Anne Frank

Anne Frank was born to Otto Frank and his wife Edith on June 12, 1929. They named her
Annelies Marie. She had a sister Margot who was three years older. They were a Jewish family
living in Germany. Their families had lived in Germany for centuries.

By 1932 Adolph Hitler had risen to power in Germany and instead of enjoying a democracy, the
German people now suffered under the rule of a dictator. Hitler blamed the Jews for all the
problems in the country. Otto realized it was becoming unsafe for his family in Germany and
moved them to the Netherlands. He set up a company in Amsterdam making a product that the
women used to make homemade jam. It was called Opekta. (Pectin * is derived from fruits and
will cause jelly and jam to jell. In America you can buy a pectin product called Sure Jell .)

The family was safe for a while, but then in 1940 the Germans invaded the Netherlands and
began to arrest and persecute the Jews there. They put restrictions on the Jews and made them
wear an identifying yellow star on their clothes. They could not own a business. They could not
ride a bicycle. Life became very hard, and the Jews feared for their lives. Margot, Anne's sister
was called to report to a work camp in Germany. The family had been planning a hiding place,
but with Margot's call-up they knew they had to hide immediately. And so they did. The date
was July 6, 1942.

The hiding place became known as the Secret Annex. It was located at 263 Prinsengracht. The
Frank family would occupy two rooms on the first floor. A week later Mr. and Mrs. Van Pels
and their son would move into the two rooms on the second floor. From Peter's tiny room they
could access the attic where food was stored. There was a small bathroom on the first floor.

The first thing they did was make curtains to prevent anyone from seeing in. An eighth person,
Fritz Pfeffer, an older man, a dentist, arrived in November and would share a room with Anne.

Father Voskuijl made a movable bookcase to hide the door through which they entered their
quarters.

There were four people who helped them during the two years and 30 days they were in hiding.
Miep Gies, Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman and Bep Voskuijl provided food for them, and at
great personal risk to their own lives visited daily and brought news from the outside world.

The people in hiding must be very quiet when the warehouse workers are at work downstairs.
They can move around when the men are gone for lunch, and at 5:30 in the afternoon when the
workers leave the building Anne and the others are free to go downstairs into the office area.
Anne calls it their "nightly freedom".

The Franks had brought school books for an extended stay and library books are brought to the
group weekly. They spend a lot of time reading, studying, and working correspondence courses.

Anne Frank diary first published in 1947

Anne writes in her diary*. She creates an imaginary friend "Kitty" with whom she shares her
innermost thoughts in her writings. Sometimes she writes short stories. After hearing on a radio
broadcast that there would be a collection of the diaries and writings made during the war, Anne
begins to think about making her writings into a book. After a lot of thought she decides she
will call it "Achterhuis" (Secret Annex).

She begins rewriting her entries, leaving out some very personal items she would rather not
share. For over two months she works rewriting her diaries.
On August 4, 1944 the people in hiding were discovered. Someone, they never found out who,
betrayed them and a Secret Service officer and three men of the Dutch police force came up the
stairs, entered with guns, and herded them away to jail. The two men who had been helping
them were also arrested and taken to the city prison. The two women helpers, Miep and Bep,
were left behind. They went into Anne's small room. Her diaries were scattered all over the
floor. They collected them and Miep kept them.

The eight people are taken to a transit camp, Westerbork. From that camp people are taken to
extermination and concentration camps *. During the month they are there they have to break
up old batteries. On September 2, 1944 their names appear on the list of people to be moved.
They are put on freight cars and three days later they arrive at the Auschwitz-Birkenau
concentration camp. The people in the freight cars were divided. Men and women were
separated and then they were divided into groups; one group would go to labor camps, and those
who could not work would be killed in the gas chamber.

By the end of October Anne and her sister Margot are transferred to another camp, Bergen-
Belsen. They both become ill there and died of typhus in March of 1945. They died just a few
weeks before the British Army arrived and freed the prisoners.

The four helpers survived the war and so did Anne's father Otto Frank. He searched desperately
for word of the fate of his family. Finally in July he met two sisters who witnessed the death of
Anne and Margot.

After Otto learned of the death of his daughters, Miep gave him the pages of the diary she had
been saving. He was surprised at the depth of her writings. This was an Anne he never knew. He
honored her wish to have her writings published as a book. First the book was published in the
Dutch* language, then German, French, and English. The book was made into a stage play, then
into a film.

Today when you see the word "Holocaust" * it usually refers to this time in which the German
Army systematically * killed nearly 6 million Jews. People need to learn about the Holocaust
and the reasons why it happened, lest periods of hatred and discrimination cause a similar
genocide*. Some say it never happened at all, but we know it did because there are too many
witnesses and survivors who lived to tell the world about those darkest of times.

Today if you visit the site of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp you can see a memorial to
Anne Frank and her sister Margot.

1. When was Anne Frank born?

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2. What were her parents and sister's names?
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3. What war did her father serve in and for what country?
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4. Why is this ironic?
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5. What did the Dutch Opekta Company sell?
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6. When did Germany invade the Netherlands?
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7. Where was the Secret Annex located?
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8. Who else went into hiding with the Franks?
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9. When did they go into hiding?
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[Link] did they go into hiding?
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11. How long did they live in the Secret Annex?
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12. When were they captured?
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13. Who were the four helpers?
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14. When did they go to Auschwitz?
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15. Who went to Bergen-Belsen and when?
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16. Of all the Secret Annex members who survived the Holocaust ?
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1. When did Anne receive her diary and what was the occasion?
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2. What did she name her diary?
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3. Why did this diary become so important?
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4. Did Anne intend to have the diary published and why?
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