ symbolise the foundation of early civilizations?
1) Source of Food and Shelter: Early civilizations relied on forests for fruits, nuts, game, and materials for
constructing homes. For instance, the Indus Valley Civilization used timber from nearby forests for building
homes and crafting tools, supporting the foundation of their society.
2) Water Regulation: Forests act as natural sponges, helping regulate water cycles. The ancient civilization of
Mesopotamia, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, thrived because nearby forests supported
steady water flow and irrigation.
3) Medicinal Resources: Forests provided plants with medicinal properties. Ancient Indian texts like the Atharva
Veda mention herbs collected from forests to cure diseases, making forests essential for health and survival.
4) Cultural Significance: Forests often held religious importance, symbolising life and abundance. In Vedic period,
forests were considered sacred, with communities worshipping nature deities, reflecting their role in spiritual
life.
5) Climate Stability: Forests maintained stable climatic conditions for agriculture. The Mayan civilization flourished
in the tropical forests of Central America, benefiting from consistent rainfall until deforestation led to
environmental collapse.

Why do civilizations often lead to environmental degradation, symbolised by ‘Deserts’?

1) Over-exploitation of Resources: Civilizations often exhaust natural resources through excessive deforestation,
mining, and farming. The Mayan civilization, for example, collapsed partly due to deforestation and soil
depletion, turning fertile land into barren landscapes.
2) Agricultural Expansion: As populations grow, civilizations clear forests for agriculture, disrupting ecosystems. In
India, large-scale deforestation during the British colonial period to boost cash crop production significantly
degraded forest cover, leading to soil erosion.
3) Urbanization and Industrialization: Rapid urban growth and industrial expansion often prioritise short-term
development over environmental sustainability. Industrial projects in the Soviet era, such as large-scale irrigation
for cotton farming, diverted rivers that fed the Aral Sea. This resulted in desertification as the sea shrank by 90%,
creating the Aralkum Desert.
4) Mismanagement of Water Resources: Civilizations divert rivers and overdraw groundwater for irrigation, leading
to desertification. In China, the overuse of the Yellow River for agriculture has caused parts of northern China to
turn into desert.
5) Climate Change: Industrial activities of modern civilizations contribute to climate change, accelerating
desertification. The Sahara Desert, once a fertile region, expanded partly due to climatic shifts, exacerbated by
human activities.

What is the relationship between ecological balance and the rise and fall of civilizations?
1) Resource Abundance and Civilization Growth: Ecological balance provides critical resources like timber, food,
and water. Ancient civilizations thrived along riverbanks but collapsed when deforestation and changing river
courses diminished agricultural yields. Deforestation lowered rainfall, reducing crop production and water
supply.
2) Climate Regulation and Stability: Forests stabilize climate by absorbing carbon dioxide. The Mayan civilization
faced severe droughts due to deforestation and over-farming. Studies show that deforestation reduces rainfall
by 20-30%.
3) Soil Conservation and Agriculture: Healthy ecosystems prevent soil erosion and desertification. In
Mesopotamia, over-irrigation led to salinization of the soil, reducing agricultural productivity and contributing to
the fall of this once-great civilization.
4) Water Cycle and Livelihood: Forests maintain the water cycle through transpiration. Deforestation in the
Aravalli hills in India worsened desertification, impacting local communities by reducing water availability.
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5) Biodiversity and Cultural Prosperity: Biodiversity sustains various life forms. Ancient Rome, witnessed large-
scale deforestation to construct its grand city. Rome suffered from over-exploitation of natural resources, which
reduced food production and weakened its empire. Studies suggest that deforestation in Italy led to a 50%
decline in agricultural productivity.

How does unsustainable human activity turn ‘Forests’ into ‘Deserts’ over time?
"Deserts are expanding; our lands are drying up; and entire civilizations are being threatened by the destruction of
our ecosystems."
1) Deforestation for Agriculture and Urbanization: Large-scale clearing of forests for agriculture and expanding
cities removes tree cover, leading to soil erosion and desertification. For example, in the Aravalli region,
deforestation for mining activities, particularly for marble and limestone, has severely degraded the once-fertile
land.
a) According to UNCCD, 100 million hectares of productive land are degraded each year.
2) Overgrazing by Livestock: Excessive grazing depletes vegetation, exposing soil to the sun and wind, causing it to
become infertile. In regions of Rajasthan, overgrazing has significantly contributed to desertification, reducing
the land’s ability to support life.
3) Water Mismanagement: Unsustainable irrigation practices, like excessive groundwater extraction, lower the
water table, turning once forested areas into dry wastelands. Punjab’s over-reliance on tube wells has led to
shrinking water reserves and barren land.
4) Industrial Pollution: Pollution from industries destroys ecosystems and makes land uninhabitable. For instance,
in Jharkhand, mining activities have rendered large areas around forest belts lifeless due to toxic waste.
5) Climate Change: Human-induced climate change accelerates desertification through higher temperatures and
erratic rainfall. The Sundarbans, a vital forest region, is at risk due to rising sea levels and changing weather
patterns, threatening to turn it into a barren landscape.
6) Mining and exploration: Copper mines in Cyprus during ancient times contributed significantly to deforestation.

What lessons can modern societies learn from historical examples of environmental destruction following
civilizations?
1) Sustainability Over Exploitation: “You cannot have civilization without stability, and you cannot have stability
without sustainability.” Modern societies must prioritise sustainable agricultural practices to avoid repeating
historical mistakes.
2) Deforestation and Climate Impact: The Mayan civilization cleared vast forests for agriculture, contributing to
environmental degradation and droughts. Today, rapid deforestation in the Amazon similarly threatens global
climate stability.
3) Water Management: The fall of the Indus Valley Civilization is linked to mismanagement of water resources and
changes in river patterns. Present-day urban centres need better water conservation to prevent a similar fate.
4) Biodiversity Loss: Easter Island’s inhabitants overexploited trees, leading to ecological collapse. Modern
societies must protect biodiversity to maintain ecosystem balance and avoid desertification.
5) Respect for Nature: Ancient Indian cultures, like the Bishnois, revered nature, preserving ecosystems for
centuries. Adopting such values today could ensure long-term harmony between development and
environmental protection.

Can civilizations not thrive without ‘Forests’? Are ‘Deserts’ inevitable? [Critical Dimension]
1) Variability of Civilizational Development: Civilizations can emerge in diverse ecosystems, including deserts. For
instance, the ancient Egyptians thrived in the Nile Valley, an area surrounded by desert. Their success was based
on a river system rather than forest resources, illustrating that forests are not a prerequisite for civilization.

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2) Resilience of Human Ingenuity: Technological advancements allow societies to thrive in less hospitable
environments. For example, modern innovations in irrigation and agriculture in arid regions, such as those in the
Middle East, enable sustainable farming without reliance on forests, challenging the idea that forests are
essential for civilization.
3) Cultural Practices: Some cultures prioritise conservation and sustainable practices over deforestation.
Indigenous tribes in the Amazon have coexisted with forests for centuries, demonstrating that civilizations can
develop in harmony with forests rather than at their expense.
4) Natural Processes of Desertification: Deserts can form due to natural climatic changes, independent of human
influence. For example, the gradual expansion of the Sahara Desert is attributed to climatic shifts over millennia,
showing that deserts can arise without the preceding destruction of forests.
5) Complex Interactions: The relationship between forests and civilizations is not linear. In some cases, civilizations
have thrived and then experienced a decline without significant forest loss. The collapse of the Khmer Empire,
for instance, was due to factors like climate change and overreliance on rice cultivation rather than outright
deforestation.

This suggests that various factors influence civilizational stability beyond just forest cover.

Best practices that must be emulated by all the countries in the world
1) Costa Rica: Costa Rica is a global leader in sustainable forest management. The country has reversed
deforestation by implementing reforestation programs, paying landowners to preserve forests, and committing
to become carbon-neutral by 2050. As a result, forest cover has increased from 21% in 1987 to over 53% today.
2) Bhutan: Bhutan follows the principle of "Gross National Happiness" that emphasizes environmental
conservation. Over 70% of the country is under forest cover, and Bhutan is one of the only carbon-negative
countries, absorbing more CO₂ than it produces through strict environmental policies and renewable energy
usage.
3) Finland: Finland practices sustainable forestry, where logging is strictly regulated to ensure forests can
regenerate. More than 75% of Finland is covered by forests, and the country has a strong focus on biodiversity
protection and reforestation.
4) Norway: Norway's sustainable practices include a ban on deforestation for palm oil, large-scale reforestation,
and significant investments in renewable energy. The country also funds forest protection programs globally,
contributing $1 billion to Brazil for Amazon rainforest preservation.

Conclusion:
The tale of Rajasthan’s Thar Desert serves as a poignant reminder of the intricate relationship between forests and
civilizations. While it is evident that forests have historically provided the resources and ecological balance necessary
for human societies to flourish, the assertion that deserts inevitably follow their decline is more complex. Examples
from ancient and modern civilizations illustrate that human ingenuity and adaptability can enable societies to thrive
in diverse environments, even arid ones. Moreover, natural processes can lead to desertification independently of
human actions.

Ultimately, as we confront the pressing challenges of environmental degradation and climate change, it is crucial to
recognize the importance of sustainable practices that honour our forests. By learning from the past and fostering a
balanced coexistence with nature, we can prevent the cycle of growth leading to decay, ensuring that our
civilizations do not repeat the mistakes of history but rather pave a path towards a more sustainable future. As
Vandana Shiva rightly quotes, "When we destroy forests, we destroy our ability to sustain life on Earth."

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UPSC once again inaugurates its mains paper with an essay on ‘forests ‘, this time with an addition of ‘deserts ‘in
the first topic, as topic is carrying the previously asked theme (2022) i.e. Forests.
The PYQ asked just 2 years back in the year 2022 was Forests are the best-case studies for economic excellence. We
have covered this topic in our YouTube channel. And it is also covered in our PYQ booklet.
This topic is a quote by the French philosopher François-René de Chateaubriand. And it is in the context of the
world which continues to face significant deforestation rates, particularly in tropical regions. And this loss of
forests has severe consequences for biodiversity, climate regulation, and the livelihoods of millions of people.
Here, also World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought — United for Land. Our Legacy. Our Future–
highlights the importance of collaborative action to preserve our planet’s vital land resources for future
generations.
Though this topic looks easy, the examiner would love to see an impactful introduction, engaging body and a
hopeful conclusion.

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 02 THE EMPIRES OF THE FUTURE WILL BE THE EMPIRES OF THE MIND

Structure of the Essay:

1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
2) Body:
a) Why this shift in nature of power is occurring?
b) What does “empires of the mind” signify in the context of future power structures?
c) How will intellectual, technological, and creative dominance shape the “empires of the future”? What role
will AI play in shaping the empires of the future?
d) Why is the power of knowledge and ideas becoming more influential than physical or territorial control?
e) Is it realistic to believe that the “empires of the mind” will replace traditional forms of power and
dominance entirely? [Critical Dimension]
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes:
1) "Knowledge is power." – Francis Bacon
2) "The pen is mightier than the sword." – Edward Bulwer-Lytton
3) "The future belongs to those who prepare for it today." – Malcolm X
4) "Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the
entire world." – Albert Einstein
5) "Those who conquer others are strong; those who conquer themselves are mighty." – Lao Tzu
Introduction:
In a small village, there lived a young girl named Mira, who dreamt of becoming an astronaut. While her peers spent
their days playing, she immersed herself in books about space, physics, and the cosmos. When the village faced a
natural disaster, it was Mira’s knowledge and quick thinking that helped save lives. Using her understanding of
geography and weather patterns, she guided her community to safety. This incident exemplifies how the power of
the mind can shape not just individual destinies but also the fate of entire communities.
As we move further into the 21st century, the traditional notions of power and success are evolving. In a world
increasingly driven by technology and innovation, the future will belong to those who harness the potential of their
minds. In other words, there is seen shift in the nature of power and influence in the world. Traditionally, empires
were defined by their territorial conquests and military might. However, in the modern era, intellectual and
technological capabilities are increasingly becoming the hallmarks of global power.
Thus, this essay will explore the idea that the empires of the future will not be built on physical might but on
intellectual prowess, creativity, and the ability to adapt. By examining historical examples and contemporary trends,
we will uncover how knowledge and imagination are becoming the new currencies of power.

Why this shift in nature of power is occurring?

1) Information Age: We live in an age where information is power. Countries with strong educational systems,
research institutions, and technological advancements have a significant advantage.
2) Global Interconnectedness: In a globalized world, borders are becoming less relevant. Ideas, information, and
technology can spread quickly across the globe.
3) Soft Power: Intellectual and cultural influence, often referred to as "soft power," can be as important as military
power in shaping global affairs.
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4) Technological Innovation: Technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and
renewable energy, will be crucial for economic growth and global competitiveness.

What does “empires of the mind” signify in the context of future power structures?
1) Intellectual Capital: The term signifies that knowledge will become the primary resource driving power. For
instance, countries like Finland invest heavily in education, resulting in a highly skilled workforce that boosts
economic growth.
2) Innovation Hubs: Future power structures will emerge from innovation ecosystems. Silicon Valley exemplifies
this, where tech giants like Google and Apple thrive, demonstrating how ideas can create vast wealth and supra-
national influence.
3) Cultural Influence: Soft power, through media and culture, will shape perceptions and ideologies. The global
impact of Hollywood and K-pop illustrates how cultural exports can enhance national stature.
4) Digital Connectivity: The rise of the internet and social media enables rapid information exchange. Platforms like
Twitter (now, X) have empowered grassroots movements, as seen in the Arab Spring, showcasing how ideas can
mobilize people.
5) Sustainable Solutions: Addressing global challenges, such as climate change, will require innovative thinking. The
Paris Agreement reflects a collective intellectual effort to tackle environmental issues, signifying a shift towards
collaboration in future power dynamics.

How will intellectual, technological, and creative dominance shape the “empires of the future”?
1) Digital Connectivity: The rise of platforms like Amazon and Alibaba illustrates how technology has reshaped
commerce. These companies leverage data analytics and AI to predict consumer behaviour, establishing new
business empires based on information rather than traditional resources.
2) Cultural Influence: Creative industries, particularly in Hollywood and Bollywood, dominate global
entertainment, shaping cultural narratives and perceptions. This highlights how creative dominance can forge
soft power, influencing values and lifestyles worldwide.
3) Sustainability and Innovation: Companies like Tesla are pioneering sustainable technologies, showing how
environmental consciousness, paired with technological innovation, can create new markets and reshape
industries for future empires.
4) Problem-solving and innovation: Our minds are essential for developing creative solutions to complex problems.
Scientists, engineers, and policymakers use their intellect to devise strategies for addressing these challenges.
For example, AI researchers use their minds to develop algorithms that can solve complex problems, while
environmental scientists use their minds to understand the causes and consequences of climate change and
develop solutions to mitigate its effects.
a) Innovation-Driven Economies: Countries like South Korea have transformed into tech powerhouses by
prioritizing research and development, leading to companies like Samsung and LG that dominate global
markets. This emphasizes how intellectual capital can drive economic success.
5) Ethical decision-making: As we navigate these complex challenges, our minds are essential for making ethical
decisions- for considering the potential consequences of our actions and ensure that our decisions are aligned
with our values and the well-being of future generations.
6) Empathy and compassion: In times of crisis, our minds allow us to empathize with those who are suffering and
to provide support and compassion. This is particularly important in humanitarian efforts and conflict resolution.

Role will Artificial Intelligence (AI) play in shaping the empires of the future?
1) Automation of Industries: AI will revolutionize industries by automating tasks, increasing productivity, and
reducing costs. For example, Tesla’s AI-driven manufacturing has significantly sped up electric vehicle
production, pointing to how future empires will depend on AI-driven efficiency.

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2) Decision-Making Power: AI’s ability to analyse massive datasets in real time will enable governments and
businesses to make faster, more informed decisions. For instance, AI algorithms in China are used for traffic
management, reducing congestion and improving urban planning.
3) AI in Healthcare: AI will reshape healthcare by improving diagnostics and personalized medicine. IBM's Watson
has already made strides in cancer diagnosis, helping doctors identify more accurate treatments. Future empires
will rely on such breakthroughs to lead in global health.
4) Defense and Security: Nations will harness AI to enhance their defense capabilities. The US military, for
instance, is investing heavily in AI-driven autonomous drones and surveillance systems, highlighting how AI will
dominate future warfare strategies.
5) Economic Power through AI Innovation: AI startups are becoming engines of economic growth. OpenAI's GPT
models, which drive language technologies, show how countries that lead in AI development will dominate key
sectors like education, entertainment, and customer service.

Why is the power of knowledge and ideas becoming more influential than physical or territorial control?
1) Global Economy: Intellectual capital drives today’s economies. Singapore, a small city-state with limited
resources, has become an economic powerhouse through its focus on education, innovation, and a knowledge-
driven workforce.
2) Technological Innovation: Knowledge fuels technological advancements, which now define power. For instance,
Elon Musk’s SpaceX has revolutionized space exploration, demonstrating how ideas and intellect have reshaped
a traditionally state-controlled domain.
3) Information Power: Control of information shapes global narratives. WikiLeaks, for example, exposed classified
government data, altering political dynamics worldwide and highlighting how access to knowledge can challenge
even powerful governments.
4) Soft Power: The influence of ideas is seen in India’s global impact through its Yoga and Ayurveda traditions,
which have attracted millions worldwide, demonstrating the cultural and intellectual soft power that transcends
borders.
5) Knowledge-Based Industries: Israel’s thriving startup ecosystem in fields like cybersecurity has positioned the
country as a global leader, showing how a small nation can wield significant influence through innovation rather
than territory.

Is it realistic to believe that the empires of the mind will replace traditional forms of power and dominance
entirely?
1) Coexistence of Knowledge and Physical Power: While intellectual power is growing, traditional military power
remains influential. The U.S., for example, dominates both in intellectual fields like AI and biotechnology, as well
as through its vast military resources, suggesting a balance between both forms of power.
2) Control of Resources: Physical resources still matter. Despite technological advances, countries like Saudi Arabia
wield global influence through control of oil, showing that territorial and resource-based power will continue to
play a role alongside intellectual dominance.
3) Geopolitical Tensions: Traditional forms of territorial control are still significant in global conflicts. The ongoing
Russia-Ukraine war demonstrates that military and territorial power have not been entirely replaced by
intellectual influence, as borders and physical control remain key.
4) Influence through Economic Power: Empires of the mind may drive innovation, but economic might is often
built on both physical assets and intellectual leadership. China’s rise as a global superpower is based on a mix of
industrial dominance, resource control, and knowledge-driven technologies.

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Conclusion:
Mira’s journey from a small village to becoming a savior through her knowledge reflects a broader truth about the
future of power. As the world moves forward, it becomes increasingly clear that the empires of the mind will shape
the direction of human civilization. Intellectual mastery, creativity, and technological innovation are set to redefine
the way nations and individuals exert influence.

However, this shift does not imply the complete disappearance of traditional forms of power. Instead, it suggests a
complex interdependence, where physical might and intellectual strength coexist, each reinforcing the other. The
future belongs to those who invest in knowledge, adapt to change, and apply ideas for the betterment of society.

Like Mira, the leaders of tomorrow will be those who understand that the mind is the most powerful tool, capable of
transforming dreams into reality and shaping the world in unprecedented ways, as the age-old adage goes, "The pen
is mightier than the sword".

UPSC has asked various topics across years related to intellectual integrity. For instance,
1) Not all who wander are lost. – 2023
2) Thinking is like a game; it does not begin unless there is an opposite team- 2023
3) Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. -2021
4) Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self- 2020
With regards to this topic, connecting this topic to history, philosophy, ethics, and current issues would have made
your essay rich.

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 ETHICS MARKS Rec.
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 03 THERE IS NO PATH TO HAPPINESS; HAPPINESS IS THE PATH

Structure of the Essay:

1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
2) Body:
a) What does it mean to view ‘Happiness’ as a journey rather than a destination?
b) How does embracing happiness as the path influence one's approach to life?
c) Why are people obsessed with future milestones instead of living in the present?
d) How can a mindset shift toward 'Happiness as the path' transform relationships?
e) Which factors can reinforce the idea that happiness itself is the journey?
f) Is it possible that viewing happiness as the path undermines the importance of achieving goals and
ambitions? [Critical Dimension]
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes:
1) "The journey is the reward." – Chinese Proverb
2) "The purpose of life is not to be happy. It is to be useful, to be honourable, to be compassionate, to have it make
some difference that you have lived and lived well." – Ralph Waldo Emerson
3) "Happiness is not a goal; it is a by-product." – Eleanor Roosevelt

Introduction:
In a small village, there lived a man named Ravi who spent his days tirelessly seeking happiness. He worked hard,
thinking that once he built a bigger house or earned more money, happiness would follow. But no matter what he
achieved; happiness always seemed out of reach. One day, he met an elderly woman who lived in a modest home,
surrounded by simple joys – gardening, helping her neighbors, and watching the sunset. Ravi asked her how she
seemed so content with so little. She smiled and said, "I don’t chase happiness; I live it every day through the things I
love." This story mirrors a powerful truth: happiness is not a distant goal but a journey woven into everyday life.

This essay revolves around the idea that happiness is not a destination we strive to reach; it is a way of living, present
in the moment, not dependent on external achievements. By embracing this mindset, we realize that true happiness
lies not in future aspirations but in how we experience the world now.

What does it mean to view ‘Happiness’ as a journey rather than a destination?

1) Living in the Present: Viewing happiness as a journey encourages people to find joy in everyday experiences.
“When we fall in love with the ‘process’ rather than the ‘product’, we don’t have to wait to give ourselves
permission to be happy.” - A quote from the book “Atomic Habits” by James Clear.
2) Process Over Outcome: The focus is on the journey of finding happiness, rather than solely on the end result.
This involves actively seeking out positive experiences, cultivating gratitude, and practicing self-care.
3) Reducing Burnout: Constantly pursuing happiness as a goal can lead to stress and burnout. In India’s startup
ecosystem, many entrepreneurs have realized that focusing on passion and purpose in daily work provides
greater satisfaction than chasing financial success alone.
4) Meaningful Relationships: Globally, a Harvard Study on Adult Development revealed that strong relationships,
not career achievements or wealth, are the key predictors of happiness, emphasising that happiness comes
through everyday connections with people.

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5) Adaptability to Change: Life is unpredictable, and viewing happiness as a journey helps people adapt better to
challenges. Japan’s concept of "Ikigai" (a reason for being) focuses on finding fulfilment in daily tasks, creating
resilience amidst change.
6) Eudaimonia: A Journey of Happiness: This Greek concept has been central to philosophical discussions of
happiness for centuries, often translated as "human flourishing" or "well-being."
a) Again, in both Aristotle's and Epicurus' views, eudaimonia is not simply about fleeting pleasures or material
possessions. It is about living a meaningful and fulfilling life, cultivating virtues, and finding inner peace.

How does embracing happiness as the path influence one's approach to life?
1) Focus on Personal Fulfilment: Embracing happiness as the path encourages individuals to pursue activities they
enjoy, which fosters personal growth. For instance, nowadays professionals are increasingly choosing careers
aligned with their passions, such as social work or art, finding deeper satisfaction than traditional high-paying
jobs.
2) Continuous Learning: A 2022 study by the OECD found that people who view life as a journey prioritise
continuous learning, as it brings intrinsic joy. This mindset encourages them to take on new challenges, not just
for success, but for the joy of self-improvement.
3) Resilience to Setbacks: Seeing happiness in the process helps people bounce back from failures. Athletes like
Serena Williams credit their mental strength and daily joy in training as key factors in their ability to recover
from setbacks and achieve long-term success.
4) Sustainable Well-being: Countries with higher life satisfaction, like Bhutan, emphasise organic lifestyle,
community support, work-life balance, and social equality over material wealth, reinforcing that ongoing
satisfaction comes from daily life rather than aspirational milestones.
5) Holistic Well-being: A growing number of people are embracing wellness activities like yoga and meditation,
which focus on everyday well-being rather than end results, fostering mental, emotional, and physical growth.
6) Balanced Living: The Scandinavian concept of "Lagom" (just the right amount) emphasises balance in life. People
prioritize health, leisure, and relationships equally with work, leading to a more holistic and sustainable form of
personal development.
7) Harmony with Nature: Many indigenous cultures emphasize harmony with nature and community as essential
elements of happiness. This perspective aligns with the idea of happiness as a journey of connection and
belonging.

Why are people obsessed with future aspirational milestones instead of living in the present?
1) Societal Pressure: Societal expectations often dictate life milestones like career success or marriage. Many
people believe their happiness depends on achieving these, overlooking daily joys in favour of long-term goals.
2) Achievement-Oriented Culture: A global study by LinkedIn found that 70% of professionals felt pressure to meet
certain career milestones. This obsession with achievement often leads individuals to tie happiness to
promotions or financial success, missing out on the fulfilment of everyday experiences.
3) Fear Of Missing Out (FOMO): social media amplifies the fixation on ambitious milestones. Platforms like
Instagram promote a "highlight reel" culture, where people constantly compare themselves to others’
successes, making them focus more on what they don’t have rather than appreciating their present lives.
4) Delayed Gratification Mindset: Psychological studies suggest that people often delay their happiness, believing
that once they achieve a certain goal—such as owning a house—they will be truly happy, ignoring the
contentment available in smaller, everyday achievements.
5) Consumerism: Advertising fuels the idea that happiness comes from acquiring material goods. This consumer-
driven mindset leads people to pursue future purchases or lifestyle upgrades as symbols of happiness,
neglecting simpler joys.

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How can a mindset shift toward 'Happiness as the path' transform relationships?
1) Appreciation of Small Moments: A mindset shifts toward "happiness as the path" helps people find joy in daily
experiences. In India, the practice of "Chai Pe Charcha," casual tea-time conversations, fosters bonding and
simple pleasures, transforming routine moments into sources of happiness.
2) Deeper Relationships: By focusing on happiness in the present, relationships become more meaningful.
Research from the American Psychological Association shows that couples who practise gratitude daily are
more satisfied in their relationships, as they appreciate each other’s contributions without waiting for grand
gestures.
3) Work-Life Balance: A global study found that employees who prioritise happiness in daily work, rather than
chasing promotions, are 21% more productive and engaged, showing that workplace happiness boosts both
performance and personal satisfaction.
4) Healthier Interactions: In India, where community bonds are strong, people who focus on happiness in their
interactions—like offering help to neighbours—tend to feel more connected and supported, enhancing both
mental and emotional well-being.
5) Increased Mindfulness: Mindfulness practices, like those in Buddhist teachings, encourage living in the present.
Studies show that people who adopt mindfulness report lower stress levels and better relationships, as they are
fully present during interactions, transforming even routine engagements into fulfilling moments. No wonder, it
is said, “Mindful manifesto is a catalyst to tranquil self.”

Which factors can reinforce the idea that happiness itself is the journey?
1) Cultural Practices: Festivals like Diwali emphasise the joy of preparation and togetherness, reinforcing that
happiness lies in the journey of celebration, not just the end event. These moments of shared experiences show
that happiness is in the process of doing, not just achieving.
2) Philosophical Teachings: Stoic philosophy teaches that happiness is found in how we respond to life’s daily
challenges. Figures like Marcus Aurelius remind us that personal growth and contentment come from within,
highlighting happiness as a daily practice of perspective rather than a destination.
3) Yoga, Meditation and Exercise: The World Health Organization reported that people who focus on daily well-
being, through activities like exercise or meditation, are more likely to maintain long-term happiness and mental
health. This reinforces the idea that everyday actions, not future milestones, drive lasting happiness.
4) Art and Creativity: Artists often describe the creative process itself as the source of fulfilment. For example,
artisans practising traditional crafts like Madhubani painting find happiness in the act of creating art, not just the
final product.
5) Connection with Nature: Research by Stanford University shows that spending time in nature reduces stress and
boosts happiness. Regular walks in parks or gardens make people realise that happiness can be found in the
journey of experiencing nature, rather than waiting for extraordinary moments.

Is it possible that viewing happiness as the path undermines the importance of achieving goals and ambitions?
[Critical Dimension]
1) Potential Complacency: If happiness is solely viewed as the journey, it may lead to complacency, where
individuals become content with their current state and stop striving for personal growth. For instance, in India,
students may focus on daily satisfaction in studies but might neglect the hard work needed to excel in
competitive exams like UPSC, where long-term goals are crucial.
2) Loss of Long-Term Vision: Focusing too much on present happiness might dilute ambition. Athletes like Michael
Jordan didn’t just enjoy their daily practice but were driven by the vision of championships, which kept them
pushing harder, showing the need for balancing goals with present contentment.

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3) Achievement Motivation: Setting and reaching goals provides a sense of accomplishment that contributes to
happiness. In Silicon Valley, tech entrepreneurs find joy in daily innovation, but major breakthroughs, like
launching a product, give them long-lasting satisfaction, indicating that goals matter.
4) Delayed Gratification: The ability to postpone immediate pleasures for future success is a hallmark of personal
growth. Farmers, for example, work hard daily without immediate results, but the harvest season’s rewards
bring both happiness and validation of their efforts.
5) Risk of Stagnation: Without goals, individuals may stagnate and miss out on potential growth. Professionals who
set clear career ambitions, like acquiring new skills or certifications, report higher job satisfaction, proving that
goals are essential for a dynamic and fulfilling life.

Conclusion:
In the story of Ravi, his search for happiness in future achievements only led to frustration. The elderly woman’s
wisdom revealed that happiness is not something to be chased; it is something to be lived, each and every day. This
simple shift in mindset, from seeing happiness as a destination to embracing it as the journey, profoundly transforms
how we live, grow, and relate to the world.

While goals and ambitions have their place, true fulfilment comes from cherishing the present moment and finding
joy in the process. Life becomes richer when we recognize that happiness is woven into our everyday experiences,
not hidden in some distant achievement.

As we cultivate this outlook, we can lead more balanced, meaningful lives, just like the woman in the village. After
all, "The journey is the reward."

This topic is inspired from Ethics paper 2014 where the question was asked as follows, ‘All human beings aspire for
happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you?
Exactly, after 10 years, UPSC has answered itself.
Its always said a good preparation of ethics paper can definitely help in the essay writing.
Again yes, we can say that the theme has been repeated as we have been getting topics on Joy, Smile across the
years.
1) Joy is the simplest form of gratitude -2017
2) A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities – 2022
And we have covered it well in our test series. The discussion video is on our YouTube channel.
However, it is advised to only attempt if you are certain that you will be able to create an interesting article, given
the time constraints and pressure to produce an outstanding essay. And don’t forget the topic is more of
philosophical type. Even though this essay topic is hilarious, there's a good probability you won't be interested in it
by the middle of the script, at which point it will become ironic to your whole mental state.

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 04 THE DOUBTER IS A TRUE MAN OF SCIENCE

Structure of the Essay:

1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay
2) Body:
a) What does ‘doubter’ signify and symbolize in the context of this essay?
b) How does ‘doubt’ serve as a true testament to science?
c) How have ‘doubters’ influenced historical breakthroughs in science?
d) Why is skepticism crucial in advancing scientific knowledge, innovation and discoveries?
e) Is constant doubtfulness always instrumental in fostering scientific progress? [Critical Dimension]
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes:
1) "Doubt is the father of invention." – Galileo Galilei
2) "Doubt is the incentive to truth and inquiry leads the way." – Hosea Ballou
3) "Science progresses by questioning; authority by assertion." – Gerard Piel

Introduction:
In ancient Greece, there lived a man named Socrates who became renowned not for giving answers, but for asking
questions. One day, Socrates stood in the bustling marketplace, speaking with young men and women. “Why do you
believe what you believe?” he asked, challenging their deeply held assumptions. As the conversation progressed, he
revealed how questioning—rather than accepting things blindly—led to true wisdom. This practice became known as
the Socratic Method, where doubt and inquiry paved the way for deeper understanding.

Socrates believed that questioning was the essence of intellectual growth. His approach can be seen as the
foundation of modern science, where every theory, no matter how revered, is subject to doubt, experimentation,
and proof. The true scientist, like Socrates, doubts not for the sake of cynicism, but for the pursuit of knowledge.

This essay explores how doubt is central to scientific progress. Just as Socrates challenged the status quo to uncover
wisdom, scientists question established beliefs to push the boundaries of knowledge. By doubting, we do not reject
knowledge; instead, we open doors to new discoveries, understanding, and advancements.

What does ‘doubter’ signify and symbolise in the context of this essay?
1) Curiosity and Intellectual Integrity: A doubter represents someone who questions established knowledge. This
drives scientific inquiry, as seen in Galileo’s challenge to the geocentric model of the universe, which led to
revolutionary discoveries about our solar system.
2) Catalyst for Innovation: Doubters symbolize the rejection of complacency. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam questioned
traditional missile technology, which eventually resulted in the indigenous development of India’s space and
defense programs.
3) Safeguard Against Blind Belief: Doubt prevents the acceptance of unverified claims. Globally, the skepticism
around vaccines was met with rigorous research, leading to vaccines that saved millions of lives during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
4) Engine of Progress: In science, doubt allows for constant evolution. For instance, questioning the nature of light
led Einstein to propose the theory of relativity, fundamentally altering our understanding of physics.

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5) Foster of Diverse Perspectives: In the Indian judicial system, the principle of doubt ensures justice, with the
benefit of doubt often resulting in the acquittal of the accused, reflecting how scepticism can lead to fairness and
unbiased decisions.

How does ‘doubt’ serve as a true testament to science?

1) Foundation of the Scientific Method: Doubt is central to the scientific method, where hypotheses are rigorously
tested. C.V. Raman’s skepticism of prevailing theories on light scattering led to the discovery of the "Raman
Effect," earning him a Nobel Prize in Physics.
2) Driving Continuous Experimentation: Doubt ensures that science remains a process, not a conclusion.
Alexander Fleming’s accidental discovery of penicillin came from questioning the causes of bacterial inhibition,
revolutionizing medicine and saving countless lives globally.
3) Prevention of Dogma: Doubt challenges scientific dogma and encourages revision. The discovery of quantum
mechanics, which replaced classical physics in explaining subatomic phenomena, came from scientists doubting
whether Newtonian physics could explain the microscopic world.
4) Promoting Error Correction: In Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), early doubts about its feasibility due to
resource limitations pushed scientists to innovate, eventually achieving success at a fraction of global costs.
5) Ensuring Ethical Responsibility: Doubt promotes ethical science by questioning the morality of experimentation.
Globally, scientists stopped human cloning research because they had ethical concerns and doubts about its
long-term effects on humanity.

How have ‘doubters’ influenced historical breakthroughs in science?

1) Galileo’s Challenge to the Church: Galileo Galilei doubted the geocentric model supported by the Church and
advocated for heliocentrism. His groundbreaking observations of celestial bodies, using a telescope, changed
humanity’s understanding of the universe, paving the way for modern astronomy.
2) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Charles Darwin’s doubt in the prevailing belief of creationism led him to propose
the theory of natural selection. His observations during the voyage of the HMS Beagle led to the revolutionary
idea that species evolve over time, reshaping biology forever.
3) Aryabhata’s Doubt of Flat Earth Theory: In ancient India, Aryabhata questioned the flat earth theory and
proposed that the Earth was spherical and rotated on its axis. His astronomical insights influenced later scientific
understanding in both India and the world.
4) Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Disease: Louis Pasteur doubted the long-accepted theory of spontaneous generation.
His experiments led to the germ theory of disease, revolutionising medicine and introducing modern practices
like sterilization and vaccination.
5) Jagdish Chandra Bose’s Work in Plant Physiology: J.C. Bose doubted that plants were devoid of life-like
responses. His pioneering research showed that plants have feelings and responses to stimuli, opening new
fields in botany.

Why is skepticism crucial in advancing scientific knowledge, innovation and discoveries?

1) Challenges Established Norms: Skepticism forces scientists to question existing theories, leading to
breakthroughs. For instance, Einstein’s skepticism of Newtonian mechanics led to his development of the
theory of relativity, which revolutionized modern physics and space-time understanding.
2) Prevents Stagnation: Scepticism drives innovation by avoiding complacency. For example, doubts about the
conventional approaches to water conservation led to the invention of rainwater harvesting systems, now
widely adopted in water-scarce regions.
3) Encourages Rigorous Testing: Scientific skepticism promotes thorough experimentation. The skepticism around
the safety of genetically modified crops led to rigorous testing, ensuring that GMOs used in agriculture today
are safer for consumption.

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4) Leads to Revolutionary Discoveries: Srinivasa Ramanujan, though largely self-taught, doubted conventional
mathematical rules and principles, leading to path breaking contributions in number theory and infinite series
that are still used in modern mathematics.
5) Fosters Creative Problem-Solving: Skepticism opens new avenues for solving old problems. The skepticism about
the traditional sources of energy has driven innovations in renewable energy, such as solar power, which is
now an integral part of global energy solutions.

Is constant doubtfulness always instrumental in fostering scientific progress? [Critical Dimension]

1) Paralysis by Over-Skepticism: Constant doubt can hinder decision-making and slow progress. In medical
research, excessive scepticism about new treatments can delay life-saving interventions. For example, initial
doubts about mRNA vaccines slowed their acceptance, despite their eventual success in curbing the COVID-19
pandemic.
2) Undermines Established Knowledge: Doubting well-established scientific facts can lead to the rejection of sound
knowledge. In the USA, climate change skepticism delayed the adoption of sustainable practices, despite
overwhelming evidence supporting the harmful effects of global warming. So, doubts should be reasonable.
3) Risk of Unnecessary Controversy: What about public trust in science, if the true scientists are ‘doubters’
themselves (the Pandemic and its vaccine case, theories on climate change, etc.)? Excessive doubt can spark
needless controversy, wasting time and resources. For instance, the long-debated link between vaccines and
autism, now thoroughly debunked, created unnecessary fear and opposition to vaccination, causing public
health setbacks.
4) Inhibits Collaborative Efforts: Constant doubt can undermine trust in collaboration. India's successful
Chandrayaan missions relied on trust in proven technology and methodology, whereas over-questioning could
have delayed or obstructed progress.
5) Limits Bold Innovation: Some discoveries require leaps of faith rather than endless skepticism. When Elon
Musk's SpaceX doubted established aerospace models, it took bold risks to innovate, whereas excessive doubt
might have blocked breakthroughs in reusable rockets.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the essence of science lies in questioning the world around us, much like how Socrates sparked
intellectual discourse by doubting the status quo. His relentless inquiry serves as a timeless reminder that doubt is
not a barrier, but a catalyst for knowledge. In the same way, the scientist, driven by curiosity and scepticism,
challenges established ideas to unlock deeper truths. Whether it’s Galileo reimagining the cosmos or modern
innovators questioning old technologies, doubt has propelled humanity toward groundbreaking discoveries.
However, while doubt is indispensable in fostering scientific progress, it must be balanced with the pursuit of
answers to avoid endless skepticism. Ultimately, the doubter remains the truest champion of science, for their
questions pave the way for new realms of understanding.
As Socrates himself once said, “True wisdom comes to each of us when we realize how little we understand about
life, ourselves, and the world around us.”
Many applicants must have immediately chosen the remark attributed to Claude Bernard, who is well-known for
his experiments in the biological sciences.
However, keep in mind that the examiner is searching for rich material. Lack of quality examples in writing is strictly
prohibited!
Again, to re-emphasise, the theme of science was asked in another form 3 years back. The topic being, What is
research, but a blind date with knowledge! -2021. You can watch this video discussion on YouTube.
Now, you must be getting convinced enough to consider PYQs in your essay preparation.

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 SOCIAL MEDIA IS TRIGGERING ‘FEAR OF MISSING OUT’ AMONGST
05
THE YOUTH, PRECIPITATING DEPRESSION AND LONELINESS
Structure of the Essay:
1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
2) Body:
a) How do social media create and amplify the 'Fear of Missing Out' (FOMO) among the youth?
b) In what ways does FOMO contribute to feelings of depression and loneliness in young people?
c) What are the psychological mechanisms behind the connection between social media usage and mental
health issues like depression?
d) How does constant comparison on social media platforms intensify feelings of inadequacy and isolation?
e) Can the responsible use of social media mitigate the negative effects of FOMO, depression, and loneliness?
f) Is it fair to blame social media entirely for these mental health problems, or are there deeper societal and
individual factors at play? [Critical Dimension]
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes
1) "Comparison is the thief of joy." – Theodore Roosevelt
2) “Social media has made perfection seem attainable, so now we feel like failures for not being perfect."
3) "Social media is creating a generation that values 'likes' over real human connection."
4) "The illusion of connection on social media can deepen feelings of isolation." – Sherry Turkle
5) "People say social media is depressing because we compare our behind-the-scenes with everyone else’s
highlight reel." – Steven Furtick
6) "FOMO is often a byproduct of a life that looks outward for validation instead of inward for satisfaction."
Introduction:
In 2019, a college student named Ria found herself scrolling endlessly through her social media feeds. Every time
she logged in, she saw her friends travelling to exotic places, attending glamorous parties, or landing prestigious
internships. Despite her own achievements, Ria couldn’t shake the feeling that she was missing out on something
greater. This constant exposure to the seemingly perfect lives of others slowly started to take a toll on her mental
health. She began feeling anxious and inadequate, wondering why her life didn't look as exciting. The more time she
spent on social media, the lonelier and more isolated she felt, even when surrounded by people.
Ria's experience is not unique. This phenomenon, known as the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), is increasingly affecting
the youth of today. FOMO is an anxiety-inducing experience where individuals feel they are being left out of
rewarding or enjoyable experiences that others appear to be having, particularly as seen through curated social
media posts. With social media platforms offering curated snapshots of others’ lives, many young individuals are left
feeling depressed and disconnected.
In this essay, we will explore how social media triggers FOMO, leading to heightened levels of anxiety, loneliness,
and depression among the youth. By analysing real-world examples and psychological impacts, we will discuss the
serious consequences of this digital-driven emotional struggle.
How do social media create and amplify the 'Fear of Missing Out' (FOMO) among the youth?
1) Highlight Reels of Others' Lives: Social media platforms like Instagram and Facebook showcase the best
moments of people's lives, making users feel like they are missing out on exciting experiences.

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2) Instant Updates and Stories: Features like Instagram Stories and Snapchat encourage real-time sharing of
activities. Youth are pressured to stay constantly updated, fearing they’ll miss out on something important.
According to Buffer, more than 500 million users post Instagram Stories daily.
3) Curated, Perfected Lives: Social media posts are carefully curated and filtered to show idealized versions of life.
This leads to unrealistic comparisons. A report by the Royal Society for Public Health found that social media
platforms, especially Instagram, contribute to anxiety and FOMO in 71% of surveyed teenagers.
4) Event Notifications and Tags: Platforms notify users when friends attend events, making those not present feel
excluded. For example, Facebook events can trigger FOMO when users see friends participating in social
activities without them.
5) Influencers and Social Validation: Influencers showcase luxurious lifestyles, often unattainable for the average
user, fueling a sense of missing out. According to a survey by Awin, 66% of millennials say they’ve experienced
FOMO due to influencer content.
In what ways does FOMO contribute to feelings of inadequacy and depression in young people?
1) Pseudo Perfection: Social media platforms showcase only the best moments of people's lives. This pseudo
perfection fosters a cycle of comparison, where users feel inadequate when their everyday reality doesn’t match
these idealized snapshots. It leads to feeling of low-esteem and depression. For instance, Instagram influencers
often share flawless vacation photos, leaving ordinary users feeling like their lives are dull in comparison.
2) Negative self-comparison: FOMO fosters a culture of comparison, where individuals constantly measure their
lives against the highlight reels of others. This can diminish self-worth, as many feel they don’t measure up,
exacerbating feelings of depression.
3) Sleep disturbances: FOMO often leads to disrupted sleep patterns, as individuals stay up late scrolling through
social media. Lack of sleep has been linked to increased rates of depression among young people.
4) Impulsive decision-making: Young people driven by FOMO may make hasty decisions, such as attending events
they don't enjoy, which can lead to regret and increased feelings of dissatisfaction, further fueling depression.
What are the psychological mechanisms behind the connection between social media usage and mental health
issues like depression?
1) Social comparison theory: Individuals tend to compare themselves with others to evaluate their self-worth.
Social media amplifies this tendency, leading users to feel inadequate when they see others’ seemingly perfect
lives. A 2021 study revealed that increased exposure to idealized images was linked to higher levels of
depression among adolescents.
2) Validation-seeking behaviour: Users often seek validation through likes and comments, creating a cycle of
dependence on external approval. A report from the Royal Society for Public Health noted that social media
platforms promote a culture where self-esteem is tied to social feedback, leading to anxiety and depression.
3) Fear of missing out (FOMO): This psychological phenomenon drives users to remain connected at all times,
contributing to stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that individuals with high levels of FOMO are more likely
to report depressive symptoms.
4) Cyberbullying and harassment: The anonymity of social media can foster negative interactions, leading to
increased rates of bullying. Victims often experience feelings of worthlessness and depression, as evidenced by a
2020 survey indicating that 59% of teens experienced bullying online.
5) Overstimulation and cognitive overload: Continuous exposure to information can overwhelm users, leading to
mental fatigue. Research indicates that high social media usage correlates with increased feelings of anxiety and
depression, as individuals struggle to process constant updates and notifications.
How does constant comparison on social media platforms intensify feelings of inadequacy and isolation?
1) Changing family and community dynamics: 2020 study published in The International Journal of Indian
Psychology suggests that in recent years, family and community dynamics have drastically changed.
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 a) Earlier, India had a strong social structure at its place. Joint families, strong bonding with neighbours and
relatives, leisure time activities which strengthen the bond even stronger, grand and joint celebration of
various festivals, visiting relatives on vacations and living there for a week or two, and many other practices
were in place which created an environment where ‘loneliness’ could hardly be thought of.
b) Now, Isolation despite connectivity: Paradoxically, FOMO can cause individuals to withdraw from real-life
social interactions. Young people may opt to stay glued to their screens rather than engaging in face-to-face
connections, leading to feelings of loneliness.
2) Highlight Reel vs. Reality: Constant exposure to others' highlight reels can distort perceptions of success and
happiness. A 2020 Global Web Index report found that 42% of social media users felt pressure to portray their
lives as more exciting, leading to feelings of inadequacy in those who see these portrayals.
3) Materialism and Success: Platforms like Instagram often promote materialistic success—luxury cars, expensive
gadgets—creating a sense of inferiority in those who cannot afford such lifestyles. This materialistic culture
deepens the divide between reality and perceived success.
4) Loneliness from Lack of Validation: Studies show that users who don't receive expected likes or comments on
posts can feel rejected and isolated. The dopamine rush from validation further exacerbates loneliness when it’s
missing.
5) Body Image Issues: Social comparison, particularly among young women, can lead to body dissatisfaction. A
Common Sense Media report revealed that 35% of teen girls felt social media made them worry more about
their body image.
a) Social Withdrawal: Negative body image can make individuals feel self-conscious and ashamed, leading
them to avoid social situations and interactions. This social isolation can contribute to feelings of
loneliness.
6) With respect to Generation Z or ‘Zoomers’, experts have termed the ‘loneliness epidemic’- Described as the
profound feeling of isolation, it has taken over the lives of many young Indians.
a) Experts say, “Social isolation is as harmful as smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day and can lead to health
problems or substance abuse.”

Can the responsible use of social media mitigate the negative effects of FOMO, depression, and loneliness?
1) Mindful Consumption: Encouraging users to limit time on social media can reduce FOMO. A study by the
University of Pennsylvania found that students who limited their social media use to 30 minutes per day
reported significant reductions in loneliness and depression after just three weeks.
a) “Phone-free zones” during family gatherings or school activities can encourage real conversations.
2) Curating Positive Content: By following accounts that promote mental health and positive messaging, users can
counter the harmful effects of social comparison. For instance, campaigns like #SelfLove and #RealNotPerfect on
Instagram encourage people to embrace authenticity over perfection.
3) Strengthening Real-Life Connections: Using social media to enhance real-world interactions can help mitigate
loneliness. Platforms like Meetup allow users to find groups of people with similar interests, fostering genuine,
face-to-face connections.
4) Digital Detox Campaigns: Initiatives like National Day of Unplugging encourage people to disconnect from their
devices, leading to better emotional regulation. A 2018 study found that a 24-hour social media detox
significantly improved mood and reduced stress in participants.
5) Educating Youth on Healthy Use: Schools and universities can incorporate digital literacy programs, teaching
responsible social media use. Finland’s educational system, for instance, includes modules on how to manage
online activity and avoid its mental health pitfalls.

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Is it fair to blame social media entirely for these mental health problems, or are there deeper societal and
individual factors at play? [Critical Dimension]
Social media merely amplifies existing societal pressures: The pressure to succeed and constantly be productive has
long existed in society. Social media merely amplifies this by showcasing the "best" moments of people’s lives. A
2021 study by the American Psychological Association reported that 79% of young adults felt increased pressure to
"keep up" with peers due to social media.
However,
1) Parental and peer influences: Family dynamics and peer groups play a major role in shaping self-esteem and
social anxiety. Social media may act as a trigger, but individual coping mechanisms, often shaped by family, are
crucial. For example, kids raised in environments with constant comparison may be more vulnerable to social
media’s impact.
2) Personal habits and self-regulation: While social media can lead to unhealthy behaviors, individuals' inability to
regulate screen time and set boundaries contributes significantly.
3) Cultural obsession with validation: The global obsession with external validation predates social media but has
been intensified by it.
4) Individual Vulnerabilities: Some individuals may be more susceptible to mental health problems due to genetic
factors, past experiences, or personality traits. Social media can trigger these vulnerabilities and worsen existing
conditions.
a) Lack of mental health education: Schools and communities often lack adequate mental health resources.
According to UNICEF's 2022 report, less than 2% of global health budgets go toward mental health, leaving
many youths unprepared to cope with the mental strain caused by social media.

Conclusion:
Ria’s story reflects the struggles of millions of young people caught in the web of social media’s constant
comparisons. While platforms like Instagram and Facebook offer an illusion of connection, they often deepen
feelings of isolation, feeding the Fear of Missing Out. As seen in Ria’s case, the curated perfection of others' lives can
erode self-esteem and trigger anxiety and loneliness. However, it is important to acknowledge that while social
media plays a significant role in exacerbating these issues, deeper societal and individual factors—such as societal
pressures, upbringing, and lack of mental health awareness—also contribute to the growing mental health crisis.

Addressing this issue requires a holistic approach, one that includes promoting digital literacy, improving mental
health resources, and fostering a culture of self-awareness. Only by doing so can we help today’s youth navigate the
complex relationship between social media and their mental well-being, enabling them to regain control over their
lives. We must always remember that, "FOMO is a byproduct of a life that looks outward for validation instead of
inward for satisfaction!"

This topic is inspired from PYQ (2017)- ‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium.
A broad understanding on this topic could have helped you generate ideas on this topic. Kindly go through the PYQ
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 NEARLY ALL MEN CAN STAND ADVERSITY, BUT TO TEST THE
06
CHARACTER, GIVE HIM POWER
Structure of the Essay:
1) Introduction:
a) You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the essay topic.
b) You can also explain its relevance in present times.
c) Your introduction must include your opinion in brief to showcase your thought process on the topic.
2) Body: The body of the essay should have arguments on various macro dimension that may include the
following
a) Why it’s difficult to test character without giving power/ in adversity?
b) Under what circumstances does the power and character exhibit themselves?
c) Why it’s difficult to test character without giving power?
d) How power reflects and reveals the character in different ways?
e) Why some powerful people act positively?
f) Why some powerful people act negatively?
g) Counter arguments:
i) Is power the only way to test one’s character?
ii) Instances of the personalities who attracted the people with the strength of their character without
power.
h) Relevance in present times.
3) Conclusion:
a) You can conclude the answer by suggesting the ideal way to handle power and what the character must be.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotations:
1) “The measure of a man is what he does with power.”- Plato
2) “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely” -Sir John Dalberg-Acton
3) “We are not just products of our past; people in our present also influence us and help mold our character” -
David Packer
4) “Mastering others is strength. Mastering yourself is true power” -Tao Te Ching
5) “Knowledge will give you power, but character respect” -Bruce Lee

Introduction
In Ramayana, through his devotion and penance to the Great God Brahma, Ravana was made invincible and had the
power to assume any form he wished, from men to mountains to death itself. He was so powerful that he could
cause earthquakes and storms. But such a power made Ravana a monster who did innumerable adversities on
mankind, even he unlawfully abducted the wife of lore Rama. His greed of power superseded his power of
knowledge and rationality.
True character is revealed not in times of hardship, but in times of privilege and authority.
Adversity as a Test: While adversity can be challenging, it doesn't necessarily reveal a person's true character. Many
people can demonstrate resilience and strength in the face of hardship. Men are able to stand adversity because
they do not have a choice.
Power as a Corruptor: When given authority, some people may abuse their position and engage in unethical or
harmful behaviour. Power can corrupt and reveal a person's true nature.

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Character as a Choice: Even when faced with the temptations of power, individuals can choose to act ethically and
responsibly.

Why it’s difficult to test character without giving power/ in adversity?

1) Live for survival: If one is poor and powerless, he thinks only about their bread and butter. It is very difficult to
understand their character. They do not have capability to do wrong as common man does not has money power
or political status to overstep/supersede the rules set by the society.
2) Circumstances: External circumstances can influence behaviour. A person may act ethically in one situation but
succumb to temptation in another.
a) Without power, same person can act differently in different situation due to fear of punishment and lack of
courage.
b) For instance: A common man pays tax on time due to fear of law, but people with political and economic
power find ways to evade tax by exploiting the loopholes of the law.
3) Nature of Hypocrisy: People may act differently in private than they do in public. When they are not in positions
of power, they may avoid risky or unethical behaviour.
4) Limited impact: It is difficult to test a person’s character if they do not have power, as their actions have only
limited impact, which does not demonstrate their attitude towards the betterment of others. For instance,
Beggars are one of the most powerless people in the society and it is difficult to assess their character through
their day-to-day actions.

Under what situations does power and character exhibit themselves?

1) Unconditional power: Granting someone unconditional and absolute power is the best way to test their
character. E.g., in early school days, a student who is made a monitor in class, is given unconditional power to
name the mischiefs starts taking advantage of it through innocent revenges with fellow mates.
2) Adversity: Adversities re-awaken us to the brutal honesty and makes us aware of the vanity of life, thereby
making us reflect on the true mortality of our being.
a) Some powerful people overcome adversity with their characters like optimism, adaptability, awareness and
confidence and act wisely.
b) E.g., Lincoln used his faith to bolster him in times of adversity. His belief in a higher power gave him the
ability to let go when his sense of responsibility became too great.
3) Temptation: Powerful people with good character view their experience of temptation as an opportunity for
growth, it could be intrapersonal growth, interpersonal growth, and/or transcendent growth, but powerful
people with greed tempt to attract material things. E.g., Arrest of two IAS couples in M.P, Provident
Commissioner accepting bribe, shows that temptation towards worldly pleasures let these people to indulge
in corruption.
4) Anger: Anger is a powerful emotion that can bring people to great resolve – or disable their ability to think
rationally. Mark Twain “anger is an acid that can do more harm to the vessel in which is stored than to
anything on which it is poured.” Some powerful people understand this and act wisely during anger, but other
lose their temper and threat their subjects with power. E.g., Will Smith's Oscar incident showed how
uncontrolled anger of the powerful person destroyed his reputation.

How power reflects and reveals the character in different ways?

1) Hunger for status: Powerful people believe that once given a position of authority; they will get the respect and
social status they feel they deserve. Most of the people believe that being in a position of power will improve
their life. This could be the case for some people, but it depends a great deal on their personality.
2) Ego centric: There are those who, when given power, will use it to make a difference that benefits a lot of
people. Those who are more self-serving and who use their influence over others as a way to boost their ego are

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 more likely to alienate others. For instance, Exhibition of power through harassing or bullying colleagues or
subordinates.
3) Attitude towards power, it seems, plays a major role in how a person will wield their authority. People who
see authority as means to achieving personal goals are more likely to misuse power than people who are
motivated by a purpose. This shows that character and power are very closely related and one can certainly
define one's character by power. For instance, People with huge powers stop listening to people, stop learning,
show heights of arrogance and become irresponsive to humanity.
4) Domination: A person who is high in power is somebody who believes that it is important to dominate either
people or resources. For instance, men exercise power over women in patriarchal societies by asking for sexual
favours from the employees or making inappropriate contact with employees.

Why some powerful people act positively?

1) Ashoka
a) The powerful and furious ruler Ashoka changed into a calm and peaceful emperor after the bloody war with
Kalinga after he saw burnt houses and dead scattered around and thereafter, he became a Buddhist patron.
b) The value of empathy towards other living beings and teaching of Buddha led Ashoka to give up arms and
follow the path of dhamma. It clearly shows that positive values and proper guidance will help to use power
in a positive way.
2) Akbar
a) Although in his initial days as emperor he was known to be a conqueror and ruthless warrior but as the days
went by, he turned into a benevolent emperor. It was he who abolished Jizya and banned cow-slaughter.
b) Instead of forcing Hindus to accept the culture and tradition of Mughals, he followed the policy of religious
tolerance and led them to follow their own culture. The emperor was raised as an orthodox Muslim, but he
was exposed to other religions in his childhood, making religion was an area of great interest for Akbar.
3) Nelson Mandela
a) Even after become a president in 1994, he did not used his power to suppress the white minority, instead he
followed the policy of peace and reconciliation to end apartheid system.
4) Winston Churchill
a) Churchill's leadership during World War II demonstrated his courage, determination, and unwavering belief
in the Allied cause. His speeches and actions inspired millions and helped to rally the British people against
Nazi Germany.
5) Good character is exhibited through exercise of power. In cases, where reciprocity is not expected while
helping. E.g., an IAS officer going out of his/her way to help poor in a flooded village. (You can write it in
reference to Wayanad landslide)
a) Rightly, the motto of LBSNAA being “Sheelam param bhushanam” meaning CHARACTER IS THE UTMOST
VIRTUE.
6) How a powerful person treats her/his subordinates or the powerless shows her/his character. For instance,
Abdul Kalam showed respect to his colleagues no matter which position they were in. No wonder he was
popularly known as People's President- widely admired for his humility, accessibility, and dedication to public
service.
7) In cases, where reciprocity is not expected while helping. E.g., an IAS officer going out of his/her way to help
poor in a flooded village.

Why some powerful people act negatively?

1) Selfishness: Famous military general Pittacus says that “The measure of a man is what he does with power.”
That means he can use power either for his selfish interest or for the welfare of the society.

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 a) E.g., As soon as Napoleon came to power, he waged a war that engulfed whole Europe. This shows his
self-aggrandizement character.
b) E.g., Adolf Hitler is known to be one of the “greatest” leaders in history who came to power legally, but he
misused his power to kill the Jews, captive Jews in detention camps. He did all the cruel activities for his self-
interest i.e., to protect the purity of Aryan race.
c) Famous military general Pittacus says that “The measure of a man is what he does with power.” That
means he can use power either for his selfish interest or for the welfare of the society.
d) Julius Caesar: While Caesar was a brilliant military leader and statesman, his ambition and desire for power
ultimately led to his downfall. His assassination marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of
the Roman Empire.
2) Hunger of power: Attaining power is the symbol of success, power brings status. History shows that kingdom
and countries misused power. Ego which comes with power brings them an invisible pressure to be on the top
always.
a) E.g., Even America who is one of the great powers in world threw nuclear bomb on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in Japan to fuel their ego and to remain a unipolar power.
3) Change of Character after attaining power: Power inevitably changes people - sometimes for the better,
sometimes worse. Only wise man who values their virtues more than the power can withstand these invisible
pressures of power. But the people who lack character change their virtues, they value their power and status
more their character. They forget what made them instead they focus on what they need.
a) For instance, Me too campaign exposed the immoral deeds of top celebrities and powerful person who
built their careers from scratch. They are many politicians, leaders, Bureaucrats; self-proclaimed God men
who come from very humble background and create history but, fade away for their immoral acts. So, the
ability to remain same before and after success is the real test for one’s character.
b) For instance, General Dyer had studied medicine before coming to military career. For his inhumane
actions, he has been called "the Butcher of Amritsar", because of his order to fire on a peaceful crowd at
Jallianwala Bagh.
c) For instance, Richard Nixon's presidency was marred by scandal, including the Watergate scandal, which
led to his resignation. His abuse of power and disregard for the rule of law demonstrated the dangers of
unchecked authority.
4) Psychological perspective: Explore the psychological factors that influence how people respond to power.
a) Narcissism: Narcissistic individuals may be more susceptible to the corrupting influence of power, as they
often have inflated self-esteem and a sense of entitlement.
b) History shows that kingdom and countries misused power. Ego which comes with power brings them an
invisible pressure to be on the top always.
c) E.g., Even America who is one of the great powers in world threw nuclear bomb on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki in Japan to fuel their ego and to remain a unipolar power.
a) On the other hand, Empathy: Individuals with high levels of empathy may be less likely to abuse power, as
they are more likely to consider the needs and perspectives of others.

Is power the only way to test one’s character? (Counter argument)

1) Ethical dilemma: How a person responds to these dilemmas can reveal their underlying values and priorities.
a) Take the case of Truth vs. Loyalty: A friend or family member confides in you about a serious wrongdoing.
Here the ethical dilemma is you must decide whether to maintain loyalty to your friend or family member, or
to report the wrongdoing to the authorities.

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 b) Another case of Whistleblower Dilemma: An employee discovers unethical or illegal practices within their
organization. Here the ethical Dilemma is the employee must decide whether to report the wrongdoing,
potentially risking their job or career, or to remain silent.
2) Attitude: Since character is relative it is very difficult to test the character of a person using power. Apart from
power we can test character of people by their attitude toward the things and their behavior.
a) For instance, A person who has positive attitude towards work and co-workers can positively influence
those around them. And if a person has a negative attitude towards women, he will discriminate women
in all fronts of life.
b) Character is an amalgamation of various aspects of one’s behavioral attributes, so it is not possible to
identify the character of a person with single parameter.
c) E.g., V.K. Krishna Menon resigned from his post as defence minister when we lost the war with China,
taking moral responsibility.
d) George Washington was offered the title of king, but he refused.
3) People who attracted masses with strength of their character without power: Even though they did not
possess any power, but their positive character, benevolence and empathy let people to follow them.
a) E.g., Gandhiji upheld his philosophy of non-violence in every situation. He laid great emphasis on banishing
untouchability, promoting Hindu-Muslim unity, promoting literacy and in the development of a great nation
—India.
b) E.g., Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was born in poor boat maker family but was a brilliant child with great character.
His greatness of character can be proved by his deeds towards his motherland when he came to power and
love towards his motherland.

Relevance in present times:

1) Criminalisation of politics: The highest among all powers may be political power that the politicians wield from
larger public. But, with their power, criminals, and the machinery has formed such a dangerous cocktail which is
now proving to be poisonous for the society. There is severe deficiency of values and ethos in the process of
vote bank politics. It is destroying the real concept of DEMOCRACY. E.g., Recent West Bengal election violence.
2) In electoral politics, not only the character of the politicians is put to test, but also the character of the people
who support them.
3) Ukraine-Russia conflict: One of the global power centers, Russia’s invasion to Ukraine shows how countries are
using their power to threat small nations for the selfish benefit. Powerful countries like USA, China, and Russia
lack compassion toward small nations and showing their arrogance and big brother attitude. It ultimately
jeopardizes the life of of small nations.
4) Relevance in civil services: In many instances, absolute power to civil servants led to absolute corruption. E.g.,
an officer granting tender to a known person with return of undue favours. It exhibits the weakness in his/her
character. This is the reason why the delegation of powers can stop the abuse of power in some cases. Power
is a byproduct of power.

Ultimate aim is to: Prevent the abuse of power and create a more just and equitable society. How ?
1) By carefully selecting leaders- Psychological assessments and background checks. (in the context of
criminalization of politics)
2) Leaders who are free from prejudice and discrimination are more likely to promote social justice and equality.
3) Implementing checks and balances- separation of powers, independent oversight bodies, and mechanisms for
accountability.
4) Promoting ethical leadership- understand the responsibilities and limitations of their positions.

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Conclusion:
1) One should never forget his/her roots of origin. We should always remember our age old saying “if wealth is
lost nothing is lost, health is lost something is lost, character is lost everything is lost”. Be it any situation we
should not dilute our core values, based on which our personalities are built.
2) History shows that people with empathy, integrity, honesty, conscientious and optimism can withstand all the
power and adversities and sustain their character for all times.
3) The champions of life never bend their knee to anybody. They remain strong and proud and never feel
powerless in any situation and people must follow these champions due to the fact that everyone is just as
important as the other.
4) Having a purpose in life and not altering the purpose with change in status can help us to remain same even with
unlimited power in hand. If our character does not change with position we will shine like star as seen in case of
the Great Abdul Kalam or else we may shine initially but will fade away in no time.

This simple quotation, which is related to your ethics paper, must have been one of your top picks. But how you
go about it all matters. Though it probably has another provenance, the statement, which is widely credited to US
President Abraham Lincoln, nevertheless shows how authority is connected to greater morals and ethics.
This question comes in the context of Puja Khedkar case which was quite in news some months ago. And for that
reason, we had given this topic in our test series which appeared in UPSC essay paper as well.

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 07 ALL IDEAS HAVING LARGE CONSEQUENCES ARE ALWAYS SIMPLE

Structure of the Essay:

1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
2) Body:
a) How can simplicity in ideas lead to large-scale consequences or transformative changes?
b) What are some historical examples where simple ideas resulted in profound societal or technological shifts?
c) Why do simple ideas often resonate more strongly with the masses compared to complex concepts?
d) Can simplicity be a key factor in the long-term success and sustainability of an idea?
e) Is it always true that ideas with large consequences are simple, or can complexity also drive significant
change? [Critical Dimension]
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes:
1) "Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication." – Leonardo da Vinci
2) "Simplicity is the essence of happiness." – Cedric Bledsoe
3) "Complexity is your enemy. Any fool can make something complicated. It is hard to keep things simple." –
Richard Branson
4) "In character, in manner, in style, in all things, the supreme excellence is simplicity." – Longfellow
5) "Simplicity is the glory of expression." – Walt Whitman

Introduction:
In a small village, a wise old man was known for his ability to solve complex problems with surprising ease. One day,
the villagers faced a severe drought that threatened their crops and livelihoods. After much debate and countless
complicated solutions proposed by the younger folks, the old man simply suggested they dig a communal well.
Skeptical at first, the villagers eventually rallied together, and soon enough, they had fresh water flowing. This simple
idea not only quenched their thirst but also strengthened their community ties.

This anecdote illustrates the essence of the adage that "All ideas having large consequences are always simple."
Throughout history, we see that the most profound changes often stem from straightforward concepts, whether in
science, politics, or everyday life. In this essay, I will explore how simplicity in ideas can lead to significant impacts,
examining examples from various fields. By highlighting the power of simple ideas, we can understand that clarity
and straightforwardness can often pave the way for remarkable transformations.

How can simplicity in ideas lead to large-scale consequences or transformative changes?

1) Innovation: Simple ideas can spark groundbreaking innovations. For instance, the invention of the smartphone,
which integrated multiple functionalities into a single device, transformed communication and commerce
globally, leading to a $3 trillion industry by 2022.
2) Social Movements: The “Just Say No” campaign in the 1980s provided a straightforward message against drug
use. Its simplicity resonated with youth, significantly impacting attitudes and reducing drug use rates in various
communities.
3) Education: The Montessori Method of education emphasizes simplicity in learning by allowing children to
explore freely. This approach has been shown to enhance creativity and critical thinking, leading to improved
academic performance over time.

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4) Public Health: The “Five a Day” campaign promotes simple guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake, resulting in
a measurable increase in public health awareness and healthier eating habits across populations, thus reducing
obesity rates.
5) Environmental Initiatives: The “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle” mantra offers a clear, simple framework for
environmental sustainability, leading to widespread behavioural changes that have significantly decreased waste
and pollution levels in urban areas.

What are some historical examples where simple ideas resulted in profound societal or technological shifts?
1) The Printing Press: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, the printing press transformed
communication. This simple technology made books affordable and accessible, leading to increased literacy rates
and the spread of revolutionary ideas during the Renaissance and Reformation.
2) Vaccination: Edward Jenner’s discovery of vaccination in 1796 was a simple yet groundbreaking idea. By using
cowpox to inoculate against smallpox, he laid the foundation for immunology, ultimately saving millions of lives
and eradicating smallpox globally by 1980.
3) The Assembly Line: Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1913, a simple method of production that
revolutionized manufacturing. This innovation drastically reduced the time to build a car, making automobiles
affordable for the average American and transforming transportation.
4) The Internet: The concept of a network for sharing information led to the creation of the Internet in the late
20th century. This simple idea has since connected billions of people, enabling unprecedented global
communication and commerce.
5) Microfinance: Muhammad Yunus introduced microfinance in the 1970s, providing small loans to the poor. This
simple yet powerful idea has lifted millions out of poverty, demonstrating how financial inclusion can drive
economic development.

Why do simple ideas often resonate more strongly with the masses compared to complex concepts?
1) Clarity and Understanding: Simple ideas are easier to grasp, making them more accessible to a wider audience.
For example, the slogan “Think Global, Act Local” effectively communicates a complex concept of global
responsibility in a straightforward manner, allowing individuals to relate personally.
2) Emotional Connection: Simplicity often evokes stronger emotional responses. The “Just Do It” campaign by Nike
resonates deeply, inspiring individuals to overcome challenges with its simple yet powerful message.
3) Memorability: Simple ideas tend to be more memorable, which enhances their spread. A study revealed that
phrases with fewer syllables were more easily remembered, suggesting that simplicity aids retention.
4) Ease of Communication: Simple ideas are more shareable, especially in the age of social media. The Ice Bucket
Challenge for ALS awareness quickly went viral, demonstrating how a straightforward concept can mobilize mass
participation and donations.
5) Actionability: Simple ideas encourage action. For instance, Simple, direct slogans like "Go Vote" or "Every Vote
Counts" have proven effective in motivating citizens to participate in elections, as seen in the record voter
turnout in many democratic nations.

Can simplicity be a key factor in the long-term success and sustainability of an idea?
1) Enhanced Understanding: Simple ideas are easier for people to grasp, facilitating quicker adoption. For instance,
the "Teach a Man to Fish" initiative emphasizes straightforward vocational training, leading to sustainable self-
sufficiency for many communities around the world.
2) Efficiency in Execution: Simplicity often translates to streamlined processes. The Toyota Production System
focuses on simple, efficient methods, which have enabled the company to maintain a competitive edge in the
automotive industry for decades.

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3) Wider Accessibility: Simple ideas can reach broader audiences. A report from the Global Digital Report noted
that user-friendly platforms, like WhatsApp, have connected billions globally, demonstrating how
straightforward communication tools promote long-term engagement.
4) Focus on Core Values: Simplicity allows organizations to concentrate on their mission. TOMS Shoes, with its "one
for one" model, has effectively communicated its purpose, ensuring sustained customer loyalty and social
impact.
5) Reduced Risk: Simplicity minimizes complexities, which can lead to fewer points of failure. The success of Airbnb
can be attributed to its simple model of connecting hosts and guests, allowing rapid growth while mitigating risks
associated with traditional hospitality.

Is it always true that ideas with large consequences are simple, or can complexity also drive significant change?
While simplicity can be a virtue, it's important to recognize that not all ideas with significant consequences are
necessarily simple. The effectiveness of an idea often depends on its ability to address the underlying complexities of
a given issue.
1) Complex Solutions to Complex Problems: Some of the world's most pressing issues, like climate change, require
multifaceted solutions. The Paris Agreement exemplifies how intricate negotiations among multiple countries
can drive significant global change in environmental policy.
2) Innovation Through Complexity: Technological advancements often stem from complex ideas. The development
of artificial intelligence involves sophisticated algorithms and vast data processing, resulting in transformative
impacts across industries, from healthcare to finance.
3) Interconnected Systems: Social systems are inherently complex, where simple ideas may fail to address
underlying issues. For example, the Swachh Bharat Mission had to tackle various interconnected challenges like
rural infrastructure, behavioral change, and public health awareness to create long-term impact.
4) Cultural Shifts: Significant cultural changes often arise from complex social dynamics. The #MeToo movement,
which addresses deep-rooted issues of sexual harassment, highlights how intricate narratives can foster
widespread awareness and social reform.
5) Data-Driven Insights: Complex data analytics can uncover patterns that lead to major breakthroughs. The
Human Genome Project's extensive research provided insights into genetic disorders, facilitating advancements
in personalized medicine and transforming healthcare practices.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the old man's simple solution to the village's drought exemplifies the profound impact that
straightforward ideas can have on our lives. While simplicity often drives significant change, it is essential to
recognize that complexity also plays a vital role in addressing the multifaceted challenges we face. Whether through
clear communication or intricate strategies, both simple and complex ideas can lead to meaningful consequences.
Ultimately, it is the harmony between simplicity and complexity that fosters innovation and progress.

As we navigate the complexities of our world, we should remember the wisdom of the old man: "Simplicity is the
ultimate sophistication." This balance allows us to harness the power of ideas, ensuring that they not only resonate
but also lead to sustainable change for generations to come.

This topic again is inspired from the previous year theme of 2020, Simplicity. The question being, Simplicity is the
ultimate sophistication. This further reiterates the importance of PYQs in our Essay preparation.
You can check for the content specially the anti-thesis in our PYQ booklet. You can watch the video discussion on
our YouTube channel.
The familiarity on the previously asked questions will help you to generate ideas in ease in an already stressful
environment like exam.

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 THE COST OF BEING WRONG IS LESS THAN THE COST OF DOING
08
NOTHING

Structure of the Essay:

1) Introduction: You can start with an anecdote that contextualizes the topic of the essay.
2) Body:
a) What is the “Cost of being wrong” in our society?
b) Why is the “Cost of being wrong” lesser than the “Cost of doing nothing”?
c) How does even “being wrong” contribute to progress, compared to the stagnation caused by “doing
nothing”?
d) What are the potential risks and rewards of “being wrong” in a process?
e) How can we recover from “being wrong”?
f) Can the “Cost of being wrong” outweigh the “Cost of doing nothing” sometimes?
3) Conclusion: Link it with the introduction & sum up the essence of the essay in an optimistic and futuristic way.

Model Essay:
Relevant Quotes:
1) "The greatest risk is not taking one."
2) "You miss 100% of the shots you don't take." – Wayne Gretzky
3) "Inaction breeds doubt and fear. Action breeds confidence and courage." – Dale Carnegie
4) "The only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing." – Henry Ford
5) "It's better to do something imperfectly than to do nothing flawlessly." – Robert H. Schuller
6) "Failure is not the opposite of success; it's part of success." – Arianna Huffington

Introduction:
In the early 20th century, Thomas Edison, the renowned inventor, faced numerous failures while working on the
electric light bulb. After countless attempts and setbacks, he famously remarked, “I have not failed. I've just found
10,000 ways that won't work.” Despite the many mistakes he made, Edison understood that the cost of being wrong
was far less than the cost of doing nothing. Instead of succumbing to fear of failure, he persisted, experimenting with
different materials and designs until he finally achieved success.

Edison’s journey illustrates a vital truth: the cost of being wrong is often less than the cost of doing nothing. In our
fast-paced world, where innovation and progress are essential, hesitation can lead to missed opportunities. By
weighing the potential consequences of action against the paralysis of inaction, we discover that making mistakes
often leads to growth, insight, and ultimately success.
This essay will explore how embracing the possibility of failure can lead to personal and professional development,
emphasizing that while errors may have consequences, the repercussions of remaining stagnant are far greater.
Through examples, we will demonstrate that taking action, even if it leads to mistakes, is a crucial part of achieving
meaningful progress in life.

What is the “Cost of being wrong” in our society?

1) Innovation Stifled by Fear: In many organizations, fear of being wrong discourages employees from
experimenting with new ideas. For example, many startups fail due to a culture that penalizes failure, as
reported by NASSCOM, which noted that 90% of startups fail within five years. This shows how a fear-driven
environment limits innovation.

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2) Educational Paralysis: In academic settings, students often hesitate to ask questions, fearing judgement. A 2019
study by Harvard found that 40% of students avoid participation due to fear of making mistakes. This paralysis
hinders critical thinking and deeper learning.
3) Missed Economic Opportunities: Inaction in policy reforms can lead to economic stagnation. For instance,
India’s delay in implementing labour reforms resulted in lower industrial productivity, as highlighted by the
World Bank in 2020. Hesitation to risk being wrong stalls economic progress.
4) Public Health Risks: During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries, including the U.S.,
hesitated to implement aggressive lockdowns. This led to higher infection rates, as noted by the CDC,
showcasing the severe cost of inaction.
5) Environmental Damage: Inaction in environmental conservation often leads to irreversible damage. The Amazon
rainforest, losing 10,000 square kilometres annually, suffers from delayed conservation efforts, leading to long-
term ecological costs globally.

Why is the “Cost of being wrong” lesser than the “Cost of doing nothing”?
1) Learning through Failure: Mistakes provide valuable lessons that lead to improvement. The development of the
polio vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk came after many failed attempts, but each failure brought him closer to success.
His perseverance saved millions of lives, proving that being wrong can lead to groundbreaking results.
2) Innovation Emerges from Risk: Many successful innovations arise from the willingness to be wrong. India’s
Aadhaar project faced criticism for potential flaws in privacy, but its implementation revolutionised digital
identity, reaching over 1.3 billion people, improving welfare delivery, and reducing corruption.
3) Avoiding Stagnation: Inaction leads to stagnation, while even wrong actions drive progress. Japan's post-World
War II rebuilding was marked by trial and error in economic policies. However, this willingness to take risks
enabled it to emerge as a global economic power.
4) Quick Corrections Minimise Losses: Swift actions allow for quick corrections. During the 2008 global financial
crisis, many countries implemented rapid bailouts and monetary policies, preventing deeper recessions. The cost
of doing nothing would have been far worse.
5) Dynamic Growth: Wrong decisions, when acknowledged and corrected, can lead to growth. India’s liberalisation
in 1991 initially faced challenges, but adapting and learning from early mistakes helped shape one of the fastest-
growing economies in the world.

How does even “being wrong” contribute to progress, compared to the stagnation caused by “doing nothing”?
1) Catalyst for Innovation: Being wrong often sparks new ideas. Thomas Edison’s numerous failed attempts before
inventing the light bulb exemplify how each mistake propelled him towards a solution, contributing to one of
history’s greatest technological advances.
2) Policy Evolution: Governments learn through trial and error. India’s Green Revolution faced early challenges like
soil degradation but eventually transformed the nation into a food-secure country, showing how missteps can
lead to breakthroughs when corrected.
3) Fostering Creativity: Many creative industries thrive on experimenting with failure. Pixar, for example, saw initial
failures in their early animation projects but kept refining their approach. Their persistence resulted in global hits
like Toy Story, revolutionising animation.
4) Encouraging Growth Mindset: Failure fosters resilience. A Stanford University study revealed that students who
embraced failure developed a growth mindset, leading to higher academic achievements, compared to those
who avoided taking risks and stagnated in their learning.
5) Adaptation in Business: Major companies like Amazon have failed numerous times (e.g., the Fire Phone), but
each mistake led to stronger product development strategies. These failures were essential for Amazon’s long-
term growth, highlighting how wrong decisions fuel future progress.

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What are the potential risks and rewards of “being wrong” in a process?
1) Risks:
a) Financial Loss: Being wrong in a business decision can lead to significant financial setbacks. For example,
Nokia’s failure to embrace smartphones caused its market value to plummet, losing billions. This highlights
the potential financial risk associated with wrong decisions in competitive industries.
b) Reputation Damage: In public policy or leadership, being wrong can damage credibility. UK’s Brexit
Campaign (2016) made several promises about economic benefits and trade deals that did not materialize.
c) Loss of Trust: In social contexts, being wrong can erode trust. For example, incorrect data management by
Facebook led to privacy breaches, causing a loss of user trust.
2) Rewards:
a) Breakthrough Innovations: Failure can lead to major discoveries. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander
Fleming in 1928 was accidental, born from an experiment gone wrong. This mistake revolutionised medicine
and saved millions of lives, showcasing the immense rewards of being wrong.
b) Long-Term Learning: Mistakes lead to long-term learning. In the tech world, Google’s failed Google Glass
project provided valuable insights into user experience and privacy concerns, influencing future successful
innovations like AR/VR technologies.

How can we recover from “being wrong”?

1) Acknowledging Mistakes: The first step in recovery is owning up to the error. In 2021, Zomato’s CEO openly
acknowledged flaws in their delivery model, leading to changes that improved customer satisfaction.
2) Learning and Adapting: Mistakes offer lessons. NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter failed due to a unit conversion
error, but the organisation adapted by implementing stricter protocols. Learning from failures helps avoid similar
mistakes in future projects.
3) Implementing Corrective Measures: Swift action to correct errors is crucial. For example, technology companies
frequently release software patches to fix security vulnerabilities.
4) Seeking Feedback and Rebuilding Trust: Engaging stakeholders to gather feedback is essential. After its
controversial data breach, Uber reformed its data privacy policies based on user feedback, rebuilding its
reputation over time.
5) Persevering and Trying Again: Recovery often requires resilience. J.K. Rowling faced numerous rejections before
Harry Potter was published. Her persistence shows that repeated efforts, despite early failure, can lead to
success beyond initial setbacks.

Can the “Cost of being wrong” outweigh the “Cost of doing nothing” sometimes?
1) Nuclear Policy Errors: In high-stakes scenarios like nuclear policy, the cost of being wrong can have catastrophic
consequences. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 showed how a misstep could have led to nuclear war. In such
cases, cautious inaction may be better than risking a mistake with irreversible consequences.
2) Public Health Mismanagement: During the 1976 U.S. swine flu outbreak, a rushed vaccination campaign led to
hundreds of cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The wrong decision to act without proper testing caused more
harm than the virus itself, challenging the notion that action is always better.
3) Financial Sector Missteps: Inaction during financial bubbles can prevent disaster. Lehman Brothers’ aggressive
risk-taking in 2008 contributed to the global financial crisis. A more cautious approach, instead of pursuing risky
profits, could have avoided significant economic fallout.
4) Environmental Policy Failures: The overuse of chemical fertilisers during the Green Revolution initially boosted
crop production but later caused soil degradation. The wrong approach to boosting agriculture resulted in long-
term environmental damage, where doing less might have been more sustainable.

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5) Medical Decisions without Evidence: Administering untested drugs or procedures can cause more harm than
inaction. During the early stages of COVID-19, some countries promoted unproven treatments, leading to severe
side effects. In such cases, waiting for evidence before acting would have been the safer path.

Conclusion:
In reflecting on Thomas Edison's relentless pursuit of innovation, we are reminded that each failure was not an
endpoint but a stepping stone toward monumental success. His journey exemplifies how the cost of being wrong
pales in comparison to the cost of inaction, which stifles progress and potential. Edison's willingness to learn from
mistakes ultimately illuminated the world, proving that every misstep carries the seeds of discovery.

Conversely, choosing not to act, can lead to missed opportunities and stagnation. As we navigate our own paths, we
must embrace the idea that mistakes are essential to growth and innovation. In the wise words of Winston Churchill,
“Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.” Let us be inspired by this
courage, daring to act, learn, and ultimately succeed.

This topic was a repetition again from our Essay Test series 2024 topic: THE WORLD WILL NOT BE DESTROYED BY
THOSE WHO DO EVIL, BUT BY THOSE WHO WATCH THEM WITHOUT DOING ANYTHING.

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