TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TECHNICAL PROGRAM

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     1

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 handling problems linked to physics and mechanics of processes rather than
to chemistry. Part of the problem lies on the lack of training in critical consid-
AFTERNOON erations for designing and implementing projects for bulk solids handling. This
presentation will discuss considerations that may range from obstructions of
DREYER LECTURE bulk solids flow to variations in geometry of the handling equipment. Case
711 studies will be discussed to emphasize where critical considerations, even
if minor, could be the culprits for a successful or failed project. Engineers
1:30 PM • Monday, February 24 in charge of the design, fabrication, construction and erection of bulk solids
handling equipment will benefit from this presentation as they will be able to
Chairs: W
 illiam Wilkinson, Phoenix, AZ better understand the consequences of several considerations made during the
Dennis Bryan life of bulk solids projects from conception to operation.
Lecturer: Jose A. Perello
High-grade Hypogene Porphyry Copper Deposits 2:45 PM
Jose Perello is a world-renowned porphyry copper geologist and, arguably,
the best-known economic geologist in his native South America. He has been Innovative Conveyance: A Case Study on a US Coal
personally responsible for major porphyry copper discoveries and major resource Producer’s New Overland Conveyor System
additions worldwide. He led two major-company exploration teams in South M. Rewer; Beumer Group, Somerset, NJ
America and globally. He has documented the geology of the numerous deposits As global steel production continues to rise, the demand for metallurgical coal
on which he has worked in a series of acclaimed, peer-reviewed publications. will also remain high. This situation has prompted a leader U.S. producer of
high-quality metallurgical coal to open a new underground coal mine, processing
plant, barge loadout, and rail loadout in Alabama. This case study addresses
the transport link between the clean coal storage area at the processing plant
and a new rail loading facility, located nine miles away. This connection is made
by a single-flight curved overland conveyor with 18 horizontal curves and nine
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 load-sharing drives. The uniqueness of this overland conveyor lies, on one
AFTERNOON hand, in the routing that had to be carried out within a very tight corridor. To
support the aggressive timeline very close collaboration between the owner and
BULK MATERIAL HANDLING: PLANT DESIGN AND the overland conveyor supplier was required during project development on the
other hand. An overview of the entire project is provided, and the particularities
RELIABILITY of the planning phase are described.
610/612

2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 3:05 PM

Chairs: S. Maldonado, Freeport-McMoRan, Morenci, AZ

Why Bins Plug: Selective Discharge – How Your Feeder
M. Rubalcava, Morenci, AZ May Be Inducing Hang-ups
J. Bundalli and D. Vaile; Kamengo, Vancouver, BC, Canada
2:00 PM How material flows and discharges from a storage bin is critical to achieving
Introduction a reliable feed system without hang-ups. To achieve the desired flow pattern,
one must consider both the bin geometry and Feeder discharge area. For many
difficult flowing bulk solids, it is often necessary that the material discharges in
2:05 PM a first-in, first-out flow pattern. Achieving this starts by making decisions on the
Gearbox Inspections: Boosting Reliability, Lifespan, and geometry of the bin, informed by the flow properties of the bulk solid. But what
Reducing Downtime happens if the feeder discharges selectively from the bin outlet? In these cases,
the feeder can induce an undesirable first-in, last-out discharge pattern. The
M. Clark; Sumitomo Drive Technologies, Goodyear, AZ result is unplanned consequences that lead to chronic bin hang-ups and costly
Conducting regular inspections on gearboxes offers numerous benefits, operations. Understanding why feeders selectively withdraw material from the
including enhanced reliability, extended service life, and reduced downtime. bin outlet is the first step to understanding how it can be resolved. This presen-
Inspections allow for early detection of wear, misalignment, and lubrication tation will review the basics of bin geometry and look at how a Feeder must
issues, preventing catastrophic failures and costly repairs. Additionally, work in unison with the bin to achieve reliable discharge without hang-ups.
identifying minor problems before they escalate ensures optimal performance Using case studies, the presentation will demonstrate how a fully effective
and efficiency. Regular maintenance also aids in understanding wear patterns, feeder may be a missing piece to resolve a problem bin.
which can inform predictive maintenance strategies, leading to better resource
allocation and operational planning. By maintaining gearbox health, the mining
industry producers can achieve consistent production quality and lower the 3:25 PM
overall cost of ownership. Successful Installation of a Phosphate Mine Dryer Drum
With a Direct Hydraulic Drive Gearless System. One Retrofit
2:25 PM and One New Installation
Critical Considerations for Successful Bulk Solids Handling A. Amin; Marketing, Bosch Rexroth Corporation, Dublin, OH
Projects: Case Studies This paper describes the installation and operation of a success story for a
retrofit of a Dryer Drum dual pinion drive replacing Electromechanical drive
J. Chavez Sagarnaga; Jenike & Johanson, Tyngsboro, MA
2 x 250 HP with a direct Electro-Hydraulic drive using gearless Low Speed
Many projects are executed yearly for handling bulks solids in industries such High Torque drive. This installation reduces the maintenance required and
as mining, cement, power generation, etc. Studies show that the average improved reliability and resistance to shock loads and faster response to torque
startup time for plants handling bulk solids was 18 months versus 3 months fluctuation. Stabilize the challenge of nip adjustments and better consistency of
for plants handling liquids and 80% of those plants experienced bulk solids finished product. This drive was commissioned during 2021 at Nutrien Mine,

2     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

Aurora Mine, USA. Also 2nd installation of a new Dryer Drum single pinion with caliber can offer baseline data for developing pillar stability factors based on
a more modern Electro-Hydraulic drive with 2 x 200 hp. This drive includes dynamic peak stress, rather than the tributary area method. The influence of
a new LSHT motor with more ports and reduced pressure drop and better the expected success of this analysis will provide the mining community better
efficiency. This incorporates lessons learned during 1st retrofit and additional tools for the design of pillars under various conditions.
improvements available to increase reliability. This drive was commissioned
during July 2024 at Nutrien Mine, Aurora Mine, USA. This paper provides
details of drive configuration and steps involved and key factors considered and 2:25 PM
result of the performance improvement and productivity for grinding Clinker. Lessons from Recent Pillar “Squeezes” in US Coal Mines
C. Mark; Mine Safety and Health Administration, Pittsburgh, PA
3:45 PM Area wide pillar failures, or “squeezes,” were once fairly common in
FLS Rail-Running Conveyors: New applications in IPCC, underground coal mines. While rare today, they do occur. This paper describes
seven case histories that were investigated by MSHA Technical Support. They
Steep and Long-Distance Conveying occurred across the range of US coalfields, in both longwall and room-and-
M. Lurie; High Performance Conveyors, FL Smidth Mining, Greenwood pillar mines, and involved development mining, pillar recovery, longwall panel
Village, CO extraction, and multiple seam interactions. Significant lessons from each are
The FLS Rail-Running Belt ConveyorTM technology is a breakthrough in bulk discussed.
haulage, offering the widest capacity range at the lowest energy losses or
carbon footprint of any mine-class system on the market. The product line
2:45 PM
achieves OPEX savings of 30% to 80% in addition to significant as-erected
CAPEX savings compared to conventional trough and pipe conveyors, Application of Analysis of Coal Pillar Stability (ACPS)
depending on the application. The first full-scale installation for an IPCC Software for Assessment of Pillar Stability in Underground
customer is on track for commissioning in Africa in mid-2025, while many paid Lignite Mining – A Case Study
studies in response to robust customer interest have put the spotlight on the
particular Rail-Running Conveyor (“RRC” capabilities covered in this talk. The
K. Andrews¹ and Z. Agioutantis²; ¹Marshall Miller & Associates,
four particular applications are: • IPCC - the ability for an RRC trough conveyor
Blacksburg, VA and ²Department of Mining Engineering, University of
to spiral up out of an open pit from a semi-mobile crushing plant; • Steep
Kentucky, Lexington, KY
conveying: RRC can carry material up or down inclines at angles around 15 The Analysis of Coal Pillar Stability (ACPS) pillar design software is a standard
degrees below the material’s angle of repose, subject to testing. • Ultra-long in the coalfields of the United States. The user-friendly program allows mine
distance conveying: examples of RRC energy and project CAPEX savings that personnel to complete pillar design in an efficient manner, ultimately resulting in
can make or break the economics of a remote deposit. increased mine stability and safety. The empirical nature of the methodology of
the program makes it most applicable for mine design in regions from which case
studies were collected. However, recent industry experience indicates that inputs
to the ACPS program can be modified to allow the program to be used for pillar
design in alternative regions. Application of the SDPS program for pillar design in
regions outside of the base case study areas is favorable if conducted carefully.
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 The case study presented in this paper describes the application of ACPS to pillar
AFTERNOON design in Eastern Europe and outlines the recommended process of using ACPS
in alternative mining situations.
COAL & ENERGY: BEST OF GROUND CONTROL
702 3:05 PM
Research on Microseismic Passive Velocity Tomography
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 Based on Template Matching Technology
Chairs: M
 . Murphy, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, E. Westman; Department of Mining & Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech,
Pittsburgh, PA Blacksburg, VA
T. Klemetti, NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA Microseismic passive velocity tomography has become an effective technology
for large-scale mining-induced stress monitoring in underground mines,
2:00 PM especially in the field of early warning of mining-induced hazards. Aiming at
Introductions the problems of missing low-magnitude events in traditional microseismic
monitoring, as well as the potential to increase the resolution of the tomograms
in both time and space, a microseismic passive velocity tomography analysis
2:05 PM method based on the template matching method was proposed. The results
Blasting Induced Ground Stress Evolution and its Effect on show that the selected templates can identify more microseismic events than
the traditional microseismic analysis, and the variation trend of events in each
Pillar Stability day is consistent with the data from the traditional analysis. Using microseismic
C. Spellman; Pennsy Supply, Inc., Harrisburg, PA event locations, travel times and travel distance can effectively complete
Large opening mines account for roughly half of the metal/non-metal mines microseismic passive velocity tomography analysis in each day during the
in the United States. These mines produce aggregates and other industrial study period and can effectively identify the front abutment pressure zone and
minerals that are utilized throughout the supply chain of consumer products side abutment pressure zones of that longwall panel. This study can provide a
from roads and builds to smart phones and computers. When deposits are reference for realizing the identification of mine-induced high stress zones and
flat lying-in nature, many mines utilize a room and pillar extraction method mining-induced hazard early warning.
for production. Ground control is a vital aspect to the safety and productivity
of stone mines. The objective of this research is to analyze mine induced
stresses of underground workings through both time dependent static strain
and blasting induced dynamic strain. A comprehensive field monitoring strategy
has been developed to monitor the stress/strain relationship. Research of this

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     3

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:25 PM asset but rather who are the customers of the business and will they still be
Investigating the Influence of Lateral Loading on the customers in years to come. To different degrees, other countries are facing
similar challenges. This presentation will explore various factors affecting the
Vertical Capacity of Coal Mine Standing Supports underlying value of coal assets.
K. Mohamed; Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, CDC/NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated a
testing program to evaluate various standing supports’ lateral loading capacities, 2:45 PM
focusing on props commonly used in mining applications. The study aims to Global Financing and Thermal Coal Supply – A Perspective
quantify the lateral loading capacity of standing supports and assess its influence In 2025
on their vertical loading capacity and yielding mechanisms. This study uses the
M. Oommen; WSP USA Inc., Creve Coeur, MO
Mine Roof Simulator (MRS) at NIOSH Pittsburgh to test two types of standing
supports: Type-1 with telescopic tubes made from ASTM A-513 steel with a Local energy markets, domestic electricity demand and national energy
designed locking mechanism and Type-2, comprising a singular component and natural resource policies continue to dominate the use of coal in power
made from ASTM A500 Welded Grade C pipe. The findings provide valuable generation. However, external financing in the form of large development
insights into the behavior of these props under different loading conditions, aiding financing institutions in Japan, South Korea and Europe has been significantly
in their efficient use and design in underground mining operations. curtailed in the shift toward financing of cleaner energy sources all parts of
the world. US thermal coal consumption is expected to be about 430 million
short tonnes (Mt) in 2023 as stated by the U.S. Energy Information Adminis-
tration. This is a decrease of about 9% from 470 Mt seen in 2022. Meanwhile,
construction began on 50GW of new capacity in China in 2023 based on reports
from Global Energy Monitor. India and Indonesia reportedly have 97GW and
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 15GW of coal power capacity under development, respectively. Given current
political and social views on coal-fired power plants, it is unclear how many of
AFTERNOON these projects will be commissioned.
COAL & ENERGY: COAL AND RELATED ENERGY
INDUSTRY MARKETS-FINANCE IN THE 2020S 3:05 PM
706 Funding Options for the Fossil Fuel Industry
R. McCormick; Capstone Partners, Dallas, TX
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 Raymond McCormick will present an overview of the funding options for the
Chairs: T. Alch, VIce Chair NY Section of SME and Co Chair of SME’s fossil fuel industry. It has been recognized by major utilities that the electric
Mining Finance Conference, Edgewater, NJ growth requirements are significantly larger than was just estimated a couple
R. Bishop, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA years ago. This is due to the newly revised increased power demands required
for AI, manufacturing, ev/hybrid, etc. As a result, fossil fuels are going to run
2:00 PM longer and harder to meet the future power demand. Some analysts estimate
Introduction that our electric grids will need to double in size.

2:05 PM 3:25 PM
Can You Spare a Dime? We Want to Finance a Coal Mine Restoring Mineral Security Will Include Satellite Monitoring
R. Reeves; KCR Capital, LLC, La Verne, CA for Transparency and Trust
This presentation briefly lays out at a high level the issues that impact and R. Weaver; Orbital Sidekick, San Francisco, CA
shape the environment for coal industry finance today. The macro-economic In his February 2022 MinExchange Keynote Address, “Mining Missing the
environment and trends with respect to both demand and supply of energy Mark,” United States Ambassador to Brazil, Todd Chapman, acknowledged
would seem to favor expansion and capital availability for the US coal industry. that, “… the mining industry may have missed the mark in allowing eroding
However, the US coal industry has been steadily contracting for 16 years, trust through the years result in inadequate public support for its activities….
shrinking by 50% from the high in 2008 of 1.17 billion tons sold. All of which With demand surging across multiple critical minerals essential to domestic
raises the question of what are the drivers of that contraction (e.g. competing productivity, let alone national security, this problem requires redress.” Not
fuels and environmental issues) and are things moving back into the US coal before in our lifetime has reliable access to mineral production posed the level
industry’s favor? With these issues in mind, the following presenters will put of national security exposure that we face today. A critical obstacle to new
forth their views on prospects for financing growth in the US coal industry, and production in friendly locations is resistance from community leaders and
I will present some of my expectations and perspectives. policymakers, largely due to an industry trust deficit. While supply reliability, and
critical mineral supply in particular, is a problem that demands an “all hands
on deck” solution, any functional solution will require a wholesale restoration
2:25 PM of trust in the mining sector. Trust, in general, cannot be restored without
Coal Mining Due Diligence and Valuation: an Ever-Changing transparency, and only now is real-time transparency of physical commercial
Effort mining operations possible using the latest generation of inexpensive satellite
systems.
P. Christensen; RESPEC, Littleton, CO
The basic tenets of technical due diligence have not really changed, but
when considering coal assets, the subject business is changing rapidly.
This is perhaps nowhere more evident than here in the United States where
coal production has halved since peaking in 2008 with bankruptcy affecting
companies responsible for two thirds of 2008 production. Disruption in the form
of climate change and the new energy economy and substitution by natural
gas is not abating leaving the question less one of the quality of the underlying

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3:45 PM 2:25 PM
What Options are Available to Fund the Coal Mining Development of a Real-Time Silica Sensor with Graphene-
Business MXene Nanosheet
C. Urda Kassis; AO Shearman, New York, NY M. Moradi¹, C. Wu² and G. Xu¹; ¹Mining and Explosives Engineering,
This presentation will examine the landscape for raising funding for the coal Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO and ²Zachry
business (whether the business is metallurgical coal, thermal coal, or a mixture Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering
| Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
of both). What challenges does the industry face in raising funding and what
are the underlying causes of those challenges? Are the challenges increasing, Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) in mine dust poses a significant health risk
decreasing, or remaining constant? What sources and structures are currently to miners, leading to severe conditions like pneumoconiosis and silicosis.
available to the industry? What have the consequences to the industry of Current methods for monitoring silica content delay action and lack an
such challenges been thus far and what additional consequences are likely to approved real-time silica measurement, necessitating the development of a
develop? real-time monitor. This study explores a micro-fluidic sensor embedded with
Graphene-MXene for detecting and identifying RCS. The compact, affordable,
and user-friendly sensor detects changes in voltage after absorbing silica dust.
Initial results demonstrated the sensor’s excellent sensitivity and accuracy
in detecting real-time silica exposure. This capability can be considered to
enhance equipment for real-time silica monitoring.
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24
AFTERNOON 2:45 PM
COAL & ENERGY: INNOVATIONS IN DUST CONTROL Investigating Lung Deposition Mechanisms of Respirable
AND RESEARCH I Coal Mine Dust Using Experimental and Computational
703
Approaches
A. Aboelezz², W. Su³, M. Rezaee 4 and P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; ²Mechanical
Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME; ³Public Health, Baylor
Chairs: F. Animah, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, University, Waco, TX and 4Penn State University, State College, PA
Blacksburg, VA This study combines experimental and computational approaches to investigate
A. Greth, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the lung deposition mechanisms of respirable coal mine dust (RCMD). A
Blacksburg, VA custom-designed dust wind tunnel with artificial lung airways was developed
for experimental studies. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were
2:00 PM performed using ANSYS Fluent and real human lung geometries. By validating
Introductions CFD results against experimental data, this research aims to enhance our
understanding of respirable dust lung deposition and inform future investi-
gations and miner health interventions. The experimental results obtained from
2:05 PM the proposed setup are instrumental in delineating key zones within the lungs
Innovative Filtration Solutions: MXene-Enhanced PET where particles tend to accumulate. By varying particle sizes and compositions
Membranes for Coal Mine Dust Mitigation in our tests, we gained valuable insights into how different types of particles
interact with lung tissues, which has significant implications for understanding
M. Zaid, A. Kakoria and G. Xu; Mining Engineering, Missouri University of
the health effects of various airborne contaminants. This combined approach
Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
provides a comprehensive analysis of RCMD behavior in the respiratory system,
The coal mining industry is essential for energy and steel production but poses contributing to improved miner health and safety protocols.
significant health risks to workers, notably from coal mine dust, leading to
diseases like pneumoconiosis. Current dust control measures are inadequate,
often failing to meet safety thresholds. This research explores a novel filtration 3:05 PM
membrane made from polyethylene terephthalate polymer and MXene titanium Investigating the Relative Agglomeration of Respirable
carbide (Ti3C2Tx). By analyzing the synergistic interactions between MXene and
PET, this study aims to enhance the capture and retention of fine particulate
Silica in Coal Mine Dust Using Advanced SEM-EDX Tools
matter, improving air quality and health in coal mines. The innovative approach M. Uluer, M. Jaramillo Taborda, C. Keles, D. Sweeney and E. Sarver;
leverages MXene’s unique properties to develop advanced, efficient filtration Mining and Mineral Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
solutions. University, Blacksburg, VA
The content of respirable silica (RS) in coal mine dust is an important determinant
of severe occupational lung disease. While RS content is typically measured
based on mass, dust characteristics at the particle level (e.g., size, surface
chemistry) are increasingly of interest. One underexplored characteristic is
the relative agglomeration of RS—i.e., are the particles independent or joined
with other particles? —which might have important implications for exposure
assessment and health outcomes. Using scanning electron microscopy with
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), this research demonstrates
that RS agglomerates commonly occur in the mine atmosphere but may be
easily dispersed with typical respirable sampling or sample preparation
procedures. The research also evaluates application of advanced SEM-EDX
tools for agglomerates analysis. Systems with capabilities for integrated mineral
grain analysis may provide greater efficiency and less user bias than manual
SEM-EDX analysis.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     5

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:25 PM 2:25 PM
Influence of Cutting Geometry and Wear Conditions on Dust Operating Techniques to Improve Wheel Loader Efficiency
Concentration and Performance of Conical Pick Cutters J. Marek; Resource Industries, Caterpillar, St. Charles, IL
A. Mohanty¹, J. Rostami¹, S. Slouka² and M. Sesay¹; ¹Mining Engineering, Whether a wheel loader is used as a primary or supplementary loading tool,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO and ²Civil & Environmental the savings that can be gained by improving efficiency can be significant. This
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO discussion will include examples of how decisions at the system level and how
The lack of progress in controlling pulmonary diseases such as pneumoconiosis operational techniques can affect the amount of material moved per unit of fuel
cases in recent years necessitates additional studies on dust generation and the consumed. Recognizing that the wheel loader is not typically the bottleneck
characterization of airborne dust. Studies are underway by a NIOSH-sponsored in the mine system, we’ll look at the value of the savings that can be gained
project to observe the characteristics of the dust generated by pick cutters under in equal production scenarios by focusing on using a given machine more
various wear levels. This research performed a full-scale linear-cutting-test matrix efficiently.
on eight coal samples with various bit penetrations, spacing, and wear conditions.
The specific energy and resulting PSD (particle size distribution) of airborne dust
2:45 PM
and material left at the cutting surface were measured and analyzed. The dust
concentration was determined using the NMAM (NIOSH Manual of Analytical Wheel Tractor-Scrapers: Versatility in Bulk Material
Methods) 0600 method. For fines, the PSD was characterized using Laser Handling
Diffraction, measuring percent channel and aerodynamic diameter, while Imagej, J. Gerhold; Caterpillar, Assumption, IL
a virtual sieving application, was used for larger particles. The results show that
for a new bit, as the cutting depth and spacing increase, the specific energy and The Wheel Tractor-Scraper (WTS) has been an industry staple in moving bulk
dust generation decrease. The size and shape of the dust particles have been material. These versatile machines can extract pocket or thin seam material,
analyzed, and the observed trends are discussed in this paper. support haul road development and maintenance, as well as perform drainage
and reclamation activities. This presentation will explore the Cat® Wheel
Tractor-Scraper product offering, the strength of those products in today’s
mine applications, and how Caterpillar can help customers succeed through
application of Wheel Tractor Scrapers in their sites. The Wheel Tractor-Scraper
can offer great versatility to the miner, from efficiently extracting the hard-to-get
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 commodity to supporting operations that keep primary production tools working
at their top efficiencies.
AFTERNOON
COAL & ENERGY: MINING MACHINES AND 3:05 PM
EQUIPMENT Optimizing Rotary Drill Settings for Performance and Cost
704 J. Bollini; Application Engineering, Komatsu, Milwaukee, WI
Efficient production via a rotary blast hole drill requires a keen understanding of
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 drilling conditions and the ability to determine optimal drill settings to maximize
Chairs: J. Haughey, Komatsu, Warrendale, PA productivity and minimize cost. This paper will review an interpretation of a
Komatsu – Mining Application Engineering case study reviewing an iterative
C. Nyikos
process to determine optimal drill settings within a standard mining production
environment utilizing Komatsu rotary blast hole drilling products.
2:00 PM
Introductions
3:25 PM
2:05 PM Advancements in Coal Mine Shuttle Car Automation
Enhancing Material Handling and Equipment Efficiency: M. Long, S. Schafrik, J. Sottile and Z. Agioutantis; Mining Engineering,
Reliability-Based Maintenance Policies for Haul Trucks in University of Kentucky, Winchester, KY
Surface Coal Mines The mining industry has embarked on a broad effort to research and develop
new automated technologies aimed at addressing the complex safety and
S. Sahiner¹, M. Sarigul² and O. Golbasi¹; ¹Mining Engineering, Middle East efficiency challenges unique to mining operations. Coal mining, in particular,
Technical University, Ankara, Turkey and ²Mineral Resource Engineering, faces obstacles in implementing these technologies due to its complex environ-
RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany mental conditions and regulatory concerns. Traditional shuttle cars, critical
In the mining industry, the efficiency of material handling and the reliability for hauling coal from the face to conveyor belts, are now a main focus of
of haul trucks are crucial for maintaining production rates and controlling automation research in coal mining. This presentation will discuss the
operating costs. This study presents the development of reliability-based current state of shuttle car automation research and development. Recently,
maintenance policies for a fleet of haul trucks in a surface coal mine using Fault significant progress has been made in sensor technology, such as underground
Tree Analysis (FTA) and Monte Carlo simulation. By analyzing maintenance equipment positioning and LiDAR applications. These advancements have the
records and uptime data, we identified key failure modes and evaluated the potential to provide critical spatial and positional data to navigation systems that
effectiveness of seven different maintenance policies. Our findings indicate that have paved the way for autonomous operation. Additionally, research into the
optimized maintenance strategies can significantly enhance fleet availability application of machine learning for shuttle cars has shown promise in allowing
and material handling efficiency, with potential improvements ranging from for real-time analysis of sensor data and decision-making.
59% to 66%. This research underscores the interdependence between
effective material handling and equipment reliability, providing actionable
insights into maintenance planning to support higher operational efficiency and
reduced downtime in the mining industry. Keywords: Material Handling, Mining
Equipment Efficiency, Fault Tree Analysis, Monte Carlo Simulation, Haul Truck,
Maintenance & Reliability

6     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Estimating Credits Associated With Nature Based Products
A. Thatcher and J. Tallis; Arcadis, Highlands Ranch, CO
ENVIRONMENTAL: ESG & SUSTAINABILITY Estimating ecosystem gains (credits) associated with nature-based projects
DISCLOSURES can determine habitat restoration options and environmental credit and funding
104 opportunities. Some of the opportunities for credits and enhancement include
wetland banking, biodiversity accounting, retiring water rights/instream flow
credits, carbon credits, and other strategies. Some states, such as Nevada, have
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 specific systems which create incentives for private landowners to preserve,
Chairs: K. Brantingham, ARCADIS, Phoenix, AZ enhance, and restore greater sage-grouse habitat. The development of credit
K. Awuah-Offei, Missouri University of Science & Technology, projects consists of enhancement and/or restoration of habitat, quantification
Rolla, MO of credits that will be generated by the project, development of a management
plan, securing of financial assurances, and signing a participant contract. The
2:00 PM restoration approach may result in no net loss to biodiversity during future
Introductions work or could result in a nature positive outcome that could meet or exceed
sustainability targets. The Arcadis Biodiversity Net Gain Calculator can be used
to create a biodiversity baseline and then determine future scenarios that may
2:05 PM result in no net loss or a net gain of biodiversity and summarize options for
Bridging the Gap: Aligning Corporate Sustainability estimating credits.
Commitments in Support of Site-based Regulatory and
Stakeholder Needs 3:05 PM
A. Hood, T. Dillon and W. Leavitt; Sustainable Mining, ERM, Mesa, AZ NEPA and Climate Change: Implications of Phase 2 NEPA
The gap between corporate commitments and mine operations often challenges Revisions for Mining Projects
the realization of strategic sustainability objectives. We discuss how site-level K. Hanley and W. Merz; Trinity Consultants, Boise, ID
engagement and reporting can drive corporate sustainability initiatives. This
presentation explores synchronizing corporate and site-level strategies, Navigating the latest NEPA requirements, particularly the Phase 2 NEPA
emphasizing how site-specific needs can drive global commitments. We will rulemaking effective June 30, 2024, and the 2023 CEQ greenhouse gas
explore the complexities of translating high-level commitments into actionable, guidance, is crucial for modern mining projects. This presentation highlights
site-specific strategies to meet regulatory obligations and enhance operational the new GHG emissions and climate change evaluation requirements and their
efficiency, stakeholder relations, and long-term profitability. Key insights implications for project evaluations. It presents innovative strategies that align
include methodologies for effective communication between corporate and site with the regulation’s purpose of addressing climate change impacts, focusing
teams, strategies for leveraging regulatory frameworks to advance sustain- on robust methodologies for accurately assessing GHG emissions. These
ability goals, and examples of successful integration leading to measurable approaches benefit industry stakeholders by supporting thorough NEPA reviews
business benefits. and addressing new environmental sustainability considerations beyond other
regulatory requirements, thereby increasing the chances of project approval.

2:25 PM
3:25 PM
Developing a Path Forward for Nature + Investments at
The Role Transition Plans Play in Value Creation for the
Resolution Copper
Mining Industry
C. Vynne³, S. Fernando² and C. McKeon¹; ¹Rio Tinto, Superior, AZ;
²Resolve, Washington, DC and ³Resolve and Regeneration Enterprises, G. Wallingford; Stantec, Denver, CO
Washington, DC Once faced with defining Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) for
RESOLVE and Regeneration Enterprises conducted a third-party assessment their companies, ESG leaders at are now faced with a different challenge:
of the proposed Resolution Copper project, and its impacts to biodiversity. how to align current ESG programs with developing regulatory expectations,
The assessment focused on the project’s impacts, proposed mitigation efforts respond to climate associated risks, implement risk mitigation measures, all
and whether the project would result in a net negative, neutral, or positive while taking advantage of burgeoning financial incentives. Alignment with the
effect on these resources, thereby guiding a path to a Nature Positive former Taskforce on Climate Related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) is no longer
(Nature+) outcome. The report evaluates two key areas: the biodiversity value for advanced ESG programs and is now considered an essential starting point
of the Land Exchange parcels and the net impact on biodiversity resources to meet the growing list of obligations. Contained within the TCFD (now IFRS)
against mitigation measures outlined in the 2021 Final Environmental Impact is an essential element useful to mature any ESG program: development of a
Statement. The assessment ultimately informed and guided the development of transition plan. However, developing a transition plan, quantifying financial risk,
Nature+ investments. and developing risk mitigating targets is extremely nuanced. This presentation
will bring insight into the value of transition plan development, regardless of the
current program’s maturity. The presentation will offer a process for developing
a credible and bankable transition plan, cross link transition plan value to
include biodiversity, and present data demonstrating the financial, compliance,
and risk-mitigating value.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     7

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM 2:25 PM
Mining Sustainability Assessment Options: Strengths, The Sustainable Extraction of Copper from Chalcopyrite
Weaknesses, and Emerging Data Sources Concentrate using Ferric Sulfate Bio Acid
J. Trost¹, J. Dunn¹, M. O’Connell¹, R. Bullock², N. Wight³ and R. Sankaran4; E. Owusu-Fordjour, J. P Burke, M. Free and X. Yang; Materials Science and
¹Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Engineering, The University of Utah College of Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT
IL; ²Department of Environmental Engineering, Montana Technological The use of microorganisms in the leaching of copper from chalcopyrite is an
University, Butte, MT; ³Sustainable Minerals Institute Center of International emerging technology that has the potential to revolutionize the mining industry
Excellence, Las Condes, Chile and 4Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL by encouraging the practice of sustainable mining (green engineering). Carbon
Government regulations and customer demands are driving interest in dioxide is an essential carbon source for autotropic microorganisms such as
quantifying mining’s environmental effects including greenhouse gas emissions Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, where their metabolic activity can be boosted,
and energy and water consumption. Analyses generated during permitting leading to an improvement on leaching kinetics and efficiency. The role of
processes and reports issued through participation in standards like the Initiative carbon dioxide in bioleaching operation is important to extract energy-relevant
for Responsible Mining Assurance can serve in this role. Another framework minerals from sulfides. This study focuses on the use of CO2 to optimize
increasingly used in policies to drive down greenhouse gas emissions is life bio acid production and to investigate the leaching behavior of chalcopyrite
cycle assessment (LCA). We explore these three options, their strengths and concentrate in ferric sulfate bio acid under varying process parameters. Various
weaknesses, how they interrelate, and how their data needs might be met with leaching techniques and different reagents were employed to optimize chalco-
emerging low-cost and rapid data gathering technologies. pyrite leaching in ferric sulfate bio acid. Characterization and leaching kinetics
studies were also studied accordingly.

2:45 PM
Comparison of Different Pretreatment Methods for Lithium-
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 ion Battery Recycling, and Life Cycle Assessment
AFTERNOON U. Kar¹, A. Fahimi¹, T. Suponik², M. Kaya³ and P. Chu¹; ¹Mining and
Metallurgical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV;
ENVIRONMENTAL: GREEN MINING ²Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian
103 University of Technology, Glwice, Poland and ³Mining Engineering
Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 The primary objective of this study is to develop an effective and eco-friendly
pretreatment process for lithium-ion battery recycling. Based on experimental
Chairs: E. Vahidi, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV work and life cycle assessment, four pretreatment process options were
D. Reed, Idaho National Laboratory Research Library, Idaho Falls, ID evaluated, including discharge, solvent treatment, and grinding methodologies.
Of these process options, cryogenic discharge and cryogenic grinding without
2:00 PM solvent treatment (Option 3) proved the most effective for obtaining black mass,
Introductions due to processing time and ease of implementation. Discharging with a 10% NaCl
solution and dry (traditional) grinding without solvent treatment (Option 1) was
2:05 PM identified as the most environmentally friendly approach, followed by Option 3.
Glycolipid-Functionalized Organosilica for the Recovery of
Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Systems 3:05 PM
D. Hogan¹, K. Graves¹, C. Boxley², R. Maier¹ and T. Dittrich³; Evaluating the Carbon Footprint of Nickel Sulfate
¹Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ²GlycoSurf, Production from Global Sources
Inc., Salt Lake City, UT and ³Wayne State University, Detroit, MI F. Muthoni, M. Rabbani, A. Fahimi and E. Vahidi; Mining and Metallurgical
Critical materials such as the rare earth elements (REE) and uranium are vital Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV
for economic security and the advancement of the green economy. Aqueous The demand for battery-grade nickel sulfate hexahydrate has surged to meet
mining of such metals in an economical, green, and selective manner is a clean energy goals. Upstream processes from mining, processing, refining,
major hurdle for the valorization of metals from resources typically viewed and metal sulfate synthesis have a significant carbon footprint due to energy
as waste streams within the mining industry. Glycolipid surfactants are demands. This study employs an LCA to investigate the environmental impact of
promising materials for industrial and remediation applications because they nickel sulfate production from hydrometallurgical intermediates: mixed sulfide
are non-toxic, biodegradable, and exhibit selectivity for REE and other metals precipitate in Brazil and mixed hydroxide precipitate in Australia, pyrometal-
of environmental concern. This project describes the first use of glycolipids in lurgical intermediates: nickel pig iron in Indonesia, pure nickel metal in Canada,
solid-state adsorbents for the recovery of REE and uranium from an aqueous and basic nickel carbonate in Cuba. The results indicate that the lowest carbon
system and lays the foundation for these novel materials as an alternative, footprint was from the pyrometallurgical pathway mining and processing in
green mining approach to valorize metals from mining “wastes” and mitigate Canada, with refining in Norway, which produced 6.7 kg CO2eq per kg of nickel
environmental risks from traditional mining approaches. sulfate hexahydrate. The Direct Nickel process in Australia generated 5.0kg
CO2eq per kg of product without considering electricity consumption. Our
hotspot analysis identifies energy consumption in Indonesia’s Rotary Kiln-Elec-
tric-Furnace process as a critical factor, with electricity from coal significantly
contributing to GWP; transitioning to 50% hydropower could reduce GWP from
86.4 to 45 kg CO2eq per kg of product.

8     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:25 PM MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24

Blue Mining: Advancing Circular Economy Practices in AFTERNOON
Mining for Sustainability and Resource Efficiency
A. Binder, M. Schubert, Y. Jiang, S. Nowosad and O. Langefeld; ENVIRONMENTAL: MINE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Department of Underground Mining Methods and Machinery, Clausthal 105
University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
Transitioning towards a circular economy, mines’ role extends beyond resource 2:00 PM • Monday, February 24
supply. They can embody circular principles through sustainable practices,
optimizing asset multi-use, enhancing resource efficiency. Central to this is Chairs: J. Schmidt, Jacobs, Tempe, AZ
Blue Mining, a concept driving sustainability across the industry. With special T. Graham, Freeport McMoRan, Mesa, AZ
consideration for ergonomics, Blue Mining integrates multiuse aspects of
energy, water, and other resources into planning. It features components 2:00 PM
like energy efficiency initiatives, integrated water-management, and circular Introductions
business practices. Blue Mining unlocks the potential for mines to become more
sustainable and resource-efficient. This presentation introduces the concept
2:05 PM
of Blue Mining, underscoring its role in fostering sustainable development
within the mining sector. It explores initiatives geared towards the creation of Optimization of a High Density Sludge and Filtration Water
energy-efficient and resource-smart mines, thereby elucidating the pathway to Treatment System at a Remote Mine in Yukon, Canada – A
circularity in mining operations. The presentation emphasizes the opportunities Pilot-Scale Study
for resource and asset re-utilization in mining, underlining the transformative
A. Campbell¹, B. Holzbauer-Schweitzer¹, J. Stefanoff¹ and M. Hughes²;
impact of Blue Mining in shaping a sustainable and resource-efficient circular
¹Federal and Environmental Solutions, Jacobs Engineering, Greenwood
economy within the mining industry.
Village, CO and ²Northern Contaminated Sites Branch, Crown-Indigenous
Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada
3:45 PM A pilot-scale study was performed at the Faro mine in Yukon, Canada, to
Modification and Evaluation of Biochar for Green Extraction evaluate the future performance of a permanent water treatment plant.
Treatment technologies included high density sludge lime treatment, aeration,
of Critical Minerals
gravity clarification, sludge thickening, and media filtration. Three waters were
W. Tugume¹, o. Famobuwa¹, D. Talan¹, O. Sanyal³ and S. Grushecky²; tested to assess performance under a range of chemistries. Pilot effluent met
¹Mining Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; ²Energy the draft discharge guidelines for all samples and tested conditions, except
Land Management, Davis College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, when operated at a pH lower than 9.7 and hydraulic loading much greater
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV and ³Department of Chemical than the design. The results provide valuable data to enhance operability and
and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV performance, reinforcing the expectation that effluent guidelines will be met.
The demand for rare earth elements (REE) has increased much more than the
current global production, necessitating innovative and sustainable methods
to boost supply. Biochar, a low-cost adsorbent with unique properties, has 2:25 PM
emerged as an eco-friendly material to address this challenge. This study Maximizing Reverse Osmosis Recovery of High-Sulfate
explores modification methods to enhance biochar’s surface functionalities and Waters in Mining Pond Dewatering
aims to develop a process flowsheet for the recovery of REEs from acid mine
W. Mchale; Wastewater Engineer, Centennial, CO
drainage using modified biochar. The presentation will detail the characteri-
zation studies for modified biochar, including Zeta potential analysis, Scanning With tailings and gypsum ponds filling up globally, and with the increased
Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and need to make available reuse-quality water on operational mine sites, the
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Additionally, the results of adsorption need to process high-sulfate waters at much higher recovery rates than has
tests and key adsorption mechanisms will be discussed. By leveraging been acceptable previously, has been a technical pursuit for nearly all mining
biochar’s distinctive properties and improving its adsorption efficiency through companies and their wastewater equipment suppliers. This paper presents
surface modification, this study contributes to the advancement of green pilot data acquired in 2024 that shows the performance of newly developed
mining practices, offering a sustainable solution to meet the growing demand high-sulfate membranes in combination with new chemistries designed to
for critical minerals. mitigate sulfate issues, where recoveries were improved from 3x – 4x as we
observed saturation for CaSO4 improve from about 6x – 7x, and for BaSO4
improve from ~250x – 450x saturation. We will review data and discuss
comprehensive treatment systems that can be designed to provide overall RO
recoveries in excess of 80% for high gypsum waters.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     9

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM 3:45 PM
Nevada Mine Exploration Project: A Mobile Approach to Microbiological Recovery of High-value Metals from
Water Treatment and Beyond Mining-Influenced Waters
M. De Ladurantaye-Noel and J. Dallaire; Technologies, Veolia Water B. Rittmann and C. Ray; Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental
Technologies Canada, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Mine operations generate wastewater, even during exploration. At early stages, The Hydrogen-based Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBfR) is able to recover
capital is best invested on revenue generating infrastructure, while environ- many valuable metals from mining-influenced waters. Prominent examples
mental protection remains crucial for social acceptance. Mobile assets for of recoverable metals include gold and the Platinum Group Metals (PGM). The
wastewater treatment offer a flexible and cost-effective approach, allowing for MBfR delivers hydrogen gas (H2) to a biofilm of bacteria that reduce the oxidized
rapid deployment in addition to proving adaptation to changing site conditions. forms of these metals to elemental nanoparticles that are retained in the the
This case study presents a Nevada mining project, where a mobile unit was biofilm. Periodic harvesting of biofilm removes the nanoparticles from the MBfR
deployed to restart an historical mine. Following a positive exploration outcome, and makes them available for downstream refining. The biogenic nanoparticles
and satisfying performances treating various water sources, the operation is have excellent catalytic activity. Being biological, the MBfR operates at ambient
poised to transition to a permanent unit, to ensure continued environmental conditions and does not require the input of hazardous materials or intense
protection while staying cost effective. energy. The high value of recovered gold and PGM can lead to a payback period
shorter than one year. The MBfR also can remove common co-contaminants,
such as nitrate and sulfate. Thus, the MBfR minimizes pollution liability while
3:05 PM generating economic profit.
Strategies for Reducing Metals Loading to a Legacy Mine’s
Water Treatment Plant Through Clean Water Diversion
E. Apostol¹, J. Willis², S. Walker¹, J. Kurtz¹, J. Sisson³ and D. Gosen³;
¹Geosyntec Consultants, Lakewood, CO; ²Trout Unlimited, Inc., Arlington,
VA and ³Freeport-McMoRan, Phoenix, AZ MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24
A historical underground lead-silver-zinc mine (Site) in central Colorado is AFTERNOON
located between 9,500 and 12,400 foot elevation and is characterized by
rugged and steep terrain with a series of fault and fracture systems that allow
surface water to infiltrate into various levels of the existing mine workings.
HEALTH & SAFETY: HEALTH AND SAFETY CASE
Active reclamation is ongoing and includes water treatment operations, STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED FROM THE SME HANDBOOK
management of four tailings dams, adit rehabilitation, in-situ treatment and 109
revegetation of mine wastes, tailings recontouring, and cover studies. Over the
past six years, several thousand feet of surface water diversions have been 2:00 PM • Monday, February 24
installed to redirect precipitation and snowmelt away from fracture zones above
that align with historical underground workings. This presentation describes the Chairs: J. Monsalve, Freeport McMoRan, Blacksburg, VA
adapation of the surface water diversions to a complex hydrogeological system E. Haas, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
to target a reduction in metals loading to the water treatment plant. The presen- Pittsburgh, PA
tation will also explore the challenges of mine water treatment and design and
construction of Site infrastructure in a high altitude environment and during 2:00 PM
various phases of active reclamation. Introduction

3:25 PM 2:05 PM
The Value Proposition for Investing in R&D for Post-Closure Heat Stress Management Plans
Water Treatment Technologies – Building an R&D Portfolio K. Yeoman; CDC/NIOSH, Spokane, WA, WA
Focused on Bring Novel Technologies for Selective Metal Heat stress is a major cause for concern among many mineworkers in the
Recovery from Mining Influenced Water United States. In the coming years, mineworkers will likely experience an
N. Gurieff, T. Heaton and S. Barrera Ramirez; Rio Tinto, Brisbane, QLD, increase in adverse health effects from heat exposure as underground mines
Australia get deeper and surface mines are affected by more severe heat waves.
Therefore, understanding effective methods to manage heat exposure is of
Rio Tinto Closure is responsible for >90 sites worldwide, with mining influenced utmost importance in mines. To effectively minimize and manage mineworker
water (MIW) requiring treatment at most sites. Recognising that MIW has an exposure to heat, mines should assess heat exposure risk and develop
impact on the environment, local communities and the long-term cost of asset a heat stress management plan. To assist mines in developing heat stress
closure, Rio Tinto Closure invested in an R&D portfolio to identify, support and management plans, NIOSH researchers wrote a chapter “Managing Heat Stress
develop sustainable MIW treatment technologies. Specifically, the portfolio was in a Mining Environment” published in the SME Health & Safety Handbook. In
designed to focus on technologies to selectively recover metals from MIW, the technical session “Best Practices – Health and Safety Case Studies,” we
including acid mine drainage (AMD) and alkaline leachates. Selective recovery will discuss important aspects of heat stress management plans. We will also
technologies were chosen as the focus after conducting a detailed technology include a group discussion with health and safety managers focused on gaps
mapping exercise and consultation with internal and external SMEs to identify in knowledge and resources that need to be addressed to improve heat stress
five key Areas of Interest (AoI), which were then prioritised based on potential management in mines.
for adding value to closure sites. Selective recovery of metals was prioritised
as these can potentially add value directly through the metals recovered,
but also indirectly by reducing the intensity of other unit processes in the
treatment system. This presentation presents the value proposition for this R&D
investment and how it is aiming to transform the approach to MIW treatment at
Rio Tinto’s closed assets.

10     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Machine Learning the Language of Safety An Introduction to the Mine Safety & Health Handbook
R. Ganguli; Mining Engineering, Professor of Mining Engineering, Salt E. Haas¹ and M. Savit²; ¹Division of Safety Research, National Institute
Lake City, UT for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA and ²Predictive
This talk presents the chapter “Machine Learning the Language of Safety” Compliance LLC, Denver, CO
in the new SME Health & Safety Handbook. Additionally, it demonstrates SME’s Health and Safety Division recently completed the Mine Safety & Health
the natural language processing (NLP) techniques introduced in the chapter Handbook: Approaches from the Field. This presentation provides an overview
through case studies. The mining industry generates a siginificant amount of of the new handbook and reviews the four parts used to accomplish the book’s
textual data in the form of accident incident reports. This data could be used mission. Part 1 introduces safety, health, and risk management frameworks
to gain useful insights. The chapter introduces the reader to basic concepts to identify and mitigate hazards. Part 2 contains knowledge around hazard
of NLP. Additionally, it also presents the capabilities of generative artificial identification and mitigation from industrial safety engineering to health hygiene
intelligence (genAI), particularly chatGPT, at the time of writing. Since then, our perspectives. Part 3 advances a concrete understanding of these topics by
research team has made significant advances in the use of genAI, ensuring providing case studies and experiences from mine professionals. Finally, Part 4
the “language of safety” is leveraged while large amount of narratives are provides an overview of SME’s Certified Mine Safety Professional credentialing
summarized. Results show that without introducing domain expertise, genAI program and connects topics covered in the handbook to the program’s Body
may be lacking and miss the mark. of Knowledge. Following this overview, the first chapter is discussed, which
highlights the roles that regulations play in safety and health practice from
one context to another. This presentation sets the stage for the subsequent
2:45 PM presentations, which provide a sample of chapters and case studies published
Bringing Together Health and Safety Management Systems, in the handbook.
Risk Management and Critical Control Management
L. Humphries; Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, University of 3:45 PM
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Emerging and Intersecting Aspects in Environmental Health
Working in the high hazard, risk management training space I see many and Safety in the Mining Sector: Total Worker Health® and
professionals with a degree of confusion regarding how health and safety
management systems, risk management processes and critical control Environmental, Social, and Governance
management fit together. At times with organisations running these areas J. Barua and N. Wilk; WSP Canada Inc., Woodbridge, ON, Canada
as independent systems under the misunderstanding that is the only way to The mining sector is keen to identify and implement sustainable practices.
achieve compliance with the each area. By understanding how these areas Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting is important as it improves
interact and leverage off each other allows us to simplify and integrate our transparency, risk management, and trust with stakeholders. It showcases
health and safety system to include effective, auditable risk and critical control commitment to responsible business conduct and investment and mitigates
management within a compliant health and safety management system. It also potential environmental and social risks. The ESG movement including capital
can be straightforward to identify how our health and safety risk management markets is challenging organizations to deliver on their environmental and
system and critical controls can be effectively facilitated within an integrated social obligations and economic commitments while mitigating risks of injury
operational risk management system. and illness for workers. The Total Worker Health® (TWH®) approach provides
a framework and content that overlaps with ESG and this presents opportunities
to collaborate, pool resources, and advance both areas. Occupational Environ-
3:05 PM mental Safety and Health is a driver for ESG, and Human Capital is an important
CORESafety: A Refreshed Safety and Health Management element as is disease prevention and well-being. Several TWH aspects align
System for the Mining Industry with ESG efforts including Sustainable Development and Corporate and Social
D. Gee¹, P. Krivokuca² and E. Haas³; ¹Legal, National Mining Association, Responsibility. This session will examine the intersection of TWH and ESG and
Washington D.C., DC; ²Office of the President - Health and Safety, potential partnerships to be explored. An overview of TWH will be provided
National Mining Association, Washington D.C., DC and ³Division of Safety along with available useful references and tools.
Research, NIOSH/CDC, Pittsburgh, PA
CORESafety is a Safety Health and Management System (SHMS) originally 4:05 PM
developed by the National Mining Association (NMA) in 2011. The only SHMS Interpersonal Engagement and Psychological Safety for
created specifically for the mining industry, CORESafety’s mission is to give
mining operations the system, tools, and expertise necessary to consis- Occupational Well-Being
tently improve safety outcomes and achieve excellence in safety, health, L. Sims and E. Geller; Health and Safety, Professional, Yerington, NV
and well-being. To reflect ever-changing standards in the industry, the NMA When it comes to health and safety in the work environment there are several
embarked on a CORESafety refresh beginning in 2023. With the help of the critical human dynamics to consider when cultivating a positive health and
CORESafety Advisory Group (CSAG), made up of safety and health profes- safety culture. A focus on appreciating the complexity of human nature when
sionals from various NMA member companies, and the National Institute of applying humanistic behaviorism to assessing the role of human behavior in
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the NMA added in mental health and injury occurrence and injury prevention, to improving human behavior with
substance abuse considerations, process safety risk management protocols, interpersonal behavioral feedback, recognition, and gratitude. This includes
and consolidated the system from twenty modules down to ten for simplicity. setting safe examples daily through work behavior and supporting the safe
Additionally, the NMA’s engagement with TDi Sustainability has them on track behavior of their coworkers with interpersonal behavioral coaching and sincere
to be an internationally recognized SHMS. The NMA looks forward to sharing expressions of gratitude for their safety-related efforts.
more about their unique SHMS and their efforts to keep CORESafety at the
forefront of industry standards.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     11

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

4:25 PM interference and reliability issues. This study introduced two wireless communi-
Air Quality Solution for Heavy Equipment Cabs cation evaluation boards to assess communication performance amid electro-
magnetic interferences (EMI). Parameters such as signal and noise power,
N. Kimball; Heidelberg Materials, Coppell, TX personnel movement, and packet size were adjusted. Results show that EMI
Heidelberg Materials supplies cement, aggregates, ready-mixed concrete, source power and personnel movement can impact performance, with smaller
asphalt, and other building materials to satisfy the needs of construction packet sizes improving transmission success. These findings can guide the
customers throughout North America. To operate in a safe and responsible design of more resilient wireless systems in underground mining environments.
manner, the company identifies potential hazards and mitigates risks in the
workplace through its safety and health programs. In Heidelberg Materials’
Lowrys Quarry (South Carolina, United States), the company instituted dust 2:45 PM
control measures for its equipment operators. This new technology was shown How A.I. Improves the Safety in Mining
to reduce potential dust exposure in their working environments, in this case,
K. KHERAIS¹ and S. Algharbi²; ¹J Tayba Design, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and
heavy equipment cabs. What is notable about the process that Heidelberg
²Ma’aden, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Materials took to reduce dust accumulation and manage carbon dioxide levels
is its use of ISO 23875 to guide its decision-making and evaluation processes. In the mining sector, where operations involve complex, hazardous tasks under
Additionally, the retrofit solution discussed in this case study not only improved severe conditions, adherence to safety procedures is crucial but challenging
the air quality of the cab but also supported driver alertness. due to the time-consuming process of identifying the correct protocols. This
paper explores how AI, specifically Large Language Models (LLMs), can revolu-
tionize safety compliance by processing vast quantities of safety documents to
function as real-time expert safety assistants, offering advice and recommen-
dations. The paper shade light on the development journey of an AI-driven
safety model, including challenges faced and potential future advancements.
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 This approach not only enhances immediate safety practices but also sets the
stage for broader AI applications in mining, promising significant improvements
AFTERNOON in operational safety and efficiency. The paper will also provide touch on how
the future will be when leveraging A.I specifically to assure the people and
HEALTH & SAFETY: TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION environment’s safety.
IN HEALTH AND SAFETY
108
3:05 PM
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 MIMO Wireless Communication Efficiencies and Reliability
for Mine Rescue and Self-Evacuation in Underground Mine
Chairs: S. Han, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
D. Curry, Allegheny Metallurgical
Emergencies
E. Antwi, S. Frimpong and M. Raza; Missouri University of Science and
2:00 PM Technology, Rolla, MO
Introduction Underground mine emergencies can severely obstruct wireless communication.
These emergencies may stem from roof and wall collapse and suspended
particulate matter from possible explosions. Humidity, coupled with particulate
2:05 PM matter, can severely reduce communication efficiency for both emergency self-
Detection and Mitigation Strategies for Thermal Runaway and assisted evacuation. Increasing the signal power, as a solution alternative,
of Lithium-ion Batteries in Underground Mines is also limited by the allowable transmit signal power due to the risk of
explosions from high methane and coal dust concentrations. Previous research
K. Said¹, S. Dey², S. Bhattacharyya¹ and A. Kumar¹; ¹Energy and Mineral
has proposed Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication techniques
Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA and ²Mechanical
as suitable solution approach within the allowable transmit power. However,
Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
they are limited due to their efficiencies and reliability in dusty and humid mines.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in underground mines present a hazard due to In this study, the MIMO technique is employed to maintain signal power for
the potential of rapid failure through thermal runaway (TR). These failures are efficient communication in highly humid and dusty underground environments.
characterized by elevated heat, noxious gases, projectiles, and burnt particles The system will be tested at Missouri S&T’s Experimental Mine under controlled
compromising safety. It is crucial to establish a comprehensive management conditions to evaluate MIMO technology’s efficiency and reliability. The main
framework for early prediction, detection, and eventual mitigation of TR. This novelty of the study is the improvements in wireless communication efficiency
study presents a novel approach for the prediction and detection of TR using and reliability during mining emergencies.
gases from LIBs by combining high-fidelity mathematical models and estimation
theory. A widely successful estimation algorithm, viz. linear Kalman filter, will
be utilized in this approach, followed by proportional-integral-derivative (PID) 3:25 PM
controller for potential actuation mechanisms. Automated Post-Disaster Monitoring in Underground Mines
Using Image and Ppoint Cloud Analysis
2:25 PM A. Tejada Peralta², K. Joao², V. Androulakis¹, H. Khaniani¹,
An Assessment of the Performance and Reliability M. Hassanalian³, S. Shao³ and P. Roghanchi²; ¹Mineral Engineering,
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM; ²Mining
of Wireless Communication Links Subjected to Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY and ³New Mexico
Electromagnetic Interference in an Underground Coal Mine Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM
Y. Zhang, M. Girman and C. Zhou; NIOSH, Centers for Disease Control Ensuring safety in underground mines is critical, especially post-disasters. This
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA project uses LiDAR and 360-degree cameras on Unmanned Ground Vehicles
Wireless technologies are increasingly used in underground mines for communi- (UGVs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to remotely monitor changes in
cation, tracking, and remote operations but face challenges due to use of the mine environments. The system detects environmental changes using image
unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band, leading to potential device processing and machine learning techniques. Iterative Closest Point (ICP)

12     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

methods align point clouds to match images pre- and post-accidents. An object 2:45 PM
detection algorithm identifies changes in objects of interest. This automated Comprehensive Evaluation of Processed Quarry Dust as a
approach aids in the prompt identification of potential hazards, ensuring the
safety of first responders and mine rescuers.
Sustainable Replacement for River Sand in Cement Wall
Plastering with Optimization of Particle Size Distribution
and Cost-Effectiveness
M. Ravanan; Earth Resources Engineering, University of Moratuwa,
Hatton, Sri Lanka
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 The rising demand for sand in construction and the resulting river sand scarcity
have led to illegal mining and environmental damage. To address this, finding
AFTERNOON an alternative is essential. Quarry dust, a byproduct of stone crushing, is being
studied as a partial replacement for river sand in wall plaster. Initially, quarry dust
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: ADVANCED did not meet the required particle size for plastering. However, after processing,
PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS, TAILINGS, it achieved a suitable size distribution. The study created five types of cement-
AND MINING WASTE sand-quarry dust wall plaster mortars with sand-to-quarry dust ratios of 1:0,
4:1, 2:1, 3:2, and 0:1, while keeping the cement constant. These mixtures were
106 tested for strength and durability and compared with plaster made from 100%
sand. Results showed that a 2:1 sand-to-quarry dust ratio provided the best
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 balance of strength, durability, and workability. Additionally, this mixture reduced
Chairs: H. Patel, FLSmidth, Midvale, UT plastering costs by 6%. Thus, replacing one-third of sand with quarry dust is
A. Kumar, Martin Marietta, Clive, IA recommended as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative.

2:00 PM 3:05 PM
Introduction
Assessing Handling of Filtered Tailings and Mining Waste
Using Bulk Solids Virtual Simulations to Match Real World
2:05 PM Performance
Up-Hill Mining Backfill Challenges: When Gravity Is Not On C. Hartford; Jenike & Johanson, San Luis Obispo, CA
Your Side The consideration of handling filtered tailings, mining waste or a combination
E. Charbonneau; Project Engineering, Coeur Alaska - Kensington, Juneau, AK of those materials, requires an analysis of the flowability of the materials and
Backfill is an essential step in mining. Each mine adopts its own backfill the mixtures to assess for mixing, segregation, conveyability and flowability to
method based on cost, rock composition, orebody location, mine life and reliably design new handling equipment for those material or consider using
mining method. When it comes to paste backfill, industry best practice is existing equipment for transfer and storage. Often transfer chutes handling
to build the paste plant above the orebody and use gravity as the primary waste rock suffer from excessive wear, unacceptable dust generation, high belt
force. The Kensington site, located in south-east Alaska, doesn’t have this wear, and product spillage. With the high moisture content of filtered tailings,
option. The mine entrance is at 900ft above sea level with most of the paste there may be a concern of liquification on the belt conveyor and plugging of
being placed up-ramp from the paste plant – as high as 2,795ft above sea transfer chutes. Flowability test results can then be used to calibrate simulation
level. To accommodate this unconventional approach, positive displacement tools, such as calibrated Discrete Element Method (DEM) models to build a
(PD) pumps are used to deliver the paste up-ramp. With one main pump and virtual model of material flow through the plant such as bins, stockpiles, and
two booster stations, the backfilling activities at Kensington are complex and transfer chutes. Changes can be made in these virtual numerical models, such
have faced multiple challenges. Pipe improvements, pressure surges, pump as flowrate and material characteristics (e.g. higher clay/fines/moisture), to
reprogramming, water hammer and flushing challenges have been tackled evaluate how the changes will respond in the real world so that design or
to increase the reliability, performance and overall reach of the system. By operational changes can be planned for to ensure a successful change.
investigating the hydraulic system, pipe geometry, pigging and admixture, we
have been able to reduce the pressure by 20% and prevent a large capital
3:25 PM
investment on a 3rd booster station.
Industrial Mineral Flotation Using Novel Coarse Pparticle
Flotation System: CoarseAIR™
2:25 PM
J. Bowden, H. Patel and L. Christodoulou; Mining R&D, FLSmidth,
Best Practices for Extending the Life of Industrial Bethlehem, PA
Equipment Froth flotation is typically constrained by the feed size due to the various
M. Miner; Application Engineering, Henkel Corporation, Rocky Hill, CT probabilities involved in the flotation of minerals. In industrial minerals
Industrial equipment over time will corrode or experience wear that will force applications, this size range can extend up to 1000µm or larger. In this
the equipment to be replaced. Proper preparation and coating can eliminate study, coarse flotation of industrial mineral was investigated using the novel
replacing costly equipment with a simple service on a proper PM schedule. The coarseAIR™ coarse particle flotation technology. The coarseAIR™ is an
ultimate goal is to avoid costly unplanned down time and maximize equipment innovative hybrid-gravity-flotation system that exploits the hydrodynamic
throughput. There are many different protective coatings available and this advantages of the REFLUX™ Classifier. The coarseAIR™ consists of an
will highlight when to chose one type of coating versus another. Also, this will aerated fluidized bed utilizing a system of inclined channels to maximize mineral
highlight industry standards required for proper surface preparation to ensure recovery while rejecting fine gangue minerals. The project aimed to maximize
optimal coating adhesion and maximize coating life. This will extend the life of the mineral recovery at a much higher particle size range than the current plant
your equipment, decrease cost and increase throughput. practice. Multiple tests were conducted to optimize the performance. Various
parameters like feed sizes, fluidization water, flotation air, and throughput was
tested. The results demonstrated significantly higher recovery at a coarser
grind than the plant flotation performance. The scope for additional testing and
plans for future testing were discussed.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     13

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM 2:05 PM
Unlocking Optimal Flotation Outcomes: Leveraging AI to Optimizing Aggregate Quality Control with CNN-Driven Size
Enhance Phosphate Recovery Analysis
A. Alghamdi, N. Almuhaisen, A. AlHarbi, S. Al Gharbi and O. Morton; R. Nunes, N. Risso and M. Momayez; Mining Engineering, University of
mining, Riyadh, Please Select, Saudi Arabia Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Despite the complex nature of mining processes, flotation presents unique In mining operations, particularly in the production of aggregates, ensuring
challenges, akin to cracking a safe by finding the right combination to achieve optimal grain size is crucial for maintaining quality standards. This paper
optimal results. Flotation involves managing around 20 dynamic parameters, presents the development of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model
each with a broad scope. The addition of human factors complicates this designed to identify oversized rock grains in aggregate images. Traditional
further, heightening the complexity significantly. This complexity suggests methods, such as manual sieving, are labor-intensive and prone to human
substantial potential for enhancing flotation outputs through precise parameter error. Our study introduces a machine-learning approach for continuous grain
management. This paper highlights experiences in applying AI to optimize size measurement under supervised crushing operation conditions. By refining
phosphate recovery from the flotation process. By analyzing critical parameters, and optimizing these CNN models, we can accurately detect oversized grains,
it develops a predictive model that forecasts outcomes and guides operational ensuring adherence to particle size standards and significantly enhancing
teams in adjusting these parameters proactively. This approach not only production efficiency. This computer vision approach offers a practical, cost-ef-
improves the final product but also lays the groundwork for an advanced fective solution for real-time quality control, with potential applications across
advisory model, potentially leading to a fully automated closed-loop flotation various mining operations.
system.
2:25 PM
4:05 PM St. Genevieve Case Study – Improving Crushing Throughput
Cellulose Additive for Improved Processing and From AI Fragmentation Analysis
Performance of Ceramics from Belle Fourche Shale E. Williams and R. Sahu; Non - Member, Highlands Ranch, CO
C. Thrift², A. Sheehy¹, S. Gebes¹, B. Stuber¹, J. Petersen³ and J. Kellar¹; Located just south of St. Louis, Missouri, the Holcim - St. Genevieve Plant
¹Materials Engineering and Science, SD School of Mines and Technology, encompasses a 100-year Limestone supply. In 2023, Holcim announced a
Rapid City, SD; ²Arconic, Alcoa, TN and ³Engineering and Mining Experiment $100 million expansion project where capital improvements will reduce net
Station, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD CO2 emissions, increase circularity, and accelerate decarbonization. Along with
Belle Fourche Shale (BFS) is a bentonite-rich shale that is prevalent in the this, the adoption of UAV surveys to conduct updated pit topography maps,
central portion of the United States. In addition to smectite clays BFS also calculate reserves, 3D blast design, and post-blast fragmentation analysis
contains small-grained quartz and mica as predominant mineral components. became a standardized workflow for quarry operations. By leveraging post-blast
The swelling of smectite clay makes use of BFS for clay-based ceramics from AI fragmentation analysis, immediate improvements were seen downstream.
a cracking and distortion perspective. This research focused on the use of Savings at the primary crusher, increasing throughput, and reduction of energy
cellulose additive to mitigate the negative effects of the smectite clay. A variety consumption all were impacts of adjusting the primary crusher settings, backed
of characterization methods (e.g., SEM, DSC, TGA, XRD) and mechanical by the fragmentation data. The rapid results from the aerial surveys provided
property tests (e.g., 3-pt bend, compression) have been used to determine the plant operators to analyze the data to drive decisions at the primary crusher.
the effect of the cellulose addition on shale for use as a low-cost method for This paper will dive into the ongoing work taken by Holcim to improve its overall
processing and production of ceramics. operations, starting with its D&B performance.

2:45 PM
Should you use Drone in your Mining Operation? Or Not?
Z. Al-Tuwaijri, F. Basakran, S. Al Gharbi and F. AlMatrafi; mining, Riyadh,
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 Please Select, Saudi Arabia
AFTERNOON The primary goal of this paper is to assess the necessity of drone technology in
mining. It guides teams on whether drones are crucial for enhancing operations
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: or just an additional Nice to have tool. It also helps stakeholders decide between
DIGITALIZATION AND AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRIAL integrating drones directly in their operation or outsourcing drones services.
MINERALS Drones have transformed mining operations, enhancing efficiency and safety
with advanced imaging for tasks like surveying and mapping. They speed up
107
data collection, improve monitoring of inaccessible areas, and support environ-
mental compliance, pushing the industry towards automation and increased
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 safety. The critical question is whether to adopt drones and how to manage
Chairs: D. Johnson, Stantec, Phoenix, AZ them. Answering this involves considering business needs and impacts like
K. Costner, Intrepid Potash Inc, Carlsbad, NM costs and benefits, essential for informed decision-making. This streamlined
evaluation helps mining teams define their needs and enables drone providers
2:00 PM to offer tailored services that meet these demands, benefiting all parties
Introduction involved.

14     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:05 PM 4:05 PM
3D Printing In Mining, A Use-Case Decentralized Autonomous Haulage System Architecture
Z. Al-Tuwaijri, F. AlMatrafi, F. Basakran and S. Al Gharbi; Mining, Riyadh, B. Miller; Autonomous Correct, LLC, Littleton, CO
Please Select, Saudi Arabia Autonomous haulage systems (AHS) have been commercially deployed within
In the mining industry, equipment reliability is crucial as unexpected failures the mining industry for 17 years. Worldwide over 1,500 fully autonomous haul
can disrupt operations and cause financial losses. Traditionally, companies trucks (AHTs) represent the first, largest, and most profitable application of
maintain extensive spare parts inventories, which incurs high costs and autonomous vehicles in any industry. However, the commercial AHSs utilize a
logistical challenges. Innovatively, 3D printing offers local, on-demand spare rigid centralized architecture that is highly reliant on the control rooms and low
part production, potentially transforming maintenance strategies. 3D printing latency, high reliability communications. The rise of the autonomous “Driver”
reduces the need for large inventories, cuts costs, and simplifies logistics. It utilized by on-road autonomous vehicles (AVs) provides an opportunity for an
allows for immediate part production, cutting lead time by over 90%, enhancing alternative archiecture leveraging on-road AVs’ next generation technology
maintenance efficiency and reliability. Despite challenges to achieve precise as compared to the AHTs from current commercial AHSs. The rigid nature
designs, once designed 3D-printed parts often exceed traditional ones in of the current AHSs has limited their application to Tier 1 mines, which are
durability, potentially extending equipment lifespans. While reduced initial large, long lasting, and low operating cost. Also, current AHSs utilize only
costs can achieve 60% is attractive, the decreased downtime and improved ultra-class (>250-ton capacity) trucks with fleet sizes typically exceeding 50
equipment reliability remain the main consideration to adopt the technology trucks. A more flexible decentralize AHS must be developed to utilize emerging
leading to more robust operational strategies, pushing equipment harder and technologies from adjacent industries for sustainable and competitive mining
boosting production.. The future of 3D printing in mining looks promising, within the United States.
aiming to fundamentally overhaul maintenance and production strategies and
enhance efficiency in challenging environments.

3:25 PM
Real-Time P80 Measurement in Hydrocyclones for MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24
Enhanced Mineral Processing Efficiency AFTERNOON
K. Baah² and K. Soni¹; ¹Application Engineering PCV, FLSmidth,
Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa and ²Global Product Manager, MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES:
FLSmidth, Tucson, AZ GEOMETALLURGY- ITS IMPORTANCE IN ROBUST
In mineral processing, comminution and separation are critical for extracting MINING OPERATIONS OF THE FUTURE (PANEL
valuable minerals. Hydrocyclones play a key role in the separation stage, DISCUSSION BY INVITATION ONLY)
especially in primary mill applications, by classifying particles based on size
507
using centrifugal force. Achieving the optimal P80 size is crucial for maximizing
mineral recovery and efficiency in downstream processes like flotation &
leaching. Traditional P80 measurement methods are labor-intensive and risky, 2:00 PM • Monday, February 24
involving manual sampling and lab analysis. The Krebs PSA system offers a Chair: A. Dance, SRK Worldwide, Vancouver, BC, Canada
safer, real-time solution by measuring particle size distribution and P80 directly
from the cyclone overflow stream, enabling better process control, enhanced
2:00 PM
recovery rates and reduced operational costs.
Introduction

3:45 PM
2:05 PM
Digitalization and Automation in Industrial Minerals Geometallurgy – Its Importance in Robust Mining Operations
S. Datta; Mining, Rockwell Automation Inc, Milwaukee, WI of the Future (Panel discussion by invitation only)
Digitization and automation are co-related. IoT-enabled devices, such as M. Moore-Roth; Maptek, Golden, CO
instrumentation, sensors, and data collection, enhance data visibility and
efficiency for optimized operations. Electric motors consume around 40% of Panel discussion to explore the importance of Geometallurgy in robust mining
the world’s energy, mostly from mining and minerals. Optimizing motor control operations of the future.
and using intelligent devices can save significant energy. A simple solution
is a variable-frequency drive that optimizes motor control to ensure efficient
process control. VFD-controlled fans in industrial operations have been found
to drastically cut energy usage by up to 70%. Intelligent devices offer energy
usage data (cost per KW), enabling streamlined operations and reduced carbon
emissions. Emerging automation & digitization technologies predict equipment
failures (bearings, pumps, fans) through electrical signal analysis, enabling
predictive maintenance. In summary, powered by data-driven models, dynamic
optimization enhances efficiency and resource conservation across mining and
minerals operations. IoT-enabled products optimize the efficiency of the assets,
leading to more productive and sustainable operations.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     15

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Critical Minerals in Laramide and Paleogene Porphyry,
Polymetallic Vein, and Skarn Deposits in Southern New
MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES: SME/AIPG: Mexico
PURE GEOLOGY: DISCOVERIES FROM GEOLOGIC S. Moses¹ and V. McLemore²; ¹Earth and Environmental Science,
EXPLORATION PROGRAMS Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of
Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, Socorro, NM and ²Economic
601
Geology, w Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico
Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, Socorro, NM
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24
New Mexico lies at the eastern edge of one of the world’s great metal-bearing
Chair: D. Wolfe, NACCO Natural REsources, Plano, TX provinces hosting numerous Laramide and Paleogene mineral deposits.
Southern New Mexico contains Laramide porphyry Cu (±Mo, Au) and
2:00 PM Paleogene Mo-W deposits. Porphyry deposits are generally large, low-grade
Introduction deposits containing metal sulfides related to porphyritic intrusions with charac-
teristic alteration styles. Porphyry deposits can also be spatially and temporally
associated with skarn deposits and polymetallic veins. All of these deposits
2:05 PM have the potential to host various critical minerals, including Cu, Zn, Bi, Co, Ni,
Subsurface Geological Modeling of MISSA? Keswal Area rare earth elements (REE), Te, and W. Critical minerals may be found as substi-
Potwar Plateau, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan tutions within ore minerals or as separate mineral phases. New 40Ar/39Ar
dating and historic geochronology has constrained these deposits into three
I. Ullah; Earth Science, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan ore-producing magmatic pulses: 1) ~78-71 Ma Laramide pulse, 2) ~59-50
Salt tectonics shape structural geometries in foreland fold and thrust belts, Ma, Laramide pulse, and 3) ~40-30 Ma Paleogene pulse. New and historic
complicating hydrocarbon exploration due to mismatches between surface and whole-rock geochemical data have highlighted areas with critical mineral
subsurface structures. Pakistan’s Salt Range and Potwar Plateau is present the potential (e.g. Zn >1%, Bi >1000 ppm, Co to 1026 ppm, and Te to 13 ppm in
impact of the Precambrian Salt Range Formation’s low-density evaporites under drill core from Piños Altos, Grant Co., NM) that require further study.
a Cambrian to Holocene cover during the Himalayan Orogeny. This interaction
forms multiple salt-cored anticlines in the Potwar Plateau, hosting hydrocarbon
deposits. Seismic and well data from Missa Keswal in the Potwar Plateau show 3:05 PM
Cambrian strata overlain by Paleocene strata, indicating a major unconformity. Acme Lithium's Clayton Valley (NV) Project Discovery:
Seismic data reveal normal faults in the basement and northwest-dipping Expanding the Valley's Potential
fore-thrusts that steepen near the surface. Southeast-dipping back-thrusts form
a pop-up anticlinal structure above basement normal faults. Neo-Tethys uplift W. Feyerabend; Geology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
opening and Himalayan tectonics mobilized Salt Range evaporites, juxtaposing ACME Lithium’s Clayton Valley Project’s claims adjoin Albemarle Corp’s
Precambrian-Holocene strata against Punjab Plain, forming steep reverse faults producing operations to the northwest. The USGS drilled two holes in
and salt-cored anticlines. Structural modeling using seismic and borehole data northwestern Clayton Valley in 1979 to depths of 395 feet. Although they took
is key to understanding subsurface structures and guiding exploration in similar scattered water samples with results up to 55 ppm lithium, that was not enough
salt-dominated basins globally to stir interest and most exploration activity was in other parts of the valley.
The open ground was staked by GeoXplor in 2016 and a block optioned by
ACME Lithium in 2021. ACME conducted gravity and HSAMT surveys in 2022
2:25 PM and drilled three holes (one twin) in 2023 to calculate an inferred resource of
Critical Minerals Mapping Across the United States Under 302,900 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) in the basal lower
the USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) gravel stratigraphic unit. Additionally, the program intersected lithium brines in
the basal Campito formation, showed evidence for connectivity to pumping in
J. Jones, W. Day, P. Loferski, D. McPhee and C. Williams; Mineral other parts of the basin and geochemical and isotopic evidence that the brines
Resources Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK have hot springs or geothermal affinities.
The USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) acquires modern
geologic, geochemical, hyperspectral, lidar, and geophysical data across the
Nation in partnership with State geological surveys and others. Funding from the 3:25 PM
2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law accelerated and expanded data collection, Impactful Due Diligence from Exploration to Resource for
helping the USGS meet a Congressional mandate to map the Nation’s below- the Energy Transition
and above-ground critical mineral resources. Earth MRI is also developing a
national mine waste inventory and conducting site-specific characterization B. Atkinson and M. Kartick; Stantec, Denver, CO
activities. This presentation will highlight Earth MRI research, outcomes, and Mineral exploration is an integral contributor to advancing the global energy
planned directions and will describe opportunities for industry engagement. transition by sourcing raw materials for technology and manufacturing needs.
Data and reports can be found at [Link] Our industry will face numerous opportunities and challenges to meet new
and sustaining demand as we strive to expand production of critical minerals.
Meeting this capacity and demand growth will also require exploration
geologists to carefully focus on the quality and type of exploration targets and
generation of resource estimates that inspire investor confidence. This presen-
tation will explore the importance of maintaining first principles in exploration
and mineral resource management for the energy transition.

16     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM 2:05 PM
The Putnam Anticline; A Complex Laramide Fold With An Looking to the Future of Underground Rock Reinforcement:
Interesting Story Epiroc’s Path to Live Work Elimination & Improved Safety at
M. Rhoades; Rhoades Associates, Overland Park, KS the Face
The Putnam Anticline is a well-known structural high that plunges eastward into L. O’Connor; Epiroc, Absarokee, MT
the Jornada Del Muerto basin from the north-south trending Caballo Mountain Underground rock reinforcement methods have been continually advancing
range. The range is located along the eastern flank of the Rio Grande Rift in with technology progressing over the last 20+ years. The mining industry has
southern New Mexico. The anticline is flanked to the east, north and south by come far from the days of the jackleg drill. Epiroc’s bolting technologies have
Permian red beds of the Abo Formation. At the surface, the anticline is cored moved forward with the goal of live work elimination and improved safety at the
with Pennsylvanian limestones of the Magdalena Group, a very thick carbonate face. The Boltec Auto Bolt Reload (ABR) system is the culmination of several
sequence in the region. Thrust faulting at-depth has created the surface years of product development that had the aim to alleviate the bottle neck that
expression in the form of a large fold. In this case, it is an anticline. In 1953, a rock reinforcement had become. The marriage of bolt type, injection resin,
wildcat well was drilled from the summit of the subject anticline. The drillhole mechanized bolt reloading and smart software control has resulted in a solution
penetrated more than 5800 feet of Paleozoic sediments and did not encounter that promises to become a game changer in the mining industry. The Boltec
Precambrian basement rock. This, even though the Paleozoic stratigraphic ABR is designed to increase productivity and bolt installation quality while
sequence in this area is only 2400 feet thick. The depth of thrusting may well significantly improving operator safety. With the ABR function there is no need
be considerably deeper than previous investigators concluded. Furthermore, a for the operator to exit the cabin and manually reload the feed carousel--this
Laramide ‘structural bench’ to the southwest, interpreted by previous investi- is all done automatically from a magazine located on the side of the machine.
gators as a Precambrian basement high, may actually be a large-scale thrust This presentation aims to detail the progress that Epiroc has made with ground
duplex structure. support tools and rock reinforcement technology, all while keeping safety the
number one priority.
4:05 PM
Fluid Inclusion Analysis of Auriferous Type 2 and Type 3 2:25 PM
Veins Across the Estelle Pluton Complex Integrating a Drill Rig Into the Digital Mine 4.0 Ecosystem
E. Freeman Hobler; University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK M. Friedemann and H. Mischo; Institute of Mining and Special Civil
The Estelle Gold Project is located approximately 150 km (93 miles) northwest Engineering, Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg,
of Anchorage in the Alaska Range. The current project is classified as a reduced Sachsen, Germany
intrusive related gold system (RIRGS), and it hosts auriferous sheeted quartz Many devices used in mining are not monitored by sensors or do not have their
veining. Mineralization is primarily low grade and follows a north/south trend own intelligence. By retrofitting sensors and real-time data processing, machines
across the property. The reported results suggest that two main vein types can be integrated into an existing digital infrastructure. Within the European
contain the bulk of Au mineralization, and three fluid inclusions assemblages funded project [Link] a Sandvik DE110 exploration drill rig is being digitized
(FIAs) were identified (Flagg ,2014). The objective of this study is to gather using various AI algorithms at Research and Education Mine of TU Freiberg.
additional information by collecting samples from new high-grade prospects on The aim is to increase the productivity of drilling with real-time evaluation of the
the Estelle property and determine if a correlation exists between fluid inclusion current rock to be drilled and the current maintenance status of the drill rig. The
assemblages and gold grade using petrography, microthermometry, and Laser drill rig is equipped with a speed sensor, pressure sensors in the hydraulics,
Ablation ICPMS (LAICPMS) methods. Fluid inclusions (FIs) are small droplets 3-axis vibration sensor, borehole length measurement and temperature sensor.
of fluid trapped in minerals during their growth or along fractures that develop The sensors are additionally attached to the drilling rig and no structural
and heal after the crystal has formed. (Randive et al.,2014). The 2022 Estelle changes on the drill rig are necessary. All data are processed real-time at
drill program focused on increasing and proving the resource located on the a server structure outside of the mine using AI algorithms to analyze which
Korbel portion of the property and the further exploration of RPM North/South, rock (ore or host rock) is being drilled and to perform predictive maintenance.
and Train prospects. Processed Data are visualized for the operator to optimize the workflow and the
productivity.

2:45 PM
Datatwin: DigitalTwin to Increase Productivity in Mine
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 Operations
AFTERNOON F. Sagastegui and J. Mansilla; Astay, Lima, Lima/Lima, Peru
DataTwin is a revolutionary platform that transforms mining operations
MINING & EXPLORATION: INNOVATION & management by enabling real-time supervision, analysis, control, monitoring,
TECHNOLOGY: INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY and simulation from mine to crusher. Its primary aim is to enhance operational
SOLUTIONS IN MINING efficiency, increase production, reduce costs, and ensure the product meets
504 plant requirements, thereby boosting metallurgical recovery. Implementing a
digital twin in mining starts with importing and centralizing data from geology,
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 operations, plant, and maintenance systems on a single cloud platform.
With this data, the mining operation is visualized in 3D, accompanied by the
Chair: E. Rouleau, Schnabel Engineering KPIs of the different processes with dashboards (BI), and business analytics
(BA) models are generated for production forecasts. Proper training ensures
2:00 PM personnel can manage the digital twin data. Applying the solution through
Introduction DataTwin algorithms in a copper mine increased truck productivity by approxi-
mately 5%, reduced haulage fleet congestion by 4% through equipment reallo-
cation, and improved mining plan fulfillment by 9%, guaranteeing plant feed
under process area recommendations.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     17

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:05 PM 3:45 PM
Real-time LoRa Based Control of Temperature of Concrete HaulControl: Real-time Earthmoving Monitoring and Control
Cylinders During the Construction of the Shaft Liners of a System
Potash Mine J. Uribe, J. Mansilla and F. Sagastegui; Astay, Lima, Lima, Peru
V. Le Borgne, A. Dulmage and A. Cosentino; GKM Consultants, Sainte- In mining construction projects, supervisory personnel spend significant
Julie, QC, Canada time manually recording and analyzing earth-moving data, which reduces
The construction and sustained operation of potash mines in Saskathewan is operational efficiency. The implementation of technologies such as GPS,
challenging due to flooding risks as the beds are located under water-bearing telemetry, and IoT in mining equipment fleets has shown improvements in
formations. For the shaft-sinking project at BHP’s Jansen mine, the unique the operational efficiency of earth-moving tasks by digitalizing and automating
construction method of the waterproof liner requires custom-formulated the process. The process starts with configuring IoT devices on earth-moving
high-strength concrete to ensure long-term structural integrity. In order to obtain equipment to collect and send real-time data to the cloud, including location,
the most accurate maturity curves of the liner’s high-strength concrete, break speed, status, and other operational parameters. Routes are designed
cylinders should to cured and tested in real-time at exactly the temperatures using CAD tools, and supervisors monitor and analyze compliance with the
they are subjected to during construction. A new method was developed to earth-moving plan in real-time using Business Intelligence (BI) tools, identifying
monitor concrete temperatures in real-time, and transmit the readings to the areas for improvement. If operational deviations in haul cycles are detected,
surface over a LoRa radio link where the readings are used. The LoRa gateway immediate decisions can be made to reconcile this information within the plan
distributes the readings to several programmable logic controllers (PLC) as automatically. Tests were conducted at a model mine, and the results showed
setpoints for curing baths. Each batch of samples had to undergo controlled that adopting an IoT-haulage control system improved operational efficiency by
cure for a schedule of at least one month. The system scales in order to 10% in the first year. The system meets technical and operational requirements
accommodate up 24 sections at once in each of the two shafts. This approach for effective earth-moving management in mining environments.
can be extendd to any large linear structures such as tunnesl or bridges were
running instrument cables is not feasible.
4:05 PM
Optimizing Ore Control at Capstone Copper Pinto Valley
3:25 PM Mine through Blast Movement Modelling with OrePro3D
Underwater Visualization for Tailings Monitoring and J. Adu; Capstone Copper, Miami, AZ
Management The Pinto Valley Mine has implemented a cutting-edge approach to optimize
J. Daignault¹, A. Zimmerman³, H. Staton², R. Beranek² and D. Porter²; ore control and address the challenges of blast-induced ore movement. This
¹Kongsberg Discovery, Marquette, MI; ²Eagle Mine, LLC, Champion, MI case study highlights the innovative use of blast movement modeling to enhance
and ³Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, North Vancouver, BC, Canada grade control, reduce ore loss, and minimize dilution, thus improving operational
Tailings are a by-product generated during mineral processing after extraction. efficiency and profitability. By utilizing comprehensive mine data, including in-situ
This by-product needs to be stored in a contained facility as it cannot be block models, blast designs, pre-blast topo surface, and post-blast muckpile
disposed of in conventional landfills. Tailings facilities are constructed to surface, the mine accurately simulates blast dynamics with SmartVectors in
contain a permitted amount of waste material, with the safety of downstream OrePro3D. This method transforms in-situ grade control models into precise
users in mind. Tailings containment facilities can be constructed dams or post-blast models, accounting for differential movement and swell in all
impoundments, as well as natural terrain features or abandoned mines with dimensions. Optimized dig polygons are calculated, considering dig direction,
storage capacity. Multiple notable disasters such as the Vale-owned tailings angle, and bench elevations, ensuring accurate ore boundary definitions and
dam collapse in Brazil have drawn attention to the appropriate monitoring reduced ore loss and dilution. This approach also improves operational efficiency
and management of tailings. SONAR, which stands for Sound Navigation through rapid scenario analysis and real-time adjustments while enhancing
and Ranging, can be used to not only monitor tailings deposition, migration, safety by eliminating unsafe muckpile surveys. The case study demonstrates
and accumulation, but also perform structural integrity inspections, monitor the transformative impact of advanced blast movement modeling on ore control.
deposition volumes, and provide a holistic understanding of what is happening
below the water line. This paper presents the potential for real-time monitoring
4:25 PM
of tailings impoundments, using the single beam dual-axis single beam
scanning sonar deployed at Eagle Mine’s Humboldt Mill Tailings Impoundment, Komatsu – Reducing Fueling-Related Delays in Open-Pit
in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, as a case study. Operations
A. Chowdu; Applied Sciences, Komatsu MTS, Tucson, AZ
Truck refueling is a core operational requirement for any open-pit haulage
fleet. Based on the fleet size, mines utilize different refueling strategies while
attempting to minimize delays and fulfil ancillary objectives, e.g., managing
shift changes and operator breaks. A common strategy, especially for larger
fleets, is to refuel during the shift when trucks reach a minimum fuel threshold.
Komatsu combines the fueling threshold with near-real time data to predictively
model a truck’s duty cycle and fuel consumption in the future to optimize the
refueling schedule for the available fleet. This approach is more responsive to
changing operational conditions and opens opportunities for reducing fueling-
related non-productive time. A direct consequence of this approach allows
operations to safely reduce their minimum fuel thresholds by 5-10%, in turn
improving truck productivity. In this analysis, we reduce the fueling threshold by
10% at a large open-pit operation to identify the potential benefits and explore
alternative fueling strategies that are made possible by the optimization model.

18     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Incorporating Sustainability Principles into Mine Planning:
A Novel MILP for Carbon-Conscious Short-Term Production
MINING & EXPLORATION: OPERATIONS: MINE Scheduling
PLANNING & OPTIMIZATION I (SURFACE FOCUSED) M. Rahnema², M. Grenon² and A. Moradi¹; ¹University of Kentucky, Lexington,
506 KY and ²Mining Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
The mining industry is a notable contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG)
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 emissions, posing challenges to achieving the Paris Agreement’s goal of
capping emissions at 30 Gt CO2-equivalent annually by 2030. This study
Chairs: B. Perez, KGHM, Centennial, CO introduces a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model tailored
J. Kraft, Datamine Software, Littleton, CO for short-term open-pit mine planning that integrates environmental consider-
ations alongside economic objectives. The model handles complex operational
2:00 PM challenges, including block sequencing, multiple transport destinations, and
Introduction stockpile management, and provides the opportunity to examine the adoption
of In-Pit Crushing and Conveying systems, an innovative approach aimed at
reducing emissions from haulage—which accounts for over 35% of GHG
2:05 PM
emissions in open-pit mining. Applied to a case study in an iron ore mine,
Sustainability in Long-term Surface Mine Planning: A the model considers the environmental benefits of IPCC systems compared to
Systematic Review of Operations Research Applications traditional truck and shovel operations and highlights significant reductions in
M. Aghdamigargari, S. Avane, A. Anani and S. Adewuyi; Mining and haulage costs and carbon tax liabilities. The findings demonstrate that fixed
Geological Engineering University of Engineering, Tucson, AZ IPCC systems, in particular, offer substantial decreases in GHG emissions,
presenting a compelling case for their broader adoption in the industry.
The mining industry, crucial for global resource supply, has long faced
environmental and social challenges, such as habitat disruption and
fatalities. Recently, the industry has been transitioning to meet sustainable 3:05 PM
development expectations. Operations Research plays a crucial role in this
Mine Plan Risk Assessment and Grade Uncertainty
regard by providing techniques to optimize decision-making processes. This
research reviews various Operations Research methods and their applications Characterization Using Geostatistical Conditional
in balancing economic, social, and environmental aspects in surface mine Simulation: Gold Mine Case Study
planning. By assessing the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques, S. Hoerger¹ and K. Dadelen²; ¹Peak View Mine Planning, Englewood, CO
the review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners aiming and ²Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
to improve production efficiency and sustainability through advanced planning For gold mines, orebody variability is one of the leading causes of differences
strategies. between planned and actual production. Geostatistical conditional simulations
can be used to assess the likely range of production variability for a given mine
2:25 PM plan based on the current amount of drilling information. For the McLaughlin
gold mine, risk profiles are demonstrated to show how different mine, cutoff
Evaluating the Long- and Short-Term Production and stockpile strategies can reduce risk and improve expected value. Risk
Mismatches in Surface Mining: An Expert-Based Unified profiles for plans created with and without stochastic mine plan optimization
Approach for Uncertainty Assessment are also compared.
O. Golbasi¹ and T. Tekbey²; ¹Mining Engineering, Orta Dogu Teknik
Universitesi, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey and ²Mine Planning Department, 3:25 PM
Boliden Aitik Mine, Gällivare, Sweden
Design, Development and Implementation of Operational
Production planning in surface mining is essential for long- and short-term
timeframes. Long-term plans generally maximize NPV or final throughput and Fleet Management Systems Using Adaptative Artificial
schedule ore and waste excavation annually, while short-term plans ensure Intelligence Techniques
the daily execution of these objectives. Long-term plans often face operational L. Zamalloa² and K. Dadelen¹; ¹Mining Engineering, Colorado School of
stochastic variability. Misunderstanding aleatory (natural) or epistemic Mines, Golden, CO and ²COSMO Stochastic Mine Planning Laboratory,
(knowledge-based) uncertainties can cause significant deviations between McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
these planning types, leading to production shortfalls, budget mismatches, In the mining industry, a Fleet Management System (FMS) is a complex
supply issues, market losses, planning disruptions, and reduced productivity, framework of integrated routines responsible for calculating, deciding, and
affecting downstream industries. Current literature typically separates long- registering the best possible arrangement of trucks, shovels and service
and short-term planning, neglecting a unified uncertainty assessment. This equipment to achieve the production targets while meeting the operational
study identifies twenty-one key uncertainty factors—classified into geology, constraints in a mine. Due to the nature of the problem, the quantity of live data
economics, operations, and external groups—that impact planning alignment. involved, the uniqueness of each mining site, the computational limitations,
A survey of senior planning experts and managers from various surface mines and the uncertainties related to the mining activity, the system relies on a
worldwide, analyzed using fuzzy-fault tree analysis, revealed grade variation person called dispatcher for most of the parameters’ adjusting and decision-
as the most critical factor (~14%) and communication efficiency as the least making process. However, since the dispatcher is a human being, the decisions
critical (~0.5%) in causing production plan mismatches. may result in suboptimal solutions due to human-related factors. To provide a
solution for this problem, an alternative methodology is presented to discuss
a process that involves the combination of Operations Research and machine
learning techniques to evaluate best decision parameters, and to predict
optimal decision-making for a variety of uncertain scenarios, providing the
dispatch operator an optimal course of action for a set of operational conditions,
and a potential outcome for a given decision made.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     19

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM 2:45 PM
Capturing Value at Pena Colorada (Adding ESG to the Value Critical Controls – Are Yours Effective?
Formula) C. Pecora; Hawcroft, Venetia, PA
R. Vivas; Technical Services, Hexagon Mining, Tucson, AZ We spend a lot of time managing risk. We have numerous controls in place.
Life of Mine Plans and Budget forecasts are supposed to predict the value of Sometimes, we are crystal clear on the most critical controls to our operation or
a mining operation for a determined mine planning horizon. These predictions organization. Sometimes not. Undoubtedly, there are controls that are ‘critical’
look forward into the future and make assumptions which may be governed by to limiting the likelihood or consequences of a particular risk. Are these ‘Critical
ESG constraints. Sometimes, these assumptions change (e.g. did not get an Controls’ in place? Are they working? Is the performance of the controls clear?
environmental permit) and so the plans have to be updated and alternatives In this paper, we aim to share some of the good practices on this subject. After
must be evaluated. This presentation looks at how Pena Colorada has included all, we are all managing risk in one way, shape or form. Shouldn’t our risk
ESG factors into the value formula to provide forecasts that account for ESG management program be effective?
variables. Similarly, this presentation shows how Pena Colorada has optimized
their haulage and dumping plans to minimize the truck hours and associated
3:05 PM
carbon footprint.
Sentrisk – Take Control of Your Supply Chain Risk
S. Maxwell and A. Gregg; Marsh USA, Cincinnati, OH
Marsh built Sentrisk so it’s easier to stop disruption. Managing supply chain
risk is hard. You can’t manage what you can’t see, disruption is more frequent,
and regulators demand more. Companies have no or limited visibiility to risk
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 exposure beyond direct suppliers and disruptions are causing significant
AFTERNOON downtime and losses. There are growing pressures from regulators, investors,
and customers to operate efficiently. However, businesses that take control of
RISK MANAGEMENT, RISK TRANSFER AND their supply chain risk can gain significant advantage over the comeptition by
INSURANCE preventing losses, recovering faster, reporting with confidence, and accessing
cost efficiencies. Marsh’s Sentrisk platform helps companies achieve these
110
advantages.
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24
Chairs: C. Pecora, Hawcroft, Venetia, PA 3:25 PM
K. Ward, McGriff, Denver, CO Risk Avoidance Using Tailings Valorization and Dewatering
Technology
2:00 PM M. Barish and J. Fisher; Somerset International, Sewickley, PA
Introduction
Tailings Storage Facilities (TSF) have been an integral part of mining throughout
the world since the advent of aqueous processing. In recent years there has
2:05 PM been a slow a movement away from these massive ponds due to high cost
of construction, increasingly effective technology, and advances in ultra-fine
Introduction of Insurance particle recovery. One factor that is rarely considered, but could have great
D. Zochowski; USI Insurance, Bristol, TN value for community relations and the bottom line, is risk avoidance. The risk
From a Broker perspective, what a mining client should know about structing an associated with a TSF is not in the construction, though there is some, it is not
effective insurance program. Embrace Insurance Inspections The ever-changing in the cost, as it is known and can be budgeted for, but it lies in the devastation
Insurance Markets Why do I get quotes at the last minute What to expect from from a catastrophic failure. Lives lost, towns destroyed, and millions of dollars in
your Broker damages can all be avoided by the proper application of dewatering technology
and comingled disposal. This presentation will explore the various technologies
available for tailings dewatering and the associated risks with each as it relates
2:25 PM to cost and community.
Applying Loss Analysis in Loss Control Engineering
Programs for Mining Sites 3:45 PM
J. Wolgram and D. Landers; Swiss Re, Reno, NV Insurance Program Impacts Related to Tailings Storage
Loss control engineering programs support property damage and business Facilities
interruption risk reduction programs through identification and communication
of risks to enterprise stakeholders from the board level to front line operators. K. Ward; McGriff, Denver, CO
Through analysis of mining client claim data over the last two decades, Swiss Tailings storage facilities (TSFs) represent a major source of operatonal risk for
Re tailors their risk engineering program to focus on inherent risks and loss any mine. We typically envision that risk in terms of potential loss of life, environ-
scenarios correlated to large industry losses. The loss analysis framework mental devastation, and economic disruption to downstream communities.
includes a review of layers of protection related to the loss type and lessons Tailings stewardship programs and other governance models are used to help
learned to improve the implementation of protection systems and programs. manage these risks, but mine owners also utilize insurance programs as a
financial risk management tool. In this presentation, we will: - Identify basic
insurance coverages and structures related to TSFs - Review wider market
impacts after historic TSF failures - Discuss strategies to maximize affected
insurance coverages

20     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Safeguarding Tailings Dams from Space using L-band SAR
Soil Moisture Analysis
TAILINGS: TECHNOLOGIES FOR MINE WASTE J. Perry; Asterra San Diego, CA
STEWARDSHIP Recent commercial uses of L-Band SAR in the water industry for the detection
Sponsored by Newmont of leaks has led to further developments in its application within the ground
607 engineering industry to determine the concentrations of sub surface soil
moisture which can be indicative of potential problems within earthwork assets,
road pavements and rail beds. L-Band SAR has also been explored for use in
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 tailings storage facilities (TSF) safety. Internal erosion of TSF and earth dams is
Chairs: J. Bindner, Conetec Investigations Ltd., Seattle, WA one of the major causes of failure, the consequences of which are far reaching
C. Priscu, Priscu and Associates Consulting Engineers Inc., including loss of life, environmental disaster, loss of reputation and significant
West Vancouver, BC, Canada financial penalties. L-Band SAR has the ability to detect moisture below the
ground surface and determine the presence of high soil moisture concen-
2:00 PM trations which may be indicative of areas of internal seepage, in advance of this
Introduction manifesting itself at the surface. L-Band SAR can assist asset owners to address
their responsibilities in terms of dam safety, enabling appropriate direction of
resources and funding to the areas needed, and targeted interventions and
2:05 PM maintenance for the prevention future failures and the increase in safety.
Reducing Enviromental Impact by Anomalies Detection on
Pipelines to Tailing Dams 3:05 PM
V. Mwaba; SME, Shorewood, IL Predicting Tailings Properties from Multiple Mine Sites
Leak detection systems are based on the possibility of performing a mass Using Hyperspectral Sensing
balance and simulating fluid conditions throughout the system, and identifying C. Brockett, J. Scalia and C. Bareither; Civil & Environmental Engineering,
anomalies in stable and transient states. In tailings slurry, it is impossible to Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
simulate the fluid due to its high solids content, since they will present indeter-
minate patterns as a result of the solids. The communication of the instruments Technologies that rapidly characterize tailings properties are essential for
along the pipeline poses a challenge in terms of communication and energy advancing tailings practice. However, current methods, including the SPT
autonomy. Flowmeters suitable for high solids content, and monitoring of the and CPT, do not characterize all relevant tailings properties at the rate and
pressure model by wireless transmitters, indicate possible anomalies that resolution needed for geotechnical analysis and design. Recent studies have
trigger verification and possible mitigations tasks. Limiting the risk of enviro- shown promise for the use of hyperspectral sensing and machine learning for
mental accidents. the prediction of tailings properties. However, there is a poor understanding
of how machine learning models perform when simultaneously predicting
tailings properties from multiple mines. The objective of this study is to explore
2:25 PM how neural networks can be used to predict tailings properties from multiple
Digital Twins: The Future of Tailings Management operations including particle size distribution parameters, solids content, and
moisture metrics. Tailings from different mines were artificially prepared to
A. Veizaga and S. Cuellar; Arcadis, Santiago, Chile have varying particle size distributions, moisture contents, and densities.
A digital twin (DT) is an effective tool for monitoring and optimizing various Hyperspectral sensing was conducted on the tailings samples and used to
production processes, including mining. In this context, it is important to analyze compile a tailings-hyperspectral dataset. Neural networks were then used to
its application to tailings storage facilities (TSFs) considering their physical investigate how various training and testing datasets impact the predictive
characteristics, the availability of data, quantity of variables involved, and the performance of the neural network.
potential benefits expected as a result. TSFs require simulation tools to optimize
design, construction, and operation, both in current conditions and future or
extreme scenarios. DTs make it possible to integrate online data, historical data, 3:25 PM
state-of-the-art simulation software, and human expertise to generate a digital Characterisation of In Situ Saturation Profile Through Tube
copy of the physical infrastructure and processes. This proposed applicability of Measurements and SCPTu
a DT in a TSF should not be understood as an automatically operating system,
but rather as an advanced simulation tool for decision making. In addition, E. Coyle; Mining’, Working Engineer, Denver, CO
since the implementation of Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management, As more scrutiny is given to upstream tailings facility’s liquefaction potential
the mining industry has raised its standards for information management and and resulting strengths around the world, saturation of the tailings becomes
decision-making. In that sense, use of Digital Twins is a powerful instrument for an important question for tailings practitioners, especially in conditions of near,
warehouse management. but not fully saturated tailings. The difference in seismic behaviour between
near, but not fully saturated and fully saturated tailings can have significant
implications in the stability outcomes and design configurations for tailings
storage facilities. This paper presents a unique and extensive site investigation
performed at an Australian gold mine upstream tailings facility, in predomi-
nantly near (but not fully) saturated tailings. The paper presents the method
and results obtained by direct measurement of Sr through the collection of
100 high quality piston tubes to full depth of the tailings column, that were
then used to determine void and saturation ratios. The tubes were supple-
mented with adjacent SCPTu dynamic Pore Water Pressure (PwP) and profiles
of Compression wave velocity (Vp) and shear wave velocity (Vs) that will be
presented for comparison and correlations.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     21

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM pushing the boundaries of what is possible in these conditions, including new
Is There a Current Technological Limit on the Size of tunneling and modular box hole boring machines. These and other machine
setups offer the possibility to make long distance, large diameter boring in
Filtered Tailings Storage Facilities? challenging hard rock an efficient process.
S. Emerman; Malach Consulting, Spanish Fork, UT
A major challenge for the construction of filtered tailings storage facilities in wet
climates is the possible resaturation of the tailings. Plots of storage volume, 2:25 PM
height and tailings production rate as a function of mean annual precipitation Novel Methodology for Analysis of Tunnel’s Wall Accidental
for existing filtered tailings storage facilities show straight-line envelopes with a Fire Load For Megaprojects
negative slope. The envelopes could be interpreted as the current technological
A. Haghighat; Fire Life Safety, Tunnel Ventilation, AECOM, Walnut Creek, CA
limit, which could evolve toward greater sizes and throughputs for a given mean
annual precipitation as the technology advances. Proposals for new filtered The fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) tunnels’ lining of the transit systems is
tailings storage facilities that are far outside of the current technological limit designed based on accidental fire load during fire incidents. The conventional
should be viewed with great caution. approach which results in overestimation of the fire loading and lining’s thickness
is the use of one of the standard temperature-time curves. The research presented
in this paper developed a methodology using CFD analysis to analyze the tunnel’s
4:05 PM wall temperature during a 15 MW train car fire incident in the tunnel for an
Revolutionizing Mining, Minerals, and Exploration: The active megaproject. Convection, conduction, and radiation heat transfers were
considered in this numerical analysis. The detailed numerical analysis procedure
Transformative Power of Generative AI was discussed and the maximum temperature on the tunnel’s wall at full fire was
L. Bachu; Tetra Tech Inc, Saskatoon, SK, Canada calculated. The maximum temperature point at full fire was considered as the
Mining, minerals, and exploration are crucial for global economic development, base point to develop the temperature-time graph for FRC tunnel’s lining design.
supplying essential materials for various industries. However, the sector faces The maximum temperature on the tunnel’s lining at full fire was calculated at
challenges such as high costs, environmental concerns, and safety risks. 735.6 °C. The calculated results were verified to the similar full scale fire tests in
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has the potential to address these the tunnel. The outcome of this research can be applied to the tunnel and mine
issues by enhancing efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Current technologies design effectively and cost efficiently.
often struggle with data quality and integration. GenAI excels in processing
diverse data types, enhancing project management, training, real-time
monitoring, and resource optimization. Adopting GenAI presents challenges, 2:45 PM
including ensuring data quality, mitigating biases, ethics, securing data, and Improving Efficiency in Rock Cutting: Machine Learning
integrating AI systems. This paper provides an overview of GenAI’s strengths Analysis of Force Signals and Power/Time Trade-Offs
and weaknesses and offers a roadmap for successful implementation. By
A. Morshedlou¹, I. Dagli², J. Rostami¹ and M. Belviranli³; ¹Mining
leveraging GenAI, the mining industry can drive innovation and sustainability,
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Arvada, CO; ²Computer Science,
positioning itself for a future of enhanced efficiency and reduced environmental
PhD Student at Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO and ³Computer
impact. This paper offers insights for professionals, regulators, and researchers
Science, Assistant Professor at Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
aiming to advance mining, minerals, and exploration practices
In this study, the classification of rock types and wear conditions of pick cutters
are investigated using force signals collected during rock cutting experiments.
Various rock samples were cut using a linear cutting machine (LCM) at the
Earth Mechanics Institute (EMI). Two different pick cutters, U85 and U92, were
employed, each in three distinct wear conditions: new, moderately worn, and
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 worn out. Cutting force data, represented as force signals, were collected
and subsequently analyzed using machine learning classification algorithms
AFTERNOON alongside signal processing techniques. The objective was to discern the wear
condition of the pick cutters and identify the rock types from the force signals.
UCA: TUNNELS & SHAFTS Following the classification analysis, the performance of different algorithms was
111 evaluated to determine those yielding the most accurate results. Further analysis
was conducted to balance energy consumption and execution time, providing
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 insights into the trade-offs involved in the application of these machine learning
algorithms. The outcomes of this research contribute to the optimization of rock
Chairs: B
 . Meyer, Frontier-Kemper Constructors, Toluca Lake, CA cutting processes and the enhancement of tool life and performance.
R. O’Connell

2:00 PM 3:05 PM
Introduction Pushing the Limits of Raise Boring in the Americas
R. Lyle; Cementation Americas, North Bay, ON, Canada
2:05 PM The demands for ventilation shafts are ever increasing as mines expand and
Mechanized Cutting in Mining go deeper. Accordingly, the commonly employed raise boring method for
excavating ventilation shafts is being asked to push its limits. This presentation
B. Grothen; Robbins, Kent, WA
explores two recent projects that really pushed the limits and were completed
Raise boring machines and road headers are a common fixture of underground with zero harm. The first project consisted of twin surface vent raises in hard
mining operations worldwide, but there are limitations to their use. As the rock of the Canadian Shield. These 3530 ft deep raises are the longest single
geology gets harder and face area or raise diameters get larger the effects pass raises ever completed in the Americas. The second project, located in
on advance rate and tooling costs begin to limit where these technologies can a western sedimentary basin, really pushed the limits for diameter. It used
be applied. These issues are especially notable in longer raises or tunnels. an innovative approach to achieve a variable diameter to optimize the shaft
In addition, there are limited ways to install ground support in challenging liner dimensions. The reamer was initially configured at 26.6 ft diameter - one
rock conditions. In this presentation, we will look at new technologies that are of the largest raises ever completed - and modified to finish at 24.6 ft. This

22     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

presentation provides a summary of these groundbreaking projects including TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

ground conditions, pilot drilling and reaming considerations – along with the
challenges overcome along the way. Best of all, these demanding projects were
MORNING
successfully completed with zero harm.
BULK MATERIAL HANDLING: SAFETY AND DUST
MANAGEMENT AND PLANT DESIGN
3:25 PM
610/612
Pleasure Bay Interceptor – Shaft and Tunnel Design
Considerations and Construction Challenges 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
T. Kilduff; Kilduff [Link], Tinton Falls, NJ Chair: G. Bierie, Benetech USA, Aurora, IL
The Pleasure Bay Interceptor Project consists of the construction of a new
50 MGD pumping station in Monmouth Beach, NJ and interceptor sewer. 9:00 AM
The new interceptor sewer extends 3,300 linear feet under Pleasure Bay to Introduction
an existing sanitary system in Oceanport. The pumping station required an
80-foot diameter compositely supported shaft sunk approximately 120 feet
within stiff to hard marine deposits. The tunnel was advanced with a Lovat 9:05 AM
earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) through the stiff marine clays to reach Reducing Dust and Respirable Crystalline Silica Near
another compositely supported reception shaft that was approximately 100 feet
deep. The Project encountered a significant differing site conditions (DSC) that Conveyors Using a Hybrid Dust Control System
required quick attention and response with changes to means and methods D. Parks¹, A. Miller¹, B. Koski¹ and G. Bierie²; ¹CDC NIOSH, Spokane, WA
and engineering design. This paper details the project challenges and team and ²Benetech, Aurora, IL
decisions made to overcome significant challenges. Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) is a common airborne hazard in many
industries including mining. Researchers at the National Institute for Safety
and Health (NIOSH) have regularly conducted research into novel approaches
for dust and RCS reduction at industrial sites. We present the development
of a prototype system for reducing dust emissions with a focus on transfer
points. The passive portion of the prototype included modular sections of
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 shrouding with internal baffles mounted on the conveyor frame directly beneath
AFTERNOON two cone crushers. The active portion of the system consisted of a powered
blower baghouse on a transfer point downstream of the cone crushers. The
MPD PLENARY SESSION backpressure inside the baghouse filters was monitored and used to trigger a
jet of compressed air to dislodge the collected dust. The dislodged dust was
705/707/709 prevented from being re-entrained by way of a synchronized spray surfactant.
Air sampling showed that area airborne respirable dust was reduced 93%
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 (p < 0.0001) when the full hybrid system was installed. This type of system
Chair: Tarun Bhambhani, Syensqo Mining Solutions, Stamford, CN has the potential to reduce airborne respirable dust and silica in many mining
environments.
2:00 PM
Robert H. Richards Award and Lecturer 9:25 AM
Jaisen Kohmuench Improving Belt Maintenance Effectiveness by Design
For contributions made toward advancing the state-of-the-art in fine and R. Lezius², G. Graber¹, D. Pfister² and V. Hamilton¹; ¹Business
ultrafine particle separation technologies that have been commercially Development, Virta Inc, Carlsbad, CA and ²Engineering, Carlsbad, CA
successful and used in processing operations worldwide.
Effective and efficient maintenance of belt conveyors is as critical for its safety,
reliability and efficiency as its functional design. While design principles for
2:00 PM functional operation are well established, effective design for safe and efficient
maintenance can often be overlooked. The availability and reliability of belt
Antoine M. Gaudin Award and Lecturer conveyors depend on minimizing unplanned downtime and reducing preventive
Zhenghe Xu maintenance efforts. Reducing unplanned downtime can be achieved with
For outstanding contributions in applying rigorous science to oil sands use of technologies like condition monitoring, which can be used to prevent
extraction systems, leading to significantly improved production and reduced premature component failure and to develop effective preventative maintenance
carbon footprint. programs. Routine maintenance activities can be made safer, more efficient
and less costly with attention to rapid component replacement, modular chute
design, clever maintenance tools (e.g., pulley C-frames, spreader beams, belt
2:00 PM pulling bars, idler removal tools, etc.), improved inspection areas and effective
Milton E. Wadsworth Award and Lecturer spares management. This paper examines the design and implantation of
effective maintenance techniques for improving overall system availability and
Michael L. Free
reliability, while reducing the time and labor for maintenance tasks.
For his contributions to the understanding of transport, kinetics, and interfacial
phenomena associated with metal electrolysis, corrosion inhibition, and metal
extraction.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     23

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Engineering the Second Longest (67.8km) Overland MORNING
Conveyor System in the World
A. Jennings; Conveyor Dynamics, Inc., Bellingham, WA COAL & ENERGY: CORE-CM/RARE EARTHS
At 67.8km Atlas Energy Solutions, Dune Express Overland Conveyor system 702
is the second longest chain of conveyors ever built and the longest built in 50
years. The conveyor system transports 2,100 short tph of frac sand across 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
the Permian Basin and into New Mexico where it supplies remote distribution
facilities. Dune Express negotiates countless existing infrastructure obstacles Chairs: D. Palo, Barr Engineering, Murrieta, CA
including highways, railway corridors, service roads, flood plains, powerline B. Arnold, The Pennsylvania State University, Apollo, PA
and pipeline easements and oil wells on its way from the existing Kermit sand
plant in West Texas to New Mexico. The horizontally curved conveyor system 9:00 AM
comprises of 4 main overland conveyor flights with the longest of which is Introductions
26.3 km. Conveyor Dynamics was responsible for the detailed mechanical
design and control of this system. We present here, three new products we
9:05 AM
invented to meet Atlas Energy Solutions’ requirements: a tool that removes
idlers on a running conveyor, a device that is inserted into a running conveyor to Rare Earth Elements Minerals in Late Cretaceous Coal Beds
temporarily offload the sand at any location along the route, and a belt tension in the San Juan and Rton Basins New Mexico
sensor that does not require loadcells. This paper also describes the advanced V. McLemore and E. Owen; NMBGMR/NM Tech, Socorro, NM
array of smart sensors monitoring the system.
Rare earth elements (REE) and critical minerals are increasingly becoming more
important in our technological society and are used in many of our electronic
10:05 AM devices (such as cell phones, computer monitors, wind turbines, etc.),
batteries, and magnets. Measuring REE and critical minerals in ashed coal
Advanced Drive Technology for Atlas Energy Solutions’
approximates the REE and critical minerals in the fly or bottom ash remaining
“Dune Express” Overland Conveyor System after coal is burned at a power plant, where REE and other critical minerals
R. Hoet; Sales & Applications Engineering, Voith USA Inc, York, PA could be leached. In New Mexico, there are 23 coal fields in Late Cretaceous
Atlas Energy Solutions will complete the commissioning of the historic “Dune rocks in the San Juan and Raton Basins. These rocks are being characterized
Express” (DE) overland conveyor system in 4Q-2024, the longest conveyor as part of the DOE’s CORE-CM (Carbon Ore, Rare Earth, and Critical Minerals)
system built in the last 45 years worldwide. The 4 overland conveyors transport program. Higher concentrations of REE (as much as 2103 ppm total REE) are
fracking sand 67 km across western Texas into New Mexico. It is the 2nd found locally in ashed coals from the basins. More chemical and mineralogical
longest conveyor system in operation worldwide, and the longest overland analyses are required to fully understand the distribution and origin of REE in
system in the Americas. Two of the conveyors, CV02 (24.05 km) and CV04 these deposits. As the demand for REE increases because of increased need
(26.55 km), surpassed the previous world record for the longest single flight and short supplies, the dollar value per ton of ore rises, enhancing deposit
conveyor without an intermediate drive station (Sasol – Shondoni @ 20.5 economics, perhaps even from coal.
km). Like the Sasol conveyor, both CV02 and CV04 have several horizontal
curves which require precise torque control from the drives. The DE uses many
9:25 AM
advanced technologies which were applied to the belt, the idlers, the pulleys,
and the drive system. This paper focuses on the collaboration and design A Survey of Rare Earth Elements and Other Critical
efforts of Atlas Energy Solutions, Conveyor Dynamics Inc, and Voith in the Minerals in Coal Ash
design, development, and control logic of the Voith supplied fluid coupling drive D. Levitan; U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
packages that power the 3 longest conveyors, providing a 10 minute controlled
acceleration and load sharing control from the drive system. When coal is burned for power generation, the residual ash can be enriched in
critical minerals (as defined by the U.S. Geological Survey’s 2022 list), including
rare earth elements (REEs), compared to other geologic materials. This study
10:25 AM evaluated a geochemical dataset compiled from over 700 coal ash samples that
have been published in reports, government databases, and scientific literature.
Silo Inspection and Repair
We examine the distribution of REEs in coal ash, the relationship between REEs
D. Blauser; Management, Marietta Silos, LLC, Marietta, OH and other critical minerals in coal ash, and the factors that may influence the
In this presentation, we will cover storage silo material flow patterns, including concentrations of these elements. The results show that coal ash is generally
funnel flow, mass flow, and fluidizing flow. There will also be a discussion on enriched in REEs relative to typical crustal levels, with around 70% of samples
the negative attributes of asymmetric flow. We will then go into a discussion of exhibiting total REE concentrations over 300 ppm. However, the concentrations
the different types of storage silos including jump form, slip form concrete, and are variable, and the proportion of critical REEs was not correlated with total
steel silos. Then we will cover a description of the different areas and structures REE concentrations, suggesting that both factors may need to be considered
of a storage silo to be observed, and what to look for to determine if there are when evaluating coal ash as a source material. Total REE concentrations were
any potential structural problems. This will allow a silo operator to do a brief strongly directly correlated with the concentrations of individual REEs and
inspection and then know when to alert management or a silo specialist. We thorium, a potential indicator parameter.
will also include a description of the different types of Silo inspections by profes-
sional experts to include descriptions of level one, two, and three inspection
procedures. The presentation will include a discussion on the different types of
silo repair procedures available in the market. We will also explain how to select
the correct Silo professional to inspect further or design repairs.

24     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
CORE-CM Highlights from the CANARY (Northern Integrated Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage and Rare Earth
Appalachia) Project Element-Critical Materials Production
B. Arnold and S. Pisupati; The Pennsylvania State University, University A. Noble¹, T. Larochelle² and P. Ziemkiewicz³; ¹Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
Park, PA VA; ²L3 Process Development, Bent Mountain, VA and ³Water Research
Since 2021, Penn State’s Center for Critical Minerals has assessed the carbon ore, Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
rare earth elements, and other critical mineral contents of various target materials Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are considered critical minerals essential for
in the Northern Appalachian basin. Carbon products’ potential is significant in this several technology and defense applications. Terbium and Dysprosium are
basin as coal reserves are prevalent and represent coal ranks from high-volatile particularly important given their necessity in high-temperature magnets, their
bituminous through anthracite. Many waste products from current and historic projected supply shortfall and the lack of domestic resource. Over the last 10
mining and power generation activity are also found in the basin, including acid years, researchers at West Virginia University, Virginia Tech, and L3 Process
mine drainage/sludge, tailings related to ash from fluidized bed combustors utilizing Development have developed enabling technologies for the extraction, recovery,
coal refuse, coal mining, and metal mines), metal slags, coal underclays, and and separation of REEs, particularly Terbium and Dysprosium, from acid mine
produced waters from the oil and gas industry. This paper will provide an overview drainage (AMD). This presentation will describe how these technologies have
of these targeted resources. It will identify samples that contain some of the highest been integrated into a national AMD-based REE supply chain using the Front
concentrations of rare earth elements and other critical elements of interest. End Loading (FEL) Framework, how this project is being leveraged to develop
new technologies and training opportunities.
10:05 AM
A National Critical Minerals and Materials Prospectus and 11:05 AM
Resource Assessment Methodology Expanding the Search for Critical Minerals in Appalachia
A. Wendt, G. Creason, D. Justman, R. Yesenchak, N. Cordero Rodriguez, R. Bishop¹, A. Noble¹, B. Arnold², K. Andrews5, Z. Agioutantis³,
S. Nakacwa, J. Mackey, T. Vactor, T. Childress, C. Conwell, T. Tarka, S. Schafrik³ and D. Talan4; ¹Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; ²Penn State,
B. Thomas and G. Guthrie; U.S. Department of Energy National Energy State College, PA; ³University of Kentucky, Blacksburg, KY; 4West
Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA Virginia University, Morgantown, WV and 5Marshall Miller & Associates,
Blacksburg, VA
Since 2014, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and
Carbon Management (FECM) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory Over the past few years, extensive research has focused on assessing the
(NETL) have been developing technologies to diversify the domestic supply of mineral endowment of the Appalachian coalfields and its potential to be a
critical minerals and materials (CMM) from unconventional prospects. It has source of critical minerals for the United States. Through the Department of
been shown that unconventional CMM resources, including coal refuse, coal Energy’s CORE-CM (Carbon Ore, Rare Earth, and Critical Minerals) initiative,
byproducts, and other coal-related waste streams such as acid mine drainage, several teams have been examining this region’s mineral resource potential
contain usable concentrations of CMM that are, in some cases, ore-grade or beyond coal, with the goal of discovering materials that can be used to advance
greater. To fully understand and reflect how CMM contained in unconven- clean energy technologies and sustainable industries vital to job creation and
tional prospects vary across the United States, FECM/NETL is developing a national security. These efforts aim to stimulate downstream value-added
National CMM Prospectus. The Prospectus, which leverages data collected industries that can bring economic growth back to the area. This presentation
by Carbon Ore, Rare Earth, and Critical Minerals (CORE-CM) Initiative for U.S. will highlight the latest technologies being used for rare earth and critical
Basins awardees as well as other publicly available datasets, will present grade, minerals exploration in the Appalachian region and plans to accelerate the next
tonnage, and constrained uncertainty of potential prospects. To that end, phase of characterization work.
FECM/NETL is developing a prospectivity analysis methodology for unconven-
tional CMM feedstocks, including coal, coal refuse, coal fly ash, acid mine
drainage, and fossil-energy-related produced waters.

10:25 AM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Critical Minerals & Materials from Secondary and MORNING
Unconventional Feedstocks: Best Practices from the
CORE-CM Initiative COAL & ENERGY: DEPLOYMENT OF MINE EMISSIONS
T. Childress, A. Wendt, J. Mullen and S. Montross; U.S. DOE National REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES- MINE METHANE
Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA MANAGEMENT
The Carbon Ore, Rare Earth, and Critical Minerals (CORE-CM) Initiative for U.S. 105
Basins is a Department of Energy (DOE) effort aimed at catalyzing economic
growth and job creation by developing more stable domestic supplies of 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
critical minerals and materials (CMM), including novel high-value, nonfuel,
carbon-based products from secondary and unconventional feedstocks. DOE Chairs: M. Karmis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
formed collaborative working groups with the CORE-CM awardees and their J. Fidler, Consol Energy Inc, Canonsburg, PA
partners consisting of industry; universities; local, state, and federal government
personnel; and tribal governments. These working groups collaborated over a 9:00 AM
series of virtual meetings and in-person workshops in 2023 and 2024. Drawing Introductions
on the experience of technical experts, including the U.S. Geological Survey,
DOE has developed a suite of best practices guidance documents regarding
CMM resource characterization of secondary and unconventional feedstocks
such as coal and coal refuse, coal fly ash, and acid mine drainage; assessing
available infrastructure and gaps needed to support CMM supply chains; and
environmental justice centered on community outreach and engagement.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     25

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:05 AM overview of the achievements and challenges of the last 25 years in German
Field Test Unit Demonstration for the Catalytic Oxidation of mine gas industry and research.
Ventilation Air Methane (VAM)
A. Palermo¹, K. Gray³, J. Fedeyko¹, Y. Lugo-Jose¹ and P. Flynn²; ¹Johnson 10:05 AM
Matthey, Wayne, PA; ²CONSOL Energy, Canonsburg, PA and ³Johnson Improving Safety and Efficacy of Gob Gas Extraction
Matthey UK, Stockton-Tees, UK Systems
As Part of the DOE funded REMEDY project (DE-AR0001532), Johnson Matthey,
B. Apple; Environmental Commodities Corporation, Boulder, CO
Oak Ridge National Laboratory and CONSOL Energy have developed, designed,
and implemented a catalytic oxidation technology to demonstrate the abatement Incorporating remote monitoring and control functionality into mine methane
potential for VAM sources from underground coal mining. The demonstration drainage systems enables ventilation engineers to maximize safety and
equipment successfully abates methane, by catalytically converting it to efficacy while reducing operating costs. Traditional gob gas extraction systems
carbon dioxide, in a range of 0.1-1.2%v/v from 1000scfm from coal mine operate unsupervised and cannot adjust to operating conditions affected by
ventilated air. Lab scale results successfully validated performance >99.5% underground operations or weather. ECC’s new gob gas extraction system,
methane destruction over long periods (>1000h on stream). The design and the VORTECS, is revolutionizing gob gas extraction with semi-autonomous
performance of the system will be discussed, covering areas of performance operation, remotely monitored process and environmental sensors, safety
and control across variable methane concentration. Also discussed is a proof mechanisms, and remote-control capability. Additionally, the functionality of the
of methane abatement in line with the California air Resources Board Protocol VORTECS enables simpler integration with leading mine methane incineration
of April 2014, and applying carbon credits for income resource. An updated systems that are becoming more common on active underground mines.
modular commercial design will also be presented and discussed alongside the
CO2e Levelized Cost of Carbon Abatement (LCCA) for the system.

9:25 AM
A Modular Catalytic System for Methane Mitigation from TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Mining Operations MORNING
H. Hawa, T. LaBreche and S. Roychoudhury; Microlith Products &
Applications Development, Precision Combustion, Inc., North Haven, CT
COAL & ENERGY: LONGWALL OPERATIONS AND
Precision Combustion, Inc. (PCI) is developing a modular catalytic system
PROJECTS
for methane mitigation from ventilation air methane (VAM) exhaust of 704
underground coal and metallurgical mines. Unlike state of the art thermal
oxidizers, PCI’s system is based on proprietary contaminant-tolerant catalyst 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
and system designs that enable operating at temperatures of <600°C, while
maintaining methane destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of >99.9%.
Chairs: M
 . Robb, Alliance Coal, LLC
Our system is based on short contact time, low thermal mass reactor design to G. Howe, Alliance Coal, LLC - Tunnel Ridge Mine, Moundsville, WV
achieve maximal total conversion in a small volume. Furthermore, the overall
methane mitigation system is designed to maximize the degree to which 9:00 AM
released heat is retained and recirculated to minimize heating requirements. Introductions
Long term durability and contaminant tolerance were demonstrated for
1000’s of hours for methane concentrations ranging from <100 ppmv to 9:05 AM
1% (by vol.) in air. In this talk, we will report performance data, levelized
cost of carbon abatement (LCCA), and life cycle impact analysis findings of Supplemental Support Design and the Fallacy of Chasing
methane mitigation from mining operations. Applications to other sectors, Sandstone and Fractures
including oil and gas, agricultural, and atmospheric methane removal will B. Mirabile; Jennmar, Morgantown, WV
also be discussed.
Many longwall operations employ geologic hazard mapping of longwall
gateroads as part of their ground control progam. Both core logs and borescope
9:45 AM data are often used as source data for these hazard maps. Locations of roof
fractures and intervals and thicknesses of competent strata are very often
Mine Methane Management in Germany included as major elements of these maps. However, many operations are
A. Preusse; Institute for Mine Surveying, Mining Subsidence Engineering encountering strata where no thick, competent rock exists within a reasoable
and Geophysics in Mining, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule interval to the mine roof horizon. In many instances, laminated strata is present
Aachen, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany throughout the primary and supplemental bolting horizons. The traditional
Mine methane was always an important issue in german coal mining. Due to focus of ultimate capacity and overall length of supplemental support is not
its ability to form an explosive mixture with contents of 5 to 15 % CH4 methane sufficient to control these types of roof conditions. Re-focusing attention
is harmful to underground working and a severe mine safety issue and has to stiffness and the support’s interaction with the strata is a more effective
to be diluted and/or degasified prior or simultaneously to coal mining. On the means of controlling roof stability in these condtions. Additionally, by optimizing
other hand methane is a climate emission gas and 25 times more harmful than the support interaction with the ground, laminated conditions can often be
CO2. Moreover, the extraction of mine gas from active and abandoned coal controlled with lower supplemental support density compared to a design
mines is favorable due to its energy content. In german legislation mine gas based on dead-weight capacity alone
by definition is part of the renewable energies, such as among others wind,
solar or geothermal energy. Due to its effects on climate change in Germany
since 2000 the conversion of mine gas in active and abandoned mines became
a seperate industrial discipline. Beside its positive impact on the climate with
significant savings of CO2-emissions, the extraction of mine gas improved
mine safety. Even after mines have been shut down mine gas utilization has
a positive impact on the protection of the environment. The paper gives an

26     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:45 AM
Improving Gas Management and Ventilation Performance at An In-depth Overview of the West Virginia Based Friends of
Longwall Mines with Potentially High Gas Emission Rates Coal Organization
S. Schatzel, B. Tulu, K. Raj and J. Addis; PMRD/MSSB/VEP, National C. Hamilton¹ and E. Midler²; ¹WV Coal Association, Charleston, WV and
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA ²Alliance Resource Partners - Tunnel Ridge, LLC, Valley Grove, WV
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is conducting research This paper provides an overview of the West Virginia based Friends of Coal organi-
to enhance methane control and mine ventilation practices, at coal mines, as a zation; its objectives and how the loosely structured organization has evolved over
method to mitigate hazardous work conditions. NIOSH researchers conducted the past 20 years. Friends of Coal was established in 2002 by the West Virginia
case studies to investigate the effectiveness of existing systems and improve Coal Association following the merger of WVCA and the WVMRA. The purpose
performance to decrease the potential for unplanned or excessive emissions. At was to create a public relations program on the grassroots level to give miners
one mine, drainage was influenced by hydrofracking inefficiencies where two of and their families support and public encouragement for their important work
six wells showed good frack development. Methane content was variable, from and contribution to West Virginia’s economy. During this period, there was a
9.4 cm3/g to 19 cm3/g. This paper also summarizes overburden movement conscience effort to keep politics removed from the Friends of Coal program. Fast
during undermining and the estimated quantities of gas transported to the mine forward 20+ years and a new paradigm shift in political and political policy driven
using FLAC and CFD modeling. The findings from this research effort highlight in large measure by extreme liberal forces, the Friends of Coal program became a
considerations based on specific mine conditions that may also be applicable to landing place for miners to voice their displeasure against the continued support
longwall mines utilizing methane control systems. of Democrat office holders and national or federal administrations ie EPA. Friends
of Coal has emerged dynamic voice for working miners and their families and
today accounts for over 40,000 strong engaged in a social media campaign.
9:45 AM
The Near-Term Outlook for the US Met Coal Industry
11:05 AM
W. WOLF; Market Analysis, John T. Boyd Company, Canonsburg, PA
Enhancing Pillar Stability in a Deep-Cover Longwall Mine
US met production is sourced from mining complexes that are established
in the marketplace. Historically, the US has acted as a swing supplier into Using the LaModel Program: A Comparative Analysis
the international met market, opportunistically selling into the market during M. Sears; CDC/NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
periods of high demand and strong pricing. Conversely, in periods of soft This paper compares gateroad pillar stability in a deep-cover longwall mine
demand, US producers have typically reduced output. International pricing in Southwestern Virginia, transitioning from a 700-foot panel layout to a
currently remains robust, thus enabling US producers to continue to generate 1000-foot layout with an inter-panel barrier. Using the LaModel program, the
financial gains on met coal shipped abroad. But there is no certainty this will study evaluates three pillar configurations. It begins by analyzing the previous
continue. Going forward, the US met industry will have to answer a number of layout’s stability and then explores the complex challenges posed by the
questions regarding their capability to be a major supplier, including: What is wider layout, such as pillar, roof, and floor stability. An innovative three-entry
the competitive position of US met coal be in the international market? Where yield pillar layout is then proposed to enhance overall stability. This research
will long-term capacity of the US met coal industry come from? How will the offers insights for optimizing gateroad pillar stability to improve safety and
growth of EAF steelmaking capacity impact domestic markets? What are the effectiveness in longwall mining under deep-cover conditions.
key drivers impacting future US met coal production? Who will be the partic-
ipants going forward? Given the US industry’s important role in the international
market, this paper will investigation these and other factors, and their influence 11:25 AM
on future US coking coal production performance. Analysis of Floor Heave at an Underground Longwall
Operation in the Eastern US
10:05 AM Z. Wedding¹, Z. Agioutantis¹ and S. Hicks²; ¹Mining Engineering,
Jennchem Pumpable Cribs: A 15-Year Journey University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY and ²Coronado, Raven, VA
M. Castagnero; Jennchem, Pittsburgh, PA The case study will discuss the factors driving floor heave in the headgate
of a longwall operation. A new design of a longwall panel district has been
“Jennchem Pumpable Cribs: A 15-Year Journey” explores the evolution implemented and has experienced floor heave in the gateroad after mining. The
and impact of Jennchem’s innovative pumpable cribs over the past decade design is comprised of a one panel district, with a three-entry pillar system and
and a half. The presentation will highlight key milestones, technological a barrier panel between each district. Floor heave is observed in the second
advancements, and the visionaries behind these developments. Join us as we and third entries, rarely in the first entry, and there are a few occurrences
delve into the challenges faced and the successes achieved in enhancing mine in the cross-cuts. The coal mine is characterized by the strong overburden
safety and stability through this groundbreaking technology. strata, high depth of cover, and the presence of soft floor strata. Roof and
floor convergence was measured at various points in the gateroad and factors
10:25 AM such as high horizontal stress were taken into consideration in the analysis. A
numerical model of the longwall panel and entry system is presented.
Shaft Sinking Methodogies In the Varying Longwall Mining
Regions
J. Welch, M. Miller and R. Cherry; Miller Contracting, Carrier Mills, IL
Shaft sinking methods and processes significantly vary in the three longwall mining
regions. The three regions consist of the Appalachian, Interior, and Western coal
regions. Each of these bring their own egnineering and construction challenges.
This paper will discuss the methods and processes used for successful shaft
construction based on experience in each of the three regions.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     27

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 10:05 AM

MORNING Fletcher CHDDR with Indexing Mast Feed System
F. Meintjes; Sales, J.H. Fletcher & Co., Huntington, WV
COAL & ENERGY: TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND J.H. Fletcher & Co. designed and implemented an Indexing Feed System on a
AI/ML twin-boom Man-Up CHDDR for South Africa. The purpose of this design was
703 to reduce fatigue experienced by all roof bolter operators, especially those of
smaller stature, by reducing the total net mass of drilling tools & consumables
lifted during a full shift. In addition, the Indexing Feed System was intended
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 to eliminate certain hazard related actions taken by an operator, ultimately
Chairs: E. Shereda, Consol Energy Inc, Canonsburg, PA reducing total hazard exposure. Various other reliability and bolt installation
M. Keener, Mine Engineer improvements were observed during testing.

9:00 AM
Introductions 10:25 AM
Open-Source AI and Time-Series Data for Mining
Operations: Overcoming Challenges with Gamification and
9:05 AM
Data Management
Predictive Platform for Mitigating Future Mine Incidents
S. Dessureault¹ and E. Shereda²; ¹Dr Data Mining, Tampa, FL and
Using Machine Learning Techniques ²CONSOL Energy, Canonsburg, PA
N. Kelley and P. Roghanchi; Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, The hype cycle for AI in mining has likely peaked, pushing practitioners to
Lexington, KY focus on tangible benefits to productivity and safety rather than just AI for AI’s
This research developed a platform to assist mine operators by predicting sake. While much hype currently surrounds Large Language Models (LLMs)
possible future incidents and providing applicable solutions to help mitigate like ChatGPT, a majority of mining data is time-series based, such as tonnage
their effects. The program achieves this by first having the user input their mine rates or grade blends, with few open-source LLMs trained on such data. Key
information. It then uses MSHA’s mine retrieval system to download the mine challenges in AI applications start with managing time-series datasets, both
inspections, accidents, violations, and various other aspects of the mine. The in volume and tag conceptualization. Recent innovations have led to powerful
program runs the mine data through its machine learning algorithm to predict open-source time-series databases, but identifying events within these
future accidents by comparing them to other accidents with similar trends. The datasets, like changes in blend or plant settings, remains a hurdle. Even if
possible accident and solution are then proposed. AI detects underperformance or optimization opportunities, getting decision-
makers to act upon the information is an ongoing challenge. This presentation
delves into the use of open-source time-series databases and gamification to
9:25 AM manage data, drive user engagement, and foster continuous improvement. A
UteAnalytics: Allowing the non-AI Expert to Use AI case study from a large coal mining complex in southwestern Pennsylvania
R. Ganguli; Mining Engineering, Professor of Mining Engineering, Salt will highlight practical applications and lessons learned in AI and gamification
Lake City, UT deployment.
Downloaded so far from 27 countries, UteAnalytics, our free, easy to use,
Windows based software has allowed domain experts, who may otherwise 10:45 AM
not know programming or artificial intelligence (AI), apply AI to their data and
gain insights. Downloaders have included professionals, students, engineers, Advancing Mine Safety Through Real-Time Atmospheric
scientists and social scientists. In the mining industry, users are in mining Monitoring and Data Analytics Presented by Swathi Prabhu,
companies, exploration companies and academia. This talk presents some Kermitt Melvin and James Jarrett Lewis
of the features of the software. Features include data handling (cleaning etc), S. Prabhu¹, K. Melvin² and J. Lewis²; ¹Engineering, IWT, Lynchburg, VA
exploratory data analysis, model development and what-if scenarios. A mining and ²Leer Mining Complex, Grafton, WV
and non-mining case study is presented to demonstrate the benefits of using
Innovative Wireless Technologies (IWT) has developed the Wireless Gas
the software.
Monitor (WGM), a cutting-edge multi-sensor platform for real-time atmospheric
monitoring at Arch Leer’s mine. Designed to meet regulatory standards,
9:45 AM the WGM ensures the health and safety of mining personnel. The WGM
utilizes infrared and catalyst-based sensors for accurate gas detection and
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Precision-Based Coal is easily portable and battery-operated. It integrates seamlessly into Leer’s
Quality Monitoring large-scale mesh communication and tracking system, eliminating the need for
T. Chimbwanda, N. Risso and A. Anani; Department of Mining and additional infrastructure and speeding up deployment. By integrating gas and
Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Harare, Harare, Zimbabwe atmospheric sensors into C&T and FactoryTalk systems with IWT’s ServerLink
Maintaining efficiency and precision in coal quality control can be challenging OPC interface, IWT leverages its technological innovation alongside Leer’s
due to the inherent limitations of manual assaying. This study uses computer mining expertise to identify additional data that enhances safety. Advanced
vision and machine learning to monitor coal quality in real-time. The data analytics on atmospheric readings are then used to develop actionable
methodology involves (i) collecting images of coal samples and corresponding insights and advanced algorithms.. IWT continues to advance technology
assay information, (ii) training a machine learning model and (iii) evaluating with AI and machine learning algorithms for ventilation monitoring, further
model performance against existing approaches. The integration of machine enhancing mining safety and operational efficiency through their joint efforts
learning contributes to the efforts to create a sustainable value proposition for with Leer Mine.
clean coal. The anticipated result is improved efficiency and precision in coal
quality monitoring, providing an accurate alternative to traditional methods.

28     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

11:05 AM 9:05 AM
Redefining Collision Prevention for Underground Mining Attracting, Developing, and Retaining Gen Z Talent to
With Proximity Systems Using Next-Generation Radio Mining Through Empowerment
Technology M. Miyoshi; Talent Acquisition, Teck Resources Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada
P. May; Innovative Wireless Technologies, Lynchburg, VA Attracting young talent to mining is a significant challenge and will continue
Underground mining environments contain many factors that unfortunately to be so unless public opinion changes. According to a 2020 poll conducted
lead to accidents involving mining personnel and moving equipment. First by the Mining Industry Human Resources Council (MiHR), young Canadians
generation proximity detection systems have improved the location of miners view mining as the least desirable industry in which to work. These negative
sharing travelways with moving equipment but the electomagnetic technology views are often reinforced by parents, teachers, academic and community
used by those systems is prone to interference from high voltage AC lines, leaders, and the media, who may themselves hold an unfavorable opinion of
other electrical equipment, and even co-located personal dust monitors. Next the industry. The majority of Gen Z have grown up in a world far removed from
generation proximity systems based on Radio Frequency (RF) transmissions mines. Most know nothing about today’s mining industry and what little they do
have exhibited much better interference protection and provides improved know is incorrect. However, the increase in focus on critical minerals in recent
location accuracy. The RF-based system can identify personnel tags at years has provided industry and academia with an invaluable opportunity to
distances exceeding 100 ft and tracks numerous devices simultaneously with change the narrative, increase awareness, and in doing so attract the critical
multiple location updates per second. This allows the system to make intelligent talent required to deliver on critical minerals strategies. In this presentation
decisions on throttle reduction and breaking well before emergency stops are find out how Teck influences influencers. Learn how Teck’s campus attraction
required. The result is a gentle reduction in vehicular speed with simulaneous strategy of empowerment generates hundreds of brand ambassadors who
warnings to mining personnel to avoid the stoppage of vehicles and production. provide the critical authentic messaging to resonate best with young people
This presentation will provide details on the performance of the RF-based today, all the while developing and retaining top talent.
proximity system and with short videos of real-world performance.
9:25 AM
11:25 AM University, Mining Industry and the ESG Criteria –
Critical Elements of Automation and Robotics in Future Sustainability
Mines C. Stot; Posgrado, UAC, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
G. Danko; Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Mining activity is very important for the development of humanity. This
Reno, NV development must be understood from the Academy where it allows showing
Automated and/or telerobotic machinery (ATM) will allow to exclude humans alternatives for the performance of the industry. Likewise, this mining
from the hazardous on-site environments for safer and cheaper operation than corporation needs to continue improving its activities to achieve correct
using engineering controls of atmospheric and site stability conditions for safety results. Historically, a few years ago the application of the ESG (Environmental,
and health. ATM in future mine design are expected to improve safety, cost, and Social and Governance) criterion was verified, which is positioned as a factor/
efficiency by a large margin. As only ATM will be used at hazardous locations regulator in the design of the performance of industries in general. ESG as an
but no humans, far higher temperatures than of today’s regulations may be integral part of the concept of sustainability serves as a tool to conceive mining
allowed, reducing ventilation and cooling demands as well as the total energy without conflicts and with a reputation based on trust in the interrelation of the
consumption of the mine. Autonomous and remote-controlled operations may university, industry and society. Therefore, the academy must be a forger of
be established by the mines if the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) new knowledge in such a way that it is allowed to continue with the virtuous
supply ATM equipment and the mines buy and operate them. One critical circle of constantly feeding it. In this context, the best mining practices are
element is to establish champions at both the mining industry and the OEM implemented in constant questioning of their activities. The scientific essence
to work together in industrial-scale operation with ATM in example mines. The of the industry supported by the academy developed in an operational dynamic
critical risks elements for the operations and machinery may be reduced using is addressed. This allows for an additional understanding of mining in the future
simulation techniques in the design for faster implementation of ATM than with new mental attention.
experimenting with mining tryouts.
9:45 AM
Utilizing Local Mineral Resources to Recruit, Retain and
Train STEM Professionals for the Mineral Industry
K. Donovan¹, M. West¹, C. Birrenkott³, M. Whitehead² and J. Kellar¹;
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 ¹Materials Engineering and Science, SD School of Mines and Technology,
MORNING Rapid City, SD; ²Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, South Dakota School
of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD and ³Mechanical Engineering,
EDUCATION INNOVATION FOR THE MINERALS South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD
INDUSTRY I Creation of pottery and clay-based ceramics is as ancient as human
501 development, and presents an opportunity for development of unique
programming to help recruit STEM professionals for the mineral industry.
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 Toward this end, the minerals found in the Black Hills (South Dakota) have been
used to make ceramics for hundreds of years. This presentation will focus on
Chairs: J. Kellar, SD School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD leveraging local resources to develop hands-on curriculum for K-12 educators,
A. Brickey, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid high school students and undergraduate STEM students. A rigorous external
City, SD assessment of the program will be offered as part of the presentation.

9:00 AM
Introductions

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     29

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:05 AM 11:05 AM
Enhancing Active Learning with Artificial Intelligence and Panel - The Future of Mining Education: Challenges,
Generative AI Opportunities and Potential Solutions
N. Risso and J. He; Mining and Geological Engineering, The University of R. Mitra¹, J. Kellar², H. Wang³ and B. Valdes4; ¹Mining Engineering
Arizona, Tucson, AZ & Management, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD; ²Materials
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and in particular Large Language Models (LLMs) are and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD;
fundamentally changing work practices and the way in which humans interact ³Newmont, Denver, CO and 4Deswick, Calgary, AB, Canada
with technology. Current educational practices in mining engineering need to The US faces a significant challenge due to rising demand for critical minerals
empower students with the skills needed to become an effective workforce in (CM) driven by cleaner energy and battery-powered vehicles. The Interna-
a technology-driven world. This work focuses on the study, development, and tional Energy Agency and US Department of Energy predict a massive demand
validation of active learning practices by integrating LLMs into the educational increase for minerals like lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, and graphite.
experience of students in mining programs. We present here findings on 1) the Geopolitical instability has triggered severe supply disruptions and sanctions on
adaptation and development of active learning experiences that use LLMs as a several metals, revealing the risks of import dependence. Despite these issues,
key component, 2) Identifying strategies that work across different engineering China remains a dominant leader in CM mining and processing, especially in
subjects will inform best practices, and 3) evaluating the impacts of LLMs in the Africa. Currently, mining companies are facing a looming challenge with a mass
learning experience of students. exodus of experienced workforce, leading to loss of critical knowledge and skills.
This is further exacerbated with reduced enrollment in the mining engineering
programs resulting in fewer graduates. In response to this challenge, univer-
10:25 AM sities, mining companies and service providers have forged partnerships to
Revolutionizing Mining Education: Leveraging AI-Supported design innovative educational programs and implement practical training
Training Material Development to Enhance Professional initiatives. A panel of representatives from industry and academia will discuss
the challenges along with the various opportunities and potential solutions.
Development in the Mining Industry
A. Siamaki¹, M. Yahyaei² and A. Bani³; ¹GKM Consultants, Richmond Hill,
ON, Canada; ²Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia and ³DevCraft Solutions, Toronto,
ON, Canada
The mining industry faces a shortage of skilled workers, needing 128,000 TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
new professionals by 2025. This is due to declining enrollment in mining MORNING
education programs and a gap between university education and workplace
needs. Traditional training methods struggle to keep pace with the industry’s ENVIRONMENTAL: CREATIVE APPROACHES TO MINE
rapid technological advancements. AI-supported training material development
offers a solution, allowing domain experts to create personalized, up-to-date,
CLOSURE
and engaging content faster and at a lower cost. Investing in training yields 103
significant returns, yet AI-supported training material development in mining
is still in its early stages. Challenges include gaps in Learning Management 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
Systems (LMS) platforms and technological limitations. Despite these
challenges, a new workflow for AI-supported training material development by Chair: R. Furey, Stantec, Broomfield, CO
domain experts has shown promising results, with a 30% reduction in content
development time and cost. This highlights the potential of AI to revolutionize 9:00 AM
professional development in the mining industry. Introductions

10:45 AM 9:05 AM
Mining’s Next Frontier: Perspectives and Transformations Good Sam-I-am: What is “Good Samaritan” Legislation, and
S. Anderson², A. Binder¹, S. Nowosad¹, S. Raval³ and O. Restrepo Baena4; Why Does it Matter to Me?
1Institut of Mining, Technische Universitat Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, S. Smith; American Exploration & Mining Association, Spokane Valley, WA
Lower Saxony, Germany; ²Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Dr. Seuss’ classic “Green Eggs and Ham” tells a story about persistence. The
³University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia and 4Universidad American Exploration & Mining Association (AEMA) has been working with allies
Nacional de Colomba, Medellín, Colombia to pass “Good Samaritan” legislation to address hardrock AMLs for nearly three
Driven by the rising demand for raw materials and the need for greater social decades. Great, but what is Good Sam legislation? Sid Smith, Government
acceptance, the mining industry is rapidly adapting to modern requirements. Affairs Manager for AEMA, will help us answer this question and more, such as:
Academia is aware of these challenges and is addressing them by updating What’s in the bill? Don’t we already have an AML cleanup program? Will Sid’s
curricula, enhancing teaching practices, incorporating e-learning, and presentation match the “Green Eggs & Ham” format? (No.) Come get answers
improving industry-academia and inter-university collaboration. This study to these questions, or bring your own!
highlights the outcomes of recent activities by the Education Committee (EC)
of the Society of Mining Professors (SOMP) over the past three years, including
expert exchanges, workshops, and live surveys. These efforts have identified
emerging topics in mining engineering research and education, outlined the
necessary technical and interpersonal skills for future professionals, and
supported the development of a joint definition of the mining engineer of
the future. Additionally, this study presents global perspectives from univer-
sities, contextualising them within SOMP’s EC initiatives, and showcases best
practices conducted in the involved universities highlighting country-specific
demands and major challenges.

30     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:25 AM
From Concept to Implementation: Indigenous Education Enhancing Mine Closure Resiliency in a Wildfire Prone West
and Ecosystem Offsetting E. Sportsman; Stantec, Golden, CO
W. Brunham, A. Hood and D. Abranovic; Sustainable Mining, ERM, Mesa, AZ TThe western United States is a hub for both mining and wildfires. In 2020, this
This presentation will present a case study from Canada of Seabridge working region accounted for 78% of the total U.S. mineral production and 76% of the
with regulators and local indigenous communities to design a biological offset total acreage burned in wildfires. Combining the ICMM Integrated Mine Closure
program that includes 6 ponds, channels and wetland/riparian communities. principles with wildfire impact mitigation can significantly strengthen closure
ERM began revegetation of culturally important plants identified by the Tahltan objectives like safety, physical stability, chemical stability, ecological stability
Nation and partnered with Tahltan Businesses to revegetate while incorpo- and risk. By considering wildfires impacts and evaluating site-specific wildfire
rating training and capacity development values in the Project. We hired risks, miners can take mitigation and management actions that improve site
Tahltan youth, Tahltan University Students, and other First Nation members to resilience while reducing the risk of critical infrastructure failure and secondary
transplant native vegetation and plant plugs from native plant supply nurseries. environmental impacts. ‘Easy wins’ for site-specific closure objectives could
We taught vegetation identification skills and successfully planted 1000’s of include burying HDPE piping to reduce the risk of mine water release to the
native aquatic, wetland, and riparian plants. The Tahltan Central Government environment, or modifying mine waste cover design to provide thermal buffering
(TCG) is the administrative governing body of the Tahltan Nation. This means the of HDPE or GCL if the cover vegetation burns. The known and documented
TCG is responsible for the ecosystem and natural resources of Tahltan Territory, impacts of wildfires on power utilities, municipal water supplies, transportation
for managing sustainable economic development, and for strengthening the infrastructure, and communities should prompt our industry to learn from and
cultural wellness of the Tahltan Nation. adapt engineering and environmental practices to mitigate wildfire impacts.

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Remediated Soil Highlights the Potential of Temperate Post-Mining in Colombia: A Path Towards Sustainable and
Grasslands to Sequester Carbon Responsible Mining
I. Montero¹, J. Burke², K. Lewis² and S. Dunlap¹; ¹Remediation S. Nowosad¹, O. Restrepo Baena², T. Vallejo Lopez² and O. Langefeld¹;
Management Services Company, Houston, TX and ²Texas A&M AgriLife ¹Institut of Mining, Technische Universitat Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld,
Research, Lubbock, TX Lower Saxony, Germany and ²Universidad Nacional de Colomba, Medellín,
Colombia
Vegetated soil caps used to remediate historic mining impacts provide a unique
opportunity to observe carbon sequestration in temperate grasslands. Soil Mine closure is a topic of great importance both in Colombia’s mining industry
caps can reestablish a diverse vegetation cover that protects against erosion and globally due to the significant social, ethical, economic, technical, and
and particulate transport whilst improving soil quality through nutrient and environmental implications. As a relevant phase in the exploitation of mineral
soil organic matter (SOM) increases. Four successfully vegetated soil caps, resources, along post-mining, an effective conduction must be guaranteed to
built 10-20 years ago with more than 30 cm on unimpacted colluvium over ensure environmental, social, and economic stability. This article summarizes
tailings, were selected for this study based on readily available design and the results of the collaborative project “Pkture,” between Colombia and
construction records that show the starting colluvium material had <0.5% Germany. Preventive and progressive planning for mine closure and post-mining
SOM. A grid of boreholes was installed to the bottom of the soil caps and cores are a complex process involving multiple interests, groups, and institutions.
were sampled every 10 cm. Samples were analyzed for density, geochemistry, Therefore, this article evaluates the state of the art of mine closure in Colombia,
inorganics, nutrients, and carbon fractionation. Samples of live herbage and identifies and examines the challenges the country faces, and discusses
plant litter were collected and analyzed for fiber characterization, total carbon, further closure and post-mining opportunities through an in-depth evaluation of
and nutrients. Results from this study highlight the potential of remediated exemplary projects conducted and planned in Germany. Moreover, the project
temperate grasslands to sequester carbon. All results indicate significant revealed that for effective post-mining practices, long-term planning and antici-
increases in carbon in unamended soil strata, ranging from 277 to 26,700 Kg pation are crucial as well as the coordination between different governmental
C/acre or 740 to 71,300 Kg CO2 equivalent per acre. institutions and the active participation from all stakeholders.

10:05 AM
The Party’s Over, Now What?
P. Werner; US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Consider the time a mine will be in a “closed” state is far, far longer than the MORNING
time it was ever in operation, but mine components still need to function to
maintain reclamation integrity: underdrains need to drain, reclaimed slopes
need to remain stable, diversion ditches need to convey water. So, when can
ENVIRONMENTAL: DECARBONIZATION METRICS:
a mine be considered truly reclaimed? Federal mine regulations fall short WHAT, WHERE, AND HOW
in addressing this question, yet mining companies have a vested interest in 104
retiring their mine permits once mining is complete so as to remove this liability
from their balance sheet. What can be done to move closer to a condition that 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
provides adequate environmental safeguards, sufficient financial resources,
and equitable treatment for all parties? The Forest Service recently concluded Chairs: H
 . Kim, AtkinsRealis, Highlands Ranch, CO
a risk evaluation of liabilities associated with a closed mining operation. It L. Watson, Watson Environmental, Tucson, AZ
wasn’t the extreme events that drove risk, rather it was the small, seemingly
innocuous care and maintenance items that if left unaddressed could escalate 9:00 AM
and eventually compromise reclamation. Care and maintenance does not have Introductions
to be financially onerous even when extended over long time horizons if one
uses the time value of money concept.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     31

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:05 AM 10:05 AM
Climate Change Impacts for Tailings Management Optimizing Supply Chains for Reduced Greenhouse Gas
H. Kim and L. Josic; AtkinsRealis, Highlands Ranch, CO Emissions: A Novel Methodology
Climate change will cause a significant increase in the intensity and frequency K. Aydogdu and S. Duzgun; Mining Engineering, Colorado School of
of extreme precipitation events. These intense rainfall events could potentially Mines, Golden, CO
affect the performance and integrity of mining infrastructures, such as Greenhouse gas emissions exacerbate global warming and environmental
embankments and dams, by increasing the risk of failure. Although different pollution, impacting humans, nature, and wildlife. The primary cause is the
regions have adapted several approaches to tailings management including the expanding material production industry, which requires extensive supply, leading
Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM), potential climate to significant GHG emissions. Consequently, governments are implementing
change impacts on extreme rainfall and floods were considered in very few measures like carbon taxation regulations to compel industries to manage their
regions. The frequency analysis and estimation of scaling factors based on the emissions. To effectively control and reduce emissions, organizations must
ratio of the rainfall depths of future period to those of the current period were analyze their material supply chains and identify the most emission-efficient
conducted to assess scaling factor for the 24-hour annual probable maximum routes. This study introduces a novel methodology to trace end-products back
precipitation corresponding to the future period in Western Quebec, Canada. to their raw materials, enabling stakeholders to map complete supply chains
Through this example, adaptions to assess the changing extremes floods can and select routes with the lowest emissions.
be planned to include review of the closure landform to address future risks. In
addition, changes in tailings management considering the climate change will
most readily be achieved at new mining projects. 10:25 AM
The Road to Net Zero: Is the Mining Industry Positioned to
9:25 AM Achieve Net Zero Commitments?
A Comparative Evaluation of Operational Impacts of Mining M. OwusuTWweneboah¹, B. Kansake² and K. Awuah-Offei¹; ¹Mining and
Explosives Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology,
Practices on Climate Change Rolla, MO and ²SSR Mining Inc, Denver, CO, Denver, CO
Z. Uzundurukan, H. Soydan and M. Diler; Mining Engineering Department,
Most mining companies, including ICMM members, have made public
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Çankaya, Turkey
commitments to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050. The miners have
The energy-intensive nature of mineral extraction and processing result in disclosed a variety of pathways to achieve their net zero targets with various
significant greenhouse gasses (GHGs) emissions. This study investigates the probabilities of success with existing technology. It will be difficult, without
role of operational activities in the mining industry on climate change by utilizing technological breakthroughs, for most mining companies to implement their
the United Nation’s Climate Change data inventory, with a focus on mining strategies at scale. This creates liability issues for companies with disclosures
operations in Turkey. We implement temporal analysis to evaluate the change in that are unlikely to be achieved. This study evaluates ICMM members’ net zero
total GHGs and/or and carbon dioxide emissions [depending on data availability] strategies and existing technologies, identifies their current state, strengths
in relation to the total mineral production by generating emission indices for and weaknesses, and estimates how this impacts the feasibility of achieving
major mineral-producing countries, namely Australia, Canada, Turkey, and the the stated goals. The work evaluates all ICMM members’ disclosures around
US. Through analyzing and comparing these operational emission indices, the net zero commitments to assess the target and plans to achieve them. The
study provides insights into the gaps in operational improvement in the mining work shows some disclosures are ambitious and unlikely to be achieved without
industry and required environmental policies for green mining practices. significant technological breakthroughs. These pose risks to the companies
from a liability standpoint. We propose some modifications to the existing
strategies to make them more suitable for mining application.
9:45 AM
Mining’s Water / Energy Nexus – The Next Frontier for
Major Impact
D. Johnson; Stantec, Phoenix, AZ
Mining and processing use, move, treat, and recycle significant amounts of TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
water for everything from dewatering, refining, leaching, brine processing
through mine tailings. Most operations have water issues: too much, too little, MORNING
contaminated or in the wrong place. Many are also in water scarce regions.
These issues require a lot of energy to address, often representing one of your HEALTH & SAFETY: IMPAIRMENT AT WORK:
biggest energy drivers. More efficient methods are needed to achieve environ- FATIGUE, SUBSTANCE USE AND MENTAL HEALTH
mental goals for clean water and carbon reduction, as well as to transform 109
host community impact. Global trends, including from ICMM and corporate
goals, are increasing pressure on mining companies to improve performance. 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
Focusing on the intersection of water and energy will identify improvements and
changes that have a strong ROI and environmental impact. This facilitates your Chairs: T. Bauerle, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
achieving commitments relative to energy, CO2, and fresh water. This session Spokane, WA
will help you identify your site’s highest energy and water impact opportunities, L. Sims, Professional
understand tools available such as pumped storage hydro, micro-hydro, tailings
alternatives, or water recycling, and work through challenges as you embark on 9:00 AM
these transformational projects. Introduction

9:05 AM
Evaluating Impairment Detection Technology to Keep

32     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

Miners Safe at Work & Promote Total Worker Health 10:05 AM

L. Guasta; Naional Safety Council, Parker, CO Innovative Technologies for Enhancing Safety in the Mining
Impairment from chemical substances, fatigue, medical conditions, mental Industry: A case Study of Smart Watches for Fatigue
distress and other factors can present a fitness for duty concern as well as Prevention
impact employee wellbeing. The broad range of signs and symptoms presented S. Caururo Norabuena¹ and G. Romani Navarro²; ¹sme, Huaraz, Peru and
by all of these underlying causes of impairment makes impairment detection ²Independent, Lima, Peru
technology (IDT) an attractive safety solution for employers. IDT can also be
used to promote concepts like Total Worker Health in the workplace. This This abstract presents a groundbreaking approach to enhancing safety in
presentation will feature research conducted by the National Safety Council the mining industry through the implementation of smart watches for fatigue
to explore IDT with the potential to screen for multiple forms of impairment prevention among drivers. The case study conducted at Peruvian mine
and to aid in fitness for work assessments. The many potential benefits of showcases the effectiveness of this technology in reducing the risks associated
IDTs will be presented, including the ability for real-time assessment and with driver fatigue and somnolence. By monitoring and analyzing sleep
the potential to detect impairment from diverse causes. However, there are patterns, the smart watches provide real-time data to identify and mitigate
barriers to implementing this technology, including validation concerns, cost potential fatigue-related incidents. This innovative solution not only improves
and employee buy-in, which will also be explored in this presentation. safety standards but also sets a new precedent for leveraging technology to
address critical safety concerns in mining operations. The findings from this
study offer valuable insights and practical applications for enhancing safety
9:25 AM protocols in the mining and minerals profession
Sleep Like a Rock to Rise and Mine: An Emerging
Intervention Framework to Mitigate Fatigue-Related Risk 10:25 AM
in Mining 20 Years of Fatigue Technology: A Critical Review and Path
T. Bauerle; Spokane Mining Research Division, National Institute for Forward
Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC D. Bongers; Director, Wenco International Mining Systems Ltd, Eight Mile
While many fatigue risk management recommendations may be relevant to Plains, QLD, Australia
mineworkers and the mining industry, what is missing is a comprehensive Despite nearly two decades of sophisticated fatigue monitoring technologies
synthesis of existing information that matches evidence-based expert being available to the mining industry, we see modest-at-best uptake of these
recommended solutions to industry-specific fatigue-related hazards. To this tools. Real and perceived workforce resistance are commonplace, and the very
end, we have developed an Intervention Framework (IF) which represents personal nature of fatigue risk factors tests our skills of change management.
high-level information on different sensible strategies to mitigate fatigue in a This presentation will transcend brands and technology types, embracing a
mining context grounded on industry input, data, and existing guidelines. The neutral but expert perspective to update on the current state of technology and
IF will provide a general description of practical, viable mitigation methods for the best practice elements that are consistent across successful projects. We
industry decision-makers seeking to develop action plans and make informed will also discuss the policy nuances that have proven to help or hinder fatigue
choices for managing fatigue risk. Given the complexity of measuring and management initiatives.
managing fatigue, reliable and actionable information is needed about fatigue
in mining. Although there is no one single solution, the IF will present an array
of intervention choices stratified based on numerous criteria, such as upfront 10:45 AM
resources needed, factors targeted, and level of intervention so that practi-
Preventing Suicide in the Mining Community. (Our
tioners will be able to select approaches that best suit their needs.
Submittal is for a 2 person Presentation, not a Paper)
S. McCraren² and G. Smith¹; ¹University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and
9:45 AM ²McCraren, Tucson, AZ
Exploring Hazard Recognition and Risk Perception in Mining As miners, we are in an industry with one of the highest rates of suicide.
and Trade Industries: Results from a Mapping Review Specifically extraction jobs, such as mining, experience rates compared to the
Z. Dugdale¹ and B. Eiter²; ¹Spokane Mining Research Division, National general civilian working population* Although as a nation we have made progress
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC and ²NIOSH towards de-stigmatizing mental health, suicide is still a difficult subject to talk
Associate Director for Science Office, Pittsburgh, PA about, especially with a workforce that self-identifies as strong and resilient.
This presentation covers: -Scope of the problem using the latest available data
Understanding how workers perceive and recognize hazards is essential for on suicides in the mining industry -Which of us is most vulnerable. -General and
developing effective preventive measures and improving workplace health and mining specific health, historical, and environmental factors that put individuals at
safety practices. A mapping review was conducted to characterize existing risk. -Intervention Strategies to support someone in crisis. -Prevention strategies
literature on risk perception and hazard recognition in industrial sectors, and for managing mental health and being proactive about self-care -Warnings signs,
to identify gaps in research. 102 studies published between 2012 and 2023 behaviors and the appropriate support matched to the potential risk. - Resources
were identified. Safety hazards were more frequently studied than health to support someone is crisis or prevent a situation from escalating to this point.
hazards, and most studies utilized visual search tasks to measure workers’ *(based on 2021 data reported by the CDC)
hazard recognition. Age, work experience, safety knowledge, training, past
injury exposure, awareness of occupational health risks, risk normalization and
operational familiarity, attentional factors (e.g., distraction), task familiarity,
fatigue and sleep patterns, working hours, cultural factors, working conditions,
hazard characteristics (e.g., latent or visually unperceivable), hazard communi-
cation materials (e.g., signage), visual clutter, and workplace safety climate
influenced workers’ ability to recognize hazards and perceive risks. This review
provides valuable insights to enhance workplace health and safety practices
across industries like mining.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     33

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

11:05 AM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Controlling Fatigue on a Drilling Rig: The Lessons We Have MORNING
Learned
J. Fowler; National Exploration, Wells and Pumps, Elko, NV HEALTH & SAFETY: TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
Fatigue is one of the biggest hazards we face in the mineral exploration drilling IN HEALTH AND SAFETY II
industry. It impacts our crews because, regardless of whether we are working 108
on a mine site or an exploration project, we work 12-hour shifts in the heat,
cold, rain or shine. In addition, we often have up to a 2-hour drive just to 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
get out to the drill site. With current project locations ranging from the desert
surrounding Death Valley to 8,000 ft. on top of a mountain in Utah, we are Chairs: C
 . Zhou, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
constantly looking for ways to keep our crews safe. Over the years we have Pittsburgh, PA
implemented controls ranging from fatigue training in our new miner class to A. Moradi, University of Kentucky
changing our work schedules reducing our exposure to temperature extremes.
We have even rolled out hydration testing for our crews that can be done on the 9:00 AM
rigs by the onsite supervisors. When it comes to combating fatigue, the work Introduction
is never done. We are constantly looking to improve and for new ways to keep
our crews safe. This presentation will go through the controls that we have put
in place over the years and the lessons that we have learned along the way. 9:05 AM
Advanced Diesel Powertrains for Underground Mining
11:25 AM Mobile Equipment
Investigating Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, A. Bugarski; PMRD, NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
Occupational Health, and Sleep Quality Among Female The results of laboratory evaluation of three EPA Tier 4f engines were used
to discuss the effectiveness of those as a control technology for reducing
Dumper Operators in Indian Mines. exposures of underground miners to diesel aerosol and criteria gases. Only the
A. Sharma, A. Kumar and B. Mandal; Mining Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, engines fitted with viable filtration systems could provide reductions in aerosol
Kharagpur, West Bengal, India emissions, in terms of both mass and number concentrations. The engines
Historically, the mining industry in India has been male-dominated, but recent equipped with alternative exhaust aftertreatment systems would be suitable
years have seen an increase in women taking on roles like Heavy Earth to control exposures to aerosol in terms of mass, but not in terms of number
Moving Machinery (HEMM) operators. There is a lack of studies on women’s concentrations. The substantial nitrogen dioxide emissions limit usability of
social comfort and integration in mining, as well as the unique challenges selected EPA Tier 4f engines in underground mining applications.
they face in hazardous environments. To address this, a cross-sectional
study assessed self-reported musculoskeletal disorder(MSD) among women
dumper operators (n=41) using the Nordic questionnaire. Individual charac- 9:25 AM
teristics and work-related risk factors were investigated through structured Direct-On-Filter Characterization of Coal Mine Respirable
interviews. Chi-square test results revealed significant associations between Dusty Particles Using Micro-XRF
job satisfaction and poor occupational health (OR = 4.27, p = 0.03), poor X. Wang¹, L. Pan², J. Miller¹, J. Jin¹ and M. Lun³; ¹Materials Science and
working environment (OR = 3.80, p = 0.04), and sleep quality (OR = 5.9, Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; ²Chemical Engineering,
p = 0.01). The study recommends interventions to enhance job satisfaction Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI and ³Sigray, Inc, Concord, CA
and productivity. Future research should delve deeper into the social aspects to
improve working conditions and job satisfaction for women in mining. Abstract Accurate characterization of respirable dust is essential for protecting
coal miners’ health. Analyzing respirable particles directly collected on filters
reduces the risk of particle loss or alteration during sample transfer, leading to
more accurate results. In this study, Micro X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) was
used for direct-on-filter characterization of coal mine respirable dust particles.
Two types of filter samples were studied: artificial filter samples with different
particle loadings and CPDM filter samples from one coal mine. The samples were
analyzed using the Sigray AttoMap-310 Micro-XRF with Copper and Rhodium
X-ray tube target anodes. The results indicated that when the Rhodium anode
target was used, the L lines strongly excited fluorescent lines under 3 keV, such
as S, P, Si, Al, and Mg, which are specific elements of interest for coal mine
respirable dust. This study demonstrates the potential of using micro-XRF for
direct-on-filter characterization of coal mine respirable dust.

34     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Comparative Performance of Battery – and Diesel-powered Safety in Autonomous Haulage Systems: Lessons Learned
Haulage Fleets in Underground Mines and Best Practices
A. Swift¹, A. Newman¹ and J. Porter²; ¹Colorado School of Mines, Golden, J. He, N. Risso and K. Luxbacher; Mining and Geological Engineering, the
CO and ²Brigham Young University, Provo, UT University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Battery-electric vehicles have the potential to improve ambient conditions in The mining industry increasingly uses robotics and autonomous systems to
underground mines by reducing the amount of heat and diesel exhaust emitted. boost productivity and safety. Autonomous Haulage Systems (AHS), in use
Existing literature considers the differences in cost, heat load, and produc- since the early 2000s, face global adoption challenges. This work examines
tivity between individual diesel and battery vehicles; this study uses simulation AHS risks over the past decade, analyzing incidents and best practices to derive
techniques to determine the effect of electrifying an entire haulage fleet on the safety lessons. By reviewing global cases, we propose guidelines focusing
overall heat load, emissions, and energy usage of an underground mine as on standard operating procedures and staff training to enhance safety and
activities take place deeper in the earth. This information is important as mine productivity in autonomous mining. This research emphasizes the importance
operators assess vehicle electrification as a means to achieve greenhouse gas of comprehensive staff training and adherence to best practices for safe
emissions reduction targets. operation.

10:05 AM 11:05 AM
The Impact of Fleet Electrification on Productivity in Comparison of Low-Cost Pollution Sensors Against
Heat-Constrained Underground Mines Industrial Mining Dusts in a Calm-Air Aerosol Chamber
J. Ayaburi¹, A. Swift¹, J. Porter², A. Brickey³ and A. Newman¹; J. Patts, C. Wolfe and E. Cauda; CDC / NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
1Mechanical, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO; ²Mechanical
Exposure to respirable crystalline silica has serious, irreversible health effects
Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT and ³Mining and thus protecting miners in dusty environments is key to protecting their
Engineering and Management, South Dakota School of Mines & health. Low-cost dust sensors, originally intended for air pollution monitoring,
Technology, Rapid City, SD increase the spatial and temporal quantification of dust levels and assist mines
Underground mine planning uses production schedules to determine a in assessing targeted control strategies. To evaluate their potential, calm-air
(near-)optimal sequence of activity execution to maximize net present value aerosol chamber testing was conducted comparing the output of eight low-cost
while considering resource limitations and spatial precedence. The mining sensors to reference measurements while exposed to dusts commonly found
industry currently relies heavily on the use of diesel-powered equipment, in the M/NM sector. The results demonstrate that the units have high inter-unit
which accounts for heat accumulation and exhaust emissions that can create correlation and high correlation to reference dust measures across the dusts
unsafe conditions in the work environment. Sustainable mining practices call tested.
for the transition from diesel- to battery-powered equipment. We present a
large-scale production scheduling model that (i) prescribes activity start times
in a medium-term schedule at daily fidelity, taking into account ventilation and 11:25 AM
refrigeration; and, (ii) determines a fleet composition, relative to a diesel-only Increasing Safety by Understanding the Key Factors
fleet, that improves productivity. We find that the need for refrigeration is Impacting Overbreak and Underbreak
delayed and exhaust emission is reduced as more battery-powered equipment
is introduced, showcasing the utility of battery vehicles in maintaining produc-
D. Osei and A. Brickey; Mining Engineering and Management, South
tivity and improving the safety of underground work environments.
Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD
Overbreak and underbreak are phenomena that impact the safety of miners and
equipment in underground mining environments, resulting in stope instability
10:25 AM and other hazards. This research determines the key parameters impacting
Lighting As A Conduit For Technological Disruption overbreak and underbreak using a machine learning model. Blasting, stope
design, and production data acquired from a case study mine are analyzed to
Y. Fletcher; Coolon USA, Inc., Racine, WI
identify key parameters influencing the occurrence of overbreak and underbreak
Mine sites are increasingly investing in digital transformation to improve safety, in underground stope development. Results from the analysis provide mining
reduce costs, and increase productivity. Some of today’s mine sites are already engineers and mine planners with methods of modifying design parameters,
automated, but the processing plant is hard to digitize conventionally. Cabling reducing overbreak and underbreak and improving stope safety.
is expensive, signal propagation is reduced by steel structures, and IT support
can be limited. But what if there was a way of doing this with little effort or
cost? A typical wireless network can be simplified by using a densely packed
mesh of nodes. Each node serves an area around itself and passes data to its
neighbor for re-transmission. Lighting provides the best radio coverage—it is
mounted in elevated positions, constantly powered, and everywhere. The new
generation of lights has a smart connectivity module that meshes with nearby
smart lights, forming a wireless network and unlocking the full potential of IoT
technologies. Like an app store, you could pick a provider of asset tracking to
locate equipment and people on-site, deploy machine condition monitoring, or
monitor noise, pollution, air quality, and other conditions in real time in any area
around the site. Helping the mine site of the future have endless and unlimited
IoT solutions.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     35

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:45 AM

MORNING Chemical Equipment and Resources of the Bronze Age
S. Patterson; Mining Engineering, University of Arizona, Gilbert, AZ
HISTORY OF MINING I Large-scale trade for minerals and industrial chemicals is considered a recent
110 phenomenon, but archaeology throughout the Bronze Age shows well-traveled
international trade networks moving commodities in huge quantities. Likewise,
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 Bronze Age processing exploited the same physical and chemical properties
of minerals that, since the Industrial Revolution, the modern era still uses to
Chair: G. Luxbacher, NIOSH, Prosper, TX produce raw materials en masse. Bronze Age people throughout the Middle
East and Mediterranean used a variety of fuels, furnaces, pottery, and crucibles
9:00 AM in metalworking. The textile industry also used similar technology, organics,
Introduction and inorganic resources to tan and dye leather and fibers. The use of these
mineral resources fueled additional trade routes that are often overlooked in
favor of the more prominent copper or tin routes. The examination of these
9:05 AM networks, industry tools, and resources over time, shows how integrated
The Struggles for Safety chemical industry and trade are; and how ancient industry’s chemical needs led
to commerce and exploitation within textile and mining industries themselves.
E. McCarthy; Performance Minerals LLC, Morgan Hill, CA
The US mining industry experienced prolific growth in the years from the US Civil
War to WW II, but at a steep cost in the safety and health of the miners. Fatality 10:05 AM
rates were three times that of countries like the UK and Germany and the Early Milling & Smelting of Butte Copper Ores
longer term effects from respiratory problems were even worse. Still, the issue
was largely ignored in the American mainstream, in part because most of the T. McNulty; T. P. McNulty and Associates, Inc., Tucson, AZ
victims were immigrants or African Americans. There were many in the industry Following about six years of mining and processing shallow silver ores, miners
who worked hard to change this even as early as the 1860s. While most of their in Butte, MT, developed extensive copper sulfide deposits. Arrival of the
efforts are not well known, they did achieve steady progress in getting state railroads enabled importing of heavy machinery and exporting of products.
mine inspections, better healthcare, universal education, workmans compen- Direct smelting of high-grade ore and gravity concentration of lower-grade rock
sation, dust control and protective equipment. But the process was always a was followed by roasting and smelting. Smoke and fumes from roasting in open
struggle and sadly, the US was well behind other advanced economies during heaps reduced visibility to near-zero in the city, but methods quickly improved.
the era. This presentation will tell some of their pioneering stories, starting Soon, there were 10,000 miners supplying feed to twelve mills and smelters
with the work of John Siney after the Avondale coal disaster in 1869, down to along Butte’s Silver Bow Creek.
the Hawks Nest tunnel tragedy in the 1930s, which provided the catalyst for
silicosis becoming a compensible disability.
10:25 AM
The Blind Horses
9:25 AM
C. Anderson; Colorado School of MInes, Golden, CO
Daniel C Jackling and the Gilded Age After the Civil War, a Gold Rush occurred throughout the Western United States.
T. Braun; SRK Consulting (U.S.), Inc., Denver, CO Many mining camps appeared almost overnight and then just as suddenly
Daniel Cowan Jackling proved large scale mining of low-grade deposits could disappeared once the gold began to play out.. One such mining camp in
be economic. With the financial support of risk-tolerant investors, Jackling Montana almost sufferd the same fate. However, the fortuitous discovery
built the first commercial scale copper mining and milling operation at the and focused interest in local silver deposits reinvigorated the investment and
Bingham Canyon mine near Salt Lake City, Utah in 1903. The success at development of the failing gold camp. This lead directly to the creation of The
Bingham Canyon led to the Utah Copper Company which, with the help of Richest Hill on Earth which subsequently expanded exponentially due to copper
Guggenheim interests, ultimately joined the Kennecott Copper Company. In mining. This presentation will discuss the silver focused mining and investment
addition to the spectacular success of the Utah Copper Company, Jackling led activities in Butte Montana which created Montana’s first millionaire and directly
the development of the Chino Mining Company in New Mexico, the Ray Mine in led to its development as arguably the greatest Copper Camp in the world.
Arizona, and the Robinson Mine in Nevada. His ownership stake and dividend
stream from these operations and others led to Jacking becoming a self-made
millionaire before he was 40 years old. His technical contributions to the mining 10:45 AM
industry are well documented and recognized in many ways. This presentation Mining Engineering Education in the US – The Torturous
is about his lifestyle after his sudden affluence in the early 1900’s, near the Path to the Present
tail end of the Gilded Age. Socialites, personal rail cars, yachts and hotel suites G. Luxbacher; OMSHR, NIOSH, Prosper, TX
helped Jackling take a time out from his prodigious workload. Or integrate one
or more these indulgences into his business routine. The first degrees in Mining Engineering in the United States were given by the
Polytechnic College of the State of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, in 1862.
While that institution faded from existence about 1890, mining engineering
curriculum was added at other schools throughout the US, programs came
and went, but peaked in number at about 36 in the early 1950s; the number
of graduates peaked in 1982 at slightly over 700. Despite that impressive
expansion, many of these programs suffered through the issues that plague the
13 accredited (or 14 depending on definition) mining engineering schools today
– finding faculty and students. This presentation looks at the development of
mining engineering programs after 1862 in the context of industry needs and
opportunities.

36     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:05 AM

MORNING Leveraging Neurodiversity for a Competitive Edge in the
Mining Industry
INCLUSION & DIVERSITY: HOW TO BE AN S. Houston; Strategist Solutions, Setubal, Portugal
UPSTANDER NOT A BYSTANDER: NAVIGATING The mining industry faces significant challenges, including an aging workforce,
SENSITIVE SITUATIONS AS AN ALLY: A PANEL the need for technological innovation, and increasing scrutiny on sustainability
DISCUSSION and ethical practices. Embracing neurodiversity offers a promising competitive
edge to address these issues. This presentation explores how integrating the
Sponsored by Newmont strengths of neurodiverse individuals can drive innovation, enhance operational
603 efficiency, and foster a resilient workforce in the mining sector. Sam will discuss
the unique cognitive strengths of neurodiverse individuals, such as innovative
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 problem-solving, exceptional attention to detail, resilience, and systematic
thinking. These strengths can significantly improve the industry’s ability to
Chairs: Z. Scopa, Cargill Inc, Ithaca, NY tackle complex challenges. The presentation also highlights the critical role of
J. Dowding, Nevada Gold Mines, Winnemucca, NV coaching in ensuring the successful inclusion of neurodiverse talent. Coaching
leaders to develop empathy, effective communication, and inclusive practices
9:00 AM is essential for creating an environment where neurodiverse employees can
Introduction thrive. Similarly, coaching neurodiverse employees on navigating corporate
cultures and leveraging their strengths ensures successful integration and
career advancement.
9:05 AM
How to be an Upstander not a Bystander: Navigating
9:25 AM
Sensitive Situations as an Ally: A Panel Discussion
Z. Scopa; Engineering, Cargill Inc, Minneapolis, MN Inclusive Mining for Sustainable Development: Value
Proposition that is based on the formation of Corporate
An upstander is an individual that recognizes someone facing a challenge
and speaks or acts to support them on their behalf. Advocating for oneself Volunteering that Enhances diversity and inclusion through
in the workplace can be difficult. In this session, we will explore identifying the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
sensitive situations that require intervention and how to be an upstander when M. Campos¹, J. Mujica¹ and M. Campos²; ¹Engineering, SME, Cajamarca,
others may not be able to advocate for themselves. Our panelists will guide the Cajamarca, Peru and ²Economic, Accounting and Administrative Sciences,
audience through interactive case studies followed by a discussion regarding Student, Cajamarca, Peru
each scenario. Having upstanders in the workplace is important for developing In a world where sustainability and inclusion are global imperatives, the mining
an inclusive mining community and lessons learned from these case studies industry plays a crucial role in economic and social development around
will help allies develop a toolkit for advocating for those around them. the world. This paper proposes an innovative approach: Inclusive Mining
for Sustainable Development, which not only seeks to maximize economic
profitability, but also to promote social and environmental well-being with
the integration of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
aligned mainly with diversity and inclusion through the implementation of a key
added value for the mining company that lies in the creation and operation of
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 a Corporate volunteering that seeks to develop and execute inclusive practices
MORNING to promote gender equality, inclusion of local communities and indigenous
peoples, and accessibility for people with disabilities. This proposal will educate
INCLUSION & DIVERSITY: WE ALL HAVE employees and collaborators about sustainability and promote concrete
UNCONSCIOUS BIAS: LET’S EXPLORE IT TOGETHER actions through corporate volunteering to strengthen the mining company’s
commitment to community development, improve social relations, and advance
Sponsored by Newmont towards the fulfillment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,
502 establishing the company as an agent of global change.

9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25

9:45 AM
Chairs: V. Gosteva, ES Consulting, Denver, CO Neuroscience of Inclusion: Working Effectively Across
A. Williamson, WSP, Albuquerque, NM Differences Unlock the Secrets of the Brain to Foster
9:00 AM
Inclusion!
Introduction S. Murphy; BrainSkills@Work, Minneapolis, MN
When it comes to working across differences more effectively, does your
brain work for you or against you? Join us for this interactive session that
delves into the brain, inclusion, and strategies to work more effectively across
differences. You will learn the latest neuroscience findings about the brain’s
inherent wiring and why good intentions are not enough. You will learn and
practice brain-based tools to target and develop specific brain habits that lead
to higher-level inclusion behavior, trust and collaboration. You will leave with
tools to increase your ability to navigate the complexity inherent in crossing
cultures and differences.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     37

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:05 AM 11:05 AM
Attracting Diverse Talent to the Mining Industry Methodology to Determine the Associative Potential of
S. Loomis; Caterpillar Inc, Denver, CO Small-Scale Mining Communities
The mining industry struggles with attracting diversity in the workplace. This O. Restrepo Baena, G. Viana, J. Tobon, J. González Guzmán, N. Jaramillo
results in high competition with limited talent availability. As the war for talent Zapata and N. Vásquez G; Materials and Minerals, Universidad Nacional
increases, that makes every requisition that much more critical to find the de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
best talent, every time. The industry has been vocal about priorities of gender Mining activity represents a significant contribution to the national economy
equality, and miners are setting transparent targets for gender diversity. Studies and faces various technical, social and environmental challenges. In a context
have shown that a diverse workforce is higher performing and highly engaged where mining activity in Colombia has experienced significant growth, it is
which translates to better financial performance. As more and more operations imperative to address the challenges posed by its formalization and sustainable
go autonomous, with centralized control rooms, there is more of a chance to development. Over the years, the mining institutions have designed various
find and retain diverse talent. instruments to characterize and categorize this activity, as well as to address the
obstacles that hinder its orderly exploitation in harmony with the environment
and other productive activities. Despite these efforts, informality in the sector
10:25 AM continues to be significant. Given this situation, there is a need to promote and
Blind Spot or Not: Mining Gets Better When We Are Better implement strategies to encourage mining formalization in order to guarantee
S. Saffold-Harris¹, A. Anani², C. Abramson², J. Potter² and K. Luxbacher²; high environmental, technical, economic, social and legal standards, as well
¹Gender and Women’s Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and as to minimize the environmental liabilities generated. Therefore, the creation
²Department Head of Mining and Geological Engineering, University of of a methodology that promotes the association between miners becomes
Arizona, Tucson, AZ fundamental considering the labor tradition, the existing productive intercon-
Are the statistics of mining employment as a gender-based-dominated field nections, the local economy and the dynamics of supply and demand in the
becoming a trend of the past? With jobs and collegiate student interest in sector.
mining trending downward for over a decade, how can mining experience a
resurgence of talent with the assurance of continuous growth and systemic 11:25 AM
change along gender lines? Where are women situated in mining? How does
adhering to gender norms impact employment and retention? From 2023 to The Case for Social Performance, Inclusion and Equity:
2024, we asked over 50 women working in mine operations, technical service, Generating Value and Resilience Through Social Inclusion
and administration within the United States about their experiences as women and Equity
in mining. We will present the data publicly for the first time. The audience K. Neddenriep and L. Bundgartz; Social Performance, ERM, Portland, OR
will be the first witnesses of employment testimonies from never-seen-before
anonymous data sets, including focus groups, one-on-one interviews, and Mining industry requirements for permitting, due diligence and investment
surveys. This presentation aims to provide participants with empirical data and necessitate evidence of meaningful stakeholder engagement, positive social
compelling critical insight into employment trends and to inspire ways to attract impact, and respect for human rights. This includes efforts to minimize and
women to work in mining and retain their talent. mitigate injustice and inequalities from early exploration through to mine
closure and post closure. ERM has partnered with mining clients to develop
and embed robust social performance management systems to meet evolving
10:45 AM social expectations while aligning with organizational goals. Our approach to
meaningful stakeholder engagement, social knowledge base development,
Transforming Mining Through Female Ownership: A Case
social risks and impact identification and management, and DE&I creates
Study of Inclusive Investment in Mineral Exploration shared value, builds trust, increases transparency, and aligns with responsible
B. Borody; The Femina Collective, Kitchener, ON, Canada mining standards (e.g GISTM, ICMM, IRMA, TSM).
In an industry where women constitute only 15% of the workforce, this study
examines a novel approach to address gender disparities in mining investment
and ownership. The cast study explores establishing a women-focused Limited
Liability Partnership to increase female project ownership in exploration and
mineral development. With Canada’s critical minerals strategy allocating $1.5
billion to industry growth and US government-backed investment into Canadian TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
projects, the timing is crucial to expand gender diversity in investment. This MORNING
case study analyzes the challenges faced by women in mining, focusing on
ownership underrepresentation, and explore how this initiative aligns with INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: CRITICAL
sustainability and responsible mining practices. The study examines transfor- AND BATTERY MINERALS I
mation potential through increased female-focused project investment,
focusing on responsible development criteria such as Indigenous participation 106
and ESG considerations. Finally, the study contributes to the dialogue on
diversity and inclusion in mining, offering insights into strategies for creating 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
equitable environments while supporting industry growth. Chairs: T. Gupta, MP Materials, Mountain Pass, CA
O. Yavuzkan, Clariant, Wilton, CT

9:00 AM
Introduction

38     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:05 AM 10:05 AM
Rare Earth Beneficiation: Insights from Recent Case Studies Higher Yields and Lower Production Costs by Measuring
J. Liu; SGS Canada, Lakefield, ON, Canada Evaporation Rate on Lithium Evaporation Ponds
Rare earth elements (REEs) play pivotal roles in modern technologies, from V. Mwaba; SME, Shorewood, IL
clean energy and defense applications. This paper compiles several case Radar level monitoring is of paramount importance in lithium evaporation ponds
studies from recent rare earth beneficiation endeavors, including flowsheet due to its ability to provide accurate and continuous measurements of water
development, laboratory trials, and pilot plant operations. The studies levels. This technology ensures precise tracking of water evaporation rates,
encompass various techniques including froth flotation, magnetic separation, enabling lithium producers to optimize resource management and enhance
and gravity separation. Different mineralogical compositions – ranging from operational efficiency. With the added benefits of solar panels to power level
bastnaesite and monazite to xenotime and allanite – are examined alongside transmitters, this approach not only ensures uninterrupted monitoring but also
their respective gangue minerals such as calcite, dolomite, ankerite, silicates, reduces operating costs and environmental impact. Furthermore, by incorpo-
and iron oxide. The objective is to provide insights into REE responses under rating temperature-native wireless transmitters, producers can accurately
diverse technological approaches, highlighting the influence of mineralogical determine the optimal time for product transfer to the next evaporation
composition and texture on their extraction behaviors. stage, optimizing production time while minimizing energy consumption and
maintenance requirements.
9:25 AM
Direct Lithium Extraction—DLE 10:25 AM
V. Mwaba; SME, Shorewood, IL Lithium Americas – Thacker Pass
As modern civilization races to de-carbonize transportation, in an effort to J. Bilant¹ and R. Ravenelle²; ¹SME RM, Winnemucca, NV and ²PHD, Reno, NV
reduce the impact of CO2 emissions on climate change, lithium has emerged Lithium Americas Corp. owns 100% of Thacker Pass, one of the most advanced
as the electrolyte of choice, because of it’s energy density. However, conven- lithium projects in the U.S., having commenced construction in early 2023.
tional evaporation ponds methods and hard rock methods have their fair share Thacker Pass, located in northern Nevada, is one of the world’s largest known
of challenges with regards to water intensity and energy intensity, respec- Measured and Indicated lithium resources with a forty-year mine life containing
tively. Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) offers a greener alternative to scaling Proven and Probable Reserves of 3.7 million tonnes of lithium carbonate
up lithium production at a pace that is impactful to the automobile and other equivalent averaging 3,160 ppm lithium. The project is designed for a nominal
energy storage industry. production capacity of 80,000 tonnes per annum of battery-quality lithium
carbonate, built over two phases. Mining and processing the lithium-bearing
clay will include a shallow open pit mine and a flowsheet consisting of benefi-
9:45 AM ciation, sulfuric acid leaching, filtration, crystallization, and dry stack tailings.
Minimum Concentrations of Critical Minerals for Thacker Pass is fully permitted for major construction and Phase 1 construction
Exploration—How Good is Good Enough? funding is substantially de-risked. General Motors has an exclusive offtake for
R. Otoo¹, V. McLemore² and E. Owen²; ¹Mineral Engineering, New Mexico 100% of Phase 1 production for up to 15 years. Presentation highlights will
Tech, Socorro, NM and ²New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral include a project and engineering overview, process design, metallurgical and
Resources, Socorro, NM recovery methods, and an economic overview.
Disruption in critical minerals supply chains has resulted in the evaluation of
various types of mineral deposits for critical minerals potential. Much of the 10:45 AM
study on critical minerals focuses on occurrence and characterization, but little Investigating Novel Spodumene Collectors to Improve
research has addressed what concentrations of critical minerals in a mineral
deposit are required to make an exploration target into an operating mine. Flotation Efficiency
Understanding the cut-off grades of ore deposits being actively mined is O. Yavuzkan¹, B. Kawenski Cook², W. Da Silva¹, S. Raju¹, M. Aghamirian²
one criterion to determine if concentrations in an exploration target are high and P. Dopico¹; ¹Clariant, Wilton, CT and ²SGS Canada, Lakefield, ON,
enough. Cut-off grade is defined as the minimum amount of mineral contained Canada
in a ton of ore that is sent to the processing plant. Among many factors, cut-off Traditional fatty acid collectors, despite their widespread use, often require
grade depends upon the size and type of the deposit and mining operation, the high dosages and leave organic residues in the lithium concentrates, leading
processing technique, and market prices. This research does not aim to define to a characteristic fatty acid odor in the downstream refineries and resulting in
cut-offs for determining if a mineral deposit is economic. Rather, it defines carbonaceous deposits during smelting, which can impair furnace efficiency,
estimates of concentrations of critical minerals that could be considered good increase maintenance, and reduce product purity. These residues can also
enough for further exploration. For example, ~2% total rare earth oxide (TREO) release VOCs, posing environmental and operational risks. This study evaluated
is the cut-off grade for Mt. Pass carbonatite, but 500 ppm TREO could be an the impact of novel flotation collectors on the selectivity in spodumene
exploration target for coals. flotation. Flotation testing determined which collectors—at a range of collector
dosages—were able to maintain or improve lithium recovery from baseline
conditions while maintaining or improving the final concentrate grade. This
investigation provides valuable insight into how different collector chemistries
influence the selective rejection of silicate gangue like feldspars, quartz,
and micas, as well as iron-bearing silicates prone to flotation under similar
conditions as spodumene. Mineralogy and surface chemistry analysis of select
flotation products supplement the flotation results and provide further insight
into the flotation mechanisms.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     39

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

11:05 AM 9:25 AM
Stratigraphy, Geochemistry, and Petrography of the Lessons Learned in Underground Stone Mine Planning
Phosphoria Formation: Insight into Critical Mineral N. Hoffman; WSP, Ballwin, MO
Enrichment The increase in underground stone mining has resulted in many traditional
J. Alexander; Energy and Minerals, Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, UT surface mine operators facing a new variety of unforeseen challenges that
The Permian-age Phosphoria Formation has produced phosphate for over threaten the continuation of their operation. These include mine access,
100 years in Utah, dominantly from the Meade Peak Member. Currently, right-of-way crossings, stability issues, and changes in chemical composition.
ore-grade phosphate (20% P2O5 or higher) is mined north of Vernal, Utah, and This paper will explore real life experiences of operators facing these issues,
east of Spanish Fork, Utah. The Utah Geological Survey is evaluating critical the solutions required, and mine planning recommendations for mitigation,
mineral content in Utah’s phosphorite including the rare earth elements (REE) with the end goal of providing insight and knowledge to the broader mining
(e.g., praseodymium and neodymium), vanadium, chromium, and fluorine. community.
Initial geochemistry data indicate a positive correlation between P2O5 content
(up to 36 wt%), total REE enrichment (300-1200 ppm), and chromium content 9:45 AM
(200-1400 ppm).
The Case to be Made for Going Deep
E. Archibald; Manufacturer, Stoneboro, PA
In modern sand and gravel mining the biggest hurdle in growth planning is
how to mine material below the depths accessable by conventional excavation
methods; especially if the greater depths require mining under water. This
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 presentation will discuss the strategy and econimcs that go into making the
MORNING investment to mine at greater depths underwater. That investment will often
reuqire extensive exploratory drilling using advanced sonic core technology,
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: which alone is a massive investment. Once a desposit has proven reserves at
MINE DESIGN IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND depth, equipment selection often leads to what will be the largest single capital
investment that the operation will ever make. We will walk attendess through
AGGREGATES I the step by step process used to evaluate the feasbility of this investment;
107 everything from permitting hurdles, labor reuired, and plant modifiactions
needed to handle high-volume wet material. Thank you for your consideration
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 of our presentation.
Chairs: S. Stokowski, Stone Products Consultants, Lawrenceville, GA
J. Sackrider, Westward Environmental, Inc., Boerne, TX 10:05 AM
Roadmap for Autonomous, Intelligent, Precision Mining
9:00 AM
Introduction E. Westman and J. Addy; Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
The mining industry has seen improvements in efficiency but not at the scale
9:05 AM that other industries have recorded over the past 25 years; additionally, our
Back-analysis of a Limestone Mine Pillar Collapse Using industry is challenged by the limited availability of workers. A movement
LaModel – A Case Study toward intelligent, autonomous, precision mining can address both concerns.
A roadmap is presented which defines the technologic requirements of moving
A. Elibol¹, M. Suner¹, D. Tuncay² and Z. Agioutantis³; ¹Mining Engineering, toward this goal. The requirements include sensors (such as enhanced imaging
Student, Morgantown, WV; ²Mining Engineering, Assistant Professor, with hyperspectral and XRF imaging), and autonomous, interconnected
Morgantown, WV and ³Mining Engineering, Professor, Lexington, KY equipment which utilizes machine learning on data acquired. Moving in this
LaModel is a displacement-discontinuity variation of the boundary element direction will provide significant efficiency improvements within the mining
method, which is utilized to analyze the displacements and stresses in industry as well as addressing workforce limitations.
flat-lying, tabular orebodies. Due to its inherent development, LaModel is
commonly used in coal mining operations. However, recent developments that
include the gradient strength equation derivation, local large discontinuity factor 10:25 AM
implementation, and the calibration layout for benching operations extend the Monitoring Floor Heave and the Potential for Massive
usage of LaModel to underground stone mining operations. In this research, a Collapses: A Case Study
massive pillar collapse that happened in a mine in Pennsylvania is back-an-
alyzed using LaModel. First, in-seam material properties are adjusted based N. Evanek; Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for
on the case mine for fully benched and initial development areas in the mine. Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA
Then, a population of large discontinuities going through the pillars is realized In 2015, a massive ground collapse occurred at a limestone mine in Ohio.
with various spacings. Finally, implementing the local large discontinuity factor Floor heave was observed ahead of this collapse as the pillars punched into the
and calibrating the layout for the benched areas allow us to estimate the pillar weak fireclay floor. Beginning in 2023, a nearby limestone mine noticed fireclay
safety factors and overburden loads in the region where the massive pillar floor in the westernmost region of the operation. This study utilizes 3D LiDAR
collapse occurred. scanning to detect change in the floor over time and compares conditions
observed at this site to the 2015 massive ground collapse. The results from this
study could help to detect and understand floor heave ahead of massive ground
collapses, thus reducing their potential.

40     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:45 AM

MORNING Run-to-run Variation in Phosphate Flotation Outcomes: A
Survey of Recent Experimental Data
KAWATRA SYMPOSIUM: PHOSPHATE S. Moffatt; Syensqo, Stamford, CT
BENEFICIATION: TECHNOLOGY FOR FERTILIZER An individual lab-scale phosphate flotation test yields somewhat noisy estimates
PRODUCTION AND BEYOND of the true values of grade and recovery achieved with a given collector on a
709 given ore under a given set of conditions. We prove this by showing how much
scatter there is in the values for grade and recovery when two tests (and in one
case, twelve tests) instead of just one are done, in testing of several combinations
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 of collector, collector dose, and ore. The test results we examine are from ten
Chairs: K
 . Swager separate studies of various collectors on various ores. We find that, on average,
S. Moffatt, Syensqo the standard deviation of the noise in measuring recovery (as P2O5) is about
3.5 percentage points, and the standard deviation of the noise in measuring
9:00 AM grade is about 0.7 percentage points. To support these findings we show scatter
Introduction plots of the deviations of individual tests done in duplicate (or more) from their
respective mean values for each of the ten studies. We also show how these
findings translate into “margins of error” for making claims about true values at
9:05 AM either the 95% confidence level or at the (riskier) 80% confidence level. We also
Analysis and Optimization of Phosphoric Acid Scrubber illustrate the implications for interpretation of grade-recovery curves.
System
M. Verdi; Hatch, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil 10:05 AM
Facing the growing global demands for reducing pollutants in the atmosphere, Mosaic South America Technical Mineral Characterization
one of the major challenges that the phosphoric acid industry has been
facing is related to fluoride and particle emissions. During the production L. Costa, F. Simões, D. Couto, J. Martins, J. Borges and A. Rosa; COE
of phosphoric acid, fluorine forms gaseous forms of HF, SiF4 & and water Process, Mosaic, Tapira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
soluble H2SiF6. In order to comply with the new fluorine emission standard, Phosphate rock deposits can be found in igneous occurrences in different
phosphoric acid industry have been forced to adapt their scrubbing systems. areas in Brazil. This kind of deposits generally presents complexes association
However, since the new environmental rules, the companies have been unable of minerals, irregular distribution varying thickness layers, phosphorous and
to meet design targets, despite significant efforts made to stabilize and improve apatite content, weathering process exposure leading to a complex process
the performance of the system. This paper aimed at providing a review of need to concentrate phosphorous to be used as fertilizers. Technical mineral
scrubbing systems operation and design to determine initiatives to improve its characterization is being used at Mosaic South America sites for over 20 years
performance and reduce the fluorine and particulate matter (PM) emissions as a bridge between mine and the concentrate process in beneficiation plants.
from the stacks to meet regulatory emission limits. It also aimed at providing a The technic identifies particles characteristics and behaviors of the extensive
brief technical overview of how to measure efficiency of the scrubber system. In mineral matrix correlated to performance in processing stages. Taking
addition, this paper presents a case study where Hatch carried out an analysis the enormous variation in account, technical characterization is essential
of a client scrubber system in order to help them achieve the new emissions to subsidize mining planning, process engineers and operational team to
limits. evaluate previously data collected with the mineral characterization to rightly
define ore metallurgical recovery, ore blends, process routes interference and
adjustments, improving performance, cost and production strategy.
9:25 AM
Total Utilization of Byproduct Phosphogypsum for
10:25 AM
Production of REEs, Fertilizers, and Construction Materials
I: Material Characterization and Purification Mosaic’s Eastern Extension Subsurface Barrier Wall
B. Studiale¹ and W. Stevens²; ¹Mine Strategies, Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC,
H. Liang, J. Zhang and A. Medley; FIPR Institute, Florida Polytechnic
Lakeland, FL and ²Engineering, Black and Veatch, Tampa, FL
University, Bartow, FL
At Mosaic’s Eastern Extension project in West-Central Florida, local geology
The US phosphate mining industry produces about 30 million tons of phospho-
consists of sandy, highly transmissive overburden with deep phosphatic matrix
gypsum (PG) byproduct annually, The current PG stacking practice is neither
requiring nontypical pre-mining dewatering techniques to improve dragline
environmentally sound, nor economically viable. This research project of the
stability and maximize ore recovery. Feasibility assessments and conceptual
Critical Materials Innovation Hub, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy,
design evaluations concluded that the best technical solution to mitigate against
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Materials and
excessive seepage from offsite properties into the mine area and maintain
Manufacturing Technologies Office, has five major objectives: 1) reduce
off-site water levels was to construct an 11,400ft subsurface barrier wall along
radionuclides in PG thus removing a hurdle to its use, 2) maximize REE leaching
portions of the mine perimeter where the phosphate reserves are the deepest.
recovery from PG, 3) develop technologies for REE extraction from the leachate,
Wall construction begins Summer 2024. This enables Mosaic’s mine expansion
4) integrate PG use with significant CO2 sequestration, and 5) produce low-cost
further east and deeper than ever before.
cement and concrete using PG as raw material with dramatic reduction in
carbon footprint compared to the current commercial operations. This paper
presents PG characterization results with a focus on distributions of radionu-
clides and major chemical components in different size fractions. Encouraging
results were achieved in REE leaching from PG and PG purification. These
early results are helpful for selecting research approaches and designing
experiments to achieve the ultimate goal of this project.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     41

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM required to initiate a fracture, termed the Fracture Initiation Pressure (FIP),
Scale Inhibition in Phosacid Process Elements - serving as a measure of the material’s strength. Laboratory experiments on
CPB samples with binder contents of 4%, 8%, and 12% across 3, 7, 14, and
PHOSFLOW® Applications 28 days of curing demonstrated the technique’s ability to differentiate CPB
J. Carr, A. Barry and S. Moffatt; Technology Solutions, Syensqo, Geneva, IL strength. FIP values demonstrated strong linear correlations with UCS, tensile
Mineral scale accumulation in the filtration and concentrations sections of strength, and fracture toughness, while also offering enhanced resolution in
the phosacid production process directly affects a plant’s efficiency leading strength measurements. These findings confirm the viability of FIP as a reliable
to reduced production and additional maintenance costs. Typically, phosacid and a practical measure of CPB strength.
plants address mineral scaling via scheduled maintenance that requires
production interruption entailing cleaning via mechanical and/or chemical
methods. One alternative approach that has been industrially tested and 9:45 AM
commercialized are Solvay’s PHOSFLOW scale inhibitors. Solvay’s scale Preventing Stope Back Collapse – Practical Strategies
inhibitors have allowed for higher production rates, extended cycle times in R. Cook, J. Hallowell and V. Zarate; CNI, Tucson, AZ
filtration and heat exchanger process elements, and reduced maintenance
The long hole open stoping (LHOS) method is widely used in underground
costs due to faster and more efficient scale removal. This paper discusses the
mining. While methods to predict stable stope geometries are well established,
most recent technical advances and the key benefits resulting from application
the ability to maintain a stable back often assumes effective ground support
of PHOSFLOW® technology on various process elements in the phosacid
across the full stope span. The efficacy of the support strategy is dependent on
production process.
rock jointing, quality, density, top cut width and height, and the type, amount,
and orientations of bolts installed. However, it is becoming increasingly common
for operators to assume narrow top cuts in service of wider stope spans with
minimal bolting coverage. Failure to account for the required top cut drift size
and support requirements can ultimately lead to raveling type instabilities along
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 stope shoulders that result in back collapse. A new method has been developed
to evaluate the minimum top cut dimension necessary to accommodate wider
MORNING stope spans with various rock bolting configurations. Due to the economic
impacts of top cut development and support, this is a critical consideration in
MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES: PRACTICAL the accurate costing and scheduling of a LHOS operation.
GEOTECHNICAL STRATEGIES FOR UNDERGROUND
OPERATIONS 10:05 AM
601 Improving Shotcrete Application in Underground Mines
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 through Training and Field Support for Nozzlemen
D. Wibisono; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of
Chairs: D. Lye, Freeport-McMoRan Mines, Golden, CO
E. Rose, Barr Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT This paper focuses on the assessment and analysis of data collected from
observations of nozzlemen during primary ground support activities in
9:00 AM underground mines. The study highlights the importance of nozzlemen’s
Introduction skills in ensuring the quality of shotcrete application, which is critical for the
structural integrity and safety of underground mining operations. A compre-
9:05 AM hensive training program and field support were implemented to enhance the
nozzlemen’s proficiency. The set of training covered both theoretical knowledge
Creating a Geotechnical Rating System for Orepasses and practical techniques to improve shotcrete application on a daily basis.
K. Guerin-Davey and A. Brickey; Mining Engineering & Management, Proficiency improvement was evaluated using quantitative assessment metrics
SDSMT, Rapid City, SD and rebound percentage calculations. The results of this initiative showed
Determining the optimal location for orepasses at an underground operation significant improvements in shotcrete quality, including increased efficiency,
can prove challenging. This project presents the results of a survey focused reduced waste, and fewer needs for reworks or rehabilitations. The findings
on orepass design, construction, and planning processes for operations within aim to contribute to a broader understanding of best practices in shotcrete
Canada and the US. The responses provide insight into common issues seen application and nozzlemen training, ultimately enhancing ground support
in industry, and what current geotechnical parameters are considered in the measures in the mining industry.
orepass planning and design process. Using the survey data, a geotechnical
rating system is presented. The rating system aims to decrease orepass
instability issues, e.g., wall degradation, by analyzing orepass options. 10:25 AM
Assessment of Timber Support Systems Used In Artisanal
and Small-Scale Mining: A Comparative Analysis of
9:25 AM
Stability Integrity
Novel Cemented Paste Backfill Strength Measurement C. Mgiba and O. Kolawole; Civil Engineering, New Jersey Institute of
Technique to Improve QA/QC Practices Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ
J. Frimpong and R. Pandey; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA Artisanal and small-scale mining operations rely on timber for ground control in
Accurate assessment of cemented paste backfill (CPB) strength is critical for underground operations. The stability of hanging walls in tunnels and working
safe and efficient underground mining. Current quality control practices, relying faces remains a significant safety concern in mining. This study aims to analyze
on UCS testing of cast samples at surface paste plants often provide inaccurate the mechanical integrity of timber support by establishing a constitutive model
results, not reflecting in-situ curing conditions. We propose a novel hydraulic for timber material against estimated rock strength, excavation geometry, and
fracturing technique, which offers a reliable and cost-effective solution for stress distribution on the excavation model. The load capacity of timber utility in
assessing CPB strength in both ex-situ and in-situ applications. This technique different mining settings was also evaluated. Numerical modeling and analysis
involves controlled injection of hydraulic fluid into CPB, with the peak pressure of roof bolting support were analyzed to provide a comprehensive assessment,

42     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

in addition to comparisons with other mining support systems. Keywords: ASM, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
timber stability integrity, numerical modeling, stability analysis
MORNING
10:45 AM MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES:
Practical Model Approach for Relationship between UNLOADING THE MODEL: MODELING METHODS FOR
Radioactive Waste Container Emplacement Position and the GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
Spatial Thermal Radiation in Dry Salt Grit Backfill 507
I. Alsalamin, L. Schaarschmidt and H. Mischo; Underground Mining,
Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Sachsen, Germany 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
In order to store high-level radioactive waste underground, the German Chairs: E. Rose, Barr Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT
repository concept considers clay, crystalline and salt formations as suitable D. Lye, Freeport-McMoRan
host rock materials. The current research projects of the Chair Underground
Mining Methods at TUBAF (Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg) in
9:00 AM
nuclear waste repositories mainly focus on storage within salt formations. In this
Introduction
scenario, the high-level radioactive waste is supposed to be packed into specif-
ically designed containers and then transported underground and emplaced
in horizontal storage drifts. The residual temperature of the radioactive waste 9:05 AM
leads to the question if there are optimization possibilities for waste handling,
the storage and the long-term emplacement of such high temperature level
Techniques for Interpolating and Validating Geotechnical
waste. A deeper understanding of the heat transmission from the container into Block Models
the host rock might lead both towards possibly shorter surface interim storage J. Potter¹, J. Connolly², P. Calderon², S. Cylwik², J. sauceda², J. Beck³
times as well as size optimization possibilities of the repository itself. TUBAF and J. McNabb¹; ¹Geotechnical Center of Excellence, The University of
has conducted research that succesfully proved that an optimized container Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ²Call & Nicholas, Inc., Tucson, AZ and ³Rio Tinto,
positioning yields more favorable thermal patterns and can be achieved with Herriman, UT
conventional mining equipment. Understanding the spatial distribution of the geomechanical properties of a
rock mass is essential for proactive, de-risked mine design. Given the inherent
11:05 AM heterogeneity of rock masses, exhaustive characterization of material properties
in open pit and underground mines is impractical. Thus, modeling the spatial
Managing Subsidence Impact on Active Production Cave variability of geomechanical properties is necessary to account for areas of
to a New Production Footprint Through Draw Control geotechnical concern. While geostatistical methods for ore grade variability are
Strategies well-defined, the same is not true for geotechnical parameters. Additionally,
M. Hutahaean¹, S. Firmanulhaq² and R. Kayadoe¹; ¹Underground geomechanical data are fundamentally different from resource estimation data
Engineering, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia and are often sparse in areas critical to slope stability. Therefore, construction
and ²Underground Geotechnical, PT. Freeport Indonesia, Tembagapura, of a geomechanical model must account for any site specific data limitations,
Indonesia as well as the geologic setting, mining method, use-cases, and potential
limitations and value adds. This presentation will outline industry best practices
Building a new production block next to an active cave requires continuous for modeling geomechanical parameters in three dimensions, covering data
development and production activities monitoring. Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ) collection, statistical analysis, geotechnical domain definition, variogram
mine is developing a new footprint 225 meters above the south perimeter of the analysis, model interpolation and validation, and methods for communicating
current active area. Production blocks 1 and 2 as of date produce around 80,000 model reliability.
tons per day from 464 draw points. Given the exhaustion sequences, remaining
reserves, and maturity of the draw points, draw rates in the southern footprint have
been increased up to 380 mm/day over time. Monitoring the progressive growth of 9:25 AM
the cave is vital to prevent impact on the new footprint that might lead to inaccessi- A Parametric Study on QA/QC Cylinder Strength of
bility of planned-development drifts and sterilization of the reserves. The data shows
various cave propagation rates from approximately 17.5 m vertically and 0.2 m
Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) using Numerical Experiment
horizontally per quarter. The present study experimentally investigated the effect Design
of different draw rates on the lateral and vertical propagation of the cave. The B. Kim, D. Sweet, T. Emery and J. Seymour; CDC/NIOSH, Spokane, WA
result is not only to structure a triggered action response plan (TARP) proposal. But Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is commonly used to provide ground support
also, to guide production scheduling to orchestrate optimum rate in the affected for cut-and-fill mining methods in underground metal mines. The unconfined
extraction areas. compressive strength (UCS) test is the most used to measure of the strength
of the CPB and consequentially is the most common QA/QC test in mines.
This study describes the results of a robust design to consider the impact of
different testing factors impacting the UCS. Because the variability of testing
factors is significant and the number of influential parameters in determining
a parametric study is large, it is impractical to consider every simulation case
by varying each parameter individually. To save time and honor the statistical
distributions of the parameters, the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) developed orthogonal arrays using a combination of the
a) width-to-height ratio of cylindrical specimens, b) CPB batch, c) loading rate
for the UCS test, and d) end preparation, using 3DEC. After completion of
the numerical experiments, statistical and multivariate analysis are performed
using the calculated results from the orthogonal arrays to analyze the effect of
these variables.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     43

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Utilizing 3D Modeling and Numerical Analysis to Study The A Proposal for Underground Stope Stability Chart
Impacts of Seismic Activities on Tailings Dam Stability Development Based on Probabilistic Models
H. Çelt; Mining Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey L. Paixao and P. Rogers; Mining Engineering Department, University of
The study’s objective is to evaluate the impact of seismic activities on the Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
stability of a tailings dam in Türkiye, considering the effects of time, geological Since their first iteration presented in the 1980’s by Mathews and Potvin, the use
factors, and the dam’s design. The parameters were modified to achieve various of stability graphs for stope stability assessment became popular in the mining
scenarios, and the results were analyzed. Each scenario was modeled using 3D industry due to their ease of use, generating many variants over the years,
finite element analysis. The following procedures were performed sequentially although their excessive simplification often made them target of criticism.
under a seismic load: Tailings layers, leakage zone simulation, and dam body In more recent years, the use of statistical and machine learning models
design modification are the main dam construction processes. The findings has gained prevalence, although the specificity of the stability phenomenon
indicated a positive correlation between the quantity of tailings and the stability can make it hard for a given single model to represent it adequately in every
of the dam. Due to seismic load, leakages increased pore water pressure and mine site. This study aims to propose a more generalized approach in graph
decreased stability. In areas with declining stability, the embankment design of development using a dataset from a zinc mine with 340 stopes characterized
the dam was changed. Therefore, the outcomes derived from various models by 9 predictor variables and evaluating the performance of 5 different classi-
serve as a valuable resource, particularly in situations encountered in Türkiye fication models on the AUC metric. The predictors were ranked based on the
and the challenges that may arise in other dams with comparable designs. mean AUC decrease from the Permutation Feature Importance method, the two
most relevant being used to plot stability zones in a bi-dimensional graph that
separated unstable from stable stopes. When compared to the classical graph
10:05 AM approach, the results proved more accurate, although very dependent on the
Underground Stone Mine Pillar Behavior with Large data availability, quality and chosen metrics.
Discontinuity in Benching Operations
M. Suner and D. Tuncay; Mining Engineering Department, West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV
This study investigates the behavior of underground stone mine pillars with large
discontinuities using the FLAC3D by employing S-shaped confinement dependent TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
failure criteria. First, a base pillar model with the dimensions of 12 m width and 24 m MORNING
height is calibrated based on pillar strength equation modified for underground
stone mines. Then, the width-to-height ratios are varied from 0.5 to 2.0 with a
constant width of 12 m. A new tool, zone joint logic in the FLAC3D, is employed
MINING & EXPLORATION: INNOVATION &
to introduce distinct discontinuities into the numerical simulations. Similar to TECHNOLOGY: REMOTE SENSING IN OPEN PIT
large discontinuity factor in pillar strength equation modified for underground MINING ENVIRONMENTS
stone mines, multiple orientations of a single, through-going distinct discon- 503
tinuity are simulated to investigate the potential adverse effects. As a result, this
research aims to provide a holistic view for mechanical behavior of pillars in the 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
benching operations when pillar contains structural geology elements.
Chair: S. Cicek, Nevada Gold Mines, Morgantown, WV
10:25 AM
9:00 AM
Evaluation of an Upstream Tailings Storage Facility’s (UTSF) Introduction
Susceptibility to Static Liquefaction using the NorSand
Constitutive model – A Numerical Modeling Approach based
9:05 AM
on the Finite Element Analysis
An IOT-Based GNSS Platform for Mine Infrastructure
P. Nso; Mining and Nuclear Engineering, Missouri University of Science
and Technology, Rolla, MO Monitoring
The response of the overall stability of tailings storage facilities (TSFs) and their E. Migneault; Worldsensing, Westerly, RI
resistance to static liquefaction require an understanding of the mechanical In 2024 we witnessed large landslides happening at mining sites worldwide.
response of mine tailings. This is required to better predict tailings behavior, Those events, like many others in the past years, remind us of the urgency
as well as using this knowledge for the validation of constitutive models in and importance of accurate and continuous monitoring. In recent years,
numerical simulations. These necessitate appropriate constitutive models that mining operators have adopted digital components (ICT) but still use manual
can describe the physics and mechanics of a TSF from its construction stage processes to collect and process the data, thus making the protection of the
to its operational life. In this study static liquefaction and mine tailings suscepti- mining critical assets a costly and highly complex problem, moreover, reducing
bility are evaluated using the NorSand constitutive model based on plane strain the capabilities of the monitoring system to trigger automatic alarms. In
2D finite element analysis. The design and evaluation analyses considered in this context, Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs) are one of the most sensitive
this study accounts for the hydromechanical behavior of an upstream tailings physical assets to be secured to guarantee mines infrastructure safety. IoT
storage facility (UTSF) considering different mine tailings mechanical properties. based monitoring systems can be implemented for automated data collection
Findings of this study will significantly contribute to the safe design of these and quickly informed risk management. Long Range Radio transmission will
facilities and as impetus to complying with the Global Industry Standard on allow for effective monitoring of complex structures located in remote places
Tailings Management’ benchmark of TSFs zero harm and tolerance to people in mining sector. To achieve continuous operation during multi-year periods
and the environment from earliest phases of TSFs conception. without maintenance and provide real-time and high-quality positional data, an
IoT-based GNSS platform is described in this paper.

44     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:25 AM
Use of ASTER Satellite Images to identify Ore-Bearing Development of a Collaborative Slope Monitoring Database
Hydrothermal Alteration Zones Within Asuncion and Cospan for Large-Scale Geotechnical Data Analytics and Training
Districts C. Ortmann¹, S. Sbai², J. Potter¹, J. McNabb¹, S. Warren², B. Meyer¹,
M. Casas; Cayamarca, SME UNC, Cajamarca, Cayamarca, Peru C. Williams³ and L. Brown4; ¹Geotechnical Center of Excellence, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ²Spokane Mining and Research Division, CDC/NIOSH,
The research is located within Asuncion and Cospan districts, which according
Spokane, WA; ³Rio Tinto Kennecott, Salt Lake City, UT and 4Mel & Enid
to their geological features in contrast with previous studies pointing out Au
Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
anomalies create an environment of prospective interest. The objective is to use
ASTER Satellite Images to identify ore-bearing hydrothermal alteration zones. Understanding slope behavior is crucial to minimizing geotechnical risk
To do this, processing techniques such as the combination of bands, band and optimizing resource extraction in open pit mines. Major slope failures
ratio and Ninomiya indices were applied to identify the advanced argillic, phylic pose significant risks to mine personnel, equipment, and project longevity.
argillic and propylitic alteration. The results in the study area are confirmed To mitigate these risks, monitoring data is collected from actively moving
by the Spectral Angle Mapper. Identifying kaolinite, alunite and pyrophyllite, slopes, enabling engineers to estimate the extent and timing of impending
assemblages of the advanced argillic alteration. instabilities. Traditionally, this data is kept internal to the operator, resulting
in small data sets and isolated analyses. Expanding the accessibility of this
data beyond individual operations will allow geotechnical engineers to glean
9:45 AM insights from historical slope incidents and the experiences of others. To
Differentiating Fine-Grained Magmatic-Hydrothermal address this issue, the Geotechnical Center of Excellence, NIOSH, and industry
partners are developing a database of open pit stability incidents. The goal is
Sericite from Course-Grained Muscovite Using Airborne and
to enable practitioners and researchers to take a proactive approach to slope
Orbital Imaging Spectroscopy Data management through access to a variety of data sets for training and analysis.
J. Meyer¹, R. Kokaly¹ and E. Holley²; ¹U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO Anticipated use cases of the database include data analytics, development
and ²Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO of machine learning models, identification of industry-wide trends and risk
Muscovite and sericite are often grouped together as ‘white mica’. Course- factors, and training of geotechnical engineers.
grained muscovite is predominantly formed through igneous magmatic
processes. Sericite is fine-grained and formed through magmatic-hydro-
10:45 AM
thermal processes. Because ore deposits are often formed as the result of
magmatic-hydrothermal activity, the ability to map occurrences of sericite can The Connected Future: Integrating Machine Tracking and
be a useful exploration tool. We present results from Battle Mountain, Nevada Drone Data
mining district in which we differentiate muscovite that is a component of silici- A. Cronin and D. Siri; Propeller, Sydney, NSW, Australia
clastic host rocks from sericite that formed because of magmatic-hydrothermal
activity based on the width of their diagnostic 2200 nm absorption feature in Explore the future of connected mining with machine tracking and drones
airborne and orbital imaging spectroscopy data. creating a comprehensive management solution. Discover how the integration
of drone data and machine tracking enhances visibility between surveys, leading
to increased production efficiency. Through real-world customer stories, we
10:05 AM illustrate the benefits of centralizing designs, drone surveys, and machine data.
This convergence boosts operating velocity for mines, showcasing the power of
Accurately Pinpointing 2D Sensor Events in a 3D
integrated technology in revolutionizing mine management.
Environment Using Digital Twin Georeferencing
B. Meyer¹, J. McNabb¹, L. Brown², J. Potter¹, B. Ross³ and C. Williams¹;
¹Geotechnical Center of Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;
²Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ and ³Global Mining Education Foundation, Tucson, AZ
Accurate geolocation of sensor outputs is a critical component in site
planning, monitoring, and hazard evaluation. Georeferencing tools are used
to locate a 3D point on a site’s topography from an image or other sensor
output. In developing a new rockfall detection system using thermal imaging,
the Geotechnical Center of Excellence (GCE) at the University of Arizona has
created a workflow to accurately georeference movements detected in thermal
video from a single camera by using topographic digital twins (e.g., DEM, point
cloud, or 3D mesh) of a mine site. By integrating readily available software
and well-established light modelling techniques, site locations and camera
pixels may be correlated, yielding topographic coordinates for any tracked or
observed event in the viewing area. Beyond its original purpose for georef-
erencing rockfall events, this technique provides a method for generating 3D
locations from 2D sensor arrays for any camera-based monitoring technology,
such as seep detection or bench design evaluation. In this talk, we outline our
georeferencing framework and present test results. Potential use cases, future
advancements, and limitations will be discussed.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     45

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:45 AM

MORNING Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for
Geometallurgical Modeling Using Synthetic Data
MINING & EXPLORATION: MANAGEMENT: C. Yepez, A. Anani and S. Adewuyi; Mining and Geological Engineering,
PRODUCTIVITY MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE FUTURE University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
MINING OPERATIONS Geometallurgy integrates data from geology, mining, and processing into a
504 cohesive model. Obtaining representative geometallurgical data is often
challenging because only a limited number of samples can be taken to
adequately represent an entire deposit. Traditional interpolation techniques
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 like geostatistics are commonly used for modeling this information. However,
Chair: M. Sorensen, Rio Tinto, South Jordan, UT machine learning has become increasingly accepted for modeling geometal-
lurgical domains due to its versatility and the range of available algorithms.
9:00 AM This research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of machine learning
Introduction algorithms in modeling geometallurgical domains using synthetic data for a
copper deposit.

9:05 AM
10:05 AM
Leveraging AI for Improved Contracting and Procurement
in Mining Change Management for the Implementation of New
Technologies in Mining
P. Culvenor² and B. Gyngell¹; ¹Hevi, Bondi Beach, NSW, Australia and
²Access Mining, Brisbane, QLD, Australia S. Nowosad¹, A. Tobar Escudero³, O. Langefeld¹, J. Torpy² and J. Sánchez
Blanes4; ¹Institut of Mining, Technische Universitat Clausthal, Clausthal-
Ensuring effective management of contractual processes is essential for Zellerfeld, Lower Saxony, Germany; ²Epiroc USA LLC, Broomfield, CO;
maintaining profitability and operational efficiency in mining. However, due to ³Epiroc Minería e Ingenieria Civil España S.L.U., Coslada, Spain and
limited capacity and resources, sites often struggle to manage these processes 4Epiroc Drilling Solutions LCC, Garland, TX
effectively, leading to oversights and financial losses. Recent advancements in
Artificial Intelligence (AI) offer promising solutions to these challenges. Large The mining industry currently faces unprecedented challenges, compounded by
Language Models (LLMs), like those powering ChatGPT, now enable machines the imperative to meet sustainability demands. Automation, digitalization and
to understand unstructured data like contracts. These can therefore be applied advanced technologies are set to play a crucial role in addressing these issues,
to address these challenges by taking some of the heavy lifting off of humans. driving the future of sustainable mining. These innovations promise increased
In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework that outlines how AI efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and improved safety standards.
can be implemented throughout the end-to-end contracting lifecycle within However, implementing these technologies presents its own set of challenges,
underground mining to ensure contracts are set up and administered properly. requiring a new strategy and management approach. Change management in
This includes critical stages such as tendering, handover from commercial to mining companies and OEMs, as those like Epiroc, is essential for successfully
operations, operational monitoring, subcontractor procurement, and dispute implementing these advanced technologies. This study examines the unique
resolution. By leveraging LLMs, the framework aims to automate and optimise management requirements necessary for integrating these innovations into
these processes, reducing the risk of non-compliance and improving overall mining operations. Through an in-depth analysis of Epiroc’s experiences, the
contract management efficiency. study highlights critical lessons learned, including the importance of strategic
planning, personnel upskilling, and stakeholder engagement. The findings
underscore that effective change management not only facilitates technological
9:25 AM adoption but also ensures sustained operational efficiency and competitive
Increase Mining Productivity Using Continuous advantage in the rapidly evolving mining industry.
Improvement
P. Daniels; SRK Consulting, Aurora, CO 10:25 AM
Increasing productivity in mining through continuous improvement processes Mining Productivity Improving or Declining?
like Lean Six Sigma involves systematically identifying and eliminating waste, R. Riggle; Caterpillar Inc., Menomonee Falls, WI
reducing variability, and enhancing operational efficiency. Lean principles
Is the mining industry and more importantly your mining operation improving
focus on streamlining workflows and eliminating non-value-added activities,
or declining as compared to historical productivity and efficiency? Small
while Six Sigma emphasizes reducing defects and process variability through
incremental changes today can add up to big improvements and bigger
data-driven decision-making. By integrating these methodologies, mining
profits. This brief will discuss how Caterpillar solutions are enabling the mining
operations can achieve significant improvements in productivity, safety, and
industry to achieve higher levels of productivity, efficiency, uptime, safety, and
cost-effectiveness. Continuous monitoring and iterative improvements ensure
sustainability.
that processes remain optimized, leading to sustainable long-term gains. This
approach fosters a culture of excellence and innovation, driving the mining
industry towards higher standards of performance and competitiveness.

46     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:45 AM

MORNING Blast-Induced Impacts to Longhole Stope Stability
Performance
MINING & EXPLORATION: OPERATIONS: DRILL A. Hashemi, L. Moreau-Verlaan and K. Kalenchuk; RockEng Inc., Kingston,
& BLAST OPERATIONS - IMPROVEMENTS & ON, Canada
CHALLENGES I Longhole stoping is a commonly used underground mining method. Operational
505 safety combined with low cost and high recovery have led this method to be
widely adopted in underground metalliferous mining. A key measure of longhole
open stoping performance is stability. Longhole open stope stability analyses
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 can be divided into two categories: 1) geomechanic analysis of the stope
Chair: A. Ramos, Hecla, Coeur d Alene, ID boundaries focused on in-situ conditions, and 2) damage potential imparted
onto stope boundaries by longhole blasting. Historically, stope stability analysis
9:00 AM has focused primarily on rock engineering design approaches. However,
Introduction even with robust stope design campaigns, stope overbreaks continue to be a
frequent mine production challenge. To further reduce the potential for stope
instability, the stope design process requires assessment of blast-induced
9:05 AM rockmass damage potential. This presentation provides an overview of the
Automating Drill and Blast QAQC at a Canadian Gold Mine: blast design parameters and their impacts on stope stability. In conclusion, the
content will motivate a broader perspective on stope stability design, incorpo-
A Data-Driven Solution for Data Collection, Reporting, and rating design considerations particular to both the geomechanic elements and
Improving Drill and Blast Performance the blast design parameters.
Z. Levinson¹ and J. Prinsen²; ¹AIRL Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada
and ²Agnico Eagle Mines, Cochrane, ON, Canada
10:05 AM
Assessing drill and blast performance is a multifaceted task that entails a
comprehensive analysis of various operational parameters to enhance future Better Predictors of Rock Fragmentation at the Sierrita Mine
blasting outcomes. Evaluations begin with a detailed review of the blast D. Kelly; Geology, Freeport-McMoRan, Sahuartia, AZ
design and extends to the execution aspects such as drill deviation and In 2020, excessively large rock fragmentation was becoming an issue at the
loading compliance with the planned design. Critical to this assessment is the Sierrita mine. Large rock fragmentation can have various negative effects
analysis of rock fragmentation and the effectiveness of the blast, considering including wasting ore grade material, higher comminution costs, premature
factors like bench preparation, blasting parameters, and the subsequent wear on equipment, and production slowdowns. These effects require a better
movement of blasted material. Moreover, ensuring adherence to environ- understanding and control of fragmentation. The best predictor of fragmen-
mental and safety standards plays a pivotal role in the process. Through a tation came from calibrated production drill rates. Drill rates on each bench
critical examination of these elements, mining operations can gain valuable could then be stacked to create a 3D drill rate image that revealed geologic
insights into optimizing blasting parameters, thereby improving produc- structures, hard and soft areas of the mine, and allowed for better planning for
tivity, reducing operational costs, and minimizing environmental impact. optimal fragmentation.
A scoring system and intelligent backtracking algorithm is used to address the
impact of digging conditions and power usage at the crushing and grinding
circuit using online sensors and relating these finding to drill and blast designs 10:25 AM
and compliance. The developed framework is tested at a Canadian gold mine. Benefits of Presplitting Identified in the Field - Relieving
Gas Penetration in Addition to Lowering Blast Vibrations to
9:25 AM Highwalls
Effects of Blast Induced Damage on Ground Support at the R. Yang; Orica USA Inc, Watkins, CO
Henderson Mine Previous studies in the literature used geophones to measure blast vibrations at
J. Monsalve¹, S. Ferguson¹ and J. valencia²; ¹Henderson Mine, Freeport far distances and could not ascertain the significant benefit of presplit blasting
McMoRan, Blacksburg, VA and ²ITASCA Consulting Group, Minneapolis, MN in reducing the impact of blast vibrations on highwalls. Additionally, no studies
in the literature address the role of presplitting in alleviating blasting-released
The Henderson Mine uses C-Arches as a ground support measure to maintain
gas pressure that could penetrate joints and open new fractures in highwalls.
stability of draw points in the extraction level. C-Arches are designed to
Yang & Proulx (2019) and Yang et al. (2022) conducted near-field blast vibration
withstand wear and tear and last through the life of the panels. However,
monitoring of signature hole blasts and revealed that peak particle velocity (PPV)
C-Arches installed on the 7210A Panel experienced significant brow damage
of blast vibrations at a scaled distance of 1 m/kg^0.5 can be reduced by 50%
requiring repairs earlier than expected. Previous studies, and design iterations
or more for presplit-filtered vibrations. In addition to summarizing the reduction
have determined that multiple factors contributed to the accelerated damage,
in blast vibrations due to presplitting, this paper demonstrates the relief through
most notably geology, production blasting, muck draw, and secondary blasting,
presplit blasted blastholes of subsequent blasting gases from trim blastholes,
amongst others. This work focuses on the observed effects of blasting on
shown through video of gas ejections from previously fired presplit blastholes
C-Arch performance by analyzing the results from the 7210A Panel and 7210N
located 6 to 9 meters away from the final buffer row of a blast pattern. The results
Panel at the Henderson Mine. This work uses far-field vibrations collected
show that presplitting not only lowers blast vibration PPV’s but also relief the high
with a micro-seismic monitoring system coupled with near field vibration
pressure gases from the trim blast into the highwalls.
measurements from blast seismographs to understand how production blasting
impacts this type of ground support. Results show how multi-layered monitoring
efforts at the Henderson Mine are a valuable tool for blast monitoring, allowing
for the continuous optimization of blasting practices, resulting in reduced
ground support damage while ensuring desired results.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     47

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM and advantages of OTS in enhancing operator competency and ensuring

A Review of the Importance of Quality Drill and Blast Data operational safety. By immersing operators in realistic scenarios within
a controlled environment, OTS enables them to familiarize themselves with
Collection and Analysis to Help Ensure Operational Success complex processes, practice emergency responses, and refine decision-making
D. Schnell; Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY skills in a risk-free environment. The paper also explores essential consid-
Blasting is the primary and most effective and time efficient method for erations for successful OTS implementation, including simulation platform
breaking and moving material. Significant data can be collected from a single selection criteria, system architecture, and workflow integration. Illustrated
blast pattern. It is important to understand what the data means and how it can through case studies from projects at the PT Freeport Indonesia Smelter, this
be used to better coordinate and execute and plan drill and blast designs to paper demonstrates how OTS significantly reduces training time, minimizes
improve an operation’s safety and efficiency. The importance of data collection operational errors, and optimizes process control commissioning. Ultimately,
and analysis is in improving and optimizing the overall performance of a blast OTS stands as an innovation in industrial training methodologies, effectively
to meet the goals of an operation. This includes reviewing blast design for meeting the dynamic demands of modern operations.
explosive energy efficiency, vibration control, geotechnical considerations, and
more.
9:45 AM
Automated Drilling - Performance Matters
C. Stacy; Hexagon Mining, Tucson, AZ
Automated blast hole drill control systems have been around for many years;
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 so why is there so much variability in the performance of the drill rigs utilizing
them? Shouldn’t drill automation create parity among operators and even
MORNING drill rigs when it comes to performance? What if drill automation could close
the subject matter expert gap present in standard automation offerings by
leveraging artificial intelligence? This paper will explore some of the pitfalls of
MINING & EXPLORATION: OPERATIONS: standard drill automation offerings and the gaps filled by Hexagon Mining’s AI
OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENTS AND enabled drill automation solution including field tested results and comparisons.
AUTOMATION IN MINING
506 10:05 AM
New, Accelerometer-Based Slurry Density Meter
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
M. Touzin¹ and J. Peters²; ¹CET, Enschede, Netherlands and ²Alia
Chair: S. Lee, Capstone Copper Instruments, Enschede, Netherlands
A non-nuclear, accelerometer-based density meter has been developed in
9:00 AM partnership with a large Dutch high-technology company and the University
Introduction of Twente to optimize productivity through density measurement in mining,
drilling, and dredging operations. The measuring principle of Newton’s
second law has been implemented in a robust, industrial design. FEM (finite
9:05 AM element method) and COMSOL Multiphysics were used during simulation
Tools for Tackling Wireless Coexistence: Ensuring the Safe and hardware development. The in-line, fast-acting, full-bore instrument is
and Effective Adoption of Wireless Technology designed to measure slurry bulk density over a very large density range. It is
J. Coder¹ and R. Jacksha²; ¹National Institute of Standards and suitable for slurry flows with high abrasivity, corrosive characteristics, or high
Technology, Boulder, CO and ²Spokane Mining Research Division, NIOSH, solids. Through the density measurement, the technology can also detect solids
Spokane, WA settling or sediment deposition, as often occurs with insufficient slurry flow
velocity. Challenging slurry density measurement applications in the mining
From safety systems, to tele-remote vehicles, to fully autonomous systems industry for which the instrument is well suited include thickener underflow,
utilizing wireless sensors, the use of wireless technology is rapidly proliferating ore concentrates, tailings, and pastes. Examples of computer simulations,
across the mining industry. Adopting many wireless systems across a single in-service measurement performance, limitations, and user experience in
mine often requires careful planning. Though each system works well on its various industrial applications will be shown.
own, bringing unrelated wireless systems nearby could create new challenges
as the systems influence each other’s performance; a challenge known as
“wireless coexistence.” We outline the challenge posed by deploying multiple 10:25 AM
wireless systems in the same mine, discuss practical solutions mines can Prep and Planning for Autonomous Haulage Execution of a
implement, and showcase research that will provide new tools for tackling
coexistence challenges. Brown Field Operation
N. Amiotte, R. Yubeta, Z. Maughan and M. Elliott; SME Member -
Freeport-McMoRan, Bagdad, AZ
9:25 AM In the United States, the adoption of advanced technology at brownfield
World’s Largest Single Line Copper Smelter uses Operator sites is necessary due to the scarcity of new greenfield mining projects.
Training Simulator (OTS) and Digital Twin to make the Freeport-McMoRan Bagdad Operations is currently pioneering this effort with
operation ready for start-up in 2024 the implementation of the first fully autonomous haulage system in the U.S.
utilizing CAT’s Command Technology. This project focuses on the preparation,
B. POUR-AHMAD, A. Supomo, K. Pramono and W. Prasetio; Technical planning, and execution phases, addressing challenges in truck readiness, site
Services - Process Automation, Freeport Mc Mo Ran, Phoenix, AZ preparedness, and workforce transition. Our current journey provides insight
Operator Training Simulators (OTS) play a crucial role in the training and into practical implementation challenges, and essential factors for successful
development of process operators across diverse industries, particularly integration, shaping the future of mining in automated and robotic mines.
addressing challenges related to high turnover and inexperienced personnel in
mineral processing plants. This paper examines the evolution, functionalities,

48     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Reinforced Multi Objectives Agent Based Truck Dispatching MORNING
in Open Pit Mines
M. Owusu Tweneboah¹, V. Temeng² and K. Awuah-Offei¹; ¹Mining and MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: COPPER
Explosives Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, EXTRACTION
Rolla, MO and ²Mining Engineering, University of Mines and Technology,
705
Tarkwa, Western, Ghana
In this work, a multi objectives agent-based truck dispatch algorithm that 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
conceptualizes trucks as intelligent agents and make autonomous dispatching
decisions to maximize their utility is proposed. The agents in the proposed model Chairs: S. Gostu, Glencore, Stamford, CT
were further reinforced using the concept of Q-Reinforcement learning in order F. Liu, Hatch Ltd, Mississauga, ON, Canada
to incorporate adaptive behaviour. The advantages of this algorithm include
agents with broad situational awareness, a multi objectives reinforced utility 9:00 AM
function with the ability to prioritise the system objectives due to the presence Introduction
of a priority factor. They are also more suitable for autonomous trucks. The
new algorithm was evaluated against a simple 1-truck-for-N-shovels dispatch
strategies using discrete event simulation. The simulation results show that 9:05 AM
the new utility function has significant advantages over 1-truck-for-N-shovels Effects of Flotation Chemical Residues on the
inspired utility functions. Parameter analysis of the Q-reinforced learning
component was conducted to determine the optimal learning and discount
Electromagnetic Properties and Leaching Behavior of
factors. Further analysis was conducted to demonstrate the possibility of priori- Chalcopyrite Concentrate
tising the various management objectives. S. Patterson², J. Battaglia¹, A. Rieffer¹, I. Barton², Z. Mutlu¹ and
A. Wessman¹; ¹Material Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and
²Mining Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
11:05 AM
Froth flotation, the primary method of concentrating chalcopyrite and other
Advancements in Leach Pad Control with Emerson copper sulfide ores, uses hydrocarbon-based surfactants like xanthates and
Technologies dithiophosphates to make chalcopyrite and other sulfide minerals hydrophobic.
T. Riters and L. Bolton; Sales, Emerson Automation Solutions, Chandler, AZ Modifying chemicals such as pH modifiers and depressants may also be used.
Traces of these chemicals and their reaction products with sulfides can remain
Advancements in instrumentation technology have brought value and on the surfaces of particles in concentrates. While these residues are not
efficiencies to the mining industry. Most think of instrumentation as basic known to cause problems in industrial leaching and smelting operations, they
sensors and valves, but with our solutions, we equip operators with real time, may affect the results of laboratory leach testing using flotation concentrates
accurate, and reliable data that they can use to operate more effectively. to an unknown extent. This project tested the resistivity, mobility, and charge
Working with Caltrol, an Emerson impact partner, we successfully engineered carrier density of chalcopyrite concentrate as received (with residues) and after
wireless skids for a leach pad to provide precise measurement and control of being washed with alcohol to remove hydrocarbon-based surfactants. Results
raffinate solution to Freeport-McMoRan as part of their “Leach to the Last Drop” for air-exposed concentrates indicate significant changes in electromagnetic
initiative. Freeport is now able to disperse the solvent, monitor the system, and parameters and leaching behavior after washing. Results for concentrates held
leach with more precision, quickly and accurately from their control room. in inert atmospheres show smaller, but still measurable, changes.

11:25 AM 9:25 AM
General Purpose Robotics and the Last Frontier of Mining Use of a Chemical Additive to Enhance Metal Quality and
Automation Quantity in Copper Electrowinning
W. Pryor; Boston Dynamics, San Francisco, CA W. Dickinson; R&D, Kemira, Atlanta, GA
The mining industry has historically been a pioneer in adopting technologies Present research seeks to establish an effective chemical agent to maintain
that enhance productivity, leading the way in automation over the past 15 or improve copper smoothness and improve current efficiency during
years with advancements such as self-driving vehicles and autonomous drills. electrowinning. An electrochemical system was modified to enable high
Despite these strides, fully automated “lights-out” operations remain elusive current electrodeposition and is used with commercial software to control
due to the complex and unstructured nature of mining environments. Traditional plating performance. Comparative copper deposit smoothness is visually
automation has struggled to address the long tail of tasks that persist after quantified at 10 – 200x by digital microscopy. Fifteen polymer-based
operators are removed from equipment. However, recent advancements in products have been evaluated at target dosages from 2 – 4 ppm
general purpose robotics offer new opportunities. Over the past four years, to identify the best performing additive. KemSmooth 4900 affords the best
these robots have significantly matured, finding innovative applications in performance in current density with smoother, more regular deposits compared
underground operations and ore processing facilities. This paper explores to an untreated control or to Guar treatment. Dose response behavior showed
the current state of general purpose robotics in mining, examining how these a progressive increase up to 1.7% in current efficiency over the indicated
technologies are set to transform the industry as it ventures into deeper, more dosage range. In parallel with the electrowinning tests, acid-mist production - a
remote areas, with a focus on eliminating human involvement in the most corrosion and health hazard in electrowinning tankhouses – has been assessed
dangerous, dirty, and monotonous tasks. using a colorimetric method. Kem Smooth 4900 appears to provide additional
benefit in controlling acid-mist.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     49

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Effect of Licorice on Oxygen Bubble Size and Volume in Enhancing Sustainability in Mining: Pilot Study on Solvent
Scaled Copper Electrowinning Using High-Speed Camera Extraction Interface Monitoring
Imaging C. Mejias, E. Cáceres and E. Godoy; Hibring, Concepcion, Biobio, Chile
A. Kakoria, G. Xu and M. Zaid; Mining and Explosive engineering, Efficient water use is crucial for addressing the challenges faced by the mining
Postdoctoral Fellow, Phelps County, MO industry, significantly impacting its operational efficiency and sustainability.
During the copper electrowinning process, oxygen bubbles are generated on Additionally, the high costs associated with production inputs in mining
the anode. Acid mist is generated in the tank house as the bubbles burst. make optimizing their use essential. By integrating laboratory data into
Although the size of the bubble is known to be correlated with the amount of industrial processes, we present an innovative solution for solvent extraction
acid mist, no systematic real-time measurements have been conducted to that autonomously identifies the separation interface of immiscible liquids
determine the size of the bubble and its link to the usage of licorice, i.e., licorice using unique hardware available on the market. This study showcases pilot
is a natural extract containing saponins derived from the extraction of the root results on identifying and monitoring the interface between the organic and
of the licorice plant, Glycyrrhiza spp. The measurement of bubble size under aqueous phases in the solvent separation process within the copper industry,
various surfactant concentrations is presented in this work. Bubbles were found detecting unexpected phase changes and preventing the organic phase from
with a high-speed camera at different surfactant concentrations, and their size contaminating subsequent processes. The pilot demonstrates the feasibility of
distribution was assessed. According to published research, adding FC-1100, a autonomously identifying the separation interface of immiscible liquids as an
surfactant frequently employed in copper electrowinning to decrease acid mist, innovative technology in mining. The advances of this study point towards its
was the most significant test parameter influencing the bubble size. However, implementation in an industrial setting to optimize the use of resources in the
this is the only research study available for a comprehensive understanding. mining industry, thereby contributing to informed decision-making within the
Thus, in this instance, we use Licorice to represent our data and examine its production process.
impact on bubble size and volume.
11:05 AM
10:05 AM The Study of the Leaching Behavior and Optimization of
Synergistic Effects of the Jetti Chalcopyrite Leach Catalyst Chalcopyrite Concentrate in Ferric Sulfate Bio Acid
and Biooxidation – A Bioreactor Example E. Owusu-Fordjour, X. Yang and M. Free; Materials Science and Engineering,
J. Uhrie, M. Rebolledo and C. Simms; Jetti Resources, Boulder, CO The University of Utah College of Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT
Jetti Resources has developed a catalyst which overcomes the passivation of The use of microorganisms in the leaching of copper from chalcopyrite is an
primary sulfides, enhancing the heap leach recovery of copper from chalco- emerging technology that has the potential to revolutionize the mining industry
pyrite. It is important to emphasize that heap leaching of copper sulfides, by encouraging the practice of sustainable mining (green engineering). Carbon
whether with or without the Jetti catalyst, is a biooxidative process. We have dioxide is an essential carbon source for autotrophic microorganisms such as
demonstrated this in bioreactors, where a chalcopyrite-dominant porphyry Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, where their metabolic activity can be boosted,
ore was leached using a factorially designed DOE test matrix. The addition leading to an improvement in leaching kinetics and efficiency. The role of
of the Jetti catalyst using commercial raffinate under sub-optimal bioleaching carbon dioxide in bioleaching operations is important to extract energy-relevant
conditions increased copper recovery over the baseline; however, under optimal minerals from sulfides. This study focuses on the use of CO2 to optimize
bioleaching conditions and in the presence of Jetti catalyst, a higher increase bio acid production and to investigate the leaching behavior of chalcopyrite
was observed. Copper recovery was 1.7 times that of the baseline, achieving concentrate in ferric sulfate bio acid under varying process parameters. Various
an additional 35% copper recovery. leaching techniques and different reagents were employed to optimize chalco-
pyrite leaching in ferric sulfate bio acid. Characterization and leaching kinetics
studies were also studied accordingly.
10:25 AM
Subsurface Leaching of Copper through Surfactant-
Enhanced Acid Injection
R. Copp¹, J. heidlas¹, D. Rucker² and B. Cubbage²; ¹BASF Corporation,
Tucson, AZ and ²Hydrogeophjysics, Inc., Tucson, AZ
Subsurface leaching (SSL) through direct injection of acid to underperforming
parts of a copper leach pad is well documented and proven effective at
recovering metals. The potential of using leaching aids to enhance the rate
and metal removal in SSL has not been extensively explored. For this work,
a surfactant was added as a direct feed to injection wells used for SSL in a
copper leach pad. The effectiveness of the leaching aid was determined using
solution samples and electrical resistivity geophysics along the surface. The
addition of the surfactant increased copper grades compared to long-term
injection without the surfactant.

50     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:45 AM

MORNING Antimony Recovery from Industrial By-Products Through
Multi-Stage Acid Leach
MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: INNOVATIVE A. Hirata Miyasaki and C. Anderson; Mining Engineering, Colorado School
METHODS OF METAL PROCESSING of Mines, Golden, CO
711 Demand for antimony has increased over the last few years. Recycling
supplied 15% of domestic consumption in the US while the remaining 85%
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 was imported. Bromine compounds have been recently used to recover PGMs
and REEs with success. Thus, antimony leaching with bromine compounds
Chairs: M. Strauss, Worcester Polytechnic Inst, Sparks, NV is theoretically feasible. This research was conducted to develop a viable
K. Chattopadhyay, SLB technology for hydrobromic acid as a leaching reagent and add sustainability
to current industrial processes while minimizing waste products in recycling
9:00 AM processes through a multiple-acid leach. The preliminary results showed
Introduction bromine, specifically hydrobromic acid, to be a viable leaching reagent.
Consequently, we demonstrated that bromine compounds can recover more
than 80% of antimony in smelter by-products.
9:05 AM
Mineral Valorization Through Classifcation:
10:05 AM
Case Studies
J. Fisher, M. Barish and J. Taute; Somerset International, Sewickley, PA Microbial Marvels in Mining: Bioleaching and Beyond
The issue of tailings from mining waste is a pressing environmental concern,
T. Van Rossum, E. Marshall, C. Morgan-Lang, E. Abramovich, S. Hallam
especially in the wake of recent dam failures. Around the world, numerous
and A. Hahn; Koonkie, Vancouver, BC, Canada
tailings dams are at risk of failure, presenting significant environmental hazards. By cell count, you are more microbial than human. Microbes not only vastly
Many of these dams contain valuable mineral deposits that can be reclaimed outnumber stars in the known universe, but they also sustain (and sometimes
using mechanical concentrating methods, producing streams as rich as current decimate) populations of higher organisms, acting as both the custodians and
mining tailings. Somerset’s approach is focused on concentrating these waste architects of Earth’s ecosystems. To understand these tiny yet mighty entities,
streams to generate economic benefits that can cover the cost of dry disposal of it is crucial to recognize their critical role in earth’s ecosystems survival. This
the tailings, thus eliminating the need for tailings dams. To this end, Somerset presentation focuses on the transformative role of microbes in environmental
International has adopted a two-pronged strategy: 1. Maximizing the recovery management through the lens of the mining industry. We’ll explore case
of current and future tailings waste to ensure significant economic contri- studies on optimizing bioleaching (where microorganisms are used to extract
bution towards dry disposal efforts. 2. Reprocessing material from previously valuable metals from ores), environmental monitoring, bioremediation, tailings
deposited tailings ponds to fund its dry disposal. In this submission, Somerset stabilization, and more. By using the DNA of microbes to understand how they
International will present four case studies using various minerals highlighting function, we can put microbes to work to tackle pressing mining challenges,
how enhanced mineral recovery can offer substantial economic incentives to moving toward sustainable and efficient mining practices across the operational
transition from wet tailings disposal to more stable dry disposal methods. lifecycle.

9:25 AM 10:25 AM
Leaching Kinetics of Bromine Compounds in Antimony Resolving Roaster Quench Scaling
Leaching on Smelter By-Products N. Morrison¹, J. Thomas¹ and K. Bakeev²; ¹Member, Lebanon, OH and
A. Hirata Miyasaki and C. Anderson; Mining Engineering, Colorado School ²non-member, Wilmington, DE
of Mines, Golden, CO Gold ore roasters utilize water quench systems to provide temperature
Multi-stage acid leach has successfully recovered antimony from industrial controlled calcine slurry to downstream leaching operations. Mineral scale that
by-products. In designing and scaling up the leaching process, it is important forms during quenching can lead to gas emission control issues, causing dust
to understand the impact of the chemical reactions and how they are affected. exposure and release, that will result in downtime to mechanically clean the
This research was performed to understand the leaching kinetics of bromine system. A major North American roaster operation that once required quench
compounds for antimony recovery. Variables such as the agitation speed, tank cleaning every eight weeks was extended to twelve weeks from the use of
temperature, acid concentration, particle size, and addition of sodium bromide scale control treatments and other mechanical adjustments. An explanation of
and stabilized bromine were examined. The preliminary results showed the the problem is provided along with the causes and implemented solutions that
controlling mechanism to be diffusion-controlled. Additionally, we demonstrated resulted in improved safety, environmental and productivity.
the technical feasibility of scale-up on the leaching process.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     51

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM 11:45 AM
Development of a Novel Method for the Extraction Leaching of Lithium Contained in Clays
of Lithium (Li), Cesium (Cs), and Rubidium (Rb) from M. Jorges Villon; no, Lima, Peru
Lepidolite This research has the purpose of studying the concentration of these clays
C. Subasinghe and M. Rezaee; Energy and Mineral Engineering, and the leaching of the metal with H2SO4. The magnetic (dry and wet) and
PennState University, State College, PA gravimetric concentration (separation of fine particles in suspensión) were
Lithium (Li), rubidium (Rb), and cesium (Cs) are critical elements in modern studied, being the latter the one that presents better results, going from 256
technology, playing essential roles in energy storage, electronics, and specialty ppm of lithium in the original clay to 863 ppm of lithium in the concentrate. At
glasses. This paper investigates the extraction of lithium (Li), rubidium (Rb), the leaching stage, alkaline (NaOH and Mg (OH)2) and acid (H2SO4) leaching
and cesium (Cs) from lepidolite ore using a novel process by eliminating the were tested, finding the best results with the last one; this is the reason why
need for existing high temperature processes. Thermodynamic modeling for the effect of temperature, sulfuric acid concentration and solids percentage
both roasting and leaching was conducted using FactSage and HSC software. on the lithium leaching kinetics were studied. It was found that increasing
Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction of the feed material and solid residues the concentration of the solids in the leaching pulp decreases the rate of
confirmed the theoretical calculations. The optimal conditions resulted in the dissolution. Regarding the temperature effect, it was observed that this variable
extraction of 66 ± 5.08% Li, 97 ± 1.30% Cs, and 98 ± 2.61% Rb. The solution increases the lithium disolution rate and that starting from 50 ° C its effect
chemistry was studied using Pourbaix diagrams, and the products were charac- is less relevant. Likewise, it was found that after 4 hours the leaching rate
terized through Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) technology, X-ray diffrac- decreases, so it is proposed that a leaching time of 6 hours is sufficient to reach
tometry (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy 85% lithium recovery.
(SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX).

11:05 AM
Unlocking Cobalt from Cobaltiferous Pyrites: TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
A Thermal Decomposition Approach
MORNING
L. Aguayo Torrez, C. Anderson and E. Spiller; Mining Engineering,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO MPD: COMMINUTION: COMMINUTION I
Despite ongoing efforts to find alternative materials, cobalt remains
706
indispensable for the production of rechargeable batteries essential for
the energy transition. Currently, most cobalt is sourced from unethical and
politically unstable regions as a by-product of nickel and copper extraction. 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
However, primary cobalt deposits, such as those in the Iron Creek area, could Chairs: D. Rocha, Freeport McMoRan, Sahuarita, AZ
provide a reliable and responsible supply of this metal. In these deposits, cobalt O. Arafat, Metcom Technologies, Hamilton, ON, Canada
is encapsulated within the pyrite (FeS2) lattice, making traditional beneficiation
methods ineffective. This study explored the thermal decomposition of pyrite to
pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and troilite (FeS) as a chemical pretreatment to (i) increase 9:00 AM
cobalt content in flotation concentrates by volatilizing sulfur and (ii) transform Introduction
concentrates into a ferromagnetic product for magnetic separation to enhance
cobalt recovery. Thermal decomposition tests under two cover gases increased 9:05 AM
cobalt grades by 15-17% and produced high-purity sulfur as a by-product.
These promising results eventually led to a final magnetic concentrate Chino Mill: SAG Throughput Optimization Through Basic
containing 3.5% cobalt, representing a 94% increase over the grades obtained Modeling, Sensor Evaluation, Equipment Parameter
in previous base work. Changes and APC
K. Koeppl; Chino Mill, Freeport McMoRan Chino, Silver City, NM
11:25 AM This paper is a synopsis of Chino Mill’s SAG operational experience in modeling,
mill control and mine to mill communication since recommissioning in 2020.
Smart Leaching Pads: up to 3% Mineral Recovery Increase
The Chino Mine is in Southwest New Mexico and belongs to Freeport-McMoRan.
is Possible The porphyry copper mine is heterogeneous in hardness, mineralogy, and
V. Mwaba; SME, Shorewood, IL grade. The mill is challenged by Chino’s complex mine sequencing combined
Heap leach pads face challenges in metal recovery, often relying on manual with frequent changes in ore characteristics. The application of basic tools such
monitoring, which poses potential safety risks and limitations in data collection, as volume charge modeling, sound, and intensity measurements will be shown.
especially in hazardous conditions. Data collection is critical to being able to The setting of SAG targets like ball charge, mill speed, in mill density will be
manage and control evry process. Portable skids with wireless instruments discussed. This will tie into showing how to correlate mill efficiency to SAG
(P, F) offer visibility into irrigation processes, detecting failures and stabilizing targets in highly variable ore.
bacteria, leading to a more stable leach process, reduced costs, and improved
safety. More uniform leach solution application can boost copper recovery by
up to 3%.

52     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:45 AM
The Fred C. Bond Award Winner: Paper Title Here Mining Company Increase Gold Recovery and Optimizes
O. Arafat; Metcom Technologies, Hamilton, ON, Canada Energy Usage in their Milling Process by Implementing
Place holder for the Fred C. Bond Award. Replace this with actual abstract. Real-Time Flow Measurements Thus Eliminating Manual
Rounds
9:45 AM V. Mwaba; SME, Shorewood, IL
The milling process involves a series of challenges to any customer in the
Grinding Media Size Transition at the Sierrita Concentrator
mining industry due to the high solids content (40% - 60%), the safety risks,
D. Rocha and F. Patino; Metallurgy, Freeport McMoRan, Sahuarita, AZ and the accurate monitoring of the mass flow in the feeding of hydrocyclons
Sierrita is a copper and molybdenum mine located south of Tucson. to determine and control the re-circulating load. Mass flow calculation are
The comminution circuit consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary crushers challenging when making a mass balance; when they are done manually. The
followed by a single stage ball mill in closed-circuit with hydrocyclones. The flotation use of cyanide solution, and the possibility of spills at this stage, represent a
circuit consists of roughers, cleaners, scavenger and column cells. Concentrate latent risk for the safety of personnel, process, and the environment. Manual
from cleaners and scavengers is sent to the regrind circuit for finer grinding. The control generate a limited gold recovery and additional energy costs are caused
reground product is sent to column flotation to produce final bulk concentrate. by reprocessing material. Thanks to the installation of robust flowmeters, mining
A detailed study to evaluate and optimize the screening efficiency in the companies can perform mass balance excercises through the in-line density
fine crushing plant showed an opportunity to reduce the product size (P80). and flow measurements, without any safety or operational inconvenience.
The aperture of the finishing deck screen panels was reduced by 1mm, Energy and gold recovery can also improve once automated measurements
resulting in a 15% product size reduction. The fine crushing plant capacity were installed.
remained consistent, and a slight increase in circulating load was observed.
Consequently, additional theoretical evaluations indicated that a change in
grinding media size in the primary ball mills, 90mm to 80mm, would also have 11:05 AM
a positive impact in milling performance. This presentation discusses changes Optimizing Mill Performance: Real-Time Grinding Insights
made at the crushing plant, effects of the grinding media size change, as well E. Nunez; Technology, Molycop, Kamloops, BC, Canada
as past and current operating conditions.
Real-time operational excellence is achieved through the seamless integration
of various components. Key aspects include precise instrumentation, real-time
10:05 AM data collection, data analytics, and an efficient optimization platform.
Additionally, to ensure success, the real-time optimization platform must
Crushing & Grinding Circuit Availability – Why is it
be incorporated into the site’s internal process control system. This paper
Important in Design, and How Can we Increase it Cost- provides an overview of practical lessons and best practices for autogenous
Effectively? (AG), semi-autogenous (SAG), and ball mills (BM) grinding. It highlights the
R. Chandramohan², G. Lane² and P. Dakin¹; ¹MAusIMM, Vancouver, BC, implementation of advanced instrumentation, specifically vibration sensors on
Canada and ²FAusImm, Brisbane, QLD, Australia the rotating mill shell. The paper also delves into the application of advanced
Crushing and grinding circuit availability is a critical design factor that defines the analytics necessary for generating new measurements that accurately represent
sizes of the installed equipment and the process buffers to maintain throughput real-time grinding activity in the mill. These Advanced Analytics Measurements
during maintenance. The comminution circuit typically accounts for the largest (AAM) are compared with well-known grinding curves to determine the optimal
capital expenditure and the highest energy use in a process plant. Thus, selecting grinding point. The discussion focuses on key industry opportunities using
appropriate equipment and optimizing the layout is crucial. This paper outlines real-time mill shell vibration results to derive new correlations and optimize the
fit-for-purpose design principles for optimizing process flow, eliminating standby grinding process.
equipment, reducing buffer residence time, and understanding limitations based
on maintenance and operability. Keywords: comminution, cost and energy
efficient design, circuit availability, utilisation, optimisation

10:25 AM
A Review of SAG Mill Discharge Classification Technologies
for SABC Circuits
D. Gong, W. Tian, B. Foggiatto, R. Chandramohan and G. Lane; Ausenco,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
The “Semi-Autogenous (SAG) mill – Ball mill – Pebble Crusher” circuit (SABC)
has been widely used for the comminution of ores with varying competences
at a wide range of throughput rates. As ore deposits become more competent,
there has been an increase in demand for larger SAG mills associated with
higher pebble recirculation rates, which brings challenges in ensuring efficient
SAG mill discharge classification. Separating clean pebbles from the slurry
phase is important for efficient pebble handling and crushing. Inappropriate
design of SAG mill discharge classification can cause unwanted fines and
excessive water to report to the pebble recycle conveyors and crushers, which
can cause conveyor belt spillage and reduces the pebble crushing circuit
availability. Relevant factors for the selection of SAG mill discharge classifi-
cation technologies will be reviewed by investigating Ausenco benchmark data
from 80+ SABC circuit designs. Additionally, two case studies will provide
further insights into how SAG mill discharge classification design can impact
plant layout, operational performance, and ultimately, economic feasibility.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     53

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 process control. There were also fears that online analyzers would replace
analytical laboratories. This is unfounded as online analyzers require ongoing
MORNING calibration, confirming the need for quality sample collection, preparation and
analysis. The analytical techniques used by the online analyzers are accurate
MPD: FLOTATION: ADVANCES IN CRITICAL and precise when calibrated properly. The downfall of online analyzers is the
MINERALS FLOTATION AND AUTOMATION unrepresentative sample streams measured that limits the potential of the
708 analyzer output to a trending tool for process control. A leap forward towards
only using TOS accredited samplers to present analyzers with representative
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 samples, are proposed. Combined with flowmeters and densitometers, the
result will be a ‘state of the art’ measurement system that not only allows
Chairs: P. Chu, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV process control but also provide dynamic metal accounting.
T. Gupta, MP Materials, Mountain Pass, CA

9:00 AM 10:05 AM
Introduction Advanced Instrumentation Combined With Digital
Process Control Technologies for Flotation Optimization
9:05 AM D. Borim; Andritz, Vancouver, BC, Canada
The Advanced Copper Rougher Scavenger at Doe Run Buick In recent years, we have witnessed a strong desire in the mining community
to improve flotation circuits efficiency by installing advanced instrumentation,
Mill – Its Design, Construction, Operation, Expert Control, using operational data, and adopting new digital technologies. The fundamental
and Its Wide Implications to All Doe Run Mills objective of these technologies in flotation circuits must be to provide automatic
W. Mang, A. Steimel and C. McNail; Southeast Missouri Operations, The controllability of key process variables that allow the implementation of optimi-
Doe Run Company, Boss, MO zation strategies based on ore mineralogy and process conditions to maximize
Together with innovatively applying modern flotation reagents and developing recovery and net metal production. This work highlights the step-by-step
the breakthrough mill enterprise expert control and operating system, Doe Run approach for the implementation of a copper flotation circuit optimization
Buick Mill constructed an advanced large copper rougher scavenger to process strategy based on the combination of advanced instrumentation, advanced
its complex Pb\Zn\Cu ore more efficiently and flexibly. The scavenger circuit, process control, and real-time optimization strategies enabled by digital twins
featuring its own motor control center, air blower, multiple reagent flowmeters and artificial intelligence.
and loops, VisioFroth camera and XRF froth channel, operates both mechan-
ically and chemically to maximize copper recovery. Such scavenger features,
10:25 AM
already available for zinc rougher circuits for all Doe Run mills, can be applied
to maximize copper recovery during copper special runs when the lead flotation Enhanced Sulfidization Flotation for Nickel Recovery from
circuit becomes the copper flotation circuit and the zinc rougher becomes a Mine Tailing
copper rougher scavenger. G. Kodali¹, X. Wang¹, J. Jin¹ and L. Pan²; ¹Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT and ²Chemical
9:25 AM
Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI
Metal resources are increasingly vital in today’s global energy transition efforts.
Optimizing Process Control for Energy Management As the demand for critical metals rises, the prices of critical metals have
M. Tardif; BBA, Sandy, UT surged, sparking interest in processing tailings to recover critical minerals
Mineral processing is known to be energy intensive. With the rising cost of such as cobalt, lithium, rare earth elements, nickel, and platinum, among
energy and the need to reduce carbon emissions, energy management has others. Research into tailing reprocessing presents an opportunity to
become crucial to the development of new projects and the sustainability of increase the availability of critical minerals. However, significant challenges
existing ones. To improve energy use in existing operations, a specific control remain in developing a sustainable industry for extracting critical metals
strategy needs to be implemented. A common approach to process control from tailings. This study investigates enhanced sulfidization flotation to
optimization is to focus on throughput and product quality. This paper explains recover nickel (Ni) from mine tailings. Bench-scale flotation experiments
how to also manage energy usage as part of an optimization process without demonstrated a significant increase in Ni recovery using sulfidization flotation
cutting back on throughput and quality. While complex control techniques such in the presence of NH4+ and Cu2+ ions. The effects of NH4+ and Cu2+ ions
as MPC or fuzzy logic can be used, this paper will demonstrate how simpler on sulfidization flotation for Ni recovery from tailings are discussed.
advanced regulatory control can be easily implemented and yield good results
and an unbeatable return on investment. Actual business cases will be used to
demonstrate how these techniques can be implemented to reduce energy use 10:45 AM
for slurry pumping in concentrators and for off-gas extraction and processing Enrichment of Sphalerite and Hemimorphite From a High-
in smelters. Grade Zinc Tailing for the Potential Recovery of Gallium and
Germanium
9:45 AM H. Aytac, F. Nakhaei and L. Alagha; Mining and Explosives Engineering,
Online Analyzers: A history of Measuring Unrepresentative Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
Sample Streams to a Future of Real-Time Metal Accounting Gallium (Ga) and Germanium (Ge) are considered critical elements and are
typically found as substitutions or inclusions in zinc minerals. However, their
K. Keet and R. NOVAES; Sampling, Preparation, & Analysis, FLSmidth and distributions within zinc minerals are not well understood. To address this, trace
Co A/S, Valby, Denmark element and mineralogy analyses of representative samples obtained from
A history of disconnect exist between metal accounting and process control. an old high-zinc-grade tailing were performed using various qualitative and
Sampling for metal accounting is well researched and documented in the quantitative techniques. These techniques included Inductively Coupled Plasma
Theory of Sampling (TOS). Sampling for process control is regarded as its Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Tescan Integrated Mineralogical Analysis (TIMA),
cousin, twice removed, only having to be ‘good enough’. This developed into X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover,
a clear distinction between samplers for metal accounting and extractors for bench-scale froth flotation tests were conducted to enrich zinc minerals, the

54     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

major hosts of Ga and Ge, using PAX as a collector, Na2S as a sulfidizer, there is a high content of clays. Several chemistries were studied for collectors,
Pb(NO3)2 as an activator, and MIBC as a frother. Comprehensive characteri- and use of NaSH among the alternatives tested. Base conditions for rougher
zation analyses of the flotation products showed significant enrichment of Zn, flotation tests were P80 of 150 microns, pH 10.5 and solids during flotation at
Ga and Ge in the flotation concentrates. 30% during rougher stage.

11:05 AM 9:25 AM
Unlocking Tellurium’s Enrichment Potential in Copper Enhancing HydroFloat™ Performance with Novel Chemistry:
Concentrator Processing Streams Comprehensive Collector Screening and Adsorption
J. Corchado-Albelo and L. Alagha; Mining Engineering, Missouri University Kinetics
of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Y. Ozsoy¹, R. Honaker¹, M. Mankosa², T. Bhambhani4, A. Hobert² and
This research aimed to develop a novel flowsheet for enrichment of tellurium S. Lycans³; ¹Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY;
(Te) minerals from copper porphyry (CP) supply chains through the implemen- ²Eriez Manufacturing, Erie, PA; ³Chemical Engineering, University of
tation of three research phases. Phase I examined the deportment of Te, Kentucky, Lexington, KY and 4Mineral Processing, Syensqo, Stamford, CT
copper (Cu), gold (Au), and silver (Ag) minerals in different processing streams The development of HydroFloat™ technology marks a significant milestone
during the froth flotation process of CP ores. Phase I revealed that over 90% of in mineral processing, particularly for coarse particle flotation, challenging
Te minerals were lost to flotation tailings, with >93% of Te minerals hosted in the “Elephant Curve” limits. This innovative technology has revolutionized
pyrite. Phase II involved bench-scale froth flotation studies to enrich Te minerals, mineral separation, enabling more efficient recovery of valuable minerals from
utilizing various collector chemistries. Phase II tests resulted in ~ 92% recovery coarser ore particles. However, its full potential is yet to be realized. A crucial
of Te minerals with xanthate collectors but a low enrichment ratio. Further aspect of its success lies in the chemical foundations of the flotation process,
enhancement was achieved using gravity separation prior to flotation, resulting especially the collector types and their adsorption kinetics. Optimizing these
in a ~78% Te recovery and an enrichment ratio of 13. Phase III focused on chemical interactions may significantly enhance HydroFloat™ performance.
fundamental studies to optimize the collector’s chemistry to promote selective This study focuses on the role of dithiocarbonate (DTC) and dithiophosphate
adsorption on the Te minerals’ host for enhanced recovery of tellurides in pyrite. (DTP) collectors, which are traditionally used to improve sulfide mineral flotation
This research showed practical approaches for recovering critical minerals from performance. Innovations in these flotation chemicals hold great promise for
unconventional sources and provides a basis for the utilization of low-grade further advancements. By testing eight different commercial and novel DTC and
mineral resources. DTP collectors, designed and manufactured by Syensqo, with various carbon
chain lengths and structures, this research explores new frontiers in flotation
chemistry for coarse particle recovery, aiming to unlock the full potential of the
HydroFloat™ technology.

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 9:45 AM

MORNING Novel Mo Collectors and Impact on Mo Concentrate Oil
Content
MPD: FLOTATION: FLOTATION CHEMISTRY M. Lancaster; Mineral Processing, Syensqo, Stamford, CT
707 Diesel and other fuel oils/hydrocarbons have long been used as collectors for
molybdenite. However, negative froth characteristics, compositional variability,
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 and poor robustness can lead to highly variable performance, particularly on
Chairs: L . Alagha, Rolla, MO problematic ores. Additionally, HSE concerns surround the use of fuel oils. The
first portion of this presentation will highlight Syensqo’s development of new
Z. Zanetell, Newmont, Castle Rock, CO
Mo collector formulations and single-component diesel replacements that can
provide step-change performance benefits and improved sustainability/HSE
9:00 AM
profiles over traditional hydrocarbon collectors. The second portion will discuss
Introduction the impact of these collectors and other reagents on the oil content of final Mo
concentrates. Focus will be placed on the accurate measurement of the total oil
9:05 AM content as well as identification of impurities within the Mo concentrates from
multiple Cu-Mo operations in North and South America.
Alternatives Chemistries to Improve Copper Recovery from
Secondary Sulphides with Low Floatability and Presence of
Clays
P. Zarate; Mining Solutions, Clariant AG, Santiago, Region Metropolitana,
Chile
Concentrators for base metals ores have key role to meet the global demand
for these, such as copper, lead and zinc others. In flotation which is the
primary process in a concentrator, chemical reagents as collectors, frothers
and modifiers, play a key role in this process due to their influence on the
flotation performance. There are many chemical families used as collectors
in sulphide ores, use for these compounds is either as single collector or as
co-collector to boost flotation recovery from the required mineral species. Still
even with a combination of them in some ore-types flotation performance is low
requiring additional reagents or changes in the process. This study discusses
metallurgical results of one problematic ore the Americas where content of total
copper is like the regular ore, but secondary copper sulphides are in higher
proportion, impacting in more than 30% of total copper losses. Additionally,

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     55

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:05 AM 11:05 AM
Novel Frothers for Maximizing Cleaner Circuit Performance Case Study: An Environmentally Friendly BASF Frother for
T. Bhambhani, A. Santana, G. Alanis and E. Arinaitwe; Mineral Processing, Enhancing Metallurgical Parameters in Cu-Mo Flotation
Syensqo, Stamford, CT Roughers
Operations treating multiple ore bodies have to make large adjustments in the E. Blanco; BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
process as the ore types change. Making these changes is not easy, and often BASF utilizes industrially recognized chemistries and innovative formulations
results in disruptions to the process, leading to problems in meeting production to enhance froth properties, thereby improving recovery of metal values in the
or quality targets. At a mine site in North America, a problematic ore was Cu/Mo flotation circuit, without compromising safety and ecological concerns.
being fed to the plant, which resulted in final concentrate grade being lower Presently, a Mexican client contends with the challenge of increasing mill
than target. At this time, the plant initiated a trial of Syensqo’s TransfoamerTM throughput without degrading the beneficiation of the resulting Cu/Mo-con-
T-200 frother technology. The TransfoamerTM series of reagents act as strong taining pulps. This occurs because the operator must contend with the degraded
frothers in the rougher, but with increase in pH, switch to a weak frother in the granulometric profiles (in terms of relative amounts of fines and coarse
cleaner circuit. This translates to an ability to significantly reduce entrainment in fractions) of these pulps. Following extensive testing, BASF offers Luprofroth
the cleaners, thus improving the upgrading. During this trial, the cleaner circuit 711 frother to effectively enhance the flotation of coarse sulfide particles; for
performed more efficiently resulting in improved grades without any effect on mixed granulometries consisting of fine to medium-sized particles, Luprofroth
rougher or cleaner recovery, and the final concentrate grade target was met 422 is considered most suitable for improving overall rougher recovery.
on a consistent basis. The identification of the problematic species, and its
rejection from the concentrate stream with the TransfoamerTM was proven
using QEMSCAN analysis.

10:25 AM
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Alternative Methodology for Selecting and Formulating
MORNING
Collectors for Coarse Fractions Using Metallurgical and
Statistical Analysis TAILINGS: ALTERNATIVE AND REMEDIAL
P. Zarate and C. Saavedra; Mining Solutions, Clariant AG, Santiago, TREATMENTS, AND REUSE OF TAILINGS AND MINE
Region Metropolitana, Chile WASTE
This article introduces a methodology combining metallurgical and statistical
analysis of results to classify and select collector reagents. This approach aims Sponsored by Newmont
to develop customized collectors focusing on specific strengths, enhancing 607
efficiency and effectiveness of flotation processes. Initially, 13 pure collectors
were evaluated. The primary goal was to identify collectors that offered the best 9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25
flotation performance. The metallurgical analysis was focused on determining
copper recovery and copper distribution by size fractions. The performance Chairs: A. Hedayat, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
metrics used in this study included copper recovery rates and the distribution M. Theron, Stantec Inc.
of copper in the flotation tailings across size fractions. Regarding the statistical
analysis, the collectors were considered as observations, treating the copper 9:00 AM
recovery and its distribution across the specified size fractions as variables. Introduction
Statistical approaches: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical
Cluster Analysis (HCA), were applied to reduce data complexity and group 9:05 AM
collectors. The presented methodology provides valuable information for
classifying and selecting collectors according to specific application needs. Innovation in Tailings Thickening: Pilot Results for
Integrating Laboratory Variables into Plant Operations
C. Mejias, E. Cáceres and E. Godoy; Hibring, Concepcion, Biobio, Chile
10:45 AM
In the mining industry, optimizing water usage and reducing flocculant
Enhancing Lead and Silver Recoveries in Lead-Zinc consumption are critical challenges that impact both operational efficiency and
Operations: A Case Study on the Replacement of Xanthate environmental sustainability. We present an innovative solution that integrates
with Aerophine 3413 laboratory variables directly into the plant, allowing for more precise and efficient
m. ozcubukcuoglu; Mineral Processing, Syensqo, Niagara Falls, ON, management of tailings thickening. This study presents the results of a pilot
Canada conducted at the Laraquete plant, where the technology was implemented to
continuously measure sedimentation velocity and profile variables, capturing
This study explores the replacement of xanthate with Aerophine 3413 in a plant variability, anticipating flocculant usage, and predicting clay inflow. The
lead-zinc operation’s lead circuit, aiming to improve lead and silver recoveries pilot results at Laraquete demonstrate that this technology can increase the
without sacrificing plant performance. Aerophine 3413, a phosphine-based discharge solids concentration by 1%, which translates to annual savings of
collector, was tested against xanthate(SIPX) under identical conditions. Results up to $3 million in water and flocculant costs for a 100 ktpd plant. Additionally,
indicated that Aerophine 3413 not only matched but enhanced the recovery this optimization results in an annual reduction of up to 1.4 million cubic meters
rates of lead and silver, maintaining the concentrate grade and operational of water sent to the tailings dam, significantly contributing to the sustainable
efficiency. The trial showcased Aerophine 3413’s potential as a superior management of water resources.
alternative to xanthate, offering environmental and economic benefits. This
paper presents the methodology, performance comparison, and the significant
implications of using Aerophine 3413 for the mineral processing industry,
highlighting its role in advancing reagent optimization and sustainability in
metal recovery processes.

56     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:25 AM
Reuse of Mine Tailings for Production of Lightweight Dry Mining: Sustainability
Aggregates C. SOTO² and M. Javier¹; ¹EnviroMINE, Denver, CO and ²Universidad
F. Shabani, A. Weiss, L. Tunstall and A. Hedayat; Civil and Environmental Nacional Micaela Bastidas, Apurimac, Peru
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO Mining has evolved to intensive extraction rates due to declining oregrades which
The reuse of mine tailings (MTs) provides promising opportunities to promote is inversely proportional to available storage space for the waste generated by
a circular economy by reducing the need to consume natural resources, mining. Managment of byproducts introduces uncertainties in physical, chemical &
decreasing tailings deposition, and providing cheaper and more sustainable biological aspects disrupting the equilibrium achieved over millions of years. Water
materials for building and construction. One promising example of construction holds an “undervalue status” in human [Link]&Minerlas are subject to
materials is lightweight aggregates (LWAs) made of MTs. LWAs have a depletion during mining process. What is the true cost of H2O in mining? Why is
low bulk density, and their use in concrete is increasing, as many of their the continued use of H2O in mining permitted?Why is a model that treats TAILING
properties, including unit weight, internal curing, insulating coefficient, and as product still acceptable? Recently, a proposal has suggested that filtering tailing
sound-dampening qualities, are superior to natural normal-weight aggregates. is a purported solution for H2O usage. We propose the concept of DRY MINING.
Our process of LWAs production involves alkali activation of MTs, using a pan This research from qualitative perspective, stimulates discussion on new designs
pelletizer whereby an activator is sprayed on MTs to dissolve the aluminosil- for dry mining that aim to break away from the unsustainable practices of traditional
icates, forming a gel, and bind the tailings to form spherical granules of LWAs. mining. It introduces the concept of new mining operating model that focus on
This technique is more energy efficient than other commonly used granulation characterizing materials, extraction, recovery, variability in Plant size&other factors
techniques. This study will explore the performance of MTs-based LWAs while respecting [Link] is integrated into core of mining rather
in concrete, including their strength and durability characteristics. It will be than being a label. Mining is actively pursuing sustainability.
demonstrated that with the proper production process, applicable specifications
for LWAs and the concrete made of them have been met.
10:45 AM
Freeze-Thaw Durability of Mine Tailings-Based Geopolymer
9:45 AM Bricks
New Standard of Practice to Assess Subsurface Condition C. Clements, A. Hedayat and L. Tunstall; Civil Engineering, Colorado
and to Mitigate Risks for Design, Construction, and School of Mines, Arvada, CO
Monitoring of Phosphogypsum Stacks in Karst Environment The management of mine tailings waste is a major problem in the mining
P. Dominguez¹ and M. Al-hawaree²; ¹Mosaic Fertilizer, LLC, Lithia, FL and industry, and the current solution of indefinite storage in a tailings pond is
²Ardaman & Associates, Inc., Orlando, FL insufficient. In fact, tailings contain aluminosilicates originating from the parent
Phosphogypsum management practice has evolved over the years, from rock which can be used for the manufacture of value-added products such
disposal of phosphogypsum in lowlands, mangroves, and along coastline as construction materials. Studies have shown that bricks produced through
in the 1880s when phosphate mining in Florida began, to land stacking of geopolymerization of mine tailings have high compressive strength, but the
phosphogypsum in the 1930s when the method was developed. Mosaic, durability of the products has not been thoroughly characterized, especially
in collaboration with Ardaman & Associates, Inc., and with support of the the freeze-thaw performance. This study will explore the durability of mine
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, launched an initiative in tailings-based geopolymer bricks when exposed to freeze-thaw cycles,
2018 to advance the state-of-the-art for design, construction, and monitoring including characterizing the evolution of pore structure, phase composition,
of phosphogypsum stacks. With this endeavor, the standard of practice for ultrasonic properties, and compressive strength as the number of freeze-thaw
subsurface exploration has advanced significantly through the adoption of the cycles increases. Mine tailings-based geopolymers have shown great potential
following new technologies that were not previously available or employed: (i) as a low-carbon building material and a mine tailings management solution, but
micro-seismic monitoring, (ii) distributed optical cable sensors, (iii) seismic it is critical to understand their durability in aggressive environments before this
reflection survey, (iv) microgravity survey, and (v) vibrating wire piezometers. solution can be implemented in the real world.
This presentation will review the benefits of these new investigative tools to
assess subsurface condition, and highlight recent advancements in design and 11:05 AM
monitoring of phosphogypsum stacks to mitigate risks.
Valorization of Copper Mine Tailngs with Metallurgical
Process and Value Added Product
10:05 AM J. Lee¹ and A. Jalbout²; ¹Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
Toward Sustainable Mine Tailing management: Utilization Golden, CO and ²Auxilium Technology Group, Tucson, AZ
of Waste Material to Produce Eco-Friendly Construction The mining activity of extracting copper contributes more than 40% of global mine
Materials tailings. Reprocessing, recoverying values, and fabricating value-added materials
A. Nikvar Hassani¹, L. Manjarrez² and L. Zhang³; ¹Stantec, Aurora, CO; are the best way to treat tailing. Three copper mine tailings from an active plant
²WSP, Tucson, AZ and ³University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ were received. A suite of chemical and mineralogical analyses have been carried out
and flotation process was able to upgrade metal contents and sulfur as well. The
Both the construction and mining industries are resource-intensive, with over high sulfur and metal containing concentrates were bioleached using a consortium
30% of natural resources used for construction materials and more than 90 of mesophilic microorganisms. Bioleaching extracts various metals associated with
billion tonnes of waste rock and 8 billion tonnes of tailings generated from sulfides and produce sulfuric acid and ferric ions that can be recycled back to a
mineral production. Adopting a circular economy approach is crucial to minimize heap leach operation. Geofoam is the value-added product and has very unique
global impacts and conserve resources. Recent developments in technology physical and chemical characteristics that can be used various constructional and
have increased interest in using waste materials in construction, particularly structural materials. It can be sprayed and applied using 3D printing technology.
industrial by-products for creating geopolymer-based materials. This paper Thermal conductivity of the product is very low as an insulating materials. During
reviews research by the SMART group at the University of Arizona, focusing the fabrication process, calcite content was increased in the Geofoam confirming
on developing alkali or acidic geopolymer products from mine tailings. These CO2 sequestration is happening in the process. Detailed information about tailing
products are concrete binders, road base materials, and bricks, promoting materials, process, and Geofoam will be shared.
tailings reuse in construction.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     57

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 10:05 AM

MORNING Paying the Price for Byproduct Critical Minerals:
A Tellurium Case Study
VALUATION I: CASE STUDIES J. Trouba; Independent, Saint Paul, MN
112 The majority of critical minerals are produced as byproducts of another metal.
Byproducts, especially the rarer ones, have small, opaque markets that are
9:00 AM • Tuesday, February 25 often influenced heavily by foreign entities of concern. Supply risks have raised
interest in finding new sources and expanding production of byproducts to new
Chair: Z. Smith, Withum, Jersey City, NJ sites lacking resolution on production technologies and costs. The combination
of price instability and process uncertainty creates a challenging environment
9:00 AM for investment in byproduct critical minerals. Common valuation methods
Introduction can rely on faulty assumptions for process compatibility and recovery. These
challenges are further complicated because critical and strategic minerals can
have immense value to industry and defense applications not reflected in their
9:05 AM price, resulting in government involvement. This work presents a framework
The Value and Risk of Different Development Approaches for evaluating byproduct economic potential by employing tellurium as a case
for a Copper-Gold Project study and incorporating examples from other elements such as In, Ga, Sb. The
work addresses common pitfalls and provides guidance for developing critical
M. Samis and M. Paduada; SCM Decisions, Toronto, ON, Canada
mineral supply chains relevant to miners, downstream users, government
Copper-gold projects have complex value and financial risk effects, given agencies, traders, and investors.
the two metals’ differences in price behaviour that may impact a project’s
development strategy. In this presentation, we use a modified version of
SolGold’s Cascabel Project to look at how the relative proportions of copper 10:25 AM
and gold revenue streams impact the choice between staged development and Does Competition Affect Bidding Outcomes in Common
frontloaded capital development. We show in some instances, staged project
design increases value and reduces capital risk exposure, while in others, it
Value Auctions? – Case of Coalmine Auctions in India
may be better to frontload capital investment. D. Dipu; Colorado Department of Regulatory Agency, Littleton, CO
In this paper, I look at the empirical evidence of coalmine auctions in India to
understand how competition affects the bid amounts in common value auctions.
9:25 AM The results suggest that competition is instrumental in determining the bids.
A Simplified Rare Earth Element Mining Project Cost The presence of higher numbers of bidders in the auction leads to higher bids -
Estimator – A New Tool for Evaluating Future Mine Supply every additional bidder causes the bid amount to rise by INR 142.67 per tonne
of coal for auctions studied for 127 coalmines from 2014 to 2023. The paper
T. O’Brien² and E. Alonso¹; ¹U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA and
also examines the moderating and mediating effect of competition on bids and
²U.S Geological Survey, Knoxville, TN
on excess of bids from the comparative market price of coal from alternative
Rare earth elements (REE) are essential for the future of EV’s and renewable energy source of Coal India Limited. The results indicate that competitive intensity does
production, but there is limited production outside of China. Scenario analysis of not have statistically significant impact on the relationship between common
global future supplies of REE relies on the valuation of advanced mining projects to value of coalmines and bids, neither as a moderator nor as a mediator. The
assess if projects will initiate production. Classical valuation methods (e.g., NPV) strategic behavior of the bidders has also been observed as bidders have been
require knowledge of initial CAPEX and OPEX to assess project economic seen to bid in a higher than market price in order to outbid the competitors.
feasibility. Typical expenditure projections are precise but require detailed
knowledge of a site that is beyond the capabilities of a global model. To model
future REE supplies, we developed a new globally representative cost model 10:45 AM
that can be used to approximate expenses of greenfield REE mining projects. Case Study – Enhancing Management Insight Into Mergers
Results from this model allow users to estimate expenses of open-pit and
underground mines with mineral processing operations that range from solely
& Acquisitions Using Probabilistic Financial Analysis
beneficiation to individual REE separation. Using our new model, we evaluated L. Hughson; 4-D Resources Advisory LLC, Denver, CO
12 REE projects. Of the 12 projects, only 2 projects yielded positive NPV’s using This case study analyzes public data from an energy industry merger. The
2022 and projected 2028 prices, representing ~11% Dy, >9% Tb and Nd, and traditional deterministic financial and valuation analyses undertaken are
~8% Pr of potential global supply. compared to a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulation.
The probabilistic approach resulted in a significantly enhanced, quantita-
tively rigorous financial and valuation analysis that more accurately included
9:45 AM real-world uncertainty in operational and financial inputs. This approach
Gold Property Transaction Values and Gold Price (2012-2024) generated the full range of possible outcomes for key M&A transaction metrics
G. Malensek, W. Roscoe, P. Chamois and P. Landry; SLR Consulting, including: (i) company valuations; (ii) the exchange ratio; and (iii) shareholder
Lakewood, CO accretion analyses. The sensitivity analysis also provided management with
greater commercial insights into shareholder risk, through the application
SLR has tracked transactions on gold properties worldwide from 2012 to 2024. of P90/P10 and coefficient of variance ratios – values not available in a
For comparative purposes, transaction values can be expressed in US dollars deterministic analysis – to further enhance the key decision-making metrics.
per ounce gold ($/oz) and as $/oz as a percentage of the gold price at the This case study provides a compelling example of how a probabilistic approach
date of the transaction (termed MTR). Previous studies have shown that $/ to M&A: (i) is straightforward to implement with Excel; (ii) efficiently facilitates
oz and MTR values are significantly higher for producing properties than for a dynamic use of more data; and (iii) provides outcome probabilities and risk
non-producing properties, as expected. The present study shows the effect profiles unavailable with a deterministic approach.
on these value metrics of the gold price, which has increased dramatically in
recent years.

58     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Stacking of Filtered Tails 101
P. Emerson; None, Oceanside, CA
BULK MATERIAL HANDLING: STACKING OF FILTERED Stacking of filtered tails is being studied by more and more operators as a
TAILINGS safer and more environmentally responsible tailings management method to
610/612 wet tailings facilities. The reasons seem obvious: water recovery, dam failures,
reduced waste footprint, etc., and yet implementation of these facilities seems
relatively slow due to the complex operability and high power consumption
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 of industry available filters and stacking technologies. Further dry tailings
Chair: M. dos Santos, SME, Marietta, GA geotechnical designs do not necessarily consider the actual capabilities, limits
or stacking methodologies of available stacking technologies until later in the
2:00 PM pre-development process, potentially introducing higher CAPEX and OPEX
Introduction with over complicated systems. This presentation compares proven stacking
technologies, equipment capabilities, system avaiabilities, stacking method-
ologies and constraints in a simple side-by-side comparison for filtered tails
2:05 PM stacking and poses why these equipment capabilities need to be considered
The Application of Conveyors for the Construction of Waste earlier in project development to ensure process, geotechnical and stacking
system alignment for the most cost effective, low risk for filtered tails stacking
Dumps and Filtered-Tailings Storage Facilities. solutions and geotechnically stable landforms.
G. Moniz; Minerals & Mining, BEUMER Group, Beckum, Germany
Waste rock management and tailings management are critical aspects of mine
planning, especially for large-scale open pit mines. The design and construction 3:05 PM
of waste dumps and filtered-tailings storage facilities (FTSF) will largely affect Technological Aspects of Iron Ore Tailings Filtration and
the environmental and economic goals of a mining project. The construction Dry Stacking Improvement Using a Filter Aid
of waste dumps and FTSFs can require substantial material haulage which L. Faustino¹, P. Fernandes¹, M. Vieira², G. Vilela Neto² and W. Silva²;
is amongst the most significant costs for an open pit mining operation and ¹Mining Solutions, Clariant, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil and
is typically a major carbon footprint. Most large-scale and hard-rock open ²Samarco, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
pit mines operate at stripping ratios greater than one which implies moving
more waste than ore. Some of these mines have also to manage acid rock New global industry standards and regulatory changes regarding mining tailings
drainage (ARD), which is a major environmental hazard. Both facts reinforce management are driving installation of tailings filtration plants to decommission
the statement that the design and construction of waste dumps and FTSF will existing tailings dams and implement dry stacking. Target of this project was
affect the environmental and economic goals of a mining project. BEUMER/FAM to reduce ultrafine slime tailings deposition. Previous investigation at Samarco
presents recent case studies where conveyors and crawler-mounted convey- concentrator has showed a 35% decrease in tailings filtration throughput
or-equipment are considered for the construction of waste dumps and FTSFs. when feeding a mix of 95% flotation tailings with 5% slime tailings (compared
The presentation identifies major design and construction considerations, as with 100% flotation tailings), also worsening geotechnical aspects such as
well as involved operating costs. material workability during dry staking. Industrial trials using a proper filter aid
at tailings filtration plant feeding a mix of 94% flotation tailing and 6% slime
tailing (equivalent to 30% of total slime generation) have provided filtration
2:25 PM performance maintenance (throughput and cake moisture), and dry stacking the
Handling Dewatered Tailings: The Three Root Causes of Poor dewatered material. Results achieved will enable life expansion of existing slime
disposal structures, as well as potential life of mine extension. Furthermore,
Material Discharge and Bin Hang-ups reagent chemistry influence is discussed by the light of geotechnical aspects,
D. Vaile; Kamengo, Vancouver, BC, Canada which has been showing improved KPIs, such as workability, compressibility
Dewatered tailings is among the most difficult flowing bulks solids found in the and permeability.
mining industry. Understanding the scientific principles is key to knowing how
to design appropriate storage and feed systems capable of reliably handling
difficult flowing cohesive materials, such as filtered tailings. In the 1980s, 3:25 PM
Kamengo led an extensive research program examining why bins plug, when Slicklines, Droplines, Diverter Boots
handling difficult flowing materials. This presentation will review the three root R. Sacrison¹ and L. Roberts²; ¹Sacrison Engineering, Elko, NV and
causes of intermittent discharge and bin plugging, which are: 1) incorrect bin 2Roberts Engineering and Development, Spokane, WA
geometry; 2) compaction of the stored material by the discharge feeder; and,
Pipeline or borehole free-fall transfer of solid or slurry material has long been
3) uneven withdrawal of material by the discharge feeder. The presentation
done in underground mining. This paper addresses some characteristics and
will use case studies to illustrate how the outcomes of Kamengo’s research
design elements in selecting systems suitable to the transferred media and the
were applied in the design of a storage and feed system suffering from chronic
mine requirements. Though overall system aspects are discussed, principal
plugging, including equipment handling filtered tailings. The presentation will
attention is directed to the slickline/dropline/transfer line and the discharge
look at the design of a truck-load out system handling nickel laterite dewatered
diverter/rockbox/energy dissipator/boot. These terms are common to these
tailings, and a paste mixer feed system. The presentation will also look at
systems, often used interchangeably, and used here as appropriate to the
lessons learned from other parts of the mine handling cohesive materials, such
material, equipment and construction. A principal distinction in the authors’
as ore concentrate filter cake.
experience being that slicklines refer to slurry transfer and droplines to dry
transfer.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     59

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 by monitoring pillar stress in the yield, abutment, and barrier pillars in the mine.
Alternative chain pillar designs are evaluated in the model with a focus on roof
AFTERNOON sagging, floor heave, and pillar stress. Results show the relationships among
alternative designs and instabilities in the mine, providing insights for optimizing
COAL & ENERGY: COAL MINE ROCK MECHANICS longwall mining designs in deep-cover settings.
704

2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 3:05 PM

Foamed Backfill and the utilization of Liquid Sand
Chairs: Z. Khademian, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
N. Sutmoller; Aerix Industries, Allentown, PA, PA
Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
S. Sawyer, Pittsburgh, PA Liquid-Sand technology was developed as a cost-effective alternative to
traditional backfilling methods, by replacing the water, cement and fly ash,
2:00 PM with pre-generated foam to transport the sand or other backfill material into
Introductions open voids. The foam dissipates in 24 to 48 hours, leaving only the backfill
material, which self-compacts. The foam can be engineered for greater or
lesser persistence, depending on the dissipation requirements. The presen-
2:05 PM tation will go into some details Carlsbad Brine Well, in Carlsbad, New Mexico,
Avoiding Highwall Slope Failures Involving Draglines: operated between 1979 and July 2008, producing brine water for the oil and
gas industries for nearly thirty years. In July 2008, those operations came to an
Lessons Learned from Operational Experiences abrupt halt due to concerns of a potential collapse causing significant damage
L. Workman, R. Sheets, M. Haggerty and J. Greenwood; Engineering & to surrounding properties. A number of other projects will also be referenced
Design, Barr Engineering Co, Minneapolis, MN such as the Glenrock Mies in Glenrock, WY; The Noonan Mine in Noonan, ND;
Mining operations utilizing draglines for overburden removal pose a different Rapson Coal Mine in Colorado Springs, CO and others.
risk when assessing highwall stability given the critical function the dragline
provides. Recently the authors have been involved in determining the cause for
several highwall failures involving draglines. When a failure occurs, the best 3:25 PM
scenario is dragline recovery with no injuries and relatively minimal damage Subsidence Prediction Over Highly Subcritical Panels in the
to the dragline; however, injury or significant damage to the machine are Eastern US
always possible. Geotechnical studies are often infrequent due to perceived M. Parra Valencia and Z. Agioutantis; Mining department, University of
consistency of geological and hydrological conditions. This presentation shares Kentucky, Lexington, KY
an overview of lessons learned, key findings, and recommendations based on
the authors’ experiences. Prediction of subsidence caused by coal mining can be used to protect surface
structures by anticipating ground movements that will occur during mining.
The present work discusses a subsidence case related to the extraction of
2:25 PM two adjacent longwall panels at a deep coal mine in the eastern US. Ground
Using the Updated Support Technology Optimization movement measurements were collected for transverse and longitudinal profile
lines that were set up above both panels. An influence function model was
Program to Evaluate and Improve Secondary Supports in developed using the SDPS package and analyses were conducted both for final
Longwall Tailgates and dynamic conditions. Prediction and measurement values are compared
B. Diddle¹, T. Barczak² and Z. Agioutantis¹; ¹Mining Engineering, using the relative root mean square error. Subsidence progressing in highly
University of Kentucky, Wilmore, KY and ²Independent Researcher, subcritical panels is discussed.
Venetia, PA
The Support Technology Optimization Program (STOP) has been developed by 3:45 PM
the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to provide a
comprehensive tool for both performance evaluation and design of available Optimization of Engineering Design Parameters of Injection
secondary roof support systems based on support strength, convergence, cost, Foams for Strengthening Purposes
installation time and material handling. Support systems can be designed and A. Bascetin; Mining Eng Dept, IIstanbul Technical University, Faculty of
compared for use in a new mining section or to evaluate potential replacements Mines, Istanbul, Turkey
for an existing design. The support design requirements can be defined in four
The some parameters for foam technology such as discontinuities as well as
unique ways, allowing flexibility for operators with limited data. This paper
the geological and geomechanical properties of the formations forming the
presents two examples of STOP utilization, effectively displaying the practical
ground play an important role in the success of the application. In addition,
benefits of the program for underground longwall mines. Current mine support
engineering parameters such as injection pressure, application point and
data was evaluated using ground reaction curves for each location. Results
range should also be taken into account. Another issue is, of course, material
were compared with potential improvements according to ground reaction,
properties such as strength, fluidity and reaction heat of the injection or foam
cost, and material handling parameters.
material. In this study, the engineering design parameters of a phenolic type
foam injection developed for strength purposes for an underground coal mine
2:45 PM were investigated and the most appropriate values were tried to be determined
depending on the characteristics of the applied environment. In this study, a
Evaluation of Alternative Chain Pillar Designs in a Deep foam with a compressive strength of 1.5 MPa and an elastic modulus of 1 GPa
Longwall Mine was used for the field in question. It was determined that when the groundwater
Z. Khademian; Ground Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety level is approximately 2 meters below the injection point and the hardest rock
and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA strength is 25 MPa, the injection pressure is 5 bar and the injection points are
This work investigates three alternative designs in a three-entry-system 2 meters apart, and the subsidence amount in this case will be 0.4 meters with
gateroad configuration with an inter-panel barrier in a longwall mine in Virginia. the finite element solution.
Starting with the current design, which has faced challenges such as excessive
floor heave, a geomechanical model developed in 3DEC software is validated

60     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

4:05 PM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Investigation on Micro-properties Calibration of Shale AFTERNOON
Specimen Modeling with Bedding Planes Extracted by
Image Processing COAL & ENERGY: LAND RECLAMATION, PERMITTING
G. Zhao and D. Tuncay; Mining Department, West Virginia University, AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
Morgantown, WV 703
Previous research not only simplifies shale’s complex structure by modeling these
planes as continuous, straight, and equidistant but also simplifies the model 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
calibration process by often overlooking the anisotropic effects associated with
different bedding plane orientations. This paper investigates the calibration of Chairs: B. Kudlaweic, Tetra tech
micro-properties in models simulating Opalinus shale specimens at the lab scale, E. Cavazza, Tetra Tech, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
focusing on capturing bedding planes through image processing and incorpo-
rating the resulting anisotropy from varied bedding plane orientations. Bedding 2:00 PM
plane contacts were obtained using image processing, which extracted spacing, Introductions
and length of bedding planes with different orientations. Model calibration was
conducted through a series of parametric studies on the micro-properties of
2:05 PM
trigon and bedding plane contacts to match laboratory stress-strain behaviors.
The results show that: At 0° orientation, both trigon and bedding plane contact Tetra Tech Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Reclamation
failures contribute to shale model failure. Conversely, at 90° orientation, the Projects in the Appalachian and Mid-Continent Regions
primary failure mode is bedding plane contact failure. At 45° orientation, bedding E. Cavazza; Tetra Tech, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
plane contact shear failures predominate.
In 2021, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) or Infrastructure Investment and
Jobs Act (IIJA) provided $11.3 billion in US Treasury funding over a 15-year
4:25 PM period to address legacy coal AML and abandoned mine drainage (AMD) sites
across the country. The funds are to be distributed in equal, annual amounts
Assessment of Impact of Dirt Bandson Coal Pillar Strength at
over a 15-year period to 23 states and one Indian Tribe based on the tonnage
Different Depths of Cover – A Numerical Simulation Study of coal produced in the state or tribe before August 3, 1977. For many of
A. Singh, S. Ram and P. Onam; Mining Engineering, National Institute of these states and the tribe, this results in significantly increased funding for
Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India AML work and exceeds their AML Program’s resources. In order to obligate
A numerical simulation study is carried out for assessment of stability of coal this funding to eligible AML projects, many states increased their use of and
pillars having dirt bands by varying its size and depths. Physico-mechanical reliance upon consultants. Tetra Tech’s OGA office in Pittsburgh, in response
properties of dirt bands including thickness and its position in pillar system are to various RFPs and RFQs, has entered into contracts with several State AML
varied in the simulation study. Results of the simulation study are correlated Programs and NGOs which have received AML grant funding to assist with
with the available empirical approaches of pillar strength are validated with field project development, design, permitting and construction management. This
observations. It is observed that the presence of weak dirt bands significantly presentation will highlight several of the AML projects and work that Tetra Tech
influences the strength of pillar. An attempt is made to develop correction is working on to support abandoned mine reclamation efforts in the Appalachian
factor for the available empirical approaches, which are developed without and Mid-Continent Regions of the country.
considering the weak dirt bands in pillar system. The findings of the study will
be helpful for suitable design of different size of coal pillars at different depths
2:25 PM
and stages of depillaring operations.
Landslide Occurrences Associated with Legacy Coal Mining
in Southwestern Pennsylvania
A. Iannacchione, D. Bain, E. Shelef, A. Ayo-Bali, E. Özpolat and
C. Campbell; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
The University of Pittsburgh, under contract with the IRISE consortium, created
a database of landslide occurrences within the ten counties comprising
southwestern Pennsylvania. The area has large numbers of landslides occurring
under a variety of conditions. This study area has been subjected to intense historic
or legacy bituminous coal mining activity. The analysis found that historical coal
mining, especially mines developed prior to the implementation of Surface Mining
Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) and its amendments, is far more likely to
influence landslide occurrence as compared to Post-SMCRA mining operations.
For example, the Pittsburgh Coalbed sites focus largely on early-20th
century legacy underground mines in Allegheny and Washington
Counties. The Allegheny Group Coalbed sites in Armstrong County
focus on mid-20 th century abandoned surface strip mining and
the remnants of surface operations from underground mines.
In both situations, preliminary analysis suggests that the occurrence of
landslides is elevated in these areas. These examples are meant to increase
awareness as to how coal mining may influence landslide occurrence in
southwestern Pennsylvania.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     61

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Demonstrating Compliance with PM2.5 NAAQS AFTERNOON
for the Mining Industry
A. Jones, C. Keslar and A. Unruh; Trinity Consultants, Denver, CO COAL & ENERGY: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Demonstrating compliance with the PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality 702
Standard (NAAQS) has become especially challenging with the recent revision
to the annual standard from 12 to 9 µg/m3. This presentation will explore 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
the unique challenges the mining industry faces in demonstrating compliance
with the PM2.5 NAAQS standard and strategies for model refinements. Air Chairs: M. Trevits, Xtraction Science and Technology, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA
dispersion modeling strategies discussed will include ambient air boundary S. Schafrik, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
considerations, background concentration refinements, and other AERMOD
model refinements. Attendees will gain insight into strategies to consider for 2:00 PM
their next PM2.5 NAAQS demonstration. This presentation will complement Introductions
other PM2.5 NAAQS presentations that will provide insight into permitting and
emissions refinements.
2:05 PM
Impact of Tunnel Slope Angle on Exit Portal Pressure Profile
3:05 PM in Scaled Blast Simulations
Navigating Air Dispersion Modeling Challenges for Mines R. Bauer and C. Johnson; Mining and Explosives Engineering, Missouri
M. Ishak; Trinity Consultants, Phoenix, AZ University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
Minimizing dust impacts associated with mining activities and associated air Full-scale coal dust and explosive testing in underground tunnels is vital for
dispersion modeling has been at the forefront of air impact evaluations for years. understanding the dynamics of blast wave propagation and associated risks in
Additionally, the complexities associated with modeling nitrogen dioxide (NO2) mining environments. This research evaluates the effects of explosive blasts in
emissions from blasting is unique to mines. Attendees will gain insight into underground tunnels using scaled models. A 1/100 scale model of the Lake
troubleshooting methods for various emission sources including fugitive dust Lynn Experimental Mine was developed and simulated in Ansys Autodyn to
and blasting and explore how to ultimately comply with the National Ambient Air analyze shockwave propagation through tunnels with various slopes. The study
Quality Standards (NAAQS) integral to air quality permitting in the United States. focuses on pressure differences based on tunnel incline, with simulations
This presentation will cover how to prepare and overcome potential challenges showing significant variations in air overpressure at the tunnel exit as greater
associated with the air dispersion modeling of mines. slope angles produce a higher pressure outside the tunnel.

3:25 PM 2:25 PM
Analytical Approach to Predicting Vibration Impacts for Optimal Greedy Sequential Node Deployment Algorithm
Safe and Environmentally-friendly Mining for Real-time Deployment in Unknown Post-disaster
A. Damitio; Trinity Consultants, Phoenix, AZ Underground Mines
Groundborne vibrations from mining activities such as underground and P. Duane², S. Shao³, V. Androulakis4, H. Khaniani4, M. Hassanalian5 and
surface blasting, pile driving, beneficiation equipment, and road traffic can P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY;
pose risks to existing structures, cultural resources, and cause disturbance ²Computer Science and Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and
to humans and wildlife. This presentation will present a comprehensive Technology, Socorro, NM; ³Electrical Engineering, New Mexico Institute
methodology for predicting the spatial extent and magnitude of these impacts of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM; 4Mineral Engineering, New
using a combination of quantitative equations and spatial analysis. Using this Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM and 5Mechanical
methodology, vibration contours can be mapped to allow identification of critical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM
areas where thresholds may be exceeded. Case studies demonstrate the utility In the event of a mine emergency, existing communication infrastructure in
of this method in identifying and mitigating potential impacts on historical underground coal mines may not be functional or useful. In developing an
structures, cultural resources, wildlife, and populated areas. Our findings exploratory robot to aid mine rescuers, making mine rescues faster and safer,
enable more precise planning of blasting locations and parameters, ensuring a reliable communication system must be deployed during exploration where
minimized adverse effects and enhanced safety in mining operations. there is limited ability to deploy infrastructure. This paper presents a real-time
wireless mesh network deployment algorithm for an unknown post-incident
area based on an experimentally verified raytracing model for estimating the
wireless channel at the physical layer. The algorithm is a low-complexity greedy
algorithm for sequential node deployment that achieves close to optimal results.

62     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM design approach in the U.S. A study in a room-and-pillar mine assessed coal
Towards the Development of a Permissible Drone Platform: pillar rib stability using instruments like borehole pressure cells, load cells,
Technological and Regulatory Implications and a roof extensometer over six months. The data showed that rib bolts
effectively controlled deformation, with roof caving within pillar lines limiting
P. Roghanchi¹, M. Hassanalian² and D. Wetz³; ¹Mining Engineering, stress transfer. Visual inspections confirmed stable rib conditions with minimal
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; ²New Mexico Institute of Mining and sloughing except at mining sites. These findings highlight effective measures at
Technology, Socorro, NM and ³University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX this mine and may aid in developing the rib support tool.
This research discusses the challenges in developing drone technologies
for underground coal mining applications. The project’s overall goal is to
demonstrate the feasibility of a permissible drone considering Mine Safety and
Health Administration (MSHA) permissibility requirements. The application of
drones in underground coal mines is limited due to the lack of a permissible
platform. A permissible machine is usually much heavier than its non-intrin- TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
sically safe counterpart. Increasing the weight of a drone drastically decreases AFTERNOON
its efficiency. Therefore, the two main challenges in designing an intrinsically
safe drone for indoor applications are (1) to demonstrate the permissibility COAL & ENERGY: ROOM AND PILLAR OPERATIONS
and intrinsic safety of the vehicle and (2) to design a propulsion system that
provides sufficient lifting power and reasonable flight time. Our team has
AND PROJECTS
achieved a design for a quadcopter drone that can potentially be safely used for 603
underground coal mining applications. The team was able to demonstrate the
assembly and a successful flight of the drone. 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
Chairs: A. Patterson, LCT Energy, LP, Latrobe, PA
3:05 PM B. Williamson, Consol Energy Inc, Hickory, PA
Interpreting Lithology in Underground Coal Mines using
Video Scopes 2:00 PM
Introductions
M. Van Dyke¹, Y. Xue¹ and J. Wickline²; ¹Ground Control, NIOSH,
Pittsburgh, PA and ²Geology, Arch Resources Inc., Philippi, WV
Video borescopes have become the standard for examining the roof lithology 2:05 PM
in underground mines. The information can be recorded quickly underground An Interseam Slope Project in a Room-and-Pillar Coal Mine
and then be closely examined on the surface. While this technology has been in Central Appalachia
used previously by both operations and NIOSH research, the video scopes had
G. Hartsog; Alpha Engineering Services, Inc., Beckley, WV
poor resolution, short battery life, and relatively expensive. Advancements in
technology has addressed some of these hurdles, and this paper will discuss As the thicker and more easily accessed coal reserves are exhausted the thinner
the features of modern video scopes available, features that will aid in lithology and more technically challenging seams become “the best of what’s left”. This
description, and the deployment methods of the video scope for best practices speaks also to reserves that have been by-passed or isolated and are not large
pertaining to supplemental roof support recommendations. enough to justify the capital for shafts, slopes, permitting and other investments
required to recover them. While the use of inter-seam slopes in coal mining
is not new it is becoming more common for various reasons. Each instance
3:25 PM of constructing slopes, though, requires site specific engineering, design and
Study on the Influence of Borehole Condition on Panoramic specific considerations. In this instance, the interburden is relatively thin (about
30-ft) and the material testing indicates it can be mechanically excavated. This
Borehole Image Generation from Side-view Borescopes in presentation will discuss some of the characteristics site which allow consid-
Uunderground Coal Mines erable safety related and cost saving measures to be used to expedite the
Y. Xue, Z. Khademian, M. Van Dyke and K. Mohamed; National Institute project. At the same time, life of mine considerations for haulage, access and
for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC ventilation are addressed.
Borescoping has been widely used for geological mapping in U.S. underground
coal mines. In a previous study, an image stitching technique was proposed to
2:25 PM
generate panoramic borehole images from side-view borescopes to visualize
the geology along the whole borehole. However, the technique can be affected Henderson County Mine Development
by borehole condition. In this study, borehole videos recorded at different L. Griggs and B. Mackellar; River View Coal. LLC, Waverly, KY
times when the same borehole was drilled, freshly washed, and two weeks The Henderson County Mine is a brownfield coal development project located
after washing, were processed with the proposed technique. The influence of in west Kentucky. River View Coal, LLC a wholly owned subsidiary of Alliance
borehole condition was compared from the success of image stitching and the Coal, is the operating company of the Henderson County Mine. The reserve to
visibility of geologic features. The study aids in further developing the proposed which the mine will be accessing consists of approximately 260 million ROM
technique to help determine the optimal conditions for borescoping during tons of west Kentucky #9 seam. Development access is through a means
geological mapping. of rehabilitating an abandoned slope, mining a “corridor” through the west
Kentucky #11 seam, and mining three approximate 1000’ slopes down to the
3:45 PM #9 seam. This paper details the construction process of accessing this reserve
base.
Rib Monitoring Study in a Room-and-Pillar Mine
K. Mohamed1, Y. Xue1, A. Kirmaci², D. Guner² and T. Sherizadeh²;
¹National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA and
²Mining and Explosives Engineering, MST, Rolla, MO
Researchers from NIOSH and MST are developing a practical rib support
tool for underground coal mines, addressing the lack of a unified rib support

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     63

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM 3:45 PM
Reopening and Rehabilitation of an Idled Central PA Bluegrass Natural Resources – Development of the Black
Metallurgical Coal Mine Mountain Reserves
S. Baker, B. Ashley and B. Welsh; Rosebud Mining, State College, PA K. Harris and F. Taglia; Bluegrass Natural Resources, LLC, Harlan, KY
Today’s metallurgical coal reserves often require innovative solutions to safely Last year, Bluegrass Natural Resources obtained control of the Black Mountain
and efficiently recover the resource; overcoming challenges due to geological coal reserves, located in Harlan County, within the southeastern Kentucky
conditions, multiple seam mining and minepools, ventilation challenges and coalfields. With 4 current mining operations and growing development plans,
quality constraints. Rosebud Mining Company’s Cherry Tree Mine reopening Bluegrass’s planned exploitation of these historically rich reserves focuses on
and rehabilation has involved engineering solutions to all of the above. This efficient room and pillar mining of metallurgical and industrial grade coals.
presentation will discuss the decision making process that led to reopening This area was initially developed by US Steel and International Harvester for
the Cherry Tree Mine, which had been inactive and flooded since 2016, and metallurgical coals over 100 years ago, but recently enjoyed success as a
the engineering solutions that have been implemented to facilitate current and thermal producer. With considerable market shifts for Appalachian coals,
future mining in three overlapping thin coal seams. Bluegrass realized the significant economic potential available to breathe new
life into the operation. With upwards of 16 mineable coal horizons throughout
the current geologic column and the tallest peaks in Kentucky, numerous
3:05 PM engineering and geologic challenges exist to successfully produce from this
Itmann No.5 Mine Retreat Mining reserve. Overburden, which can exceed 2000 feet, is often associated with
J. Lu and M. Bohan; Consol Energy Inc, Canonsburg, PA complex multiple seam interactions from prior operations. This paper details
some of the engineering and business challenges associated with successfully
CONSOL Energy’s Itmann No.5 mine operates as a three-unit super section producing coal from the significant reserve base.
room-and-pillar mine in the Pocahontas 3 seam. The mines B Panel Unit
developed its first room and began retreat mining during the third quarter of
2024. In addition to primary roof support, the retreat mining plan utilizes four 4:05 PM
mobile roof support units and/or posts. Overlying strata in the immediate roof Floor Heave and Mine Convergence Disrupting Ventilation
varies as dark gray shale (0 to 30 feet thickness), to massive sandstone (0
– 130 feet thickness). Overburden within pillaring areas ranges from 600 to in a Central West Virginia Room and Pillar Mine, Randolph
1,000 feet. Fire Creek seam with previous mining activities is located about County West Virginia
320’ to 390’ above the currently retreat panel. However no multiple seam T. Hamrick and J. Toombs; Engineering, United Coal Company, Daniels, WV
mining interaction is considered in the retreat panel due to no retreat mining Soft floor material and differential horizontal stress resulted in catastrophic floor
in the Fire Creek seam. Christmas Tress pillar retreat method is applied for the failure and mine convergence in room and pillar mains, reducing ventilation
B Panel. This paper will explore the initial results from the first panel including and threatening future mine viability in the Central West Virginia bituminous
strata monitoring data and analysis, module roof support performance, ACPS coal fields. Several corrective measures were considered, including conven-
analysis (including multiple seam mining interaction analysis), coal burst tional crib blocking, geo-engineered posts and supports, geogrid and truss
analysis, and other ground control observations related to the initial pillaring systems, pumpable cribs, and driving alternate mains. The mine decided on
activities at the Itmann mine. pumpable cribs with reenforced floor cribbing and bearing plates to distribute
load because of quick installation and cost. While corrective actions were
3:25 PM ongoing, the mine began developing another set of parallel mains to ensure
long-term operability. In addition to corrective measures, United Coal developed
Why Coal Miners Struggle to Forecast Accurately floor modeling methods using bearing capacity calculations, overburden depth,
M. Gadde; Peabody Energy, St. Louis, MO and floor strata thickness that could be extrapolated to our other company
Coal miners frequently face significant discrepancies between budgeted and mines to both identify weak areas in existing mines and aid in future planning
actual outcomes, disrupting operations and financial stability. Life of Mine (LOM) of new mines.
plans, intended to guide long-term strategies, often fall short in accurately
predicting critical performance metrics. This presentation examines the root
causes of these forecasting challenges, focusing on the misalignment between
conventional deterministic planning methods and the complex, variable nature
of real-world mining conditions. Current deterministic planning models fail
to capture the inherent uncertainties and risks present in mining operations,
leading to substantial deviations from projected outcomes. Adopting a probabi-
listic approach that incorporates the complexities and uncertainties of the
mining environment is the best way to address this gap. The discussion will
explore how such probabilistic techniques can be practically applied to improve
decision-making processes in coal mining operations, balancing technical rigor
with real-world applicability.

64     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Novel Recruitement Methods: Virtual Camps
A. McBrayer² and A. Brickey¹; ¹Mining Engineering and Management, South
EDUCATION INNOVATION FOR THE MINERALS Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD and ²Department of
INDUSTRY II Mining Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
501 Recruiting students into the mining industry has been an ongoing challenge for
US mining engineering schools. With declining university enrollments and an
overall negative opinion of the mining industry (thanks Avatar), universities are
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 looking to new recruitment methods. In this presentation, the authors present a
Chairs: A. McBrayer, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV recent collaboration between South Dakota Mines and West Virginia University
B. Carlson, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, of a free, virtual mining and explosives camp. The discussion will include the
Rapid City, SD camp structure, topics, and engagement tools used to connect with students in
middle and high school.
2:00 PM
Introductions
3:05 PM
Cu at the Mine: Mineral Resource and Mining Education
2:05 PM Outreach for Secondary Science Teachers
What Students, Parents, and Educators Really Think of D. Moreno and C. Earnest; School of Mining and Mineral Resources,
Mining, and What that Means for Attracting the Next University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Generation of Mining Talent Cu at the Mine! was a four-day professional development academy for middle
J. Banta; School of Mining and Mineral Resources, University of Arizona, and high school teachers hosted by the University of Arizona School of Mining
Tucson, AZ and Mineral Resources during the summer of 2024. The impetus for this
Enrollment in mining education programs has been declining significantly in aggressive mining education outreach effort is the lack of awareness of mining
major mining markets like the US, Canada and Australia since 2015, resulting and minerals concepts demonstrated by a high percentage of American science
in program closures in each. Recent research by MiHR finds young people’s teachers. This lack of awareness hampers their ability to teach about mining
intention to join the industry remains low. There’s no shortage of opinions or make recommendations about careers in the mining industry. Students
about why. Many blame media, others unsupportive parents or educators. choose majors and careers with which they are familiar, so increasing teachers’
Some suspect the lack of interest goes back to the near elimination of earth familiarity with mining and minerals concepts should lead to greater student
sciences from K-12 curriculum. To find answers, the University of Arizona awareness of opportunities in mining programs and careers. This paper reviews
conducted research on potential students, parents, and educators. We’ll share the rationale for aggressive mining education outreach, the structure and design
what they’re really saying about careers in mining, who and what is shaping of the professional development academy, highlights and lessons learned from
their opinion, and what we’re doing about it. the inaugural experience, a preliminary analysis of teacher self-report data, and
projections for future efforts in teacher education outreach.

2:25 PM
3:25 PM
Teaching Kids Project: A Bet for New Generations in Mining
Building Our Future: A Multi-Faceted Educational Program
M. Salgado Cabeza, J. Carmona Perez and O. Restrepo Baena; Materials
and Minerals, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, to Inspire and Engage Future Generations in Sustainable
Colombia Mining
The “Teaching Kids” project is an educational initiative aimed at young people M. Portal Valdivia, F. Segobia Campos, F. Ysla Quiroz, L. Goicochea
and children from elementary schools, carried out by students of Mining Sánchez and J. Mujica; Mining engineering, Society for Mining, Metallurgy
Engineering, Geological Engineering and Environmental Engineering. This & Exploration, Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
project is led by the SME Student Chapter of the Universidad Nacional de The “Building Our Future” project is a collaborative initiative between the
Colombia, Medellin. The purpose is to share knowledge about geosciences in a UNC SME Student Chapter, and the Water and Earth Museum (MAT) of La
didactic and attractive way, emphasizing the importance of identifying the use Asociación Los Andes Cajamarca (ALAC) aimed at promoting responsible and
of minerals in daily life and responsible and sustainable mining in our society. sustainable mining among new generations while fostering a culture of equality
We use methodologies related to early childhood education such as Gamifi- and respect. This comprehensive educational program integrates sustainable
cation, which we adapt dynamics of different games during the development development goals and includes workshops led professionals and external
of the workshops to create learning in a motivating way; also, the Montessori experts who share their personal stories to inspire students from rural and urban
Method using primers, sensory mineral box and presentation, to allow learning educational institutions to follow their dreams. Additionally, for this year 2024,
through experimentation itself. the project development and implemented an interactive mobile application that
educates users about the use of minerals in everyday life through four levels:
Minerals in the Home, Minerals in Medicine, Minerals in Transportation, and
Minerals in Agriculture. This multi-faceted approach seeks to raise awareness
about the importance of mining in Peru’s economic, environmental, and social
development, ultimately fostering a new generation of informed and engaged
citizens who understand the vital role of mining in a sustainable future.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     65

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

An Analysis of Future Mining Engineers in the USA AFTERNOON
F. Gil; WSP, St. Louis, MO
According to data compiled by the Society for Mining and Metallurgy, enrollment ENVIRONMENTAL: MINE WATER MANAGEMENT
in mining engineering programs has fallen 45% since 2015. With only 14 104
mining schools, the USA is not in a good position to compete against the 44
mining schools that China has, considering the current global race and demand 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
for rare earths. This paper will analyze the possible causes of the declining
enrollment in mining programs, an opportunity in foreign students obtaining Chairs: E. Rahimi, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
mining degrees (currently around 20% in the USA), possible educational Z. Kazemi Motlagh, New Mexico Institute of Mining and
measures to recruit more Gen-Z students, and preparations for future Gen Technology, Socorro, NM
Alpha students.
2:00 PM
Introductions
4:05 PM
Profession Development Programs Can Generate
Measurable Value 2:05 PM
K. Freitag, R. Seitz, D. Drinkwater and J. Cilliers; Metcelerate, West An In-situ Approach to Tailing Water Management
Vancouver, BC, Canada J. Harrington and C. Pretorius; Ensero Solutions, Fort Collins, CO
The talent gap in mining is not a new challenge. Mining companies continue to Effective tailings water management is critical to managing environmental
look for innovative ways to attract, develop and retain talent. Younger workers risks in mining operations and ensuring long-term sustainability. Excess water
expect their careers to develop, so offering training is a key value proposition. in the tailings storage facility (TSF) increases structural failure risk and rapid
In 2020 Metcelerate launched its 20-month program for early career mineral dewatering mitigates this risk. Batch treatment implemented in situ should
processing engineers. The program has helped develop critical technical skills be considered because it is effective and rapid, able to treat millions of cubic
in the workplace and become an approach to identify motivated engineers and meters of water in months at a fraction of the cost of a fixed plant. Ensero
change culture within teams. Learners apply their new skills by executing a applied this approach at the Gibraltar Mine TSF, where nitrate was removed
process improvement project. This generates immediate value – a win-win and metals were managed during in situ treatment thereby allowing water to be
outcome for learner and company. discharged from the TSF.

4:25 PM 2:25 PM
Training Simulators: How to Make Operators Safer, More Critical Pit Dewatering Components and Design
Productive and Less dDestructive Considerations
P. Olckers; 5DT (Fifth Dimension Technologies), Pretoria, Gauteng, South l. lines; Burns & McDonnell, Phoenix, AZ
Africa The in-pit dewatering system is the last defense to prevent pit flooding and must
Training simulators have proved highly effective in the aviation industry, where be designed to function well within the ever-changing pit shape throughout the
the main focus has been to improve safety. Training simulators entered the life of mine. This paper will review a recent in-pit dewatering design and focus
mining industry in the early nineties. In mining the focus was not only to on options to overcome the challenges facing an in-pit dewatering system
improve safety, but to also improve productivity and to reduce unscheduled with the following topics. Methods for determining a design pumping rate with
machine maintenance. Many mining operations and training institutions respect to the estimated pit inflows. Options for a wide range of achievable flow
now have training simulators, but these simulators are not being used to rates to cover seasonal inflows. Methods for collecting water with a review of
their fullest potential and are often being referred to as ‘white elephants’. A different initial pump types. Single lift vs multi-lift pumping systems and when
business improvement process (BIP) based on the use of training simulators its best to use each type. Skidded vs fixed pumping infrastructure (pumps,
will be presented. Several case studies, where mining operations achieved tanks, e-house, and transformer). Typical pipe materials pros and cons along
significant savings, will be presented. The potential return on investment (ROI) with applications for each type. Design considerations for improved functionality
of simulators, when used optimally, will be calculated. Techniques to improve and safety for the site operators.
the utilization and efficiency of training simulators will be discussed. Typical
pitfalls of integrating training simulators into a mining operation will also be
addressed. 2:45 PM
Pilot-scale Turbidity-based Membrane Scaling Mitigation
on Gypsum-impacted Groundwaters and Mining
Wastewaters
J. Bush¹, R. Huehmer², T. Cath¹ and J. Vanneste¹; ¹Civil and
Environmental, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO and ²Dupont Water
Solutions, Edina, MN
High density sludge (HDS) systems followed by reverse osmosis (RO) are the
state-of-the-art for acid mine drainage treatment. While HDS is very effective
at removing metals, it increases the concentration of gypsum. When gypsum
precipitates upon concentration, it can severely damage RO membranes. Until
now no effective sensors have been identified that can detect this precipitation
before it impacts the membrane. A groundwater with 1.5 g/L gypsum (75%
saturation) and a mining wastewater with 1.75 g/L gypsum (87.5% saturation)
were treated with a 20 GPM closed-circuit RO and a 2 GPM conventional RO,
respectively. Both systems were equipped with advanced turbidity sensors

66     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

on the concentrate which enabled detection of the onset of gypsum crystalli- TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
zation before it affects the membrane performance and this without the use of
antiscalants. Even for rapidly changing water quality, scaling can be mitigated
AFTERNOON
by adapting water recovery in real-time. This will reduce membrane cleaning,
membrane replacement and labor costs. Moreover, avoiding antiscalants ENVIRONMENTAL: RECLAIMING THE PAST:
facilitates subsequent gypsum recovery as a fertilizer or building material and STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING ABANDONED MINE
supernatant recycling will further increase water recovery. LANDS
103
3:05 PM
Using Sulfur and Oxygen Isotopes to Evaluate Natural and 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
Anthropogenic Sources Chairs: A. Withers, AECOM
J. McGunnigle; INTERA Incorporated, Eighty Four, PA L. French, WSP USA, Inc., Lander, WY
L. Vecchiarelli, Arcadis US Inc, Syracuse, NY
Ore milling sites are often located in areas with natural sources of contam-
inants. Stakeholders concerned with the long-term impacts of such sites may be
interested in distinguishing these natural sources from anthropogenic sources. 2:00 PM
In this case study, sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope measurements were
Introductions
evaluated for isotopic signatures that could be used to distinguish groundwater
containing natural and mill-impacted sources. Sulfate sulfur isotopic and 2:05 PM
major ion concentration measurements were also used in a mixing and mass
balance analysis to estimate the proportions of likely groundwater sources. Cleaning Up Abandoned Mines Without Funding
Sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotope measurements show that distinct isotopic B. Hilscher and V. Dybounov; ABH Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada
signatures exist for background and mill-impacted groundwater. Mixing and Historically, thousands of mines across America have shutdown with waste
mass balance modelling shows that most wells can be understood in terms and low grade stockpiles left in the open. These piles often leach acid and
of simple mixing between background and a mill source, while some wells metals into local creeks and water tables. By applying today’s technology,
show evidence of both natural and mill sources. Mixing analyses also show we can remove the rocks containing sulphides and dispose of them safely.
that additional attenuating processes may account for observed isotopic values The fact that metals such as gold, copper, lead, and zinc usually concentrate
and ion concentrations. This work shows that conclusions drawn from isotopic into the sulphide waste concentrate, means the disposal of this concentrate
measurements should be supported with other lines of evidence. can be highly profitable. These metal credits allow cleanup, water treatment,
recontouring, and reforestation of hundreds of abandoned legacy sites at no
cost to governments. This presentation will review technology, implementation
3:25 PM as well as industry results.
Where Do I Put This Water? Temporary Solutions for
Contaminated Water Handling
2:25 PM
M. White and M. Groff; Engineering, WestLand Engineering and
Environmental Services, Tucson, AZ, 85712, AZ Pit Lakes: Global Liabilities or Sustainable Mining Legacies?
Mining operations and exploration programs often find themselves needing Z. Iranmanesh and B. Abbasi; Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,
quick and effective temporary solutions for dealing with contaminated water. University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
We will cover strategies and lessons learned for safely treating, moving, storing, Pit lakes present both significant risks to ecological and human environments
and discharging this water. Discussion to include design and implementation and socio-economic opportunities and benefits. However, the processes
of non-permanent infrastructure plus a special focus on temporary water influencing these risks and opportunities are not well understood, and even
treatment facilities including water quality sampling, equipment selection, when knowledge is available, its application is often inconsistent due to the lack
operation and maintenance, risk mitigation, action response plans, environ- of a uniform methodology. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been recognized as
mental monitoring, troubleshooting, and demobilization. a valuable tool for environmental assessment and land planning. Nevertheless,
the complexity involved has prevented the standardized LCA framework from
being used to assess the ecological impacts of pit lakes. This study addresses
3:45 PM three major methodological challenges: (1) defining functional units, (2)
Advancing from Modeling to Real-World Decision-Making selecting boundaries, and (3) refining the life cycle impact assessment phase
for Enhanced Water Management in Mining to provide indicators for pit lake planning. The proposed framework aims to
evaluate the sustainability of pit lakes as a mine closure option and to identify
R. Valdes Pineda; Piteau Associates, Tucson, AZ potential hot spots before new operations commence. This methodology was
Effective surface and groundwater management in mining environments applied to case studies in Europe, Australia, and North America to investigate
requires innovative solutions derived from advanced modeling techniques. This the sustainability of current approaches to remediate abandoned pit lakes.
presentation explores the fundamental principles and practical applications
of surface and groundwater modeling to address these challenges. Focusing
on real-world examples, it demonstrates how simulations from these models
are utilized to solve complex water management issues. By transitioning from
theoretical models to practical decision-making, this approach highlights the
critical role of accurate and dynamic models in developing sustainable and
efficient water management strategies. The session offers valuable insights into
the impact of these techniques on improving mining operations.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     67

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM 3:45 PM
Effectiveness of Hardrock Abandoned Mine Land Spider Excavation and Cable Rigging on Remote Steep
Remediation for Surface Waters Slopes at Abandoned Uranium Mines to Move Waste Rock on
J. Elliott; Watershed Improvement, AZDEQ, Parks, AZ Navajo Nation to Protect Construction Workers, Communities,
According to USGS data, Arizona is #4 in the nation for AML features with and the Environment
various features impacting public safety, public health and the environment. K. Aiello; Environmental & Mining, Jacobs, West Linn, OR
More than 1300 of these features are within 2 miles of currently impaired
Significant quantities of waste rock at Abandoned Uranium Mines (AUMs) on
surface waters as defined by the federal Clean Water Act. Heavy metals are
Navajo Nation require removal from steep slopes greater than 45 degrees
one of the top impairments in the state. To mitigate the impact of heavy metals
in remote environments which prevents the use of traditional excavation
from AMLs in surface waters, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
equipment and creates a challenging working environment. Pilot Studies were
(ADEQ) is implementing remediation with a patchwork of available funding
conducted to demonstrate the use of spider excavation and cable rigging
and through various Sections within the agency in collaboration with industry,
system to safely and effectively remove waste rock and transport the material
private landowners, federal and state agencies. This work has led to a reduction
to an area where traditional equipment can be used. Cable rigging systems
of heavy metals in multiple streams in Arizona. Some of these streams are no
and spider excavators were evaluated for the implementability of excavation,
longer impaired for heavy metals. ADEQ and their partners have completed this
material movement and control, container types, dust mitigations, vegetation
work through the application of various technology and methods associated
management, and human health and environmental safety measures. The
with AML remediation. This presentation will cover the engineering controls
studies provided constructability and engineering parameters to design and
implemented at multiple AML projects and review the data pre- and post-reme-
implement the use of spider excavators to consolidate waste rock and cable
diation that demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADEQ approach to hardrock
rigging systems to remove the waste rock in super sacks up steep slopes,
AMLs.
preserving vegetation, controlling waste movement, and safety risks and
mitigations to workers, nearby residences, and the environment.
3:05 PM
Carissa Gold Mine: Making an Abandoned Mine into a State
Park
G. Robson¹ and B. Drake²; ¹AML, WYDEQ, Lander, WY and ²Respec,
Cheyenne, WY TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Wyoming’s largest gold boom occurred in the late 1800s in the South Pass AFTERNOON
Mining District. The boom peaked at the Carissa Gold Mine, the largest gold
operation in the State at this time. Eventually, it became apparent that the mine ENVIRONMENTAL: TAILINGS REPROCESSING FOR
was not profitable, and operations were shut down quickly. Left behind were RESOURCE RECOVERY: FEASIBILITY, CHALLENGES,
the historic remnants of 20th-century mining operations. In the late 1990s, AND BENEFITS
the WYDEQ-AML in coordination with Wyoming State Parks, hired RESPEC
consultants to evaluate the site to prioritize the dangerous features and provide 105
recommendations on mitigation techniques. Over nearly two decades, dozens
of projects were undertaken to mitigate hazards including cleanup of dangerous 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
mine-related chemicals, mine opening safeguarding, tailings encapsulation,
Chairs: J. Provolt
structural stabilization, and overall site improvements to create a State Park
that sees thousands of visitors. The entirety of the AML’s 19 years of work is a M. McCaughey
testament to the program’s commitment to public service and was achieved with
multiple parties including WDEQ/AML, the State of Wyoming, Wyoming State 2:00 PM
Parks, Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, and numerous Wyoming Introductions
contractors and consultants who performed the work.
2:05 PM
3:25 PM A Survey of Critical Element Leaching from Copper Tailings
Dual-Purpose Mine Land Rehabilitation: Integrating J. Gillow, S. Ulrich and J. Schill; Arcadis, Highlands Ranch, CO
Environmental Restoration and Sustainable Use for Tourism Tailings from copper ore processing contain metals at concentrations that in
and Agriculture in Cajamarca the recent past may have been deemed uneconomical for recovery, but due
to an increased need for copper and critical elements (e.g., cobalt, nickle,
M. Mendoza Tirado and F. Ysla Quiroz; Cajamarca, Society for Mining,
tellurium, rare earth elements) for advanced energy technologies, these tailings
Metallurgy & Exploration, Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
have become an attractive unconventional resource. Recent technical literature
This proposal, based on the CIEMAN Cajamarca - Hualgayoc initiative, focuses on critical element recovery by leaching from copper tailings was reviewed
on “Transforming Abandoned Mine Lands’ We aim to study and assess the and the key takeaways are: 1) full scale implementation of critical element
feasibility of an innovative rehabilitation method. Contaminated soils will be recovery is limited, 2) principle technologies evaluated at the lab bench and
moved from the upper to the lower site, encapsulated with geosynthetic pilot scale include atmospheric and pressure leaching using sulfuric acid, and
barriers, and covered with topsoil. The decontaminated upper area will be 3) innovative technologies include bioleaching and leaching with alternative
used for planting trees and large-stemmed plants for hiking and tourism, while reagents (Fe/Cu chlorides, neutral and alkaline pH lixiviants) and inclusion of
the lower encapsulated area will support livestock and short-stemmed crops. oxidizing agents, and 4) further size reduction, and/or flotation, is often used
This study will evaluate the economic viability and multi-use potential of this to preconcentrate target minerals. We expect interest in pursuing critical
technique, promoting sustainable land recovery in Cajamarca, Peru. element leaching from copper tailings will increase in the future, with innovation
combining preprocessing (e.g., flotation) with leaching technologies to drive
more full-scale implementation.

68     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Recovery of Gold Mining Tailings Sands for Clinker Design Concept for Recovering Resources from Pyrrhotite
Manufacture Tailings
O. Restrepo Baena and N. Jaramillo Zapata; Materials and Minerals, J. Gusek; Jim Gusek MIW Consultant LLC, Lakewood, CO
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia Recovering resources from tailings offers many design challenges. However,
The objective of this work was to propose a methodology using waste sands reducing environmental risks and creating a new revenue stream from a
from gold mining for clinker production, through the preliminary character- current liability are attractive goals requiring innovative ideas. In this paper, a
ization of the material and its subsequent evaluation to identify the content design concept for recovering copper, nickel, zinc, and REEs from a pyrrhotite
of contaminants and harmful materials for clinker production. In the study TSF would be presented. The key processes in the proposed plant include:
area, four samples were collected and subjected to moisture percentage biological oxidation of the pyrrhotite in a deep vertical shaft bioreactor (DVSB),
tests, granulometry, fire assay, XRD, XRF, SEM, and Hg and cyanide content. a process pioneered in the 1980’s but never embraced by the mining industry;
Subsequently, the obtained results were evaluated to identify the content of the passive oxidation of dissolved iron in an iron terrace; the recovery of
contaminants in the samples to proceed with their elimination through thermal copper, nickel, and zinc in a passive biochemical reactor (BCR); the recovery
treatment methods such as retort roasting and muffle roasting. Afterward, the of elemental sulfur in a sloping sand bed filter; and the final passive polishing
specimen with the smallest grain size and the highest concentration of Fe, Si, of the effluent where REEs would be adsorbed to manganese oxide. The DVSB
and Al, elements necessary for clinker production, was selected from all these process has not been used for sulfide oxidation but it entails a small footprint,
samples. The selected sample was again characterized by XRF and DTA to minimal energy consumption, high static pressures that should accelerate
proceed with its sintering under different temperature ramps. The obtained reaction kinetics, and ease of expansion. Subsequent passive processes are
results allowed for understanding the composition of the waste sands and also energy and cost efficient.
their behavior in the sintering process, as well as evaluating their suitability for
clinker production.
3:45 PM
The Plural of Anecdote is Not Data: The Case Study
2:45 PM
Approach to Tailing Reprocessing
Critical Metal Recovery from CO2-reactive Silicate J. Trouba; Independent, Saint Paul, MN
Mineralsusing Mineral Carbonation
Tailings have been and will continue to be successfully reprocessed for the
K. Ofori, L. Pan, K. Huang and W. Hanson; Michigan Technological benefit of the environment as well as economic gain. In spite of, or perhaps
University, Houghton, MI because of these successes, sweeping generalizations are applied to the
Ultramafic ores, such as olivine, contain elevated concentration of critical metals opportunity that tailings reprocessing presents for mineral supply and waste
including nickel. In this work, we developed an integrated critical metal recovery minimization. These generalizations when inappropriately applied contribute
and CO2 sequestration process. Bothnickel and cobalt from olivine-rich feed to undue criticism of mining companies on one hand, and poor investment
materials were successfully leached into the aqueous phase with the addition of decisions on the other. In this presentation, tailings reprocessing case studies
complexing agents during the direct ex-situ hydrothermal mineral carbonation are evaluated against historical data to contextualize successful projects as
reaction. Various physical and chemical activation techniques were employed, anecdotes. Successful reprocessing reflects advantageous conditions, as such
achieving over 80% metal recovery and carbonation efficiency within 8 hours. advantages are inherently tied to the project selection. Case studies provide
Roles of different operating parameters will be discussed, including pressure, valuable information, but each site must still be uniquely considered. Data
temperature, and chemical additives. discussed includes historical recovery rates, metal prices, and technology,
as well as the role of current status of the tailings facility. This presentation
provides a framework for preliminary evaluations of tailing reprocessing that
3:05 PM while obvious to some, is often absent from discussions on tailings reprocessing
Assessing the Critical Mineral Potential of Arizona’s Copper potential.
Mine Tailings
I. Barton², J. Mizer², D. Riley², M. Barton¹, C. Edwards³, B. McKeeby³,
D. Chapline³ and J. He²; ¹UA Lowell Institute for Mineral Resources, Tucson,
AZ; ²Mining & Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ and ³Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University,
Flagstaff, AZ
Arizona’s 100+ years of copper mining have resulted in roughly 17.5B tons
of tailings held around the state, with 200M tons added each year. These
deposits of pre-ground rocks contain elevated concentrations and large
volumes of some metals and minerals on the US critical list. The amount of Ti,
Mn, and many other metals moved in porphyry copper mining each year equals
or exceeds annual global demand. However, the concentration, mineralogy,
and extractability of most are unknown. Here, we present preliminary results
from a new research project aimed at systematically assessing Arizona copper
mine tailings as critical metal resources. The project is evaluating tailings using
hyperspectral imaging, thermophysical and GPR scans, and chemical and
mineralogical characterization. This is the basis for metallurgical testing to
quantify recoverability, followed by techno-economic analysis to identify what
critical metals are economically recoverable under what circumstances. This
talk will summarize the typical mineralogy and chemical composition of Arizona
copper mine tailings from different deposit types and the potential prospects for
conventional and unconventional extraction.

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 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Robotic System for Situational Awareness in Hazardous
Mine Conditions
HEALTH & SAFETY: NORA THE FUTURE OF HEALTH R. Mukherjee; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA
AND SAFETY IN AUTOMATED AND ROBOTIC MINES Situational awareness to support search and rescue operations in mines after
109 any kind of real or suspected anomalous events are a significant challenge.
There are potentials for presence of high concentrations of methane gas,
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 fires, roof falls, water breaks among other hazards. To mitigate the safety
concerns and other challenges for these operations, we are developing a
Chairs: L . Saperstein, Missouri University of Science and Technology, robotic system to be certified to be operational in Zone 0 and Zone 1 areas,
Nantucket, MA as defined in the IEC 60079 series of standards. Frequently referenced as
W. Reed, CDC-NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA “explosion proof”, it refers to the techniques used to ensure that the robot
will not be an ignition source in hazardous environments. Features include
2:00 PM 10km total distance travelled with up to 10 hours of operations; traversing
Introduction extremely challenging terrains including positive and negative obstacles, CMU
blocks, roof-falls, high slopes, mud etc.; pitch dark operational conditions;
onboard tether management system for communications among others. We
2:05 PM also explored use of additive manufacturing in this context. In this paper, we
Eliminating Barriers for the Implementation of Automation present the progress made on this robotic system, including results from initial
in the Mining Industry: Preliminary Findings prototypes and independent third-party testing results.
K. Luxbacher¹, M. Savit7, D. Kanagy4, M. Levier³, H. Miller5, B. Miller²,
M. Moats6 and R. Parratt4; ¹Mining and Geological Engineering, University 3:05 PM
of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ²Lewicki and Associates, Littleton, CO; ³K. Longwall Command and Control: REST API – Remote
Marc Levier & Associates, Inc, Denver, CO; 4SME, Denver, CO; 5Mining
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO; 6Materials Science Management
and Engineering, Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO and 7Predictive Compliance C. LeViere; Controls and Automation, Komatsu (Joy), Portersville, PA
LLC, Denver, CO Komatsu‘s Longwall Command and Control (LCC) software suite is a
Automation is revolutionizing the mining industry and has the potential to cross-platform / cross-browser NodeJS & ReactJS designed web-app
substantially improve worker health and safety while simultaneously improving delivering high-level automated feature control via live data, interactive graphs,
efficiency and sustainability of mining operations. Companies are incentivized and REST API. The LCC allows operators to reference several face-wide profiles
in several ways to incorporate automation, but these incentives may be eroded such pan heights, pan pitch, and face survey to steer the longwall via REST API
by regulatory or other barriers that impair implementation. To encourage commands to the Faceboss Control System. The deployment of this software
the rapid integration of new technology into U.S. mining operations and to suite drives automation usage and thus increases consistency across shifts and
promote worker safety, better resource utilization, and greater economic utility, decreases the need for live tele-remote control.
a comprehensive review and analysis of the regulatory framework and external
factors influencing mine/plant development and operations is being undertaken
in order to characterize the potential barriers that exist and the causation 3:25 PM
factors that govern why these barriers exist and how they evolve. Additionally, Design and Manufacture of an Outby, Single Module,
this work will provide an understanding of regulatory approaches, the political/ Electric, Automated, Roof Bolter
social risks associated with innovation, and research that could enable high
R. Burgess; R&D, JH Fletcher, Huntington, WV
levels of automation in U.S. mines and processing plants to occur.
The coal mining industry faces significant safety and efficiency challenges
with manual roof bolting, which exposes workers to hazards such as
2:25 PM dust, mechanical risks, and ergonomic strain. Despite over fifty years of
The Journey to Safety Outcomes in an Autonomous Mine advancements in drilling technology, automated roof bolters have not been
widely adopted in coal mining, primarily due to concerns over their reliability
M. Murphy; SME, Dunlap, IL and productivity. This project aims to address these issues by developing an
As autonomous mining has positively impacted mining productivity over the past automated roof bolter module for U.S. coal mines. Designed by JH Fletcher &
ten plus years, it has also had a significant impact on mine safety. There are many Co., the bolter will operate remotely from an enclosed cabin, thereby reducing
elements to why autonomous mining impacts safety. This paper describes the key operator exposure and physical strain. It will handle both resin and mechanical
elements required to achieve the safety outcomes ranging from the design stage bolts using a carousel and pneumatic system for resin injection. The project
through simulation and validation in the lab to the critical step of real world testing involves design, assembly, and field testing phases, focusing on metrics like
at a proving ground. At site, the interaction of people and processes with the drill cycle times, bolt installation rates, and machine availability. Collaboration
autonomous machines are another critical step in ensuring safe outcomes. This with NIOSH will provide insights into dust and noise levels for the operator.
paper also describes the importance of people interaction and process on safety Future plans include adapting the technology to meet MSHA standards for
with the lessons learned over the past decade plus. gassy environments. The aim is to enhance safety and productivity, paving the
way for further innovations in mining technology.

70     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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3:45 PM 2:05 PM
Development of a Remote Control Mine Rescue Support Health & Safety: Total Worker Health Panel Discussion:
Machine and the Design, Donstruction, and Revision of the Considerations for Enhancing Safety in Mining
Prototype to Achieve MSHA Certification – A Manufacturer’s M. Savit¹ and L. Guasta²; ¹Predictive Compliance LLC, Denver, CO and
Perspective ²NCS, Parker, CO
J. Rohrbaugh; Rohmac Inc, Mt Storm, WV This panel discussion focuses on the concept of Total Worker Health,
CDC-NIOSH, MSHA-MEO, and other representatives of the mine rescue integrating workplace safety and health with broader well-being initiatives.
community engaged in a collaborative effort to develop new technology and The session will feature a combination of expert presentations, interactive
equipment that supports mine rescue and recovery operations. Based upon discussions, and Q&A, providing insights into current strategies and emerging
this research, a prototype radio-remote control compact track loader was trends in promoting comprehensive worker health. Additionally, attendees are
designed and built, to improve efficiency and safety for mine rescue teams by encouraged to participate in the “Health & Safety: Impairment at Work: Fatigue,
reducing the physical labor involved. Next steps included design refinement Substance Use and Mental Health” session on Tuesday morning, as we will
and application for MSHA “permissible” approval. Aside from meeting stringent explore and discuss key technical presentations from that session. This panel
XP requirements, challenges occur where new technology does not fit existing aims to foster an in-depth dialogue on the holistic approach to worker health,
regulations, requiring new approaches to ensure that safety is not compromised. addressing both physical and mental aspects in the workplace.

4:05 PM
In-Mine Autonomous Shuttle Car
H. Mearns; Engineering, Francis Enterprises Inc, Westover, WV TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Shuttle cars are crucial for room and pillar coal mining, transporting raw coal AFTERNOON
from continuous miners at the face to conveyor belt feeders. Miners face many
hazards while operating shuttle cars manually, including poor visibility and HISTORY OF MINING II
frequent collisions with mine infrastructure. Remote operations would solve
many safety hazards operators face by removing them from the environment. 110
Due to advancements in communications and remote-control technologies, the
autonomous operation of shuttle cars is now feasible. A remote steering control 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
system was integrated into a modified shuttle car using automotive-style PLCs, Chair: G. Luxbacher, NIOSH, Prosper, TX
enabling remote operation of steering, acceleration, braking, and conveyor
functions as well as future autonomous decision-making. Key challenges
include fusing the data from an adequate combination of sensor types to 2:00 PM
quantify the environment while meeting MSHA requirements and ensuring Introduction
reliable real-time data flow. Operational challenges include aligning the shuttle
car with feeders and miners, proper coal loading and unloading, addressing 2:05 PM
dynamic mining conditions like loading in motion, and interfacing with proximity
detection of in-mine personnel. The History Copper Mining and Smelting in Shasta County
California
S. Shoemaker; Metals, John T Boyd Company, Tooele, UT
Beginning as early as the 1860s, copper deposits of economic value had been
identified in Shasta County California. Because of difficulty in treating this
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 material, it was not until 1894 when large scale development and extraction
of the County’s copper resources commenced. Over the next quarter-century,
AFTERNOON the copper output of the Shasta County mines rivaled the output of many other
well-known copper producing areas including Montana and Arizona. This
HEALTH & SAFETY: TOTAL WORKER HEALTH PANEL period of heavy development and mining came at a significant environmental
DISCUSSION: CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENHANCING cost to Shasta County and resulted in some of the first air quality litigation in
SAFETY IN MINING the United States. This paper will describe the development and history of the
principal copper operations in Shasta County as well as the environmental
108 legacy associated with it.
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
Chairs: M. Savit, Husch Blackwell, Denver, CO
L. Guasta, Golden, CO

2:00 PM
Introduction

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     71

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:25 PM and titanium and highlight published work on battery elements. The review
History of the Burgin Mine and Its Shutdown in 1977 suggests that the basin has a well proven history of providing critical minerals
to US industry.
B. Ott; Tintic Consolidated Metals Division, Osisko Development, Eureka, UT
Osisko Development is a North American gold development company focused
on past-producing mining camps located in mining friendly jurisdictions with
district scale potential, some of which have storied pasts. Osisko’s 100%
owned Burgin Lead-Zinc-Silver Mine in Utah’s historic Tintic mining district
produced from 1971 to 1977 before abruptly shutting down. A combination of TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
mine dewatering costs and depressed metals prices rendered the mine unprof- AFTERNOON
itable, however, the complete story is more complex and serves as a lesson to
today’s mining stakeholders. The Cariboo Quartz Gold Mine is ostensibly only INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: CRITICAL
similar to Burgin in that Osisko is also the 100% owner of this storied mine,
however, examining the shutdown in 1945 illustrates similar underlying causes. AND BATTERY MINERALS II
These cardinal challenges are still relevant in mining and metals today. 106

2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25

2:45 PM
Mountain Pass, California REE Mine; Perspective on its Chairs: R
 . Dube, Metso Outotec USA Inc, Centennial, CO
History and Economics R. Jain, Outotec USA Inc., Savage, MD
A. Levy; Alan Levy and Associates, Sherman Oaks, CA 2:00 PM
The Mountain Pass (MP) rare earth carbonatite mine in southeastern California Introduction
has been owned by three different entities including Unocal-Molycorp (UOC-M)
and is currently owned by Mountain Pass Materials. In addition to rare earth
production at MP, UOC-M had an extensive worldwide portfolio of exploration 2:05 PM
properties, some of which are currently in production or potential production. China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Artisanal
A comparison of tonnage and grade of these properties informs the economics Cobalt Mining from 2000 Through 2020
of all rare earth production. Alternating periods of cooperation and conflict
between the owners of MP and [Link] have often defined the A. Gulley; U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
economics of world rare earth production. Despite extensive research on artisanal cobalt mining, fundamental questions
about its production remain unanswered. Here artisanal cobalt production,
processing, and trade are estimated. The results show that artisanal production
3:05 PM grew from 1,000 to 2,000 t in 2000 to 9,000 to 11,000 t in 2020 (with a peak
Mining History in the Black Hawk Mining District, Burro of 17,000 to 21,000 t in 2018). Artisanal production’s share of world and DRC
Mountains, Southwestern New Mexico cobalt mine production peaked around 2008 at 18 to 23% and 40 to 53%,
respectively, before trending down to 6 to 8% and 9 to 11% in 2020, respec-
V. McLemore; NMBGMR/NM Tech, Socorro, NM tively. Artisanal production was chiefly exported to China or processed within
The Black Hawk district in NM hosts an unusual type of deposit: arsenide the DRC by Chinese firms. An average of 72 to 79% of artisanal production was
5-element veins. These deposits are Ag-Co-Ni-Bi-As-bearing carbonate veins processed at facilities within the DRC from 2016 through 2020. As such, these
with local concentrations of U, Pb, Zn, Sb, etc. They are high-grade (1000’s facilities may be potential monitoring points for artisanal production and its
g/t Ag), but low tonnage (<1 Mt) and difficult to find. By 1881, claims were downstream consumers. This finding may help to support responsible sourcing
staked and a town developed. It is estimated that >$1,000,000 was produced initiatives and better address abuses related to artisanal cobalt mining by
in 1883-1893, when Ag prices dropped due to the 1893 Ag panic. Solid focusing local efforts at the artisanal processing facilities through which most
Silver Mining Co. produced $600,000 from the Black Hawk mine; one car artisanal cobalt production flows.
load contained $28,000 worth of silver! The town of Black Hawk grew to 125
population by November 1883. By the end of 1893, the town was vacant;
nothing remains. The district was idle until 1916, and the mines operated 2:25 PM
sporadically since because of lack of available capital, water issues, and Beneficiation of Lithium-Bearing Sedimentary Claystones
difficulty in finding ore shoots. The area is a favorite for mineral collectors. Using A Lab-Scale Falcon Concentrator
Tungsten was found in the district in 1935 in pegmatites. Metal production
from 1881-1960 is estimated as 3,000 lbs Cu, 1,000 oz Au, 1,286,000 oz Ag, S. Arthur, E. Mends, A. Tita, J. Thella and P. Chu; Mining and
and 4,000 lbs Pb. In addition, 10,542 short tons of 2.7-71 % WO ore and 615 Metallurgical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
short tons of fluorspar ore have been produced. Nevada’s sedimentary claystones are a potential lithium source, but their
processing is hindered by the high carbonate content, like calcite, which
increases acid use and results in the generation of pure carbon dioxide during
3:25 PM leaching, leading to economic and environmental issues. Removing carbonate
Historic Critical Mineral Mines and Occurrences in Northern gangue from the claystones prior to hydrometallurgical processing is critical;
Appalachia: A Review hence, this study explores a novel approach involving falcon gravity concen-
tration, attrition scrubbing, and chemical dispersion to remove calcite from
B. Arnold, T. Gangadari, S. Pisupati, J. Gill, I. Penrod, X. Cao and different claystone types- illitic, calcium-rich smectite, and magnesium-rich
Z. Brown; The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA smectites. The results indicate the viability of this beneficiation technique for
The Consortium to Assess the Northern Appalachian Basin Resource Yield the clays, with about 84% lithium recovered and 73% calcium removed in the
for CORE-CM (carbon ore, rare earth elements, and critical minerals) project calcium-rich smectite, while the illite and magnesium-rich smectite recorded
sponsored by the US DOE CORE-CM initiative reviewed historic locations of separation efficiencies of 45% and 35% for the illite and the magnesium-rich
critical mineral mines and occurrences in the basin while assessing many smectite respectively.
current opportunities for the recovery of these key elements. We provide a
review of historic mines and occurrences of graphite, rare earth elements,

72     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM elements (PGE) in the district. Samples that are elevated in Ni, Co, and
Fluorspar’s Future in Batteries: But Can it Achieve “Critical Cr will be reanalyzed for PGE. Additional optical petrography and EMPA will
aid in identifying the mineral phases that host critical minerals such as Ni, Co,
Mass”? and Cr.
M. O’Driscoll; Imformed Industrial Mineral Forums & Research Ltd,
Leatherhead, UK
Fluorspar is essential as the primary feedstock for hydrofluoric acid (HF) 3:45 PM
manufacture (the precursor to a wide range of fluorochemicals), and is vital Geochemistry and Critical Mineral Potential of Stream
in steel and aluminium production. However, its “criticality” has been raised Sediments from the Zuni Mountains, New Mexico
markedly in recent years owing to its projected volume demand for use in
E. Owen and V. McLemore; Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources,
Li-ion batteries. As a result, fluorspar has made the Critical Raw Material lists
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM
of the EU, USA, and Australia. But commercially developed world sources of
fluorspar are limited, and the industry has lost production capacity in recent The Zuni Mountains, located in Cibola County, New Mexico is an uplifted area
years, leading to a somewhat tight supply situation already. The USA has no that exposes Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks overlain by Permian
established domestic source of fluorspar, and is 100% net import reliant for and younger sediments. Sedimentary-hosted Cu deposits and fluorite veins
its fluorspar requirements. While the St Lawrence mine in Newfoundland is yet in the district have recorded production, but other deposits exist. Proterozoic
to restart operations, a new US fluorspar mine is progressing in development ultramafic rocks may host Ni and PGE. A recent regional stream sediment
in Utah, and other new and alternative sources are being evaluated in Europe, survey collected 76 samples as part of an exploration geochemistry course at
South Africa, Mongolia, and Australia. This paper will review how and why New Mexico Tech with the goal of assessing the critical minerals potential of
fluorspar is in demand for Li-ion batteries, the global fluorspar supply situation, the district. Whole rock and trace element chemistry of the sediment samples
and emerging new sources which have the potential to meet this new demand (<2 mm) show a variety of critical minerals possibly worthy of future targeted
market for fluorspar. exploration including up to 700 ppm As, 2100 ppm Ba, 26 ppm Bi, 25 ppm Co,
640 ppm Cu, 145 ppm Ni, 110 ppb Sb, 170 ppm V, and 500 ppm Zr. Positive
correlation between Bi, As, Cu, and Sb suggest that these critical minerals
3:05 PM are found together within copper veins related to shear zones in the district.
Assessment of Potential Lithium Source from Abandoned Samples collected from streams that drained outcrop of mafic and ultramafic
rocks were found to generally contain more Ni, Co, and V. Samples elevated in
Oil Wells in Nigeria Ni will be reanalyzed for PGE.
L. Ismail and V. Akinlosose; Mining Engineering, Federal University of
Technology, Akure, Ota, Ondo, Nigeria, Nigeria
Lithium is one key element in renewable energy storage for solar and wind 4:05 PM
power towards clean energy utilisation, which helps to reduce air pollution from Efficient Separation of Lithium-titanate Oxide (LTO) Anode
transportation. Lithium deposits have been found to occur majorly in pegmatite Using High Centrifugal Forces
rock and brine with an abundance of 0.0018% in the earth’s mineral resources.
U. Kar, S. Arthur, S. Hussaini and P. Chu; Mining and Metallurgical
Lithium occurring in brine formation includes lakes, groundwater reservoirs,
Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
salars, oil fields, and geothermal brine, with more than 70% of the world’s
tonnage of lithium exists in brine sources. The Prometheus GAIA multi-criteria The Falcon gravity concentrator (FC), which operates on subjection of materials
decision analysis framework is used in this study to assess the viability of to high centrifugal forces, is employed to separate the lithium-titanate oxide
lithium brine extraction in abandoned Nigerian oil wells. Significant judging (LTO) anode and cathode active materials (CAMs). The investigations, which
criteria are used to assess and compare the economic viability of alternative involved varying the particle size and FC bowl type, with/without binder removal
lithium sources, resulting in a comprehensive evaluation of potential lithium and dispersant addition, yielded a maximum of 55% LTO recovery into the light
extraction from abandoned oil wells. Result shows that with the numbers of fraction, while about 80% of the CAM was recovered into the heavy fraction.
operated wells drilled for oil and gas production, there are 698 abandoned Findings from this study indicate the effectiveness of the FC for the separation;
wells while focusing on plugged and abandoned wells in Nigeria with leading hence, recycling of battery materials and implementing a comprehensive
numbers by Shell possessing 223 identified dry wells, which may show better gravity circuit can potentially optimize LTO recoveries.
prospects for the source of lithium brine.
4:25 PM
3:25 PM A Comprehensive Study on the Leaching Characteristics
Petrography, Geochemistry, and Critical Minerals Potential and Mechanisms of Nickel and Cobalt from Olivine
of Proterozoic Ultramafic and Granitic Rocks in the Zuni S. Ghaderi, B. Ji and W. Zhang; Mining and Mineral Engineering, Virginia
Mountains, New Mexico Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
B. Hunt, V. McLemore, E. Owen and N. Hurtig; New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM This study investigates the leaching behavior of Mg, Si, Fe, Ni, and Co from
olivine using hydrochloric acid. Ni and Co, substituting for Mg or Fe in the olivine
The Zuni Mountains mining district is located in Cibola County near Grants,
lattice, were efficiently leached 89.9% and 90.8%, respectively. The leaching
northwest New Mexico and includes an area of uplift exposing Proterozoic
kinetics, analyzed using the shrinking particle model, reveal two stages: film
igneous and metamorphic rocks. The district contains sedimentary-hosted
diffusion and chemical reaction control throughout the initial 10 min, followed
Cu deposits, fluorite veins, as well as other deposits and has been mined
by chemical reaction control. The findings are supported by activation energy
for a variety of commodities including copper, fluorite, and uranium. With
values and morphological analysis of solid residues. Our study offers valuable
the increased demand for critical minerals, the NMBGMR has been tasked
insights into maximizing extraction efficiency and minimizing environmental
by the USGS with evaluating the critical minerals potential of the Zuni
impacts, enhancing nickel and cobalt recovery from ultramafic ores.
Mountains district. The focus of this study is to characterize the granitic and
ultramafic rocks using optical petrography, whole rock geochemistry, and
electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Results from whole rock geochemical
analyses of Zuni Mountains granitic and ultramafic rocks show values of Ni,
Co, and Cr up to 1000 ppm, 140 ppm, and 2180 ppm, respectively. The
presence of these elements may indicate the potential for platinum group

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     73

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TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 3:05 PM

AFTERNOON Utilizing 3D LiDAR Scanning to Detect Changes Over Time
in a Deep Underground Longwall Coal Mine
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: N. Evanek; Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for
MINE DESIGN IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA
AGGREGATES II Historically, measuring deformation over time in an underground coal mine
107 has meant the use of intrinsic monitoring equipment which has yielded highly
localized results. As a technology, 3D LiDAR scanning has the potential to
detect change in the roof, ribs, and floor all along an entry. This study aims
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 to compare results from instrumentation and 3D LiDAR scanning in the same
Chairs: P
 . Jacomet, Ohio Aggregates and Industrial Minerals, Gahanna, OH location. Results from this study may help to better understand changes over
R. Mitra, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD time at this site and may further demonstrate the role 3D LiDAR scanning has
as a technology in improving safety in underground mining.
2:00 PM
Introduction
3:25 PM
On Island Time – Challenging Mine Closure/Reclamation
2:05 PM Planning Project in Paradise
A Study of the Key Factors Affecting Roof Stability in M. Lee; Westward, Boerne, TX
Underground Stone Mine Subjected to High Horizontal On the small Island of Cayman Brac is a limestone quarry that provides quality
Stress: A Case Study aggregate for the isolated Cayman Islands. Located some 400 miles south of
G. Rashed and N. Evanek; Niosh, Pittsburgh, PA Miamai, FL and 150 miles northwest of Montego Bay, Jamaica, the islands
The high horizontal stress has been recognized as a key factor that affect the have very few local resources, but aggregate is one of them. The limestone
stability of roof in underground mines particularly when the immediate roof is is mined and utilized on Cayman Brac and shipped to the Little Brac & Grand
weak or laminated rock. This paper explores the utilization of numerical models Cayman islands for use in infrastructure. A myriad of regulatory entities regulate
to gain more insight about the effect cap rock thickness, cutting sequence, mining activities and interim mine closure/reclamation plans are required every
and the driving direction with respect to the maximum horizontal stress on roof 5 - 7 years. The proposed Port Zeus Safe Harbor on Cayman Brac is currently
stability in underground stone mines. Numerical models were calibrated based in early planning stages and will directly affect the mine’s closure/reclamation
LIDAR scans for roof falls at the study mine. The results of this study improve plans from this point forward. The mine office and maintenance complex and all
understanding of roof stability in underground stone mines subjected to high current aggregate storage is in the proposed new development area and must be
horizontal stress and help reduce the risk of roof falls. moved to the mine to accommodate the incoming harbor complex. Couple that
with having a permanent plant, navigating a historic trail, limited blasting due to
nearby residents and a highly regulated underground freshwater lens, and you
2:25 PM have a challenge on your hands.
The Big Move: 2100 Tons on 432 Wheels
J. Renner, R. Knowles, D. Settles and S. Robertson; Titanium 3:45 PM
Technologies, The Chemours Company, Wilmington, DE Sectorization of Mined in Open-pit Copper Mines
Chemours’ Mission South Mine in southeast Georgia extracted titanium and J. Mendoza; Mine Planning, Glencore, Arequipa, Peru
zirconium mineral sands from 2014 through 2024 after which mining shifted
5 miles to the Mission North deposit. Pre-construction of the initial dig pit Currently, mining seeks to maximize the productivity of equipment, thus being
and wastewater treatment system began in early 2024, but mobile equipment able to extract a greater quantity of valuable metals to cover current demand,
and infrastructure couldn’t be moved until mining finished in July. The most which is why the sectorization of mining areas based on the quality of the
significant component of the move was transporting the wet mill which was material, type of material, and destination of the material allows us to better
accomplished in partnership with Mammoet, a heavy transport specialist. The distribute the movement of material. This article seeks to compare 2 cases:
2100 ton floating mill was drydocked, lifted on self-driving dollies, and driven Initial Case represents continuous mining, without differentiating any type
as a complete unit to the new location. of characteristics of the deposit vs. Optimized Case, which seeks selective
mining, in which the mining is sectorized according to the type of material and
net characteristics of the deposit. When we divide the mining into sectors we
2:45 PM can have greater control of the process, adapting the different geotechnical,
Title: Exploratory Data Analysis on Measure While Drilling geological, metallurgical and mining considerations to the operation, allowing
us to have safer, more productive and efficient operations. This improvement
Data in Mining Operations: A Precursor to Extracting allows savings in the transport of material, having a shorter fixed loading
Insights for Machine Learning Methods time, therefore a shorter cycle time, which will then be reflected in a greater
J. Addy¹, I. Anafo² and E. Westman¹; ¹Mining and Minerals Engineering, shipment of material to the process, generating greater profits compared to the
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA and ²Mining Engineering, University of Utah, initial case.
Salt Lake City, UT
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is vital in analyzing feature importance and
trends in Measure While Drilling (MWD) data. This study uses EDA to examine
distributions, outliers, and anomalies in MWD data to provide insights for
optimizing Drill and Blast procedures. By studying drilling parameters, EDA
helps identify patterns and trends, aids in feature selection and ensures
data quality for subsequent advanced analytics. These insights enhance the
development of predictive models, ultimately improving operational efficiency
and safety. The ability to reveal hidden patterns and guide the modeling of
machine learning algorithms makes EDA indispensable for data analysis.

74     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 3:05 PM

AFTERNOON The Production of Zero Carbon Emission PIG Iron with the
E-Iron Process
KAWATRA SYMPOSIUM: IRON ORE J. Simmons; Headquarters, Carbontec Energy Corporation, Naples, FL
709 Dr. Kawatra and Dr. Tim Eisele, in collaboration with and technically and
financially supported by Carbontec Energy Corporation developed a unique
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 patented process, that uses biomass, ie hard wood or soft wood as the
reductant in the place of coal to convert steel mill waste or low cost mid-grade
Chairs: J . Ripke, McCarl’s Technical Services, Clover, SC iron ore into zero carbon emission low sulfur, pig iron grade iron nuggets.
C. Young, Montana Technological University, Butte, MT Laboratory furnace tests conducted by Dr. Kawatra were followed by a pilot
plant program conducted on a 24/7 basis in an electrically heated tunnel
2:00 PM furnace that successfully used three types of biomass as the reductant to
Introduction convert three types of iron ore concentrates into 96% iron, 3% carbon, pig iron
grade, iron nuggets. Further tests used the process, trade named The E-Iron
Process, to convert three types of steel mill waste into pig iron nuggets. Based
2:05 PM
on the successful test programs, Carbontec Energy formed E-Iron International,
Overview of Iron and Steelmaking LLC who plans to build a 300,000 tonne/year E-Iron plant, that will be designed
V. Claremboux; Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, and furnished by Andritz Metals USA in Burns Harbor that will convert steel mill
Houghton, MI waste into zero carbon emission, low sulfur pig iron nuggets without the use of
The transformation of raw iron ore into high quality steel can take place via several expensive hydrogen at a competitive cost.
processes. A general consistent theme involves the upgrading of the iron ores
via methods such as flotation and magnetic separation, the preparation of an 3:25 PM
agglomerate such as via pelletization or sintering, the smelting of the agglomerate
into a high grade iron product, and the further refining of iron into specific steel Anaerobic Reductive Bioleaching of Iron
alloys. Each of these steps admit potential for optimizations and alternatives, and P. Borkar, N. Sharma, K. Boafo, D. Amponsah-Berko and T. Eisele;
the process overall is critical to meeting the world’s continuing iron demands. Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, MI
Reductive iron leaching from Fe3+ to Fe2+ was studied using metal-re-
2:25 PM
ducing organisms and biomass from Typha latifolia. A series of iron-leaching
Iron Concentrator Design for the Santo Domingo Project experiments were conducted to test the ability of metal-reducing anaerobic
F. Solis, B. Akerstrom and P. Amelunxen; Capstone Copper Corp, organisms to reduce iron from iron ore tailings. This bioleaching process
Vancouver, BC, Canada involves the fermentation of biomass from T. latifolia to generate organic
As it is well known in the industry, one of the main challenges for a greenfield compounds, which, along with metal-reducing organisms, reduce and dissolve
project such as the Santo Domingo project is the obtention of samples for iron. The dissolution rate with time was studied for one year. Iron concentration
metallurgical testing and subsequent plant design. To face this challenge, above 1150 mg/L was achieved at a pH range of 3.95-5.36. Hematite, which
the Santo project has completed drilling on 169,629 meters, covering both has low dissolution rates, was dissolved by organisms in the same way as
Santo Domingo and Iris Norte pits. The material collected has been then goethite. Results from flask experiments were used to build a 19L continuous
used for iron metallurgical testwork programs from laboratory to pilot scale, iron-leaching pilot plant experiment. The electrolytic oxidation method is being
considering composite and variability samples, covering main geological units, used to oxidize and precipitate iron. Preliminary results suggest that around
through Life of mine. Davis Tube Test, small LIMS scale test and pilot 48ʺ 75% pure iron oxide is being produced. Our study indicates that iron leaching
diameter magnetic separation drum was considered as well as hydroseparation from iron ore tailings using metal-reducing organisms is feasible at a large
operation unit. The testwork demonstrated suitability for the Santo Domingo ore scale.
to achieve iron concentrate grade of 65% Fe - suitable for blast furnace, and
67% Fe - suitable for Direct Reduction, and allowed for the iron concentrator 3:45 PM
plant design. Complementary pelletizing downstream testing also reported
promising results for the project. High Grade Iron Ore: A Natural Green Choice?
R. Chaigneau; Sales & Logistics, Baffinland, Amsterdam, Netherlands
The green DRI/EAF process requires a high-grade input, currently aiming
2:45 PM
at 67% high Fe, with associated low silica and alumina gangue. Most iron
Modern Process Design for Iron Ore ores currently mined do not make it over 62% Fe, so most ores would require
M. Rojas; Process Management, Andes Iron, La Serena, La Serena, Chile upgrading through processing (liberation & concentration = beneficiation). If
In magnetic iron mining, the generation of particles called “middlings” iron - possible, at all, this generally comes at excessive energy, material movement,
gangue, is closely linked to the philosophy of process design and is the main waste generation and low yield. Based on a theoretical approach, it i made
cause of low grades in the final magnetite concentrates. Through tests and insightful why certain ores cannot be upgraded, why certain ores cannot be
studies focused on process design, a design was built that allows minimizing upgraded further and why currently only 45 Mt of the +1.5Bt seaborne trade
the generation of middling particles and achieving high metallurgical recovery, ranks into the +67% level.
high grades in the final concentrate and mill dimensions adjusted to low
circulating loads. The work describes the application of key mineral processing
technologies, such as high pressure comminution equipment, size classifi-
cation in high frequency screens, reverse flotation and an intelligent design
architecture, which also allows savings in the consumption of balls, mill liners
and savings in electrical energy consumption. The results on an average
mineral sample from the Dominga project deposit in Chile showed an overall
magnetic iron recovery of 94.9% and a final product quality of 67.3% total Fe
and 4.51% SiO2, suitable for the international market.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     75

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

4:05 PM 2:25 PM
The Clearite Carbon Capture Process Improving Local Resource Estimations Through
J. Simmons; Headquarters, Carbontec Energy Corporation, Naples, FL Collaboration with Underground Mining Geologists
Carbon capture technologies are deemed essential to reduce carbon emissions Optimizing Mine Planning Practices
from power generation, cement and steel making plants. The patented Clearite M. Rodriguez Escamilla, J. Espinosa and L. Snider; Geology, Nevada Gold
Carbon Capture Process invented by Dr. Komar Kowatra, uses non-toxic Mines, Winnemucca, NV
sodium hydroxide as the capture agent and a bi-polar, dual membrane electro- The Mining Value Chain requires careful collaboration between all mining
dialysis system for regeneration. A Clearite pilot plant installed at Michigan geology streams to maximize value creation through optimal mining plans.
Techs’ Energy Center reduced the plant’s carbon emissions by 97% with a While daily ore control practices are focused on million-dollar ore versus waste
single scrubber. The Clearite process requires 60-70% less thermal energy routing decisions, it is locked in to optimizing mine plans to a fully characterized
for regeneration than the amine process. This is important in as much that orebody geometry. To achieve this requires a deep sense of ownership across
regeneration accounts for approximately 70% of the total cost of carbon all streams and requires careful collaboration. This paper presents a case study
capture. Dr. Sriram Valluri estimated the total cost of carbon capture with the from the Turquoise Ridge mine in Nevada showcasing the value of collabo-
Clearite Process at $38/ton, considerably less than the DOE target of $100/ton. ration between detailed geological mapping and resource geologists with local
Carbontec Energy Corporation, who was granted exclusive world wide license refinements to geological interpretations and estimation domains, increasing
rights by Michigan Tech, plans to move forward with a larger demonstration the local accuracy of the block model that subsequently supports local mine
plant, the final step before commercialization. Carbontec plans to provide design optimization within the one-to-two-year plans.
Clearite Process licenses to the power generation, cement, oil and gas and
steel industries.
2:45 PM
Why Do We Let Reconciliation Affect Grade Control Value
Recovered? Multi-Blast Grade Control Optimization
W. Hunt, B. Hall and L. Julian; Orica, Corinda, QLD, Australia
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 The edges of blasts are a challenging zone for grade control. It is nearly
AFTERNOON impossible to remove all previously blasted rock around the edges of a planned
blast before the rock is blasted. Sometimes rock is intentionally left in front of
MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES: a planned blast to prevent the free face from scattering across the pit. This
INTERDISCIPLINARY ORE CONTROL: CASE STUDIES blending requires reclassification, however this is presently difficult due to the
constraints of existing grade control methods and reconciliation requirements.
ON VALUE ADDED THROUGH TEAMWORK Presented in this paper is an innovative approach to grade control optimization
507 and reconciliation using a predictive model and a digital twin. This approach is
demonstrated on a series of recent blasts from a North American Gold mine.
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 The quantity of rock that should have been reclassified when the blasts mixed
and the financial implications of multi-blast grade control optimization in these
Chairs: J. Baar, Albemarle Kings Mountain Mine, Gastonia, NC blasts are presented and discussed. A suggested reconciliation methodology is
A. Ebbers, Maptek then presented to meet the complex planning and tracking needs of production
geology departments.
2:00 PM
Introduction
3:05 PM
2:05 PM Automating the ‘Impossible’ – A Case Study of Leveraging
Drawpoint Closure Criteria for Decision-Making Process in Interdepartmental Teamwork in a Complex Manual
Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ) Mine, PT. Freeport Indonesia Workflow to Evolve a Push-button Scripted Improvement
R. Howell; Tech Services, Maptek, Kodiak, AK
R. Kayadoe¹, H. Fikri¹, R. Prasetyo³ and D. Haflil²; ¹UG Cave Management,
PT. Freeport Indonesia, Tembagapura, Papua, Indonesia; ²UG Geology, PT. Complex multi-departmental Production workflows can, paradoxically, be ideal
Freeport Indoensia, Tembagapura, Papua, Indonesia and ³UG Engineering, for automation. In this case study, I describe software-agnostic methods and
PT. Freeport Indonesia, Tembagapura, Indonesia approaches I utilized to consolidate a convoluted & manual interdepartmental
Grade Control block model update process into a standardized, meticulously
PT. Freeport Indonesia is currently mining the fourth and deepest phase (1,500
validated, automated one. Upon implementation, the complete process, from
m) of the East Ertsberg Skarn System (EESS) giant skarn and porphyry deposit,
receiving new assay data to having an estimated Grade Control block model
Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ) mine, through the panel caving method. The
in hand, takes either fewer than 3 hours with a full machine learning domain
DMLZ mine is formed at the northern contact of large diorite intrusion and the
run, or under 30 minutes without a domain run – notably, requiring no further
southern synclinal flank of a deformed carbonate-rich sedimentary sequence.
manual input after a few button presses, transformatively improving operational
After the first undercutting initiation in 2015, the DMLZ mine ramped up to an
efficiency.
80,000 tons per day production rate in 2021 from 334 active drawpoints. As
the copper equivalent value in some drawpoints is approaching cut-off grade
(COG), a protocol must be set to evaluate and to determine when the drawpoints 3:25 PM
need to be closed. This paper describes the evaluation practices of determining
the closure criteria based on economic aspects, such as grade performance We Got the Tonnes, Do We Know Where the Ounces Are?
and mining recovery, and to accommodate various technical considerations, I. Kadel-Harder; Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV
ranging from the geological aspect (dilution and waste rock type) and cave Stockpile generation is a part of mining. Stockpiles often exist as a solitary line
management aspect (sequence of closure to avoid isolated draw). This paper on a spread sheet of tonnes, contained ounces, and constituents. When the
also describes the decision-making process and the post-monitoring activity as time comes for them to be utilized, do we know where the ounces are located
the evaluation process for the drawpoint closure. if we do not have the ability to run an entire stockpile? Mining companies

76     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

collect copious amounts of data. Optimization is about linking your data 2:25 PM
systems together to be able to solve the needs of the business. Let’s discuss Breaking Down the Deposit: How Leeville’s Large Scale
the interlinking of those data streams to better manage our stockpiles and the
people it takes to build a solution.
Grade Control Models Reconcile Assays, Geochemistry and
Ore Control Mapping for High Accuracy Modeling
A. Schreiner; Geology, Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV
3:45 PM
Grade control models at Nevada Gold Mine’s Leeville deposit seek to model
Reconciliation in Open Pit Mines: Issues Explained and more concise ore controls with higher accuracy modeling of mineralization
Solutions Recommended than previous iterations. These models break down the deposit into large-scale
A. Ebrahimi; Mining, SRK Consulting, Vancouver, BC, Canada models which are continually adjusted based on the latest drilling, and include
geologic mapping of ore controlling structures unlike to deposit-wide models.
In open pit mines there is often a substantial difference between what is finally This increase in available data requires increased scrutiny when reconciling
produced compared to what was originally planned. This difference is real and assays, geochemistry and geologic mapping to create models with a high
expected because our knowledge about the orebody is not complete until it is degree of accuracy for lithology, structure, and ore boundaries. Leeville’s Grade
fully mined. The quality of reconciliation reports depends on the quality (and Control models have created a template for how to manage this data.
quantity) of measurements we take throughout the value chain. A good practice
is to build numerous measurement points throughout the line of production
so that the information can be tracked with confidence. Many numbers used 2:45 PM
in reconciliation reporting are estimates that come with an associated margin
of error. It is important to minimize that margin of error through multiple
LSAM: A Holistic Approach to Re-interpreting and
measurements. Remember the only real number is the money in our bank Re-modeling the Leeville Complex
account. While there are some general publications about reconciliation C. Pollard; Mineral Resource Management, Barrick Gold Corporation, Elko, NV
guidelines, there is no generic guideline for the mining industry. In the author’s In 2022 through 2024, an “LSAM” approach was used to re-interpret and
opinion, every mine must develop its own site-specific guideline that addresses re-model the entirety of the Leeville underground complex in the Carlin mining
the complexity of its orebody and the measurement capabilities installed on district, Nevada. Through updated modeling workflows utilizing redox sensitive
the site. And remember the reconciliation reporting in a mine is a process that geochemical ratios and whole rock geochemistry of igneous intrusions,
needs time to mature. lithological surfaces and structures were refined on a mine wide scale. The
re-interpreted model directly impacted the development of geologically based
domains for newly implemented implicit grade shell modeling and dynamic
anisotropy. The product improved ore body understanding, targeting efficiency
in near mine resource definition, and consistency in implicit grade modeling for
resource estimation.
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
AFTERNOON
3:05 PM
MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES: PRACTICAL Retrospective Amalysis of the #5 Shaft at Solay's Trona Mine
GEOLOGIC MODELING CASE STUDIES OF COMPLEX W. Pariseau; Mining Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
OREBODIES This contribution describes an analysis of safety and stability of the #5 ventilation
601 shaft at Solvay Chemical’s trona mine in southwestern Wyoming. Analysis is by
the popular finite element method. Geology is characterized by flat strata in the
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 Fort Union formation where numerous trona beds of varying thickness occur.
Five joint sets are identified by mapping and are used to compute equivalent
Chairs: A. Gauer, Maptek elastic moduli and strengths for greater realism in the analysis. Pre-shaft stress
K. Alvarez, I-80 Gold, Winnemucca, NV is attributed to strata weight alone. The shaft was excavated as a raisebore
pull using a custom-made cutter head that allowed for a 28 ft diameter shaft.
2:00 PM Results indicate a safe, stable excavation that, in fact, was the case.
Introduction
3:25 PM
2:05 PM Practical Geologic Modeling Case Studies of Complex
A Copper Deposit within Carlin-Type Gold Orebodies - Interactive Panel Discussion
A. Yubeta; APEGS, Regina, SK, Canada M. Moore-Roth; Maptek, Golden, CO
Within Carlin-type gold deposits there are indicators of syn-deposition of An interactive panel discussion exploring the practical geologic modeling case
copper in concentrated amounts that surround the gold bearing ore-body. studies of Complex Orebodies technical session.
The deposition of copper in this system is derived from Fe2+ (reduced)
that has undergone different oxidation states associated with hydrothermal
altered chlorite, formerly biotite. In the area of study, the occurrence of copper
with chlorite increases in concentration with proximity to gold mineralization
within the deposit, this is known as the “green rock halo”. Green minerals
such as chlorite, actinolite, and epidote are sensitive to temperature variation
and often form outside of the super-heated hydrothermal zone within cooler
temperature gradients. Drill results have proven high concentrations of copper
in the southwest section of the mine with varying amounts of these green
minerals that can be indicative of a copper deposit of economic value even
within Carlin-Type Gold.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     77

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Improving Surface Pit Mine Efficiency through Shovel-
Based Payload Monitoring for Optimal Haul and Load
MINING & EXPLORATION: INNOVATION & Energy Management
TECHNOLOGY: LEVERAGING MACHINE LEARNING, AI, A. Torabi² and C. Sanchez¹; ¹Marketing, Weir Motion Metrics, Langley,
AND DATA ANALYTICS IN MINING PROJECTS BC, Canada and ²Core Products, Weir Motion Metrics, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
506
This study introduces a shovel-based payload monitoring solution to optimize
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 load and haul energy in surface pit mines. The system ensures shovel operators
meet truck compliance for target payloads, preventing overloading and
Chair: E. Talebi Esfandarani, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT underloading, which affect maintenance, productivity, and safety. Integrating
advanced monitoring technology, the solution provides real-time bucket
2:00 PM payload assessments, facilitating optimal truck fills. This results in consistent
Introduction load distributions, extending truck lifespan, reducing fuel consumption, and
lowering operational costs. Implemented in a South American mine, the system
showed reduced specific load and haul energy through improved efficiency and
2:05 PM fewer truck passes, offering valuable insights for mining optimization.
Practical Applications of Large Language Models in Mining
B. Gyngell¹ and P. Culvenor²; ¹Hevi, Bondi Beach, NSW, Australia and 3:05 PM
²Access Mining, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Concept of a Digital Twin for an Underground Laboratory at
Large language models (LLMs) have generated a lot of hype since ChatGPT
was released in early 2023. In essence, they allow people to interact with
the Reiche Zeche Mine Utilizing Artificial Intelligence
computer systems through natural language and have the ability to generate E. Farys¹, J. Thomas2, M. Martin², T. Ulrich³, M. Kolling³, T. Sen4
highly complex text, images and videos. It is clear that this technology has and H. Mischo¹; ¹Institute of Mining and Special Civil Engineering, TU
significant potential, however most mining companies have not yet found Bergakademie Freiberg, Dresden, Germany; ²Institute of Geo-Engineering,
practical applications for it within their operations. In this paper, we present TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; ³Institute of Disposal Research,
a range of such applications along with the tactical considerations associated TU Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany and 4Institut of Mining, TU
with developing and implementing them. We have identified use cases across Clausthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
a variety of operational and functional areas within the mining industry and This paper outlines the MOVIE project, which is dedicated to the development
evaluated them based on their potential business value and ease of implemen- of a digital twin for an underground laboratory at a research mine in Freiberg
tation. We share a discussion of the potential path forward for LLMs in Mining (Germany). Data from induced rock deformations and temperature fluctuations
analysing the potential differences between early adopters and laggards in the is collected using fiber optic sensors. By integrating models from geology,
artificial intelligence space. This research draws on interviews and surveys geomechanics, and ventilation into a sophisticated hybrid model utilizing
with Artificial Intelligence experts as well as Mining subject matter experts to artificial intelligence, the project aims to establish a virtual laboratory for
connect cutting edge thought leadership with the specific problems faced by real-time analysis of these interactions. The insights gained will enhance safety
our industry. and efficiency in mining through improved digital planning options, ultimately
contributing to more effective resource management and operational decision-
making in different mining environments.
2:25 PM
Practical Applications of Element-to-Mineral Conversion
Algorithm in Mining Operations 3:25 PM
M. Nicco¹, M. Herbelin¹, P. Boszczuk² and C. Bessin²; ¹Geometallurgy, Eramet, Advanced Techniques for Processing Georeferenced Map
Trappes, France and ²Digital Mining and Metallurgy, Eramet, Trappes, France Data in Underground Gold Mining
Geometallurgy integrates geological, mineralogical, metallurgical, and E. Cáceres, C. Mejias and E. Godoy; Hibring, Concepcion, Biobio, Chile
engineering data to optimize ore behavior throughout the mining value Gold mining is a cornerstone of the global mining industry, with underground
chain. Understanding the composition and distribution of minerals within a operations representing a significant portion of gold extraction activities.
deposit is crucial for optimizing mine planning strategies. Elemental analysis, Geological mapping in these environments generate extensive volumes of data
using methods like XRF or ICP-MS, is routine. However, measuring mineral in diverse formats, requiring considerable standardization efforts. To address
proportions is challenging, as technologies like XRD are qualitative or quanti- this, we developed GEOREC, an innovative geological-geotechnical software
tative SEM-based automated mineralogy requires heavy preparation and high to optimize the transcription of large volumes of data using georeferenced
OPEX. Since chemical elements build minerals, it is possible to derive mineral information from digitized underground mine drawings, offering a robust
proportions from elemental analysis using an element-to-mineral conversion alternative to AI techniques. Developed by a multidisciplinary team focusing
algorithm based a robust database of chemistry and mineralogy of the deposit. on algorithmic efficiency, reliability, and robustness, GEOREC has been
This study, using the example of a heavy mineral sands deposit, presents successfully tested in four Chilean underground mines, showing significant
the development of a reliable element-to-mineral conversion algorithm and time savings and reduced human-induced errors. It allows process automation,
compares gradient descent-based solvers with machine learning approaches. extracting hundreds of data points in seconds and including comprehensive
Practical applications in mine reserve estimation, planning, and mineral visualization and reporting tools. Its adaptability and user-friendly interface
processing optimization are also discussed. allow seamless online analysis and processing of data, digitizing historical
drawings, making data available for integration with other software systems
and enhancing efficiency in the underground gold mining sector

78     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Transforming Mining: Harnessing AI/ML for Operational AFTERNOON
Efficiency and Decision Making
P. Rogers¹, E. Koc², E. Anderson² and A. Moharana³; ¹Mining Engineering, MINING & EXPLORATION: INNOVATION &
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; ²[Link], Tucson, AZ and ³WSP, TECHNOLOGY: REMOTE SENSING IN UNDERGROUND
Tucson, AZ MINING ENVIRONMENTS
The future of AI/ML models has been revolutionized by the application of 503
large language models (LLMs) such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT. In the mining
industry, where data systems vary dramatically—from structured databases
to unstructured and spatial data—scalable, contextual data analysis has been
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
challenging. Airth’s Co-Pilot leverages LLM and Large Action Model (LAM) Chairs: I. Casasbuenas Cabezas, 04231622, Medellin, Colombia
functionalities to transform mining analytics. By ingesting diverse data systems J. Monsalve, Freeport McMoRan, Blacksburg, VA
and applying AI-driven dynamic ontology, it enables contextualized, prompt-
driven querying and robust data pipelines. This ontology-based approach 2:00 PM
grounds LLMs, reduces hallucinations, and provides auditable results. Its Introduction
use cases range from classroom education to practical mining operations,
showcasing its versatility and impact.
2:05 PM

4:05 PM
Modeling a Porphyry System and a Silver Vein System
Underlying Surficial Gold Shows in the Great Basin Using
Robust Mineral Characterization Using a Physics-Informed
Enzyme Leach® Trace Element Patterns in Soils
Multi-Sensor Machine Learning Approach
J. Clark; owner, Skyline Assayers & Laboratories, Arvada, CO
J. Pigeon¹, F. Khomh¹, A. Ashraf³ and P. Maghoul²; ¹Department of
Computer Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; In an area of Au shows at the surface, selective extraction of volatile
²Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique forms of trace elements in a large soil grid revealed patterns indicating
Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada and ³Department of Electrical and a porphyry system deep in the subsurface that appears to include a
Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada large, mineralized dike. Copper patterns appear to show a hydrothermal
plumbing system extending above the dike, which feeds into an
Recent advances in machine learning algorithms and computing hardware create apparent Ag vein system. Silver veins are indicated mostly within a
opportunities for processing big data in ways that were not previously possible. 3 Km by 1 Km area, where Ag contrast is 20 times background.
However, often described as a black-box problem, traditional deep learning
methods can lack robustness and cause undesirable behaviors when working
with imbalanced datasets. Here, we aim to create a framework for a more 2:25 PM
robust and accurate characterization of minerals by applying physics-based Underground Mine Mapping Using Stereo-Event Cameras
constraints on our model. Our approach focuses on the integration of multiple
sensors, such as Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for elemental And Deep Learning
information and Raman spectroscopy for vibrational information, utilizing A. Petruska; Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
a machine learning fusion framework based on a geometric deep learning This study investigates the implementation of a machine learning-based system
architecture for automated prospecting of critical minerals. By incorporating for generating 3D maps of mine roofs using event-based cameras. Point
restrictions on the representation based on the fundamental physical principles cloud registration is performed on depth maps created using a stereo pair
of mineralogy, we increase both the accuracy and robustness of the character- of event cameras. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) methods
ization. This approach not only enhances the precision of mineral characteri- are commonly used to localize and build maps. A subset of these methods
zation but also streamlines the prospecting process, ultimately leading to more uses visual data like from cameras to solve for the rigid-body transform
efficient mineral prospecting. between temporally separated point clouds and then subsequently build the
map. However, these classes of algorithms are sensitive to noise in image
data. The pipeline proposed uses a deep learning approach with event-based
4:25 PM
images to generate real-time point clouds. Event cameras were selected due
Optimization of Loading and Hauling Operations to their efficacy in high-dynamic-range lighting conditions and minimal latency,
in Open-Pit Mining through Data Analysis, Machine essential for dusty, single-source lighting conditions in mining environments.
Learning and Artificial Intelligence. The integration of these technologies aims to provide dense maps of mines
using methods that are resilient to severe optical conditions and computa-
M. Portal Valdivia, F. Segobia Campos, L. Goicochea Sánchez and F. YSLA tionally less expensive than handheld lidar scanners.
QUIROZ; Mining engineering, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration,
Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
This study proposes a data-driven approach to optimize loading and hauling
operations in open-pit mining. Machine Learning algorithms will be applied
to analyze telematics data from trucks and shovels, including cycle times,
distances traveled, payloads, and environmental variables. Predictive models
will be developed to identify bottlenecks, optimize equipment allocation,
minimize waiting times, and maximize productivity. The implementation of
this approach will reduce operating costs, improve efficiency, and increase
production in open-pit mines.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     79

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM 3:45 PM
Drones in Underground Mining Visualizing Rock Mass Displacement and Strain Data for
W. Peterson; Flyability, Paudex, Vaud, Switzerland Interpretation of TARP Levels as a Safety Measure: A Case
Emerging technologies have played a critical role in underground mining for Study at the San Xavier (SX)
decades. Remote sensing technologies include seismic monitoring systems, gas N. Akbulut, A. Anani and S. Adewuyi; Mining and Geological Engineering,
detection, extensometers, LiDAR scanners, amongst a handful of other useful The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
tools that allow geotechnical and mining engineers to make the best decisions The assessment and communication of geomechanical risks can be a daunting
about managing their mines. Today, drones designed for underground locations task due to the volume and velocity of data acquired. The multidimensional
give centimeter-accurate survey data to mining engineers in areas that were (space and frequency) nature of geotechnical data escalates such challenges.
once deemed inaccessible. Mining is inherently risky, putting people into We propose a simple yet compelling visualization of displacement and strain
areas near uncontrolled ground is often unavoidable. Why needlessly expose data in 3D as a Trigger Action and Response Plan (TARP) to communicate
miners to any unnecessary risk? Collision tolerant drones allow managers to geomechanical risks in near-real-time. We present a scientific visualization
eliminate inherent risk, while gathering imperative information through: visual method by rendering geomechanical data over the surface of a 3D mesh to
inspection, condition monitoring, sectional mapping, volume calculation, blast display TARP levels. The San Xavier Underground Mine Laboratory is used as a
performance, change detection, convergence, stabilization analysis, ultrasonic case study to validate the proposed approach.
thickness measurement, and bolt inspection, amongst others.

3:05 PM
Advances in the Remote Mapping of Block Cave
Excavations using a Layered Systems Approach at the TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
Henderson Mine AFTERNOON
S. Ferguson; Cave Engineering, Freeport McMoRan, Empire, CO
Henderson mine has engaged in concerted efforts to better understand the MINING & EXPLORATION: MANAGEMENT: MINE
impacts of drilling quality on cave development blasting. Additionally, this data DATA MANAGEMENT: COLLECTING AND APPLYING IT
aids in optimizing cave management during initiation and production. Henderson 504
has implemented a multi systems approach to remotely map and monitor cave
development. Utilizing a UAS with high-definition video and a LIDAR payload, 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
coupled with production drill data, Henderson Mine has enacted a step-change
improvement in remote excavation mapping, leading to improved accuracy of Chair: A. Rasti, Geomechanical Engineering, Morenci, AZ
planned versus actual cave geometry and refinements to blast design. The UAS
and its payload allow for remote structural mapping, revealing hidden features 2:00 PM
with potentially significant influence on cave development. These efforts, Introduction
coupled with existing geomechanical monitoring technologies (micro-seismic,
TDR, smart markers) provides unprecedented insight into cave morphology,
behaviour, and rock mass modelling. 2:05 PM
Data Collection and Testing programs for the Santa Cruz
3:25 PM Pre-Feasibility Study
Autonomous robotic inspection system for underground C. Shaw; Ivanhoe Electric, Herriman, UT
mines using unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) The Santa Cruz Project in Casa Grande, Arizona is an upcoming underground
copper proposal which required extensive rapid data collection and test
K. Joao², A. Tejada Peralta², V. Androulakis¹, H. Khaniani¹,
programs to inform the Pre-Feasibility Study. The rapid collection and coordi-
M. Hassanalian¹, S. Shao¹ and P. Roghanchi²; ¹Mineral Engineering, New
nation of efforts at Santa Cruz have allowed the project to advance at a fast
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM and ²Mining
pace with enough data to accurately inform the ongoing engineering studies
Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
include efforts to inform Resource Geology, Mine Planning, Metallurgy and
This study develops a robotic system for inspecting underground mines. Using Geometallurgy, Geotechnical parameters and Hydrogeology.
the Rosbot Plus from Roboworks, the robot navigates autonomously via the
Robot Operating System (ROS). It operates in confined, hard-to-reach areas,
providing high-resolution visual and thermal imaging for detailed inspections. 2:25 PM
After designing the platform, pilot testing ensures safe and effective inspection What is the Secret to Preparing Your Data for AI success?
capabilities. The system captures images and point clouds, digitally processing
them to identify fractures, faults, and geological changes within the mine. C. Cathemer² and S. Hunter¹; ¹Product Development, Eclipse Mining
This platform allows comprehensive monitoring of mine conditions, ensuring Technologies, LLC, Tucson, AZ and ²Product Management, Eclipse Mining
thorough coverage and reducing human presence in hazardous areas. Technologies, LLC, Tucson, AZ
High-quality, well-prepared data is essential for successful AI implementation.
The four pillars of data preparation ensure data is organized, understood, and
actionable, enabling organizations to leverage it for strategic decision-making.
While a data lake can store vast amounts of raw data, a structured data layer
is necessary for organization and usability. Domain ontologies and knowledge
graphs play a crucial role by defining concepts and relationships and providing
structured background knowledge. Without knowledge graphs, important insights
will be overlooked. An advanced knowledge system integrates these pillars to
convert raw data into meaningful insights, making them accessible and applicable
through custom applications that are meaningful to your organization.

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 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Gain Practical Knowledge of How to Design, Implement, AFTERNOON
and Sustain a Management Operating System (MOS,
Operations / Maintenance) MINING & EXPLORATION: OPERATIONS:
D. Truchot; Hanzehogeschool Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands DECARBONIZATION: BATTERY ELECTRIC
Management Operating Systems (or MOS) are not well understood, and this TECHNOLOGY AND CURRENT RENEWABLE ENERGY
course aims to share our expertise and some of the key tools and supervisor PROJECTS
training to start identifying gaps and missing links that slow your organization’ 505
successes and launch sustainable corrective action plans. We will review with
you best practices that are in use in the pits or in maintenance and share some of
this insider knowledge so you can start optimizing your operations with frontline
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
supervisors. Key elements we will review: Leader Standard Work, Short Interval Chairs: A. Ashok Parmar, Freeport McMoran inc, Tucson, AZ
Controls, Daily Weekly Operating Reports, Skills Matrices, Variance Reports, M. Gobitz, Stantec, Golden, CO
Action Logs, RCCA tools & processes, and 10 Active Management Behaviors.
We will provide you with a critical approach and a proven suite of tools that are 2:00 PM
used underground, in daily production meetings, at dispatch, or in maintenance Introduction
workshops, day in / day out. We will also share with you some of the pitfalls and
strategies to ensure your changes are sustainable.
2:05 PM

3:05 PM
The Challenges, Best Practices, and Pitfalls of Delivering
Renewable Projects as the Mining Industry Transitions to a
Use of Machine Learning (ML) Technologies to Improve
Decarbonized World
Risk Management in Mining
D. Kenny and D. McLane; Burns & McDonnell, Westminster, CO
A. Neuwirt, A. Suvorov and W. Conrad; Mining, Canary Systems, New
London, NH The Mining Industry is currently navigating a significant transformation driven
by global decarbonization, critical mineral dependency, electrification, and
Interest in machine learning technologies has accelerated dramatically in the net-zero targets. Additionally, a growing corporate focus on environmental,
last few years with the wide-spread adoption of generative AI technologies social and governance (ESG) is guiding the industry to a cleaner and brighter
such as ChatGPT. While these technologies are focused on large language future. This presentation will review the challenges, best practices, and pitfalls
models (LLMs) and related applications such as research, copywriting and for delivering mine site renewable projects to support the energy transition
support chatbots, related machine learning technologies around numerical and ultimately meet corporate and global targets. Renewable power areas
data processing are also becoming popular. These technologies promise to showcased will include solar generation, battery energy storage systems (BESS),
eliminate the tedium of analyzing large quantities of mostly static data that is and connecting microgrid technology. Along with content around renewable
associated with geotechnical/geomechanical data collection and allow focus technology selection the presentation will also outline critical aspects of project
on the dynamic portions of data that are suggestive of developing or present execution for mining companies that understand decarbonization is coming
risks to the operation and safety of mining operations. This paper will present but have limited familiarity with implementing non-core business renewable
an overview of these technologies along with several examples of how they can projects on a mine site.
be used within a comprehensive data management platform, primarily through
the integration of a Python runtime environment and task management system.
This supports the simple integration with any of the several hundred thousand 2:25 PM
Python math modules available to the public, many of which support machine Understanding the Total Cost of Ownership of Haul Fleet
learning applications.
Technology Selection and Suitability Across Different
Mining Operations
3:25 PM J. Davdson; Consulting, Worley, Mosman Park, WA, Australia
Mine Control Maturity Assessment: Establishing Conventional haul tucks and diesel engines remain a significant source of
the Guidelines for Underground Operations to Become emissions in the mining industry. However alternative technologies and fuel
Data-Driven sources are increasing in prominence with electric, hydrogen and alternative
M. Antunano; Mining Operational Support Network, Newmont, Denver, CO fuelled trucks on the rise. This study investigates the economic feasibility of
the latest alternative truck technologies, including traditional diesel, electric,
The common concept associated with Mine Control in Underground Operations and hybrid models in conjunction with performance requirements across
concerns data collection and report generation without considering its capacity various mining environments. A comprehensive Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis is
and potential to enhance the operation’s sustainability and role as a stepping presented incorporating initial purchase costs, fuel consumption, maintenance
stone to becoming data-driven. The Mine Control Maturity Assessment is a schedules, repair costs, downtime, and residual value. Sensitivity analysis
comprehensive methodology based on a holistic approach that evaluates the across two contrasting mining operations reveal the significant influence of fuel
interaction between four different but complementary elements: Technology, price fluctuations, technological advancements, and regulatory changes on the
Data, People, and Business Objectives. It provides a thorough understanding cost-effectiveness and suitability of each truck type. This comprehensive study
of how far an operation is in becoming data-driven through quantifiable provides crucial insights for mining companies to make informed decisions on
criteria that support correct resource allocation and continuous improvement. truck procurement and decarbonisation pathway.
This methodology was developed by Newmont’s Mining Operational Support
Network team and deployed on all underground sites as part of the company’s
operational excellence vision.

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 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:45 PM 3:45 PM
Mine Site of the Future: Linking the Electric Mine of the 995 Volt Feeders: The Future for Underground Mines?
Future Simulation to Reality D. McLane; Mining, Burns & McDonnell, Phoenix, AZ
T. Litkenhus; Caterpillar Inc., Tucson, AZ The operating voltage of electrical systems plays a crucial role in determining
As the mining industry continues to tackle the challenges associated with the effective operational range of equipment from a Mine Load Center (MLC).
decarbonization, the pace of learning and problem solving is an increasingly Traditionally, 480V has been the standard for mobile and auxiliary equipment
important aspect of defining what the mine site of the future looks like. While it in U.S. hardrock underground mines. However, 995V is emerging as a viable
is clear the problem to solve is so much more than electrification of a haulage alternative. This presentation will explore the differences between 480V and
fleet, the integrated nature of the ecosystem to manage the flow of energy to 995V systems, provide a cost comparison, and examine the advantages and
the right place at the right time represents a tremendous change management disadvantages experienced by underground operations using each voltage.
problem. What starts with a simulation model with numerous input factors Additionally, the presentation will discuss how the rise of battery electric
to characterize the system leads to a need for robust decision-making and equipment and mechanical miners might impact this decision.
feedback loops to keep the operation at the top of its game. As part of the
learning process, the ability to effectively link the simulation with reality is a
4:05 PM
critical capability in the journey from functionality to optimization. This presen-
tation will review some key considerations when planning for a future electrified Hydrogen Peroxide Emulsion (HPE) Explosive for Nitrate
mine site. and Ammonia Free Mine Blasting
D. Scovira¹ and T. Gustavsson²; ¹BME Global Manager of Blasting Science
3:05 PM and Engineering, Harwich, MA and ²CEO Hypex Bio, Farsta, None, Sweden
Considerations of Mine Fleet Electrifications and Exiting WW2, the potential of nitrates and hydrogen peroxide for application
as a industrial explosives both became known. The technology stream
MicroGrids advanced the development and uptake of nitrate based explosives to
D. Richards; Mining, Burns & McDonnell, Phoenix, AZ the point that they are the current global standard for blasting. Recently
The presentation will discuss the considerations and constraints at play when environmental issues are influencing the strategic agendas of extractive
considering a change to battery electric equipment for a mining site. Our team industries. The mid-2010s saw renewed interest in hydrogen peroxide
recently completed the detailed designs and is supporting construction efforts explosives to eliminate NOx fume. Carbon reduction initiatives in the
to enable a site to trail and demonstrate various battery electric equipment. 2020s provided additional impetus to investigate hydrogen peroxide based
This required the development of an advanded electrical model to simimulate explosives. Hypex Bio is at the forefront of developing and delivering bulk
various microgrid configuratons to connect various conventional and renewable gas sensitized Hydrogen Peroxide Emulsion (HPE) for blasting. HPE consists
power generation sources to handle the variable charging demands. Feasibility of hydrogen peroxide along with smaller amounts of fuel and emulsifier.
designs was completed to asses potential for a hydrogen generation and power The consistency of HPE is similar to industry-standard nitrate-based emulsions.
center followed by detailed designs for the infrastructure upgrades. As the OEM It is compatible with existing priming and initiation systems. HPE does not
develope new equipment and associated charging equipment a design must contain nitrates and thereby does not produce post blast nitrous oxide (NOx)
adjust and provide flexibility for the unknown. fumes nor discharge of nitrates or ammonia to mine water. Importantly,
HPE contributes to a reduction in total carbon emissions as compared to
nitrate-based explosives.
3:25 PM
Adaptive Microgrid Control Strategies for Mining 4:25 PM
Operations
Technical-economic Analysis of Replacing a Fleet of Diesel
P. Curtiss, J. Onsager and D. Zabel; S&C Electric, Franklin, WI
Trucks with Electric Trucks in a Cement Quarry in Peru
The electrification of the mining industry’s loading and haulage equipment
G. Vega and F. Arias; Arequipa, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú,
presents new and complex challenges for supporting critical loads and
Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
integration of renewable sources. The load profiles at mine sites typically
experience dramatic step changes and can be impacted by the addition or In open-pit mining, transport in mining trucks is essential, as they travel long
removal of key pieces of equipment. New developments in microgrid controllers distances several times a day. The cost of this operation has a significant impact
simplify the process of accommodating changes in connected equipment, on operating costs due to high prices and the enormous fuel consumption of diesel
including large loads, batteries, as well as renewable and conventional trucks. On the other hand, the use of renewable energy in mining equipment
generation sources. Modern controls can also help achieve the goal of reducing is imperative. In this study, the replacement of diesel haulage equipment with
carbon emissions by emphasizing the use of renewables. This presentation electric equipment was diagnosed using the Choosing by Advanced (CBA) method.
describes a method used by one controller that automatically implements The application of CBA allows to analyze and make decisions between
control algorithms based on observed equipment, thereby easing the commis- continuing with diesel trucks or replacing them with electric trucks, considering
sioning time, reducing maintenance costs and allowing for efficient operation of operating costs, productivity and criteria such as technical feasibility and
the 24/7 electric mine site. economic viability. The technical-productive evaluation showed that electric
trucks have better performance (148% more torque) and offer 10% more
production compared to diesel trucks. Furthermore, from an economic point of
view, electric trucks provide 80% savings in energy consumption and reduce
operating costs by $292/hour, optimizing 34.78%. This research shows that
electric trucks are viable and more profitable in the long term than diesel trucks.

82     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Application and Verification of an Automated Calculation
Tool for Planning and Cost Estimation of Underground
MINING & EXPLORATION: OPERATIONS: MINE Mines
PLANNING & OPTIMIZATION II (UNDERGROUND F. Günther and H. Mischo; Chair for Underground Mining Methods, TU
FOCUSED) Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Sachsen, Germany
502 A tool has been developed that enables automated calculation of underground
mines and allows for the comparison of the effects of changing individual
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 parameters. The calculation of costs for an underground mine, as well as the
planning of the equipment and materials to be used, is a complex and time-con-
Chairs: S. Lolon, Freeport-McMoRan Inc, Phoenix, AZ suming process. The estimation depends on a multitude of parameters, and all
G. Anderson, Freeport-McMoRan, Inc., Chandler, AZ mining processes are interconnected. Previously, changing individual planning
parameters often necessitated a complete recalculation of the mine. The newly
2:00 PM developed calculation tool provides an innovative planning aid that allows
Introduction for more efficient and accurate mine planning and cost estimation. The tool
enables the user to implement continuously up-to-data costs and prices. This
allows for more accurate planning data and results. The underlying concept of
2:05 PM the calculation tool, its implementation at a planned quartz porphyry mine in
Case Study: Successfully De-Coupling a Mine – Constrained Germany, and the verification of the tool at an existing underground mine will
Underground Gold Operation in Central Alaska be presented.
D. Ball; Technical Services, Northern Star Resources Limited, Perth, WA,
Australia 3:05 PM
‘Mine-constrained’ operations can become beholden to short-term decision Less Common Aspects for Mine Electrical Distribution.
making that ‘fills the mill’ to the detriment of the mine schedule and medium-term
What You Beed to Know
production profile. Sustaining mill throughput doesn’t necessarily equate to asset
optimization and an operation’s value may be compromised as decision making J. Fisher; Mining, Stantec, Chandler, AZ
horizons are compressed. The Pogo mine is located in Alaska, 100 miles from A mine electrical distribution system is expected to be design “Right, Redundant,
the Arctic Circle with winter conditions and a number of operational constraints and Resilient”. This presents a unique set of design challenges. As mines move
historically resulting in poor harmonization between mining and milling rates. away from diesel to electrohydraulic and batteries, electrical loads increase
A mining method change coupled with considerable uplift in the mill rate at the extents of the mine. Environmental drivers are also becoming more
presented a mismatch between the mining and milling capacities that required important. Electrical harmonics, electrical efficiency, and air quality permits
correction to meet the company’s strategic goals. Through a systematic approach affect electrical supplies, and these topics are becoming more important to
to problem solving which focused on the fundamental constraints to production understand. This paper reviews some of these less common aspects and how
continuity, a strategy was developed to re-balance the operation and maximize they affect planning and operations.
asset value. Significant investments in technology, infrastructure, mobile
equipment and human resources coupled with mine planning and operational
process improvements have allowed Pogo to optimize the mine to mill throughput 3:25 PM
balance with record breaking results. Dynamic Cutoff Grade Strategy for Large Underground
Deposits
2:25 PM B. Syers; South32, Tucson, AZ
Application of a New Underground Mining Method in Perú: Optimizing project value and reserves in mine planning is crucial for large
UDF (Underhand Drift and Fill) – Tambomayo Mine Case underground deposits. Traditional methods like fixed cutoff grades and the Hill
of Value method do not account for the time value of money. Our presentation
E. Apaza; Mining, Mining Engineering, Arequipa, Select, Peru introduces a dynamic cutoff grade strategy, a simplified version of Kenneth
Peru is known for its focus on mining, particularly through underground mining Lane’s algorithm, incorporating the time value of money to improve economic
methods such as sublevel stoping, bench and fill, and cut and fill. These and operational outcomes. We will show how this approach accelerates
techniques have been utilized for many years due to their success in recovering payback periods by targeting higher value early and maximizes total reserve
ore deposits. Today, the mining industry in Perú is harder to work in because tonnes as cutoff grades approach break-even costs. By optimizing how we
the big, rich, and generous deposits are disappearing, making it more difficult develop our resource, we enhance value for investors and the community.
to build or keep mines in production. The Buenaventura Mining Company, one
of the most important Peruvian mining companies, sought new mining method-
ologies for areas with RMR <15 in its underground mines, particularly in the
Tambomayo mine, which has collapse zones containing high-value ore worth
close to 20M$ (78k ton @ NSR 254 $/ton). In this case, the company evaluated
different mining methods to recover this ore, Buenaventura Mining Company
has chosen to use the Underhand Drift and Fill, one of the most used in Nevada
-USA. In the Tambomayo mine, we learned about spilling bar bolts, using a
jammer, and backfill cement. It was a valuable experience that we would like
to share with everyone.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     83

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25

Longhole Stoping - A Practical Review of Sublevel Spacing AFTERNOON
J. Sexauer and P. Schmidt; Stantec, Chandler, AZ
This abstract provides an overview of longhole stoping design, focusing on MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: SELECTIVE
the critical decision of sublevel spacing and its associated risks and rewards. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF METALS
Longhole stoping is a widely used underground mining method involving the 705
drilling and blasting of ore in vertical or sub-vertical stopes. Sublevel spacing
is a crucial design parameter impacting efficiency and safety. Taller stopes,
with greater sublevel spacing, can reduce development costs and improve
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
ore recovery by minimizing waste rock production. However, these benefits Chairs: Y. Shekarian, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
come with increased risks, including ground control challenges and higher C. Subasinghe, PennState University, State College, PA
dilution rates due to larger voids and longer exposure times. Conversely, J. Wu, Ecobat, Irving, TX
shorter stopes, with closer sublevel spacing, offer better ground stability and
lower dilution but incur higher development costs and reduced ore recovery 2:00 PM
efficiency. Thus, choosing between taller and shorter stopes involves balancing Introduction
economic efficiency and operational safety, considering site-specific geological
conditions, engineering capabilities, and equipment limitations.
2:05 PM
Recovery of Rare Earth And Critical Elements From Low
4:05 PM
Concentration Secondary Resources
Defining a Decision-Support System Tool for Continuous
B. Vaziri; Columbia University, New York, NY
Economic Evaluation of Underground Critical Raw Materials
The precipitation behavior of critical elements from acid mine drainage aqueous
Mining Projects
system was studied through a staged precipitation process in the presence
M. Islam and H. Mischo; Institute of Mining and Specialized Civil of various inorganic ligands. Carbonate was found to effectively decrease the
Engineering, Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, precipitation pH of the REEs. Kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanism of
Sachsen, Germany reaction were studied to understand the fundamentals of the process and
Potentially unfavourable economic circumstances have forced several critical to acquire the required parameters for process scaleup. Data showed that
raw materials (CRMs) mining projects to close or put on hold for development. supersaturation is the main driving force in the precipitation of the elements
Market price swings, erroneous interpretations of the ore body’s character- from AMDs in the carbonate precipitation process. Activation energy values
istics, and unduly optimistic recoveries made during mine planning frequently for the elements using the Avrami kinetics model indicate that the precipitation
cause unfavourable economic conditions. To continuously optimise the mining of the elements in the proposed process is a diffusion-controlled reaction.
methods, ore grade and recovery rate, mine life, and production rate and In the proposed process, the pH of the feed solution was first increased to
provide economic scenarios for new and ongoing underground mining projects, 4 and Fe was precipitated with oxidation through the addition of H2O2 and
the study has defined an artificial intelligence and machine learning-based aeration (Fe removal pretreatment). After Fe removal, the pH of the solution
decision-support system tool. The tool is expected to mitigate techno-economic was increased to 5 to precipitate Al (Stage I). Once the Al precipitates were
ambiguities and facilitate decision-makers in attaining sustainable sourcing of removed from the system, the pH of the solution was then increased to 7
CRMs. to precipitate REEs (Stage II). Once the REE precipitates were collected, the
pH of the solution was increased to 9.5 to precipitate Co and Mn from the
solution. The overall recovery of >99% for Al, REEs, Co, and Mn was achieved
4:25 PM in this staged precipitation process. This selective precipitation process yielded
Adding an Orepass Placement Decision to Underground an Al product consisting of 55.7% boehmite (AlO(OH)) and 37.1% dawsonite
Scheduling Optimization (NaAl(OH)2(CO3)) in the first stage. The REE product of the second stage
contained 88.5% adamsite (Na(REE)(CO3)2). The Co-Mn product in the third
K. Guerin-Davey and A. Brickey; Mining Engineering & Management, stage contained 68% ramsdellite (MnO2) and 6.9% cobalt(II,III) oxide.
SDSMT, Rapid City, SD
The use of optimization techniques has been shown to have positive impacts on
an operation’s economics and productivity. This research presents a modified 2:25 PM
optimization model that integrates the location, orientation, and timing of
orepass design and construction. The model selects the orepass start- and Correlations Between the Mineralogy and Recovery
end- levels and location, while simultaneously optimizing the production Behavior of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in Coal Waste
schedule. A case study is presented using data from an underground gold mine B. Ji; Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
to demonstrate the impacts of incorporating orepass location and design into State University, Blacksburg, VA
the underground production scheduling process. Coal waste has been identified as a promising alternative source of rare
earth elements(REEs). Studies showed that the calcination can significantly
improve the REE recoveryfrom coal waste materials. In this study, scanning
electron microscopy-and transmissionelectron microscopy-energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS) were conducted to investigate
the mineralogy of REEs in two coal waste samples. Theresults indicated that
the REEs mainly present as apatite, zircon, monazite, xenotime, andcrandal-
lite-group minerals in the coal waste samples. However, after REE recovery,
thecrandallite-group minerals disappeared from the calcined coal waste
samples. Therefore, itcan be confirmed that the calcination treatment resulted in
the solubility improvement ofcrandallite-group mineralsin coal waste samples.
In order to further investigate thecrandallite-group minerals, florencite was
synthesized and subjected to a series ofcharacterization methods. The results

84     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

suggested that the thermal phase transformation fromcrystalline florencite into over iron (III) and zinc. Development of specialized functional groups targeting
amorphous state resulted in the solubility improvement. high binding energies to create ligands that can produce both a high distri-
bution ratio and separation factor for gallium and/or germanium is underway.
2:45 PM
Development of Adsorption-based Ion Exchange Process 3:45 PM
for Selective Separation of Scandium and Iron from Altering Mixing Conditions to Improve Precipitation-based
Aqueous Solutions Critical Mineral Extraction
T. Gangadari, M. Rezaee and S. Pisupati; The Pennsylvania State S. Ramakrishnan¹, Q. Wang² and C. V. Subban¹; ¹Energy and Environment
University, University Park, PA Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Seattle, WA and
²Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest
Due to the scarcity of primary resources for Sc, it is often extracted from
National Laboratory, Seattle, WA
waste streams or byproducts from titanium, aluminum, and nickel production
processes. These secondary resources have higher amounts of other impurities, Variability in natural feedstock introduces challenges to chemical separations
such as iron (Fe). Most residues also have higher amounts of Fe, a major for the mining industry. Most novel ligands, solvents, and membranes are often
concern for Sc extraction due to their similar chemical behavior in aqueous expensive and/or environmentally harmful. Precipitation-based mineral extraction
solutions. This research focuses on developing a Solid-Liquid Extraction based is one of the most energy-efficient approaches to separation and is widely used in
ion exchange process using commercial anion exchange resins and uses the industry today. The rate, purity, and properties of the precipitates can be altered
difference in speciation to achieve selective separation between Fe and Sc. The by simply changing the mixing conditions of the reactants. We demonstrate that
process was developed and optimized by studying the effects of resin dosage, by altering flow conditions from turbulent to laminar, the nucleation and precip-
chloride concentration, concentration ratio (Sc/Fe), adsorption isotherms, and itation reactions occurring at the mixing interface can be changed, leading
kinetics. The results showed that at high concentrations of Cl- ligands, Fe to improved mineral separations without the need for specialty chemicals or
forms FeCl4- and FeCl3 and are adsorbed on the resin, whereas Sc remains ion-selective membranes/electrodes.
as ScCl2+. The kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of Fe is a chemical
reaction-controlled process during the initial phase and then mixed-controlled
4:05 PM
during the later phase. The results also showed no significant decrease in
adsorption capacity after multiple cycles. Impurity Removal from Various Nickel-bearing Pregnant
Leach Solution and Its Impact on the Quality of Nickel
3:05 PM
Product
P. Lin and L. Pan; Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
Selective Recovery of Critical Minerals from Acid Mine University, Houghton, MI
Drainage Utilizing Ion Exchange Resin.
Metal impurity can have a significant impact on the performance of precursor
E. Cardenas¹ and Q. Huang²; ¹Mining Engineering, Student, Morgantown, WV of cathode active materials (pCAM) used in Li-ion batteries. In this work, two
and ²Mining Engineering, Chair and Associate Professor, Morgantown, WV types of feeds were studied, including 1) nickel-bearing sulfide minerals and
This research investigates the development of an ion exchange process for 2) recycled nickel-rich Li-ion batteries. Common impurities in these two feed
recovering critical metals (Ni, Co, Zn, Mn) from acid mine drainage (AMD) and materials include aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), fluoride (F), graphite,
explores its potential for both remediation and economic profit. The proposed magnesium (Mg), as well as other trace amounts of metals. In this work,
methodology reduces reagent consumption and pretreatment requirements impurity removal from pregnant leach solutions (PLS) using various established
compared to existing techniques such as solvent extraction. Initially, impurities flowsheets was investigated at a laboratory scale. Both nickel and cobalt
are removed through caustic precipitation. The pH of the AMD solution is then products from various process flowsheets will be used as the feed for pCAM
adjusted with sulfuric acid to optimize conditions for ion exchange. Selective synthesis. The discussion will be made based on detailed material characteri-
separation of Ni and Co is achieved using Ambersep M4195 resin, while Zn zation and electrochemical testing.
and Mn are addressed in subsequent stages. Metals are eluted from the resin
using sulfuric acid, and the resulting solution is utilized for metal hydroxide
precipitation. By optimizing ion exchange conditions through systematic single- 4:25 PM
variable testing, this project aims to develop a remediation technique that Enhanced Lithium Adsorption Using Innovative
not only addresses the environmental impact of AMD but also enhances the Nanosorbent Fibers
feasibility of metal recovery, thus offering practical solutions to a persistent
challenge in the coal mining industry.
Y. Pan and W. Zhang; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, KY
Electrospun nanosorbent fibers (Li-PNFs) were developed to extract lithium,
featuring superior physicochemical properties. The fibers were fabricated using
3:25 PM a polyacrylonitrile/dimethylformamide matrix, where optimal interactions were
Selective Separation of Gallium and Germanium from achieved at lower layered double hydroxide contents, as indicated by viscosity
Sulfate Solutions and dynamic mechanical analyses. This formulation led to the creation of
lithium porous nanosorbent fibers with a static lithium adsorption capacity of
W. Hartzell, L. Alagha and M. Moats; Material Science and Engineering, approximately 13.0 mg/g and notable selectivity against contaminant ions.
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Li-PNFs’ continuous extraction performance reached up to 23.83% in a single
The continued supply risk of gallium and germanium has led to an increased fixed-bed experiment. These findings highlight Li-PNFs’ potential for industrial
need to diversify resource streams. Gallium and germanium are found in small applications and sustainable lithium recovery.
concentrations in zinc processing solutions and residues. Solvent extraction
(SX) and ion exchange (IX) could be applied to extract these elements from new
or existing streams. Equilibrium extraction data for gallium and germanium has
been collected for commercial SX extractants and IX resins using model sulfate
solutions. While no product evaluated displayed a combination of high distri-
bution ratio and separation factor, some show promise with good selectivity

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     85

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

4:45 PM 2:25 PM
Process Development for Selective Separation of Cobalt Selective Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Complex
and Manganese from Acid Mine Drainage Rare Earth Ore using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Y. Shekarian, M. Rezaee and S. Pisupati; Department of Energy and Mineral F. Agyemang, Z. Nasrullah, R. LaDouceur and M. Saddat; Materials and
Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Metallurgical Engineering, Montana Technological University, Butte, MT
Cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) have been in the spotlight due to their Rare earth elements (REEs) are valuable resources that are necessary for a
significant role in clean energy transitions. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) wide range of modern technological applications, including metallurgy, machine
presents a potential secondary resource for these elements. Recovery of these building, radio electronics, instrument engineering, nuclear engineering, and
elements from AMD through precipitation requires elevated pH (~9) or costly manufacturing. Extraction and separation of REEs from their complex ore are
oxidizing reagents. In our previously patent-pending published work, ozone very difficult due to their unique physical and chemical properties process,
oxidative precipitation was used as a chemical-free process to recover these thereby making them scarce in the [Link], the recovery of REEs
elements from AMD. This study advances the work by developing a process to involves the traditional pyro- or hydrometallurgical process. The overall process
selectively dissolve and separate Co and Mn from model solutions and AMD. in the recovery and separation of individual elements from complex REE
The process involves three main steps: (i) ozone precipitation, (ii) ammoniacal systems suffers from high energy demands and the use of many hazardous
selective dissolution, and (iii) potential-control selective precipitation of Co and chemicals that negatively impact the environment. With the growing trend
Mn. Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) significantly impacted the selective toward a circular economy aiming to balance sustainability, efficiency, and
precipitation of Co and Mn in potential control oxidation processes. Co and environmental impacts, this research is focused on using deep eutectic
Mn selective dissolution was based on selective Co recovery by reducing solvents (DESs); a combination of a quaternary salt: Choline Chloride and five
ammonia–ammonium carbonate leaching of the produced mixed oxyhydroxide organic acids: Oxalic Acid, Urea, and Ethylene Glycol, Lactic acid and Glycerol
precipitate. The study also highlighted the role of temperature in leaching for the selective leaching of REEs from their complex ore which are proven to be
recovery to understand the mechanism governing the reactions. green, slective, non-toxic, biodegradable, and cheap.

2:45 PM
Enhancing Critical Mineral Recovery with Industrial
Biotechnology
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
L. Dennett, R. Hodges and C. Green; Endolith, Westminster, CO
AFTERNOON
Endolith harnesses microbes and synthetic biology to enhance metal recovery
from low-grade ores. We combine biohydrometallurgy and biotechnology using
MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: SPECIAL TOPICS IN specialized microbes to improve copper recovery from chalcopyrite and high-
impurity ores, and lithium recovery from brines and clays. Our biodiagnostic
CHEMICAL PROCESSING tools assess the health of your heap, and our solutions involve applying
708 low-dose bioaugmentation to promote consistent and efficient bioleaching
using strains that have been optimized for over a decade and primed for use
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 on low-grade challenging mineralogy. We have developed a comprehensive
genomic extraction pipeline and an extensive proprietary database of over
Chairs: B
 . Vaziri, Columbia University, New York, NY 1000 samples, providing a foundation for these targeted solutions. Mining
D. Lelinski, FLSmidth, Midvale, UT companies leverage our platform to gain valuable insights into the microbiome
of active and inactive leach pads connecting our data to real-time operational
2:00 PM and historical databases. Our products are developed using real ore, PLS and
Introduction raffinate samples from copper mining companies worldwide. Partners include
BHP’s Unearthed Think and Act Differently Biometals cohort and the AK Critical
2:05 PM Minerals Cooperative.
Impacts of Organic Solution and Suppressants on the
Suppression of Acid Mist: A Laboratory Research 3:05 PM
E. Afful, A. Kakoria and G. Xu; Department of Mining and Explosives, A Review of Extraction of Technologically Critical
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Elements—Gallium, Germanium, and Indium–From
Electrowinning and solvent extraction are crucial steps in the production of Solutions Using Ionic Liquids
high purity copper. However, safety concerns have been raised regarding the M. Silwamba¹, E. Oteng² and L. Alagha¹; ¹Mining and Explosives
acid mist generated from the electrowinning process. The mist generated Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla,
results in health risks to workers and damage to machinery and infrastructure. MO and ²Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri
Currently, the use of chemicals and pellets are used in its control. Even so, University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
the generation of acid mist and performance of the controls are potentially
affected by the type of organic solvents used in solvent extraction process. Gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and indium (In) are crucial elements for the
This study aims to evaluate the impacts of organic solvents and surfactants production of high-tech products such as semiconductors, integrated
on the suppression of acid mist. In this study, an electrolyte is contacted with circuits, solar panels, electronics, drones, robots, and optical fiber as well
organic solvents to simulate the solvent extraction process. The electrolyte is as data storage. Many governments and private entities classify these as
dosed with suppressant at each contact. Acid mist testing is performed on the critical minerals or elements due to the potential risks associated with supply
electrolyte that is separated from the organic phase at the end of the solvent disruptions stemming from geopolitics and stockpiling. When these minerals
extraction step. The mist collected, is analyzed to determine the level of acid are leached from their different source materials, leach solutions usually contain
mist generated. The result from this study indicates that organic solvents and low concentrations of these critical elements and many folds of impurities. This
suppressants have a key role to play in copper production and may also play a review focuses on the extraction processes of these critical elements from
role in mist suppression. leach solutions using ionic liquids (ILs). Emphasis is placed on elucidating the
extraction mechanism and assessing selectivity criteria. In general, several

86     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

reviewed ILs exhibit low selectivity towards Ga, Ge, and In over Fe(III), Al, and 4:25 PM
Zn, which often occur at high concentrations in leach solutions. The scaling-up Accelerating Access to Copper Sulfides through Leaching
process, IL recycling, and comprehensive economic feasibility analysis of ILs
require thorough investigation to facilitate potential commercialization to extract J. Mather; Ceibo, Draper, United States, UT
these crucial metals. Ceibo’s leaching process extracts copper in all sulfides using existing leaching
plants, achieiving recoveries comparable to traditional concentrators (75-85%
recoveries). This process more quickly and effectively catalyzes the oxidation
3:25 PM in the ore through electrochemical reactions, resulting in higher recovery rates
Green Synthesis of Single Crystal Ni-rich Cathode Materials in shorter operational cycles. The technology’s efficiency in recovering copper
for LIthium-ion Batteries. from low-grade ores makes it a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to
concentrating. Additionally, it significantly reduces environmental impact by
I. Habib¹, L. Alagha² and M. Moats³; ¹Mining and Explosives Engineering, lowering emissions and energy consumption. This advancement in leaching
Postdoctoral Fellow, Rolla, MO; ²Mining and Exposives Engineering, technology offers a promising solution for the copper industry, combining high
Associate Professor, Rolla, MO and ³Materials Science and Engineering, recovery rates with environmental benefits. Ceibo’s technologies can be used in
Professor and Chair, Rolla, MO many ways including increasing the output of existing operations, extending the
Nickel and cobalt play vital roles in modern technology and sustainable energy life of a mine, and enabling new brownfield and greenfield projects.
solutions, making them critical elements. As the demand for clean energy
and advanced technologies continues to grow globally, the significance of
nickel and cobalt has also increased. They have become indispensable in the 4:45 PM
transition towards a low-carbon economy. In this study, in-house synthesized Refining Methodology for Cu SXEW Mist Suppressant
nano-sized zero-valent iron with various core/shell compositions, along Validation
with improved solvent extraction technology will be employed to selectively
separate nickel and cobalt from industrial leachate solutions that contain other T. McDonald, J. heidlas and B. Chanez; Mining Solutions, BASF, Tucson, AZ
metal impurities. The recovered nickel and cobalt will be utilized to create an Acid mist generation continues to be an issue faced by the mining industry,
effective single-crystal nickel-rich cathode material (NCM 811: Ni80%, Co10%, stemming from O2 generated by hydrolysis during copper electrowinning. It
Mn10%). The aim is to achieve a high capacity for lithium-ion batteries and has previously been controlled by use of reagents that are being phased out,
promote sustainability. opening the door to new chemistries. BASF has developed a comprehensive
approach to validating mist suppressing reagents at laboratory scale. This
test regime addresses: mist reduction, plating, SX compatibility, and stability.
3:45 PM Standard methods have been developed that allow rapid vetting of potential
Onshore Processing of Seabed Polymetallic Nodules: candidates, with confidence and reproducibility. Additionally, attention has
Revisiting Pressure Acid Leaching been given to detection and quantification of potential mist reagents in CuSX
plant streams.
N. Verbaan; Natural Resources, SGS Canada, Lakefield, ON, Canada
Seabed polymetallic nodules, which contain significant quantities of metals
key to electrification (nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese) can be processed
using a variety of different metallurgical processing routes, including direct
smelting and subsequent hydrometallurgy, ammoniacal leaching (gas reduction
or Cuprion), or acid leaching (often reductive). Many of these approaches TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
suffer from reduced cobalt extraction, difficult physical performance or just AFTERNOON
general overall circuit complexity. SGS has considered pressure acid leaching
of nodules for further investigation, as publicly shared data on this processing MPD: COMMINUTION: COMMINUTION II
route stems from the 1970’s and 1980’s and is not always easily accessible.
This paper will provide a brief review of processing technologies considered 706
by current projects and will also discuss results of an internal R&D testwork
program indicating high extraction of nickel, cobalt and recovery recovery with 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
limiting co-extraction of manganese and iron. The paper will also comment on
Chairs: A
 . Boylston, Metso Minerals, York, CO
the potential treatment options of leach liquor and leach residues.
N. Blumberg

4:05 PM 2:00 PM
Introduction of a New Environmentally Friendly Acid Mist Introduction
Suppressant in Copper Electrowinning – ACORGA® EW98
T. Doubleday; Syensqo, Tempe, AZ
Sulfuric acid mist is an undesired by-product of the copper electrowinning
process. Oxygen formation at the anode can entrain droplets of the acidic
electrolyte solution and leads to acid mist when these droplets become
aerosolized at the surface of the cell. The addition of chemical anti-misting
agents to the copper electrolyte is a common mitigation technique. This paper
details Syensqo’s laboratory development of a new environmentally friendly
acid mist suppressant, ACORGA® EW98. The product exhibits excellent acid
mist suppression and full compatibility with the adjacent solvent extraction
process. The product has been recommended for a commercial trial at a major
copper producer.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     87

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

2:05 PM underlying causes of these underperformances, emphasizing the importance

Machine Vision as a Tool for Enhanced SAG Mill Inspections of robust sampling, comprehensive testwork, and sound design practices.
Through an in-depth analysis of public domain data and specific case studies,
C. Reynoso Gonzalez; Molycop, Tucson, AZ we highlight the critical gap between the extensive number of assays conducted
In grinding operations, ensuring efficiency and optimization requires continuous for grade estimation and the relatively few comminution tests performed. Our
monitoring and analysis of various operational variables. While some variables findings suggest that increasing the number of comminution tests can greatly
like mill power, weight, particle size, and vibration patterns can be measured in enhance the understanding of ore hardness variability, leading to more precise
real-time, others such as charge and ball filling, grate wear and ball size distri- throughput predictions and optimized mill designs. Furthermore, we explore the
bution require periodic manual inspections. These inspections are often limited economic trade-offs of different risk management strategies, advocating for
by tight maintenance schedules and safety concerns. This study leverages a balanced approach that combines thorough testwork with strategic design
machine vision (MV) techniques, specifically convolutional neural networks, to considerations. By adopting these practices, industry professionals can improve
enhance the efficiency and accuracy of SAG mill inspections. Utilizing models SAG mill performance, thereby restoring market confidence in this mature but
for semantic segmentation and object detection, this research aims to automate essential technology.
the measurements of key components within the mill. Detailed data collection
and manual annotation procedures support the training and evaluation of these
models. Post-processing techniques, including perspective correction and 3:25 PM
morphological operations, further refine the analysis. The results demonstrate 3D Characterization of Micro-Cracks in Silicate-Rich
the potential of MV technologies to provide accurate assessments of SAG Crushed REE Ore Particles for Fluid Transportation and
mill conditions, reducing the reliance on manual inspections and enhancing
operational efficiency. Carbonation
R. Jaramillo¹, J. Jin¹, X. Wang¹, P. Chu² and R. Zahn³; ¹Materials Science
and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; ²University of
2:25 PM Nevada Reno, Reno, NV and ³FLSmidth, Midvale, UT
Benefits and Risks of Using Bigger SAG Media Comminution of REE ores requires a relatively small grinding size (20 um) to
T. Fawcett, B. Cornish and J. Zela; ME Elecmetal, Chandler, AZ achieve sufficient liberation between REE minerals from gangue. To reduce the
energy consumption in fine grinding, carbonation of silicates in the crushed
SAG (Semi-Autogenous Grinding) operations must continually adapt to the
REE ore has been studied to alter the mineralogy and the corresponding ore
inevitable changes in ore characteristics. One easily modifiable alternative
hardness. The micro-cracks in silicate-rich phases is important for the transpor-
for continuous improvement is using a larger ball diameter in SAG grinding
tation of CO2 saturated fluid, to facilitate the carbonation reactions. Silicate-rich
operations. This adjustment helps mitigate the mineralogical changes projected
crushed REE ore particles were selected by X-ray radiography, which were
as the mine’s lifespan progresses. Here are the key points regarding the use of
then classified to three groups based on TIMA determined mineral textures.
larger ball diameters: 1. Operational Range Enhancement: Larger ball diameters
X-ray CT scans with a voxel size about 3 um were conducted to characterize
accommodate mineral variability, including increased hardness. This broader
the micro-cracks/pores in these crushed REE ore particles. 3D structures of
operational range contributes to better performance. 2. OPEX Savings: Larger
the micro-cracks were analyzed for pore size distribution and surface areas.
balls experience lower wear rates due to reduced surface area. Additionally,
LBM simulation was used to determine fluid transportation in selected volumes.
they spend more time within the mill, leading to cost savings. 3. Adverse Effects
Mitigation: To prevent adverse effects on mill grates or liners, it’s essential to
understand ball trajectories. 4. Maintaining Jb Level Control: Re-estimating the 3:45 PM
recharge velocity for larger-diameter balls ensures consistent Jb (ball charge
level) control. This paper provides a deep dive into each of these areas as Minimizing Power Loss in Microwave Pretreatment for Ore
well as other valuable insights regarding optimizing SAG milling performance Comminution
through using larger diameter media. S. Adewuyi¹, A. Anani¹, L. Akinyemi² and K. Luxbacher¹; ¹Mining and
Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and ²Department
of Mathematics, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX
2:45 PM
Energy consumption for ore comminution is one of the current challenges in
Importance of Quality Audits for Grinding Media Users the mining industry. Microwave pretreatment is being explored to improve
A. Wilson; SME, Evergreen, CO ore grinding and reduce energy consumption. However, accurately assessing
Steel grinding media is a critical consumable for many mines. All grinding and minimizing microwave power loss is critical to effectiveness and
media looks the same but can have wildly varied properties. Those properties economic feasibility of microwave pretreatment. This study uses advanced
can result in highly wear and fracture resistant balls. But balls can also be multiphysics simulation software to investigate microwave power loss during
soft with little wear resistance or too hard and subject to breakage. Tracking ore pretreatment. The research aims to improve understanding of microwave
a mines grinding media supply properties allows for historical trends to be power dynamics, provide optimized design guidelines for industrial microwave
tracked and compared with consumption. This expensive consumable should systems, and offer recommendations for best practices in microwave-assisted
be a part of every mines quality audit program. mineral processing. The model to be developed will be validated with experi-
mental data.

3:05 PM
4:05 PM
Mitigating SAG Mill Underperformance: The Role of Robust
Sampling, Testwork and Design Practices Reduction of Comminution Energy Consumption by CO2-
Assisted Grinding
M. de Paiva Bueno², R. Chandramohan³, M. Pyle³, L. Lara², M. Powell¹
and G. Lane³; ¹Sustainable Mining Institute, The University of Queensland, Y. Wang, X. Wang and W. Zhang; Mining and Mineral Engineering,
Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia; ²Geopyörä, Oulu, Finland and ³Ausenco, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
Brisbane, QLD, Australia Different minerals within the same react differently with CO2, potentially causing
Recent industry trends reveal a significant number of SAG mill projects failing flaws and cracks in the ore particles. In response, Virginia Tech initiated a
to achieve their nameplate capacity, raising concerns about the reliability comprehensive experimental program to assess the impact of CO2 treatment
of current design and testing methodologies. This paper investigates the on the grindability of two ores of distinct types: bastnaesite and chalcopyrite.
The treatments were conducted both in-situ and ex-situ to identify the optimal

88     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

conditions for the experiment. By refining the experimental route under these plant had incumbent conventional flotation cells with three stages of cleaning.
conditions, a multi-stepwise combination of in-situ and ex-situ treatments Slipstream from the first cleaner feed was provided to the RFC100 pilot unit and
was employed. The results demonstrated that CO2 treatment and grinding the RFC850 commercial unit. The feed was tested in both the units and results
significantly reduced the grindability of the ores, with the Bond Work Index were compared against conventional bench-scale test results. The results show
decreasing by more than 20%. This study offers valuable insights for enhancing that this technology provides faster flotation kinetics and can shift the grade-re-
ore processing efficiency and reducing energy consumption in mineral grinding, covery curve. The results from this testing campaign will be discussed in this
contributing to more sustainable mining practices. presentation.

2:45 PM
The NovaCellTM, How Much LIberation is Needed for
FLotation Recovery
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
S. Morgan; Jord International Pty Ltd, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
AFTERNOON
The NovaCellTM, is a novel flotation device, that has separate recovery zones for
coarse and fine particles. Invented by Laureate Professor Graeme Jameson, Jord
MPD: FLOTATION: INNOVATION IN FLOTATION International has the global exclusive rights to commercialise the technology. The
707 paper, Pinto Valley Mine - Copper recovery study with the NovaCell, demonstrated
the potential benefits of this innovative technology in coarse particle flotation
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 (CPF) circuits. The NovaCellTM, as a substitute for existing mechanically agitated
float cells, suggested a 20% increase in plant production and a 15% reduction
Chairs: M. Carlisle, Newmont, Englewood, CO in carbon emissions. It is hypothesized that the improved recovery efficiencies
G. Bermúdez, Metso Canada Inc, Burlington, ON, Canada with NovaCellTM at coarse grind sizes, is due to its ability to recover valuable
minerals with low levels of liberation by surface area. To investigate this further,
2:00 PM the NovaCellTM recovery performance was compared to existing technologies,
Introduction
for fresh run-of-mine ores. The NovaCellTM products were submitted for mineral
liberation analysis, and the results suggested the liberation needed for flotation
2:05 PM recovery. This provided insights into current practices and whether communition
energy can be reduced through adoption of the NovaCellTM technology.
The Development Journey of Metso’s New Flotation Mixing
Mechanism
C. Cardoso¹, G. Bermúdez¹, I. Sherrel³ and H. Vepsalainen²; ¹Metso 3:05 PM
Canada Inc, Sudbury, ON, Canada; ²Metso Finland, Espoo, Finland and New Flotation Mixing Mechanism trial at Kennecott
³Metso USA, York, PA Copperton Concentrator
Performance of mixing mechanisms in flotation cells is paramount, as ineffi- R. Abbasi², J. Cole², J. Dettamanti², J. Sovechles¹, C. Cardoso¹ and
ciencies can lead to financial losses through valuable minerals lost to tailings. G. Bermúdez¹; ¹Metso Canada Inc, Sudbury, ON, Canada and ²Rio Tinto, Salt
Technological advancements have been implemented in flotation cells to Lake City, UT
optimize performance, but regardless of the efficacy of these developments,
room for improvement may persist. Since its launch in 2005, FloatForce® has The implementation of technological advancements in flotation is key to
set a high industry standard for flotation mixing mechanisms. However, current optimize performance in mining operations. Consequently, flotation cell’s
mining trends call for sustainability-driven developments while improving performance is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the mixing mechanism.
metallurgical performance. Metso has recently introduced the latest iteration of A more efficient flotation mixing mechanism is likely to improve metallurgical
FloatForce, developed through extensive laboratory, pilot, and industrial testing, performance and optimize energy consumption, which is the motivation for
aligning with mining sustainability trends. It has been designed to maximize Metso’s journey to develop the latest iteration of FloatForce®. Looking to test
recovery, reduce power draw and optimize manufacturing materials. This the new design at plant scale, Metso approached the Kennecott Copperton
development stems from a redesigned rotor profile paired with a harmonizing concentrator, which is continuously looking for different venues to improve
stator configuration. This paper presents the development journey of Metso’s metallurgical performance. In this context, a test campaign was conducted
latest flotation mixing mechanism, an advancement to improve metallurgical to implement this new flotation mixing mechanism in their rougher circuit
performance at a high sustainable standard in flotation cells. The theory, CFD during 2024. The industrial trial consisted in several sampling campaigns
modeling and test work are discussed in detail. assessing different operational parameters for comparison purposes around a
300m3 flotation cell. The effect of the new flotation mixing mechanism on the
cell’s power draw was also studied. The results of this trial at Kennecott are
2:25 PM presented on this paper.
REFLUX™ Flotation Cell Full-scale Trial in a Copper
Concentrator Cleaning Application
S. Saurabh¹, B. Dabrowski³, L. Christodoulou¹, M. Czekajlo²,
P. Kwiatkowski², E. Kasinska-Pilut² and R. Pepkowski²; ¹Global Product
Line Management, FLSmidth Inc., Midvale, UT; ²KGHM, Polkowice, Poland
and ³Mineral Testing $ Research Center, R&D, FLSmidth Inc., Midvale, UT
REFLUX™ Flotation Cell (RFC™) is being tested extensively at laboratory,
pilot, and industrial scales across various commodities in rougher, scavenger,
cleaner, and tailings reprocessing applications. The test results show that
RFC™ transforms the hydrodynamics of flotation. RFC™ commercial scale unit
was tested at one of the KGHM’s copper concentrators in cleaning application.
RFC™ was earlier tested in a scavenger application, and the results were
published and presented at several national and international conferences. The

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     89

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:25 PM 4:25 PM
Industrial Demonstration of Coarse Particle Flotation at Rio Mitigating the Negative Effects of Clay Minerals in
Tinto Kennecott Flotation: An Innovative Approach
A. Hobert², R. Van Wagoner¹, E. Dohm² and T. Byrd¹; ¹Rio Tinto Kennecott O. Onel and M. Hoang; Mining RD&E, Ecolab/ Nalco Water, Blacksburg, VA
Utah Copper, South Jordan, UT and ²Eriez USA, Erie, PA Clay minerals present significant challenges in mineral flotation due to their
As global copper demand increases to support transition from carbon fine particle size and impact on pulp rheology, both of which impair flotation
to renewable-based systems of energy production, mine operators seek efficiency. Changes in pulp rheology can disrupt bubble–particle interactions
innovative ways to increase mill throughput, improve efficiencies, and improve and the movement of bubble–particle aggregates, which are crucial for froth
environmental sustainability. Flotation is an essential process for concentrating generation. The presence of clay minerals in flotation slurries negatively affects
porphyry copper ores, but conventional flotation technologies are unable to both the concentrate grade and recovery. The mechanical entrainment of
efficiently recover coarse particles. Conversely, the Eriez HydroFloat technology clay particles compromises concentrate grade, while recovery is hindered by
increases the maximum floatable particle size using a combination of flotation the formation of cross-linked clay network structures, like house-of-cards or
and hindered-bed separation, which facilitates optimization of metal recoveries, honeycomb patterns, which elevate pulp viscosity. Different clay types cause
flotation grind size, mill throughput, and tailings water recovery. Upon completion distinct issues in flotation due to their unique properties. This study explores
of extensive laboratory and pilot testing, Rio Tinto Kennecott constructed a innovative strategies to alleviate clay-related challenges, especially with
HydroFloat coarse particle flotation demonstration plant to investigate recovery swelling clays, by using novel reagents, enhanced froth stabilization methods,
of copper and molybdenum from Copperton concentrator tailings at industrial and optimized process parameters. These approaches aim to improve
scale. This paper summarizes the multi-year collaboration between Rio Tinto the separation efficiency of valuable minerals from high-clay ores, offering
Kennecott and Eriez to successfully demonstrate the HydroFloat technology at promising solutions for more efficient and sustainable mineral processing
Kennecott, as well as the direct scalability of flotation results from laboratory operations.
and pilot to industrial scales.

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
3:45 PM
AFTERNOON
Investigating the Flotation Performance of CoarseAIR™:
Sulfide Mineral Applications MPD: PLANT DESIGN: DETAILED DESIGN AND
H. Patel, J. Bowden and L. Christodoulou; FLSmidth, Midvale, UT CONSTRUCTION (PANEL)
With decreasing mineral grades, conventional sulfide mineral flowsheets require 711
increased mill throughput to produce similar metals. Due to increased throughput,
grinding circuits produce coarser particles, which are lost in conventional 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
flotation. Innovation in mineral processing is needed to recover particles with
low mineral liberation, i.e., at a coarser particle size than conventional flotation. Chairs: A. House, Paterson & Cooke, Helena, MT
FLS’s coarseAIR™ is an innovative hybrid-gravity-flotation system based on the M. Spicher, Montana Tech of the University of Montana,
REFLUX™ Classifier. The coarseAIR consists of an aerated fluidized bed utilizing Meridian, ID
a system of inclined channels to maximize mineral recovery while rejecting fine
gangue minerals. This paper focused on the performance of the coarseAIR while 2:00 PM
testing copper ore. The project aimed to maximize copper recovery, and multiple Introduction
tests were conducted to assess this objective. Various parameters were tested,
like fluidization water, flotation air, and throughput. The results demonstrated
a significantly higher recovery than conventional flotation cell testing. A value 2:05 PM
proposition using simulated plant data was presented. The scope for additional MPD Plant Design Panel Discussion, 2025, Detailed
testing and plans for future testing were discussed.
Engineering and Construction
J. Wickens; Wood Group US, Sparks, NV
4:05 PM This Panel Discussion is the second in a three-part series covering the different
Self Maximizing Grind Float Process Developed at Moro Do phases of project development. Last year’s session, the first in the series, was
Ouro Brazil on Project Development, including technical studies, permitting and financing.
This year’s session focuses on the detailed engineering and construction
J. Milbourne¹ and U. Imre²; ¹Technical Services, Troilus Gold, West
phases. The third and final session in this series, in Salt Lake City (2026), will
Vancouver, BC, Canada and ²Metallurgical Consulting, Bromley, UK
focus on commissioning/start-up/ramp-up. The panelists for these sessions
Conventional flotation operation involves the grinding of the ore to a specified are leaders in our industry, and this year’s panelists include Matt Sletten, Terry
fineness as required for mineral liberation and delivering such a pulp to flotation Owen, Jeff Nodine and Jim Sorensen. The panel discussions are moderated,
cells for the recovery of the valuable minerals. All the minerals are subjected with a series of “hot-topic” questions posed to the panelists to share their
to the same grinding force prior to any separation stage, and the final pulp insight and wisdom. Each panelist will have an opportunity to share their
contains significant amount of very finely ground minerals and/or slimes. thoughts on each question, as well as field questions from the audience. This
Flotation of mill discharge to remove liberated particles has been practices at year’s session will be moderated by Adam House.
many locations with varying success. In the 1980’s Outokumpu (now Metso)
developed the Skim Aire flotation cell to treat a portion of cyclone underflow.
The paper will discuss how the use of the Skim Aire to treat 100% of the
cyclone underflow at Moro do Ouro, now called Rio Paracatu Mineracao owned
by Kinross, led to the development of one of the most successful low grade gold
mines in the world. A refinement of this process was used for the Sao Bento
concentrator where the Self Maximizing Grind Float process was developed.
At Sao Bento, ball discharge was floated in a unit cell and cleaned to produce
final con while cyclone overflow was scavenged with the con_ reporting to mill
discharge to feed the unit cell.

90     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 of energy efficiency, AI application, innovative engineering, environmental

requirements, and incentives to develop the workforce of the future. Panel
AFTERNOON participants will include CEO’s, General Managers, and mine analysts who best
represent a newer vision for our industry.
SME YOUNG LEADERS: PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
3:05 PM
Sponsored by Rio Tinto
Graduation vs Retirement: Can We Meet the Growing
111 Demand?
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 A. Faust; SynTerra, Lexington, KY
Declining graduation rates and retirement on the rise within the mining industry
Chairs: A. Soni, Freeport-McMoRan, Tucson, AZ is creating significant vacancies in high-level positions. Ever increasing demand
V. Srivastava, Freeport McMoRan, Tucson, AZ for products that use mined materials requires new mines to be opened. These
new mines, in addition to existing mines, need educated and skilled personnel
2:00 PM to design and manage them. However, low university recruitment coupled with
Introduction an aging workforce has resulted in a shortage of qualified professionals. There
are several solutions currently being attempted, however, it is yet unclear if
2:05 PM they are making any impact. It is clear, however, that universities, mining
companies, and the media are the keys to recruiting more people to work in
Loading Your Personal Toolbox: The Skills that Lay the this field.
Groundwork for Mining Application Engineering and Entry-
Level Roles
3:25 PM
K. Slaughter; Application Engineering, Komatsu, Tuscson, AZ
From Student to Professional: The Quantifiable Impact
The mining industry boasts a myriad of entry-level job opportunities across many
different disciplines. For mining engineers, the jobs that come to mind most likely of SME Student Chapters on Professional and Personal
take place on a mine site in mine planning, blasting, or reclamation. However, Development
there are other lesser-known roles available that individuals may be well-suited M. Portal Valdivia, F. Segobia Campos, L. Goicochea Sánchez, F. YSLA
for. One of these roles is that of a mining application engineer (MAE) with Komatsu – QUIROZ and V. Jauja; Mining engineering, Society for Mining, Metallurgy &
a role that both requires and enhances certain soft skills that are not quite as Exploration, Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
emphasized in other fields. MAEs serve as subject matter experts for different This study examines the impact of Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration
mining applications and customer needs for Komatsu’s current and future (SME) student chapters on the professional and personal development of
mining equipment product lines. Using this knowledge, they act as liaisons mining students and young engineers. Through surveys and interviews with
between both internal and external customers to support machine selection, student chapter members and leaders, the research will analyze how partic-
design, sales, and performance benchmarking analyses around the globe. ipation in these organizations has influenced career trajectories, technical
MAEs rely on strong leadership, verbal communication, and interpersonal skills, leadership abilities, networking, and personal growth. Statistical data
communication skills to successfully complete customer studies and day-to-day quantifying the impact of student chapters on professional success will be
job functions. This talk will explore these skills through the lens of an MAE, presented. Additionally, the study will explore intangible benefits such as the
discuss their importance in any field, and explain how they can be developed to development of soft skills, self-confidence, and a sense of belonging within the
improve one’s career. mining community. This research will provide concrete evidence of the value of
SME student chapters as catalysts for developing future leaders in the mining
2:25 PM industry.
Mining Engineer Graduates Career Path
Y. Hurr; Caterpillar Inc, Peoria, IL 3:45 PM
Are you a Mining Engineering student and wonder where you could work after Gold and Knowledge: An Educational Solution to Connect
graduation? If so, this session is for you! Mining Engineering opens a wide range Vulnerable Youth to the Mining Industry
of job opportunities – and this session will dive into several different career C. Navia Vasquez; Mente Soñadoras Foundation, Green valley, AZ
paths. Will you ultimately decide to work in a mine or for a mining equipment
manufacturer? Will you go into a consulting role or decide to continue in your Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Tutunendo, Colombia is one of the main
education and research? Does one career path leverage your personal strengths economic activities in the region. Young people in these areas face significant
and interests better than another? We will discuss all these options as a Mining challenges such as illegal labor, lack of access to quality education, and high
Engineering graduate to help you define your own career path. school dropout rates. The Mentes Soñadoras Foundation aims to transform the
skills and talents of these young people in vulnerable situations by providing
them the tools to achieve their dreams through knowledge, ultimately improving
2:45 PM their quality of life. Through the M.I.P.E. (Mental, Intellectual, Physical,
Today’s Outlook on the FUture of Mine Management for a Emotional) program, we empower young people to education and provide
opportunities in the areas of earth sciences. This approach not only addresses
Successful Industry immediate educational gaps, but also builds a sustainable future where young
P. Dolph; LInkan, Golder, CO people can positively impact their community and the mining industry.
There is a new generation of mine management who understand and must
adapt to the faster pace introduction of technology, human resources,
regulatory challenges and community relations. This presentation will be a panel
discussion with some of the industry’s leading managers who represent the
use of current and innovative solutions to both mine operational improvement
and industry acceptance by the public. Topics covered will include the cost

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     91

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

4:05 PM be an increase in lateral loading, due to hydrostatic and earth pressures on

Mining Engineering...The Warrior Way perimeter dams. Understanding of TSF behavoir is key on how PMFs involving
undrained loading on TSF due to increased shear stresses, submergence or
A. del Angel; Mining Engineering, Student, Greeley, CO hydro-consolidation of loose tailings as TSF stacks grow. Triggered liquefaction
Warrior Met Coal is a company focused on the extraction and handling of of loose wet tailings threaten the integrity of TSF, mine, downstream parties
metallurgical coal, extracted from the Blue Creek Seam in Alabama. As a and environment. Determining if liquefaction occurs when the tailings are wet,
Summer Intern with Warrior Met Coal, my objectives were to be exposed to loose, and loaded rapidly is key; without 3 of these conditions occurring at
the different facets of coal mining which included the operations, engineering once, liquefaction is unlikely. We suggest choosing undrained strengths using
services, and safety compliance that is directly involved with coal mining. The multiple methods; this can lead to using defensible higher undrained design
objective of this presentation is to not only educate the general public of the strengths compared to strengths based on empirical and limited case history
importance of coal mining, but of the lessons I learned through the duration of data. To reduce TSF risks and save money, managers should invest in early and
my internship at Warrior Met Coal. thorough geotechnical site characterization of their TSFs.

2:45 PM
International Standards for Tailings Management
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 C. Dumaresq; Mining Association of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Having standards for tailings management is essential. A history of failures
AFTERNOON of tailings facilities has eroded trust and has had significant impacts on
people, the environment, and companies. Standards help raise performance
TAILINGS: EDUCATING STAKEHOLDERS/ expectations and provide a means to measure and report on performance.
MANAGEMENT ON TAILINGS TECHNOLOGY AND They help demonstrate that tailings are being responsibly managed, build
IMPACTS ON PRODUCTION AND FINANCES trust, and most importantly – help ensure that risks are properly managed.
Two standards are being applied internationally, the Global Industry Standard
Sponsored by Newmont on Tailings Management introduced in 2020 and the tailings component
607 of the Toward’s Sustainable Mining program, introduced in 2004. These
standards have similar objectives and cover similar topics. Each has strengths,
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 weaknesses and gaps and each can help improve tailings management and
reduce risk. However, we cannot rest on our laurels because we have achieved
Chairs: D. Korri, Society for Mining Metallurgy and Exploration, Silver Bay, MN conformance. Conformance can breed complacency. To achieve the goal of
C. Pecora, Hawcroft, Venetia, PA these standards, we need to continually improve. That takes a commitment
to excellence, leadership, and a systematic, holistic approach. Responsible
2:00 PM tailings management is more than just an exercise in good engineering.
Introduction
3:05 PM
2:05 PM
The Golden Keys to Successful Tailing Facility Management
Tailings & ESG 101: A Mining Leader’s Masterclass - Committed Tailing Engineer Engagement, Careful Attrition
K. Morrison; Morrison Solutions, Lakewood, CO Mitigation, and Proactive Succession Planning
In the wake of tragic tailings facility failures and intensifying scrutiny over C. Hatton; WSP, Parker, CO
mining’s environmental and social impacts, the industry can no longer afford to
have knowledge gaps around tailings management and ESG risks at the highest The successful governance of a tailing storage facility depends on key
leadership levels. This presentation draws upon over 25 years of front-line individuals and their ability to not only provide technical expertise but to
experience in sustainable tailings stewardship to equip mining executives, administer the governance in a way that deals with many of the intangibles
board members, and governance leaders with vital competencies. Key necessary for success. This includes understanding what commitment and
takeaways include understanding the criticality of tailings management from engagement look like, characterizing multiple levels of commitment, and
a technical, environmental, social and financial risk perspective; implementing establishing expectations against these levels. Attrition, although undesirable
robust tailings governance models aligned with global best practices; fostering is a fact of life. What comes into question is whether the attrition is natural
ethical leadership that embeds ESG into corporate strategy and decision- professional progression or is forced attrition for other means and what are the
making; and fulfilling comprehensive ESG disclosure obligations to meet impacts of forced attrition. The most important concept currently overlooked
mounting stakeholder demands for transparency and accountability. Through is the idea of proactively managing the tailings facility leadership by strategic
real-world lessons learned, cautionary tales where leadership failed, and succession planning and prioritizing maintaining quality and plentiful resources.
proven governance practices, this insiders’ deep dive equips mining leaders to
responsibly navigate an increasingly complex ESG landscape. 3:25 PM
The Importance of Technical GovernanceREnewing a
2:25 PM Tailings Master Plan Adding Concepts of ESG and GISTM –
Balancing Investment in Geotechnical Studies and A Real case of a Phosphate Mining Complex in Brazil
Performance Monitoring at TSF to Improve Stability as they T. Oliveira and E. Rodrigues; Mining CoE, Mosaic, Araxá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Gain Height, or Investigation Investment versus FOS at TSF From the past five years mining operations are being demanded to be more
W. Walton; GeoStructural, GEI Consultants, Inc., Harwich Port, MA 02646, MA aligned with principles of sustainability, transparency with communities and
Recommended investment decision making process for owners is to social agendas. These new operating visions are supported by practices such
understand the geometry, water level, foundation and fill rates for active as the ESG (environmental, social and governance). Furthermore, due to the
sluiced TSF sites. This includes TSF perimeter fill and foundation strengths, latest tailings dams failures, the International Council of Mining and Metals
density, and permeability values. As active TSF sites gain height; there will (ICMM) created a worldwide guide aiming to standardize the management of
tailings storage facilities (TSF) named GISTM (Global International Standard of

92     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

Tailings Management). This paper aims to show a real example of a phosphate TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25
mining complex located in Brazil that was impacted by all the several changes
occurred in the past years. From the base case, this complex had two existing
AFTERNOON
tailings dam that including two new future tailings dam would support the life
of mine. During the double checking everything were re-evaluated starting with VALUATION II: LESSONS LEARNED
the tailings characteristics, the process route, existing permits and structures. 112
The results ensure that the complex will need only the existing tailings dams
with coarse tailings piles buttressing the existing dams. This solution has been 2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
called the Hybrid Solution.
Chair: Z. Smith, Withum, Jersey City, NJ

3:45 PM 2:00 PM
Conformance vs. Compliance: Contrasting the Voluntary Introduction
GISTM to 9 years of Federal CCR Regulations
L. Carr; Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, St. Louis, MO 2:05 PM
The tailings failures of the 2010s were preceded by failures at U.S. coal combustion Economic Damages in Extractive Industries
residual (CCR) impoundments (e.g., Kingston, 2008; Dan River, 2014).
L. Bartlomain and Z. Smith; Forensic & Valuation Services, Withum, Jersey
The failures involved static liquefaction and/or flow-failure of waste
City, NJ
impoundments. Both led to offsite impacts, public scrutiny, litigation, and
efforts to develop systems to prevent future failures. The failure prevention We review the concept of compensable damages associated with various
systems differ between CCR and tailings. For CCR, the system is mandatory scenarios across the life cycle of predominantly energy projects from extraction
compliance via Federal regulation via 40 CFR Part 257 (USEPA CCR Rule). No through transportation, processing, and storage. Examples from damages
additional failures have occurred since this system was implemented in 2015. cases, such as the Dimmock case, will be discussed. What are some potential
However, the CCR Rule utilizes prescriptive criteria, is the subject of ongoing impacts to the surrounding properties (and wildlife) when an underground
litigation, and was expanded in scope in 2024. This approach is different than pipeline ruptures and spills oil into the Pacific Ocean? Or when a pipe ruptures
the 2020 Global Industry Standard for Tailings Management (GISTM), which at an oil refinery causing an instant fire? Natural gas storage can also cause
relies on voluntary conformance with a stakeholder-developed program with havoc when a leak persists at a storage facility. Join us as we discuss these
the allowance for variations and multiple layers of governance and overlapping issues, and more, and their potential impacts on surrounding properties as the
review. This presentation will contrast each method – compliance vs. damages, or diminution in value, can vary.
conformance – such as the advantages of the GISTM over the CCR rule and
provide lessons learned from over 9 years of CCR compliance.
2:25 PM
The Influence of Climate Policy and Carbon Price on Mine
4:05 PM Valuation and Investment Dynamics
Factor of Safety and Risk Associate with Prescribe Factor J. Davdson; Consulting, Worley, Mosman Park, WA, Australia
of Safety To achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement more countries are adopting carbon
B. Ulrich² and A. SharifabadI¹; ¹ADEQ, PE, Phoenix, AZ and ²BRYAN Ulrich pricing mechanisms. Currently over 45 countries have implemented some
LLC - Tailings Solutions, PE, Denver, AZ form of mechanism, with many more planning to introduce similar measures.
The FoS varies across different engineering disciplines depending on the To accommodate this policy movement, an increasing number of mining
nature of the structures, systems, and components, as well as the risks and companies are integrating an internal carbon price into their capital decision-
consequences associated with failure. Generally, the FoS ranges from 1.2 to 3.0 making process. However, the forecast carbon price remains uncertain with a
in geotechnical engineering. Selecting an appropriate FoS involves balancing range of potential prices adopted spanning US$50/tCO2e to US$175/tCO2e
safety, cost, material properties, and performance requirements. Guidelines by 2030. This research study investigates the role of carbon pricing and the
from organizations such as CDA and ANCOLD recommend minimum FoS values impact on valuation of mining assets. Specifically, the study explores a case
for designing embankments. These values, referred as magic numbers have study of the potential development of two Iron Ore deposits in Australia and
been used for decades and have provided acceptable probabilities of failure. the impact on development pathways. A Monte Carlo based sensitivity analysis
The FoS 1.5 assumes that material properties follow a normal distribution, and was conducted across a range of potential carbon price scenarios while also
engineer’s judgment has been used for selection of these properties to ensure assessing several carbon reduction and mitigation measures that could limit
stability. During the early design and operation of tailings facilities, using the any negative financial impact. The results of the research show that carbon
recommended FoS is generally acceptable. However, as the project matures price has the potential to significantly impact asset valuation and highlights the
and more data becomes available, it is advisable to shift from a deterministic to need for ongoing and proactive decarbonisation action.
a probabilistic approach to better understand the facility’s probability of failure
and selected FoS is acceptable.
2:45 PM
Highest & Best Use Analysis in Energy & Mining
Z. Smith; Forensic & Valuation Services, Withum, Jersey City, NJ
This talk will explore the standard components of highest and best use: legally
permissible, phyically possible financial feasibile, and maximally productive, plus two
additional factors that could be considered part of the financial feasibility test, the
imminent and probable tests. Applications to mixed asset estates will be explored
as well as considerations for unique intended uses such as noncash charitable
contributions and conservation easements. Time permitting, we will further discuss
examples of highest and best use errors commonly found in mineral appraisals.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     93

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3:05 PM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

How Developers Should Use Technical Economic Analysis MORNING
Results to Drive Project Strategy
C. Hizmeri; Process Engineering, Kiewit, Denver, CO, United States Minor BULK MATERIAL HANDLING: DIGITIZATION IN
Outlying Islands MATERIAL HANDLING
Technical Economic Analyses (TEA) are crucial for decision-making in the early 610/612
stages of a mining project’s lifecycle. Often, TEA results indicate that a project
is either marginal or not feasible, leading to disappointment and misplaced 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
blame on engineers. Instead, developers should collaborate with engineers
to evaluate the project’s strengths and weaknesses. By analyzing key project Chair: S. Knutson
strategy inputs, the team can identify and revise critical drivers. This presen-
tation shares recent insights on effectively combining evaluations with strategic 9:00 AM
adjustments to achieve a positive technical economic outcome. The goal is to Introduction
mitigate potential financial losses and personal costs while fostering promising
investments with controlled risk.
9:05 AM
Improving the Validation of Online Sensor Precision
3:25 PM
Through Variographic Analysis
An Analysis of the Valuations Methods Used in Valuing
L. Sheehy; Real Time Instruments, Mackay, QLD, Australia
Small Rural Aggregate Producers in Rural Arizona and
Rapid analysis of material properties is crucial for controlling mineral extraction
Colorado processes. Although viable sensor technologies are available, their industrial
J. Moores; Arctic Carbal/Elk Creek, Pine, CO use is limited due to the challenge of validating their precision. Current validation
This paper presents an overview of valuation methods used to assess small typically involves comparing sensor data to lab measurements of process
rural aggregate production facilities in Arizona and Colorado. The study samples. But the precision of many sampling systems often underperforms
highlights the unique challenges of valuing these commercial operations, that of the sensors being verified. Current methods, like Grubbs Estimation, are
which are often influenced by their remote locations, smaller scales, and the impractical because they require a third sampler that is precise, temporary, and
distinct market dynamics. Chief amongst these is the factor that many of these safe. Many sampling systems still have precision issues that affect accurate
locations are either municipal owned and controlled or leased to municipalities precision estimation using these methods. A promising approach is to separate
by private parties with little or no other direct interest in developing the property. validation into two tasks: assessing bias and precision independently. Sampling
These mining locations may be operated on a seasonal or intermittent basis, systems can normally effectively reduce their bias, allowing large datasets to
sometimes interrupted by long periods of inactivity or limited production, or they be used in validating sensor bias. Sensor precision can be assessed using
may be subject to multiple uses, including mining, materials and commodities variographic analysis of time series data from the sensor to evaluate the
storage. By focusing on the application of traditional appraisal methods—such nugget effect. This method has been tested in the field for accurate sensor
as income capitalization, market comparison, and cost approaches—this paper performance estimation compared to sampling-based data.
explores how these techniques are tailored to establish comparative values
for rural aggregate producers. The analysis addresses gaps prevalent in the
more traditional appraisal approaches and underscores the importance of 9:25 AM
common-sense in approaching the valuation. Applying Digital Technology to Consumables as an Addition
to a Robust Wireless Condition Monitoring Program
3:45 PM K. Walker; Product Manager, Simpsonville, SC
Using the MSHA MDRS Database to Understand the Condition monitoring answers the question, “which” of my many assets may
be approaching failure. Analytics, including vibration analytics answers the
Aggregate Market Supply Dynamics question “why” a specific asset may be approaching failure, or if an assets’
N. Sanchez Calderon; WSP, St. Louis, MO changing condition originates inside the asset or is a reflection of an overall
When doing market studies, production data from aggregate mines can be change in the powertrain. The deployment of remote, wireless, cost effective
challenging to obtain. Some state departments of natural resources require bluetooth sensors has widely expanded the scope of condition monitoring and
mines to provide yearly production data, but most do not. MSHA requires all asset analytics. The next step is applying the same digital communication
coal mines to report production data, but not to other types of mines. However, technology to consumables like grease, oil, and dessicants to automate routine
MSHA does require all mines to report employee hours per year. This presen- maintenace activities, and add an automated layer of protection for assets in
tation will show how MSHA data can be used to obtain mine locations and an environment characterized by a shortage of trained experienced labor. In
infer mine sizes, and how this can tell a story of the aggregate market supply this presentation we will look at lessons learned, both above ground and below
dynamics in places like Texas or Florida, supplemented with state, juridictional, ground, of remote wireless sensors and digital consumables applied in the
and other public data resources. mining environment.

94     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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9:45 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Lessons Learned from a Year of Continued Data Analysis on MORNING
a High Performance Belt Conveyor Using Conveyor Digital
Twinning COAL & ENERGY: COAL MINING HISTORY
P. Ormsbee; FLSmidth, Denver, CO 105
FLSmidth and Overland Conveyor Company have recently completed a full
year of active monitoring, evaluation, and data analysis on the operation of a 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
long-distance, high capacity, overland belt conveyor. The goal of this analysis
Chairs: G. Luxbacher, NIOSH, Prosper, TX
was to better understand the operation of the conveyor, eliminate unreliable
symptoms, and systematically improve its performance. FLS’ proprietary live J. Gardner, SynTerra Corp., Lexington, KY
digital twin service was used to process live operating data into meaningful
and actionable feedback to mine maintenance and operations personnel. This 9:00 AM
presentation will discuss the methods used to evaluate the conveyor, as well as Introductions
lessons learned from data analysis, live observation, and the effect of revamp
changes towards the conveyor’s performance. 9:05 AM
From Mines to Headlines: A Historical Look at Coal and
10:05 AM Climate in the Media
Development of Modern Block Models using a Data Driven L. Gattis; University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
Approach This paper provides a detailed historical analysis of how media coverage has
T. Meuzelaar¹ and K. Salzsauler²; ¹Life Cycle Geo, LLC, Glenwood Springs, portrayed the environmental impact of coal mining, with a specific focus on
CO and ²Geosyntec, Vancouver, BC, Canada climate change. A comprehensive review of archival sources, news articles,
Modern block models estimate resource volumes as well as geometallurgical and journalistic reports spanning several decades traces the evolution of
and environmental characteristics. Inclusion of the latter facilitates estimation media narratives regarding coal mining practices and their environmental
of project assets and liabilities associated with management of various material consequences from 1970-2000. The study examines the influence of media
types over the project life cycle and enables assessment of ore beneficiation representations on public perception, policy discussions, and industry practices
and waste/water management alternatives. Given that metallurgical and over time. By identifying key themes and shifts in media coverage, this research
environmental characterization tests are expensive and time consuming, they highlights the pivotal role of media in shaping environmental awareness and
are typically not conducted at a density sufficient for block modeling. Machine regulatory responses within the coal mining industry.
learning methods can be leveraged to classify material types and develop
proxies that extend material domains to the full exploration assay dataset. As an 9:25 AM
example of this workflow, five geoenvironmental block models were developed
for the proposed KSM project (Golden Triangle district, northwestern British A Brief History of Roof Control in US Underground Coal
Columbia, Canada) employing supervised and unsupervised machine learning Mines
methods. This innovative data-driven approach provides considerable flexibility C. Mark; MSHA, Pittsburgh, PA
to operators in the mine planning and development stages and reduces During the 20th century roof falls killed more coal miners than all other causes
misclassification and material dilution during operations, providing significant together, more than 50,000 in all. Reducing this terrible toll was a continual
long-term capital and operating cost reduction. focus for mine safety professionals. In the hand-loading era, when miners
were typically paid by the ton, installing roof support was often considered
10:25 AM “deadwork.” The Bureau of Mines initially exhorted miners to install more
support posts, but soon concluded that mine operators should employ “Roof
A Flexible Material Handling Network Model to Refine Major Control Plans” to set minimum support standards on a mine-by-mine basis.
Capital Design During the ensuing decades there were new safety laws, a shift to mechanized
A. Greer and S. Parakh; Mosimtech, Brentwood, TN mining methods, and a changeover from timbers to roof bolts, but none signifi-
The client is expanding operations to become India’s largest single-location cantly reduced the roof fall fatality rate. Finally the Farmington Mine Disaster
steel manufacturing facility. The facility has aggressive growth goals. The raw and the resulting 1969 Health and Safety Act set the industry on the path
material handling system supplies different materials to multiple operating towards zero roof fall fatalities. This paper discusses the many social, techno-
plants without interruption. The system included trains, trucks, conveyors, logical, and political aspects of this fascinating history.
junction houses and stacker-reclaimers. Goldratt Research Labs worked with
MOSIMTEC to develop an AnyLogic simulation model, allowing the client to 9:45 AM
understand if planned material handling changes will be able to keep up with
demand. This allowed for understanding conveyor network requirements, JOY – 100 Years of Innovations
along with replenishment policies. Missing critical connections were identified J. Haughey; Komatsu, Warrendale, PA
allowing them to be addressed during the design phase, saving costs. For over 100 years, JOY has been developing and providing innovations to
underground coal mining. From the invention of the underground coal
loader in 1919 to the latest developments in equipment automation, these
innovations have provided operators with the opportunity to increase produc-
tivity of their operations. JOY continues to develop and introduce new products
and technologies today, and has plans to continue developments as we take
operations forward. This paper will look at the last 100 years and provide a
glimpse of the future.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     95

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:05 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Island Creek Part 2 – The Growth and Demise of MORNING
a Major Coal Company
G. Luxbacher; Omshr, Niosh, Prosper, TX COAL & ENERGY: COAL PREP OPERATIONS AND
A prior presentation focused on the founding of Island Creek Coal Company and PROJECTS
its early growth. This presentation will look at Island Creek’s expansion into a 702
major player in the eastern coal fields, its failed expansion in the west and the
impact of its acquisition by a major oil company, Occidental Petroleum, with its 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
larger-than-life Chairman, Armand Hammer. As the nature of the coal industry
changed, Occidental divested Island Creek to Consol and sadly, Island Creek Chairs: J. Bobbera, Robindale Energy, Ligioner, PA
now exists only in memory. M. Barish, Somerset International, Sewickley, PA

9:00 AM
10:25 AM Introductions
Kentucky’s Coal Heritage Trail
J. Gardner; Tetra Tech, Lexington, KY 9:05 AM
Coal mining began in Kentucky in the 1800’s and development of railroads Black Otter Preparation Plant Drier Effluent Circuit
led to tremendous expansion in the early 1900’s. Tens of thousands of
people came to the Appalachian Mountains to work the mines including many K. Schaff; Engineering, Signal Peak Energy, Roundup, MT
immigrants fleeing Europe plus thousands of African Americans seeking a Signal Peak Energy (SPE) operates the Black Otter Preparation Plant which
better life. Coal camps sprung up throughout the coal fields with ones in the utilizes 15 mechanical driers to remove water from the clean coal product.
mountains by necessity having to be self-sufficient communities that depended Drier Effluent material historically returned to the heavy media dilute circuit. The
on one thing, COAL. With the decline of coal in recent decades Kentucky coal dilute circuit utilizes magnetic separators to recover magnetite before returning
fields communities turn their eyes to tourism to help fill the void left by closed the non-magnetic material to the plant feed distributor bowl. The drier effluent
mines. There are numerous attractions throughout the region that already exist. material returning to the dilute circuit represents a recirculating load of already
The Kentucky Coal Heritage Trail is designed to become the virtual link between washed product that reduces throughput capacity and overloads the magnetic
these attractions and sites giving those that are looking for their roots and separators. SPE installed new dedicated effluent pumps and now processes
heritage numerous places to go while visiting Kentucky. Linkages will be made this material on a Connweld clean coal sieve-bend to remove excess water,
to similar trails in West Virginia and Virginia. This presentation will showcase clay, and magnetite. All coarse coal from the sieve-bends is processed via a
several recent projects that are designed to help bolster the economy of the dedicated effluent CMI drier with smaller basket openings, thus eliminating
region and honor those who helped build the economy of this state and nation. the recirculating load. A dedicated magnetic separator recovers magnetite and
returns excess non-magnetic material and water back to the dilute circuit.
A reduction in magnetite usage of approximately 10-15% and additional
10:45 AM throughput capacity of 100 raw tons per hour has been observed due to the
Factors Influencing Bituminous Coal Production in dedicated effluent circuit.
Pennsylvania – 1983 to 2022
A. Iannacchione; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 9:25 AM
The study area consists of twelve counties in southwestern Pennsylvania where Arch Resources’ Industry First Application of Eriez
a long history of coal extraction has occurred. Underground coal mining along StackCell® Technology for Recovery of Low-Ash
the slopes of Mount Washington was reported in the late 18th century. By
1983, Pennsylvania bituminous coal production increased to over 65 million Metallurgical Coal from an Ultra-Fine Refuse Stream
short tons (Energy Information Administration assessment of the Mine Safety J. Nielson², E. Dohm¹ and A. Hobert¹; ¹Eriez USA, Erie, PA and ²Arch
and Health Administration’s database). This was accomplished through almost Resources, Philippi, WV
equal amounts of surface (30.6 million tons) and underground (34.5 million Metallurgical coal is an essential component for the blast furnace-basic oxygen
tons) mining methods. In 2022 surface mining accounts for only 2.2 million furnace (BF-BOF) steelmaking process, which accounts for roughly 70% of total
tons while underground mining accounts for 35.1 million tons. For the 39 global steel production. To meet the growing demand for metallurgical coal,
years of data available, surface mining production has dropped to 7% of the Arch Resources identified the potential to recover low-ash coal from ultra-fines
1983 totals. Conversely, underground mining has increased by almost 2%. discarded prior to the deslime flotation circuit across their portfolio of operations.
Underground mining production increased dramatically in the 1990s largely Historically, many flotation circuits were designed to discard this ultra-fine coal
due to the rapid expansion of longwall mining methods. However, since 1998, due to high clay content and technological barriers to cost-effectively upgrade
underground mining production has declined at an almost steady rate to its and dewater the coal to a saleable product. Recent advancements in high-in-
®
current value. tensity flotation technology, including the Eriez StackCell , have enabled coal
producers to recover ultra-fine coal while minimizing capital and operating
costs. In July 2023, Arch Resources commissioned the first full-scale ultra-fines
recovery circuit utilizing StackCell® high-intensity flotation technology at the
Leer Mining Complex. This paper reviews the approach utilized to develop
the flotation process design, learnings from the commissioning and ramp-up
period, and performance data through the first year of operation.

96     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Don’t Backup. Keep Effluent Moving Forward Froth Booster Technology Applications in Coal Flotation
T. Toney; Somerset International, Sewickley, PA P. Bozzato; WV Process Solutions, Dellslow, WV
Recycling centrifuge effluent is a common practice in coal preparation. But Froth height is universally considered of primary importance in all types of
should it backup? This recycling takes the effluent back to the feed source that flotation machines. Generally, the deeper the froth the higher the grade of the
has already rejected it as being too fine. Instead of the backup, the material froth and the lower the product yield. Froth depth can be increased adjusting
should benefit from moving forward to a unit more suited to the finer sized reagents dosages but there are limitations and, generally, with negative side
material. With screen bowl centrifuges it is well documented that eliminating effects. The ability to obtain an increased froth depth simply by changing flotation
recycle through direct recovery improves total fines recovery. Further, it reduces cells internal design has positive consequences if achieved at no or negligible
the load in the fines circuit and eliminates losses due to further degradation. negative effects on product yield. A froth booster has been developed to achieve
Does the same concept apply to the coarse coal centrifuges? As opposed to deeper froth at minimal cost and it was tested in coal flotation facilities and
recycling the coarse centrifuge effluent, the effluent keeps moving forward. It laboratory. Importance of deep froth is briefly explained together with potential
goes to the next finer circuit where it can be recovered with a higher G-force applications in the coal industry. Simulations will also prove that coal preparation
machine. This prevents a recirculating load and provides lower moisture on the plants would highly benefit from cleaner froth due to its effects on overall product
fines recovered. Somerset is working to model and test this concept to improve moisture. Finally, froth booster separation results will be included and discussed
the total plant moisture and recovery. together with applications of the technology in coal flotation to highly increase
product quality in existing or new plants.
10:05 AM
Re-creating ESG and Economic Value from Coal Discard
and Slurry Ponds
T. Kale; Metallurgical, SACPS, Benoni, Gauteng, South Africa WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
From washing Run-of-mine Coal to reprocessing waste dumps, or employing MORNING
dry processing methods, each Coal facility confronts an inevitable issue –
Coal Fines (-5+0mm). What are the some of the sustainable ways to deal
with coal fines? This is a discovery paper that explores the success story of
COAL & ENERGY: GAS WELL AND UNDERGROUND
the Optima Separator in processing of different coal size classes up to 6mm MINING INTERACTION
and producing product from 4800 to 6000 [Link]. It also takes a brief look at (LW, STONE, POTASH)
data generated over a two-year period where the facility was buying-in Coal 703
of different qualities and seams. Lastly, the paper shows how the Optima can
be combined with next generation screening to ensure ultimate desliming and 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
reduce product contamination.
Chair: R. Kimutis, CDC/NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
10:25 AM
9:00 AM
Innovative Magnetic Flotation Hybrid Process for Enhanced Introductions
Coal Cleaning
A. Sobhy; Mining and Explosives Engineering, Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO 9:05 AM
The hybrid separation process, combining magnetic flotation and column
flotation, was developed to enhance the beneficiation of a coal sample from the
Study of Breached Gas Mitigation in an Underground Coal
El-Maghara coal mine, which has a high ash content of 27.21%. This system Mine Using Network Modeling and Physical Model
integrates a high-gradient magnetic field into a flotation column to prevent R. Kimutis; PMRD/MSSB, CDC/NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
magnetic particles from floating, improving coal demineralization and producing Due to the surge in shale gas production, a substantial number of unconven-
high-quality coal. The Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology tional shale gas wells have been drilled across US coal reserves. Gas
were used to optimize the effects of various operating parameters on process breaches resulting from damaged wells pose considerable safety risk
performance. Key parameters such as magnetic field strength, slurry circulation to miners. This paper investigates how a ventilation system can effectively
flow rate, air flow rate, collector dosage, and frother concentration were manage breached gas through a network-based numerical model and
examined. The process responses included ash percentage, combustible laboratory-scaled physical model. Several hypothetical gas breach
recovery, and separation efficiency. Under optimal conditions—1.2 T magnetic scenarios in a longwall area are simulated, exploring factors influencing
field strength, 1500 ml/min circulation flow rate, 11.64 ml/min air flow rate, gas mitigation. The study establishes correlations between breached gas inflow
0.87 kg/ton diesel collector, and 42 ppm methyl isobutyl carbinol frother—the and gas concentration at critical locations. Findings provide valuable insights
predicted and confirmed results showed ash percentages of 7.78%, 7.89%, for managing mine ventilation systems and enhancing coal miner safety.
and 7.71%, with maximum recoveries of 75.86%, 76.37%, and 75.94%, and
maximum separation efficiencies of 77.17%, 78.51%, and 78.71%.

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9:25 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

A Comparison of Ground Permeability Changes Before, MORNING
During and After Longwall Panel Mine-bys Under Deep and
Shallow Cover COAL & ENERGY: GENERAL VENTILATION
M. Harris, S. Schatzel, J. Addis, Z. Khademian, Y. Zheng and 704
C. Matthews; PMRD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Washington, DC 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
Shale gas wells can sometimes drill through coal reserves. The caving of
Chairs: M. Burich, Komatsu, Warrendale, PA
the gob from longwall coal mines may deform the shale gas well casing and
potentially result in a breach. NIOSH researchers studied the permeability of the J. Bowling, SRK Consulting, Clovis, CA
surrounding ground strata that may affect the potential for an inflow of gas into
an underground mine environment. An overview and comparison of measured 9:00 AM
permeability values under differing cover depths and mining cycle phase will be Introductions
presented and discussed. The findings highlight considerations that affect the
interaction between gas wells extraction and mining operations that may lead to 9:05 AM
potentially hazardous environments.
Three-Dimensional Ventilation Modeling of Large Opening
Stone Mine using COMSOL Multiphysics
9:45 AM K. Raj and V. Gangrade; CDC NIOSH, Spokane, WA
Data-driven System to Support Co-Development of Oil, Gas, Airflow in large opening stone mines is largely dependent on the natural
and Potash Resources from the Designated Potash Area in ventilation due to the large cross-section area of the opening. The openings of
the Permian Basin of New Mexico such stone mines are typically twice or thrice the size of typical underground
J. Melendez, R. Pillers, D. Ensign, L. Dair and J. Mauk; Geology, coal or metal/nonmetal mines. Due to the influence of natural ventilation air
Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, velocities as well as the static pressure drop in the mines are low. Mines rely
Denver, CO on auxiliary fans to ventilate active faces to reduce contaminant exposure to
mine workers. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The 2012 Department of the Interior Secretarial Order No. 3324 tasked the is conducting research on ventilation of large opening stone mine to reduce
Bureau of Land Management with orderly co-development of oil, gas, and worker exposure to dust and other contaminants such as diesel particulate
potash resources within the Designated Potash Area in the Permian Basin matter (DPM). In order to reduce worker exposure to dust and DPM, an
region of southeastern New Mexico. This area is the preeminent source of understanding of the airflow pattern due to auxiliary fans in the mine is needed.
potash production in the United States. The U.S. Geological Survey’s USMIN Under this research, NIOSH researchers are exploring the CFD modeling to
project is building a database which integrates more than 2,800 drill cores understand the airflow behavior in large opening mine. In this paper, we are
across the area to develop a data-driven system to help the Bureau of Land presenting the results from three-dimensional CFD modeling of airflow in a
Management manage concurrent oil and gas drilling and underground potash large opening stone mine. We investigated the effects of fans in the model in
mining. combination with movement of trucks in the model.

10:05 AM 9:25 AM
Prediction of Rockmass Permeability Changes by Longwall Optimization of Fire Suppression Nozzle Location on Mobile
Mining Mine Equipment
Z. Khademian and M. Harris; National Institute for Occupational Safety and W. Tang, D. Bahrami, R. Thomas and L. Yuan; Pittsburgh Mining Research
Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC
Predicting rockmass permeability is critical in evaluating various engineering The positioning of fire suppression nozzles is critical for their effectiveness
designs, including estimating gas inflow to a longwall mine in the case of a in extinguishing mobile mine equipment fires. To effectively suppress such
hypothetical breach in the gas well. This study uses a geomechanical modelling fires, optimization needs to be considered for the suppression nozzle locations.
methodology and predicts rockmass permeability changes above an abutment Detailed experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of fire
pillar in a longwall mine in Pennsylvania. A series of slug permeability tests suppression with different nozzle locations. A variety of fire suppression systems
are planned to be conducted to measure permeability values during first and including dry chemical, wet chemical, dual agent (dry and wet chemical),
second panel mining. The measured permeabilities by the slug tests will be carbon dioxide, and water mist were used. 6 types of nozzle locations were
later used to evaluate the accuracy of permeability prediction and possible studied, and their fire suppression effectiveness were compared. Results from
calibration requirements. this work can help mining companies and manufacturers develop effective fire
suppression designs.

98     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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9:45 AM 9:05 AM
Easy Up – Easy Down: An Innovative Ventilation Stopping Direct Lithium Extraction Wellfield Design Strategies and
for Large-opening Metal/Nonmetal Mines Optimization: Insights from the Kachi Lithium Brine Project
V. Gangrade and J. Addis; National Institute for Occupational Safety and M. Gabora¹, A. Fulton², W. Minchin³ and J. Wang4; ¹Lake Resources,
Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA Tomball, TX; ²Groundwater Exploration Services, Melbourne, NSW,
Large-opening underground mines have a huge ventilation challenge due to Australia; ³Watershed Hydrogeo, Nowra, NSW, Australia and 4S.S.
their size. Directing the airflow to the working faces is often difficult due to Papadopulos & Associates, Inc., Rockville, MD
slow air velocities and lack of continuous stoppings in the mine. Providing The Phase I Kachi Lithium Brine Project is a planned 25-yr and 25,000-tonne
a consistent supply of fresh ventilation air is imperative for mitigating the pa Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE) operation located in the Carachi Pampa
presence of airborne contaminants such as diesel particulate matter, diesel Basin, in Catamarca, Argentina. The project will recover lithium via direct
and blasting fumes, and silica dust to safeguard the well-being of underground lithium extraction (DLE), with spent brine being reinjected into the subsurface.
mine workers. The traditional mine stoppings have three common problems, A calibrated variable-density groundwater flow and transport model was
they get damaged by blasts, they are difficult to raise and lower, and they are used to assess wellfield designs. Maintaining hydrogeologic conditions east
expensive. This paper showcases a novel design ventilation stopping solution of the extraction wellfield was critical, as spring flow is crucial for important
that prioritizes safety, ease of operation, operation without continuous power natural lake habitat. It was also essential to site the injection wells to minimize
supply, and cost-effectiveness, with the goal of enabling widespread adoption dilution of the brine resource while remaining close enough to sustain hydraulic
for efficiently directing ventilation airflows in large-opening metal/nonmetal heads in the extraction wellfield, thereby minimizing drawdown and reducing
mines. The paper details the design attributes, individual components, and the subsidence risk. The plan utilizes permeable alluvial fans fringing the salar
operator-friendly ‘easy up, easy down’ mechanism of the stopping, emphasizing for high injection rates and rapid pressure propagation in the semi-confined
its role in optimizing ventilation management. / confined aquifer with lower injection rates near sensitive areas designed
to preserve the aquifer’s natural state. Extensive real-time monitoring and
frequent model updates will be used to understand deviations from predictions
10:05 AM and adjust operations accordingly.
Real-Time Evacuation Optimization in Underground Mines
Using Simulation Rig and “Egg” Sensor 9:25 AM
4
S. Bunning², S. Goodyear², R. Owusu-Ansah³, S. Kingman , H. Khaniani³,
V. Androulakis³, S. Shao5, M. Hassanalian² and P. Roghanchi¹; 1Mining
Just a Drop Will DrillYa – Harmonizing Bedrock Drilling
Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; 2Mechanical Programs and Hydrogeologic Investigations
Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, J. Wartman and J. Brown; Foth Infrastructure & Environment, LLC, Duluth, MN
NM; ³Mineral Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Subsurface site characterization for mining projects is a data driven process,
4
Technology, Socorro, NM; Computer Science and Engineering, New with significant efforts and expenses incurred on the collection of data through
5
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM and Electrical different drilling investigations. Programs are often run in parallel during early
Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM phases of project development. However, groundwater is not always considered
Underground mine fires pose significant dynamic hazards on mine workers, during these investigations. To best leverage the costs associated with
threatening their safety and complicating self-evacuation and rescue exploration and geotechnical drilling, there are time-critical and opportunistic
operations. To mitigate these risks, a physical simulation rig of an underground activities that projects should consider to inform and prepare their groundwater
mine, as well as a real-size deployable sensor unit, referred to as “egg” sensor, program. This talk will review activities that projects should consider adopting,
are developed. The “egg” sensors measure CO concentration, temperature, cost savings that can be realized, and risks that can be mitigated by incorpo-
humidity, and particle size, while transmitting in real-time the data to a rating groundwater considerations into existing drilling programs.
command center via wireless communication. These concepts aim to identify
optimal escape routes using graph-based search algorithms by minimizing
health impacts on humans and reducing the distance traveled to safety during 9:45 AM
a fire emergency. Technical Evaluation of Lithium Brine Deposits
M. Rosko; Montgomery & Associates, Tucson, AZ
Lithium brine mineral resources are fluid deposits of variable density and mobility,
and need to be evaluated differently than traditional hard rock resources. These
mineral-enriched brines are hosted in porous- and fractured-rock aquifers,
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 typically within closed hydrologic basins where lithium has been concentrated
via evaporation over long periods of time. The conceptualization and exploration
MORNING of brine mineral resources requires not only an understanding of the spatial and
temporal variability of brine densities and concentrations, but also the hydraulic
ENVIRONMENTAL: MINING HYDROGEOLOGY parameters of the aquifer. Key parameters such as brine volume and grade,
103 aquifer geometry, hydrogeologic unit definition, effective porosity, specific
yield, flow rate, recoverability, etc. are used in order to meet the definition of
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 reasonable prospects of economic extraction and define the mineral resource.
Practical methods have been developed to characterize and evaluate lithium
Chairs: C. Peters, Montgomery & Associates, Tucson, AZ brine resources and reserves.
B. Moravec

9:00 AM
Inroductions

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     99

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:05 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Management of Data Uncertainty in Water Resource MORNING
Characterization for Mining Projects
V. Tandon, J. Brown and J. Wartman; Mining, Foth Infrastructure & ENVIRONMENTAL: PASSIVE MINE WATER
Environment, Saint Paul, MN TREATMENT: SUCCESSES, REALITIES, AND LESSONS
Hydrogeologic characterization data serve as critical foundations for FOR THE FUTURE
understanding groundwater flow at mine sites. These data support conceptual 104
and numerical models used in project feasibility and environmental impact
assessments. Practical and cost limitations introduce uncertainty into
predictions. For example, only so many boreholes that can be drilled, depth
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
intervals hydraulically tested, and wells installed. In this talk, we explore how Chairs: J. Gillow, Arcadis, Greenwood Village, CO
uncertainty is effectively managed through the sequential deployment of various M. Hay, Arcadis U.S., Inc., Broomfield, CO
techniques, including borehole geophysics, hydrophysical logging, packer
testing, and well construction/testing. Progressive reduction of data at each 9:00 AM
testing phase leading to identification of critical test intervals will be reviewed. Introductions

10:25 AM 9:05 AM
Efficient Shallow Dewatering in Open-Pit Mining Using Ten Top Game-Changing Technical Papers on Mining
Blastholes Influenced Water Remediation
R. Valdes Pineda; Piteau Associates, Tucson, AZ J. Gusek; Jim Gusek MIW LLC, Lakewood, CO
Mining operations often face challenges in managing groundwater levels during Forty years of mine remediation conferences and their proceedings can offer
the concluding phases of open-pit extraction and pit floor deepening, where many learning opportunities. Some pre-internet papers are true technical “game
efficient shallow dewatering is critical for continued operations. This technical changers”, advancing the state of the art of mine remediation. This presentation
presentation explores a successful engineering application of blastholes revisits ten papers (not by this author) that focus on the use bactericides to
for shallow dewatering, presenting a novel approach that optimizes water suppress acid rock drainage, and the development of passive treatment systems
removal and enhances operational mining and safety. Through the drilling for both coal and hard rock mines. As a new generation of mine remediation
and construction of blasthole wells, this method has demonstrated significant engineers takes the helm, familiarity with past successes will benefit them, the
benefits, ensuring operational continuity, achieving targeted dewatering mining industry, and the planet.
objectives, and providing safer working conditions. The conclusions highlight
the effectiveness of blasthole wells in accomplishing operational, safety, and
efficiency benefits in end-of-phase open-pit mining. 9:25 AM
A Design Framework for Passive Bioreactors
10:45 AM L. Figueroa; Civil Environmental/Mining Engineering, Colorado School of
Mines, Golden, CO
Leveraging Hydromechanical Simulation for Superior ESG
Solid substrate bioreactors are a promising solution for treating mining-in-
Results
fluenced water with low operational and maintenance requirements. However,
S. Dehkhoda, T. Chung, A. Flatten and V. levkovitch; Beck Engineering, there is a lack of validated design guidance, particularly in selecting and
Bowen Hills, QLD, Australia specifying organic substrates to ensure long-term effectiveness in reducing
Hydrogeology plays a crucial role in responsible mining operations. The sulfate, nitrate, and metal concentrations. Current design criteria often assume
intricate relationship between mining operations and hydrogeological a constant rate of carbon release, which does not accurately reflect the variable
systems requires strategies that not only consider the physical processes release rates of natural solid-phase materials like hay and wood. To address
involved in mining activities but also how they interact with water resources. this, a simple method based on agricultural sequential extraction protocols
This paper presents an advanced hydromechanical modeling framework was developed to characterize organic substrates. This method was used to
that accurately represents subsurface water dynamics, accounting for select organic solid substrates for a series of bioreactors. The rate of substrate
geological inconsistencies like faults and incorporating realistic boundary consumption, along with the performance in removing sulfate and metals,
conditions such as drainage, terrain, rivers, and rainfall. The simulation was then analyzed and is presented within a more comprehensive design
offers insights into water-rock interaction and groundwater behavior around framework.
active and abandoned mines. Its fully transient nature enables time-
dependent observations, providing an evolving view of the hydrogeological
landscape. Notably, the framework’s ability to simulate pit reflooding is vital 9:45 AM
for ensuring mine safety, predicting environmental impacts, and planning Passive-Aggressive: The Integration of Constructed
for potential closures. These insights are essential for informed decision- Wetlands into Active Mine Water Treatment Trains for
making, mitigating environmental impacts, and ensuring sustainable resource Sustainability Goals
extraction, ultimately supporting Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)
goals. J. Sharp, W. Wang, Z. Yang, R. Germain, D. Tepedelen, G. Vanzin,
J. Ranville and J. Vanneste; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden, CO
Recent findings in our laboratory have revealed that a unique diatom-dom-
inated, photosynthetic open-water wetland holds promise for the attenuation of
a wide variety of metal(loid)s. We propose that further gains can be achieved
through integration with active engineered technologies. We have investigated
the bench-scale application of this wetland as a chemical-free alternative that
provides both alkalinization and oxidation. This results in more cost-effective
arsenic and boron treatment when combined with membrane processes.

100     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

Expanding from that work, we have explored the feasibility of biological intermittent seasonal wetting and drying. Pond sediments create a sink for
oxidation followed by ferric flocculation for the removal of arsenic and other uranium, but uranium concentrations in pond waters remain above remedial
metals. There are also advantages in reversing the operational order – less goals at all four sites. Sediment and water data, groundwater flow patterns, and
aggressive alkalinization (e.g., from pH=3 to pH=5) of acid mine drainage via column studies are being used to evaluate if uranium (1) continues to be mobile
chemical dosing can be used as a pretreatment strategy. This can be followed as throughflow, (2) is being precipitated and immobilized, or (3) is being sorbed
by wetland transit to further increase the pH and passively remove challenging to pond sediments in a temporary storage scenario. The results are determining
metal constituents. These findings support the application of a hybrid approach if these ponds are already functioning as a passive treatment system or could
toward mine water treatment that combines passive, nature-based and active be engineered to enhance uranium capture.
technologies to achieve sustainability goals.

10:05 AM
A Multi-Model Evaluation for Passive Infiltration of Metals
from Mine Water Discharge WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
P. Nolan, C. Mayer, K. Richards and G. Konzen; WSP, Redmond, WA MORNING
The management of mine discharge water presents a challenge due to the impact
of high metal loads on surface and groundwater. Active treatment can be costly
HEALTH & SAFETY: ADVANCES IN EDUCATION AND
and difficult to implement in remote locations. Here, we present a multi-model TRAINING
approach using MIN3P, PHREEQC, and PHAST to determine if infiltration ponds 109
can safely manage discharge water from an abandoned mine. Discharge water
seasonally contains elevated concentrations of arsenic, iron, and manganese. 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
Groundwater and surface water data together with detailed site information
helped in developing robust models. MIN3P and PHREEQC modeling indicated Chairs: R. Reed, University of Arizona, Taylor, AZ
iron hydroxide precipitation with decreasing porosity in the vadose zone. Results W. Derber
of MIN3P and PHREEQC were used to provide a source term for PHAST. PHAST
modeling demonstrated that arsenic attenuates well in the vadose zone due to 9:00 AM
iron hydroxide formation and sorption. However, results show that manganese Introduction
concentrations may exceed compliance limits in 20 years as vadose zone sorption
capacity is exceeded. This multi-model approach demonstrates the complexity 9:05 AM
required to evaluate the feasibility of passive mine water infiltration to prevent
groundwater and surface water impairment. From Good to Great: Building a Global Safety Education
Center
B. Ross; Global Mining Education Foundation, Tucson, AZ
10:25 AM
The mining industry’s significant investment in safety education has led to
Case Study: Passive treatment at Elizabeth Mine in remarkable improvements in safety performance over time. However, we
Strafford, Vermont can achieve even greater success by enhancing the effectiveness, efficiency,
B. Butler¹ and L. Dunnington²; ¹Office of Research and Development, U.S. and affordability of safety training. Currently, each company, mine, and often
EPA, Cincinnati, OH and ²Office of Land and Emergency Management, individual departments are responsible for their own safety programs, which
U.S. EPA, DC, DC can lead to inconsistencies and gaps due to varying levels of resources and
The passive system at Elizabeth Mine has been in operation since 2019 and treats expertise. The mining industry can bridge this gap by establishing a global
iron from a tailings facility. The system comprises an anoxic limestone drain, settling center dedicated to safety education. This center, envisioned as part of a
pond, vertical flow pond, and two wetlands. The effluent from each component larger mining education institute, would harness the expertise of top industry
has been sampled to track the sequential removal of iron through the treatment professionals to create and deliver world-class safety courses accessible
train. A program through the Office of Land and Emergency Management has to miners everywhere, at any time. By achieving economies of scale, these
enabled consistent monthly sampling since May 2022. Sampling includes on-site courses will be more effective, efficient, affordable, and credible. Join us to
measurement of aqueous ferrous and total iron, flows, water quality parameters, explore the blueprint for creating this Safety Education Center, the benefits of
and laboratory metals analyses. Seasonal data trends and lessons learned to date a global approach, and successful examples of industry-driven professional
will be presented. development programs. Be part of the movement to set a new standard in
mining safety.

10:45 AM
9:25 AM
Uranium Migration from Former Tailings Areas to a
The Human Factor in Mining: A Proposal for Behavioral
Receiving River: Are Intervening Ponds a Uranium Sink,
Transformation and Enhanced Safety
Source, or Temporary Storage?
C. Navia Vasquez; StartMomentum Consulting, Green Valley, AZ
R. Johnson¹, V. Ocampo², E. Au¹ and E. Evans¹; ¹RSI EnTech, LLC,
Grand Junction, CO and ²Applied Research Center, Florida International The mining industry is a key sector for global economic development, which
University, Miami, FL requires a comprehensive rethink to prevent occupational fatalities and
accidents, which continue to rise. Human behavioral factors are the origin of
Natural and engineered wetlands can function as passive mine water treatment unsafe acts, which are human actions that generate risk situations resulting
systems to remediate metals contamination. At four U.S. Department of Energy in occupational accidents. These unsafe acts are a consequence of personal
Office of Legacy Management sites, uranium tailings have been removed but aptitudes, attitudes and conditions. Personality factors influence the likelihood
residual solid phase uranium creates persistent groundwater plumes flowing of such accidents. In this research, Behavioral Transformation (BT) is presented
near and toward adjacent rivers. Between these residual source zones and as an alternative to identify and address these factors, improving the well-being
nearby rivers, surficial ponds occur as expressions of the groundwater. Three of workers, reducing costs, increasing productivity and maximizing the quality
sites contain ponds created by gravel mining operations, while one site of work in mines.
contains a natural former oxbow of the river channel. All four sites experience

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     101

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
A Novel Approach to Workforce Improvement Using the Escape! Gamifying Self-Escape Training for Underground
MetaVerse Turning AI into IA (Intelligence Amplification) Mines Using Mobile Devices
M. Poulton, M. Peltier and M. Baker; Desert Saber LLC, Oro Valley, AZ N. Pham¹, J. Felker¹, R. Reed¹, L. Brown¹ and E. Lutz²; ¹Mel & Enid
Using virtual environments for training provides a photorealistic opportunity to Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson,
expose workers to potentially hazardous situations that allow them the flexibility AZ and ²School of Mining & Mineral Resources, The University of Arizona,
to respond without exposing them to physical harm. A high-fidelity model of Tucson, AZ
a portion of a mining operation has been created for training and testing a “Serious games” can provide scenario-based active learning that enhances
workforce’s competencies and capabilities for working at heights. Large worker competency, leading to better outcomes for health and safety training
amounts of data exist for mine operations but the data available for workforce programs. Escape! is a multiplayer, turn-based strategy game for mobile
competencies and capabilities are very limited in most companies. Stealth devices (e.g. iPhones and Android) that is designed to enhance emergency
assessment is used to capture data while the worker is making decisions. response and self-escape training for underground miners. The app includes
AI is a powerful tool for analyzing large data sets and making predictions. It training modules for both underground coal and metal mine operations.
is also a powerful tool for analyzing documents and creating summaries or It features role-playing scenarios with realistic hazard events such as fires,
new content. But AI is only as good as the data used to build the underlying inundation, irrespirable air, and ground failures. Players must engage in
models. The large amount of detailed data collected on every worker can be high-stress decision-making and use resources efficiently to secure the scene
combined, using AI, to better understand (amplify our intelligence) the ability and evacuate the mine. In this talk, we outline key game mechanics to elicit
of each worker and collectively the larger workforce to perform a task or job as critical thinking and evoke discussion around mine emergency topics. A short
well as their ability to problem-solve under more authentic, dynamic circum- demonstration and feedback from beta testing are provided. Through realistic
stances, including atypical job tasks. scenarios and interactive gameplay, Escape! will bolster miner competency
in real-life emergencies, augmenting miners’ decision-making skills and
improving self-escape outcomes.
10:05 AM
Preliminary Investigation of Barriers to Adoption and
11:05 AM
Implementation of VR as a Training Tool with NIOSH’s
VR-Mine Rescue Training Strategic Health and Safety Communication in Mining:
C. Hoebbel and J. Bellanca; CDC NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
Media Approaches and Public Perception
L. Gattis; University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
High-fidelity, immersive training is known for its logistical and learning benefits.
While other industries have used it for decades, the same uptake has not been This study investigates how mining companies strategically communicate health
seen in mining. NIOSH recently developed an adaptable, scalable VR training and safety practices through media channels. It systematically reviews industry
platform, VR Mine Rescue Training (VR-MRT), which has attracted significant approaches and media content to assess the effectiveness of different communi-
industry interest. NIOSH is using VR-MRT to understand the barriers to adoption cation strategies in enhancing public perception and engaging stakeholders.
and implementation of VR. Researchers conducted usability and acceptability By examining the dynamics between corporate communication strategies and
testing as well as pre-implementation interviews. In this paper, authors identify journalistic practices, the research provides insights into the framing, dissemination,
potential barriers and ongoing efforts to overcome them, to position VR-MRT as a and reception of these messages across diverse audiences. The findings contribute
supplemental training resource for mine workers and safety professionals. to a deeper understanding of how media influences health and safety narratives
within the mining sector, offering practical implications for industry stakeholders and
communication professionals.
10:25 AM
Owning Safety with Smart Leadership: A Case Study of the 11:25 AM
Mining Institute for Supervisory Leadership Program
What’s a Resilient Safety Culture (And How Do You Get It)?
R. Reed¹, L. Brown¹ and E. Lutz²; ¹Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of
Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and ²School of Mining Z. Knoop; Caterpillar Inc., Groveland, IL
& Mineral Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Safety culture exists whether an organization proactively manages it or not.
The University of Arizona’s Training Resource Center (TRC) developed the Mining Over the past 50 years, Caterpillar Safety Services has worked with hundreds of
Institute for Supervisory Leadership (MISL) training program with topics including organizations striving to build the strongest safety culture possible to keep their
accountability, communication, conflict resolution, mentoring, and more. Two people safe. What we’ve learned is that the key to success and sustainability
underground coal mine companies, representing three mines, requested the TRC is resilience. In this presentation you will learn about the four interdependent
MISL training. Key personnel at the supervisory (123), management (50), and components that are necessary to achieve a resilient safety culture.
executive (12) levels of the companies attended. Feedback for the MISL course
was overwhelmingly positive. Eighty-four percent (155) of trainees agreed or
strongly agreed that the course improved their confidence as a leader, while
96% (178) agreed or strongly agreed that overall, this was an excellent course.
Ninety-six percent (178) agreed or strongly agreed that the trainers were confident
and prepared. When describing the biggest issues they faced at work, the most
frequently cited issues were related to tools and equipment (lack of or improper, 13),
staffing shortages and similar (15), and attitudes and team-related issues (9).
Leadership training can equip mining professionals to achieve more with less
and leverage existing staff and resources to exceed safety and health objectives.

102     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 9:45 AM

MORNING Applying Generative AI to Job Hazard Analysis and Safety
Observation Reports
HEALTH & SAFETY: BEST PRACTICES - PROCESS Y. Dong² and L. Brown¹; ¹Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health,
SAFETY AND RISK CASE STUDY The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and ²College of Information Science,
The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
108
Risk management processes such as job hazard analysis are critical in
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 preventing incidents and avoiding occupational injuries on the worksite.
We explore state-of-the-art generative AI technologies, such as GPT-4 and
Chairs: S. Richard, Coeur Mining, Chicago, IL Claude-3 Opus, to predict potential injuries, explain the causes of injuries, and
M. Main, Freeport-McMoRan Inc, Leadville, CO generate safety recommendations from textual descriptions of proposed job
activities and work areas. In this talk, we discuss strategies to integrate expert
9:00 AM suggestions and mining safety-specific knowledge to improve AI performance,
Introduction using techniques such as few-show learning and Retrieval-Augmented
Generation (RAG). For example, in an injury labelling task conducted with
work area safety observations farmed from a partner’s management system,
9:05 AM the models achieved F1 scores which met or surpassed the inter-expert
An Agent-Based Parametric Analysis of Miners’ Evacuation comparisons -- 0.41-0.7 for GPT-4 versus 0.48-0.57 for experts, where the
Time from an Underground Fire for Improved Emergency expert annotations were used as gold labels. Furthermore, expert reviews of the
Planning AI’s explanations for each potential injury found most to be practical and useful.
AI models show great potential to assist in job planning and risk management
O. Salami; Tunnels, HATCH, Los Angeles, CA tasks, serving as a foundation for smarter safety management systems.
This study investigates the critical importance of efficient crew evacuation
during hazardous situations in underground mining environments. Focusing
on a drilling rig (29.4 MW) fire scenario, the research examines the evacuation 10:05 AM
duration for a 25-member crew through modelbased evaluations of designated A Case Study in Core Processing Facilities Modernization:
escape routes. The findings emphasize the significant impact of fire-induced Creating a Significantly Safer Work Environment at Vale
smoke on evacuation times, challenging assumptions about the shortest path
Stobie
being the safest or fastest. The study underscores the necessity of optimizing
evacuation efficiency by selecting appropriate routes during an emergency in the C. Meandro² and E. Maag¹; ¹CoreLift, Sudbury, ON, Canada and ²In-Mine
underground. While specifically addressing fire-related risks, it acknowledges Geology, Vale Canada Ltd, Sudbury, ON, Canada
the potential applicability of the evacuation modeling approach to other hazards The Vale Stobie core shack was a traditional high volume mining operations
in underground mines, however without accounting for their direct influence on using racking and wooden benches to layout core with over 100,000 metres
evacuation procedures. The findings from this study serve as a crucial resource of diamond drill core logged per annum. By significantly retrofitting the work
for enhancing safety protocols within mining operations, highlighting the need environment and adding adjustable equipment, Vale reduced the physical
for further exploration into comprehensive evacuation strategies considering handling of core boxes by 83% and thereby having a significant reduction in
various hazards present underground. Health & Safety hazards for repetitive strain injuries like MSDs. The new fully
adjustable equipment allows for a greater physical diversity of geologists and
technicians as well as increase the productivity of the core logging operations.
9:25 AM
Ergonomic Safety Guarding and its Return on Investment
10:25 AM
C. Allen; Belt Conveyor Guarding, Barrie, ON, Canada
Developing Leading Indicators for Safety Risks
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), back injuries make up
20% of all workplace injuries. Only the common cold accounts for more missed in Mining Operations Through Holistic Error Data Analysis
days of work. In this presentation, we will take a look at the importance of P. Guild and P. Rogers; Mining Engineering, University of Utah, Magna, UT
safety guarding ergonomics as well as the Return on Investment that comes Safety outcomes are highly dependent on the efficiency of leadership, the
with it. Key topics we will cover include: - OSHA/MSHA Machine Guarding prevailing culture, and the systems utilized to enable a sustainable mining
Standards and how to apply them to your equipment - Principles of fixed operation. While error data is collected across multiple functions of a mining
guarding - Explanation of how companies can make their guarding ergonomic operation to project business risks and fine-tune processes that impact returns,
and maintenance-friendly - Demonstration of cost effects of injuries due to safety insights often rely heavily on lagging indicators, resulting in reactive
non-ergonomic guarding - Providing a useful tool to estimate direct and indirect solutions that typically fail to consider evolving risks. This research holistically
costs caused by poor ergonomics Belt Conveyor Guarding is an industry leader analyzes error data, including operational error data, production variance,
in providing sustainable guarding solutions for rotating equipment and conveyor maintenance error data, and safety event data, to determine if patterns exist
applications. We provide safe, affordable solutions that ensure your equipment that can help form leading indicators for projecting safety risks.
is compliant with health and safety regulations and protect the worker from
exposure to danger zones

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     103

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Development of Hazard & Risk Identification System MORNING
Utilizing Virtual Reality (VR) and Augment Reality (AR)
Technologies INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES: HEALTH &
V. Alves, T. Dias de Almeida, C. Kocsis and D. Wood; Mining, University of SAFETY IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS (JOINT SESSION
Utah, South Jordan, UT WITH HEALTH & SAFETY DIVISION)
This paper will focus on the development of an underground mine emergency 107
evacuation system coupled with a health and safety training program to
identify hazards and risks using metaverse-based virtual reality technology. 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
This simulator can help model and understand human behavior in case of
emergency, eliminate panic, and increase the confidence of mine workers in Chairs: R. Mitra, South Dakota Mines, Rapid City, SD
case of underground fires and other emergency situations. Two interconnected A. Moradi, University of Kentucky
modules will be developed under the main metaverse platform enabling the
system to be used as: (1) training & testing mine personnel, and (2) guided 9:00 AM
evacuation of underground mine personnel to a safe area. Introduction

11:05 AM 9:05 AM
Leveraging Psychological Safety to Enable Improved Safety In-Mine Underground Collision Avoidance Information
Performance System
T. Dillon and W. Leavitt; ERM, Elko, NV M. Long¹, S. Schafrik¹, J. Sottile¹, Z. Agioutantis¹, A. Rajvanshi² and
ERM has supported mining clients facing safety performance challenges H. Chiu²; ¹Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Winchester, KY and
by emphasizing the importance of a collaborative approach. By engaging ²SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
employees at all levels within the organization, these clients have been able to Despite significant advancements in mine health and safety, mining remains
identify root causes and implement effective changes. For employees to thrive a hazardous environment with fatalities increasing in recent years, with
and speak freely, it is important to create a psychologically safe workplace. A 2023 being the highest in 10 years for fatalities at 39, and with 23% of the
heightened level of awareness is required to uncover blind spots and embed fatalities in 2023 being attributed to powered haulage. This is exacerbated
sustainable interventions. We explored the human experience, including physio- by the use of large equipment in confined spaces, poor visibility, and operator
logical responses to cues of safety and danger. We brought systems thinking fatigue. Collision avoidance systems (CAS) have been successfully utilized in
forward to help foster an environment where purposeful relationships and surface operations to mitigate these hazards. However, they have not been
healthy interactions lead to a human-centered, psychologically safe workplace. implemented in underground applications as of yet due to the complex
conditions of underground mines. This paper proposes a novel low cost
CAS, utilizing machine learning and depth-sensing cameras for underground
11:25 AM applications. Training image data captured of underground mobile equipment in
Leveraging CMMS for Enhanced Health & Safety: A Case underground stone mines and a zinc mine was used to improve a vision-based
Study on Haul Truck Hydraulic Hose Failure Fires recognition engine developed by SRI International. Utilizing the data from the
CAS, a front-end interface will alert equipment operators to potential collisions,
M. Smyth; Cogep, Moncton, NB, Canada thereby enhancing safety and reducing incidents in underground mining
In the mining industry, the reliability and safety of equipment are paramount environments.
to ensuring operational efficiency and worker safety. This case study explores
the critical role of CMMS in improving maintenance practices and preventing
equipment failures, focusing on the safety challenges posed by hydraulic hose 9:25 AM
failures. At a mine site, recurring incidents of haul truck fires were traced Characterization and Toxicity Analysis of Lab-created
back to bursting hydraulic hoses, posing significant safety risks. Our investi- Respirable Crystalline Silica Dust from Metal and
gation revealed that preventive maintenance tasks were not consistently
performed, leading to catastrophic hydraulic hose failures. By optimizing the Non-metal mines
CMMS, we were able to track and manage both preventive and corrective S. Siahidouzazar¹, M. Rezaee² and P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering,
maintenance activities. The software facilitated detailed logging of maintenance University of Kentukcy, Lexington, KY and ²Mining Engineering, Penn State
work, enabling the identification of trends and root causes behind equipment University, State College, PA
failures. Analysis of maintenance data highlighted the critical need for a This study investigates the physicochemical characteristics and toxicity of
mid-life replacement strategy for hydraulic hoses. This presentation will delve lab-prepared, respirable-size silica dust from different metal and non-metal
into the methodology of using CMMS data to drive maintenance decisions, mines. Respirable crystalline silica dust (RCS) samples are analyzed for
the implementation of the mid-life replacement strategy, and the resulting dissolution characteristics in simulated lung fluid (SLF) through batch reactor
improvements in safety and operational efficiency. studies under conditions that mimic the lung environment. These experiments
explore the relationship between different samples’ toxicity and physico-
chemical characteristics. The ongoing research in this field also highlights the
need for more intensive risk assessment and better management options to
protect the health and safety of miners.

104     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Diesel Particulate Matter Emissions from Underground Mining Knowledge from Failure: Lessons Learned from the
Mining Equipment Fatalities of 2023
F. Ayaburi¹, K. Bamwisho², B. Yendemeh², A. Swift¹, J. Ayaburi¹, N. Kelley¹, M. Savit², E. Lutz³ and P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering,
A. Brickey³ and A. Newman¹; ¹Mechanical, Colorado School of Mines, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; ²CEO, MSHAWise LLC, Denver, CO
Golden, CO; ²Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO and ³South Dakota and ³University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD The 2023 fatality reports by MSHA reveal a devastating year for the mining
This study investigates Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM) emissions from large industry, with 40 mine workers losing their lives. This study aims to analyze
underground mining vehicles. We conduct empirical experiments in an at-scale, the lethality of mining in 2023, provide insights into mining safety trends,
experimental mine using an aethalometer in a controlled setting. Our findings and propose potential interventions to reduce fatalities moving forward. The
enhance the understanding of DPM sources and sinks; and, they support data over the last 20 years is categorized into specific areas of interest to be
strategies for mitigating health risks in underground mining environments. examined with the 2023 data for the causes and contributing factors for these
fatalities. Areas with increased and decreased fatalities will be investigated to
find the root causes of these accidents. These findings will be compiled to form
10:05 AM the best practices moving forward.
Effect of System Type and Information on Miners’ Decisions
and Trust in AI-based Monitoring Systems 11:05 AM
M. Owusutweneboah¹, K. Awuah-Offei¹, D. Burns² and S. Ghazal²;
¹Mining and Explosives Department, Missouri University of Science and
Implementing a Fatality Prevention Program -
Technology, Rolla, MO and ²Psychological Science Department, Missouri A Contractor’s Perspective
University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO S. Wrixon; Cementation Americas, North Bay, ON, Canada
Trust in AI systems and the nature and amount of information about the system Good companies in the mining industry want to prevent all injuries. Many feel
can influence decision-making. It is, therefore, crucial to understand how that one injury, regardless of severity is too many. While there are healthy
automated monitoring systems influence miners’ trust and decision-making. debates about the practicality of this, there is no debate that everyone wants
This work focused on measuring the differences between how participants to prevent workplace fatalities and life altering injuries. While the mining
respond to a simulated underground mine emergency evacuation situation industry has done a commendable job in reducing Total Recordable Injury
when warnings are represented as coming from a human or AI-based Frequencies, the frequency of workplace fatalities in our industry has largely
monitoring system. We also manipulated the amount of information participants flat lined. Mining contractors are often tasked with complex work which can
received about the system, yielding a 2×2 between-participants survey design. have energy sources that have the potential to cause fatalities. In many cases,
The participants received an alert message about rising gas levels in a mine while working for a mining client, a contractor will work under aspects of the
and provided a response on how they would react and reported their perceived owner’s safety program. A contractor who works across the world has the
safety. We also asked questions to assess their trust in, preference for AI over benefit of being exposed to safety programs from multiple companies and
human-based gas monitoring systems, and whether they are willing to delegate jurisdictions, providing the opportunity to learn from them and apply them to
the duties of underground gas monitoring to AI systems. The experiment results their own internal programs. This paper will discuss Cementation Americas’
show the effect of the nature and amount of information on miners’ trust and journey in rolling out a fatality prevention program. It will cover why this was
decision-making. This work provides valuable insights as the industry deploys important, how selection and development of a program took place, rollout
AI systems to aid mine safety. strategies, and lessons learned.

10:25 AM
Predicting Miner Location during Underground Mine
Emergencies Using Artificial Intelligence with Data from a
Delay-Tolerant Network Database
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
P. Nonguin, S. Frimpong and M. Raza; Mining and Explosives Engineering,
MORNING
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES:
Underground mining environments are characterized by hazards like cave-ins,
gas explosions, and fires, causing emergencies that can trap miners. Rapid
INNOVATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND
and accurate location information is critical for effective miner self-escape. The AGGREGATES I
MINER Act of 2006 mandates the implementation of underground communi- 106
cation and tracking systems to enhance safety and improve emergency
response. Previous research has developed the Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
technology to enhance accurate detection, tracking, and localization of miners
for safe self-escape from underground mine emergencies. This research Chairs: G. Tomaino, Minerals Technologies Inc, Easton, PA
leverages artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to develop a hybrid model B. Li, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI
combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Deep Neural Network (DNN)
to improve detection, tracking, and localization of miners in emergencies using 9:00 AM
data from DTN nodes. Extensive experiments are carried out to generate results Introduction
based on simulated emergencies within Missouri S&T’s Experimental Mine. The
main novelty is the improved AI algorithm that improves tracking, detection, and
localization for safe miner self-escape from mine emergencies.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     105

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:05 AM 10:05 AM
Developing Real-Time Priority Indices for Critical Minerals: Natural Pozzolans in Utah
Emphasis on Defense, Technology, and Energy Sectors A. Rupke and T. Boden; Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, UT
Supply Chain Disruptions The Utah Geological Survey has recently completed a reconnaissance-level
E. Quansah and A. Anani; Mining and Geological Engineering, University of investigation of natural pozzolan potential in Utah on behalf of the Utah Trust
Arizona, Tucson, AZ Lands Administration. Seven known natural pozzolan deposits were identified
Studies have documented the top minerals needed to fuel sectors of the in the state that included primarily volcanic materials, but also some clay and
economy. However, minerals priority change due to technology, demand, diatomaceous earth deposits. Additional potential natural pozzolan resources
and substitution. This research aims to develop real-time priority indices for were identified through field investigation, whole-rock geochemical analysis,
minerals, emphasizing their importance to the defense, technology, and energy x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thin section examination. Several potential
sectors. Using economic and production data, the study will create real-time deposits within the state were identified that include substantial amounts of
indices to forecast and prioritize minerals essential for these sectors. The reactive materials from a pozzolanic perspective (e.g., volcanic glass, zeolite
methodology includes data acquisition, cleaning and processing, modeling, minerals) and deserve additional investigation.
and visualization through Python libraries and API integration. Results will aid
strategic resource allocation, boost supply chain resilience, meet industry 10:25 AM
demands, and support timely informed decisions.
Non-intrusive Flow Measurement of Compressed Air in a
Deep-level Underground Platinum Mine
9:25 AM V. Mwaba; SME, Shorewood, IL
Non-Destructive Rock Characterization Using Laser- Compressed air systems are one of the most significant energy users on a mine,
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy with a contribution of about 20% to the total electrical energy consumption.
R. Madavi¹, R. Mitra¹ and P. Diwakar²; ¹Mining Engineering and The air is used to power tools, mainly the pneumatic rock drills. Surface
Management, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, compression facilities supply air to an underground network of pipes laid in the
SD and ²Mechanical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & vertical and horizontal shafts. The air is typically provided from a DN 24’’ supply
Technology, Rapid City, SD into 6’’ to 12’’ feeder pipes at around 90 psi. As various sections of the ore
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a revolutionary approach body are extracted, air supply is required in different shafts. The electricity costs
to rock characterization with rapid, non-destructive analysis. This study applies associated with supply utilities are significant – in an underground platinum
LIBS to accurately characterize rocks by determining their strength, leveraging mine near Rustenburg in South Africa circa R350K (25K USD) per day. Flow
its capability to deliver in-situ elemental composition data. The research measurement is needed for the following objectives: Identify if there is flow in
investigates the correlation between LIBS-generated spectral data and rock inactive areas, isolate the ring, and stop wastage. Identify high consumers in
mechanical properties by examining various artificial and natural rock types. active areas. This may indicate equipment wear and therefore able to prioritize
Key parameters such as laser energy, pulse duration, and focus are optimized these for intervention. Identify leaks; it is estimated a punch hole caused by a
to enhance precision and reproducibility. Initial findings demonstrate that nail can result in loss of R500K (36K USD) p.a. while open ends can be as much
LIBS can differentiate rock strength based on spectral signatures, enabling as R10 million per annum (715K USD)
the characterization of geotechnical materials. The study reveals that strength
measurements obtained using different types of lasers (continuous, pulsed, or 10:45 AM
combined) correlate with laboratory strength measurement methods and exhibit
no size effects, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of evaluations regardless of Applications of Bentonite Clay for Solidification of Drifting
specimen size. This research underscores the potential of LIBS as a vital tool in Sands
geotechnical engineering, mining, and planetary exploration. B. Li¹, X. Xu², F. Li³, G. Fu² and C. Chai²; ¹Materials Science and
Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI; ²Gansu
Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou, China and ³Chaoyang Qingjian
9:45 AM Mining Co, Jianping, Liaoning, China
North American Iron Mine Enhances Productivity Through Bentonite clay has unique and excellent properties such as hydrophilicity,
Predictive Analytics swelling, lamination, small grain size, and easy processing, as well as broad
M. Stammenga, C. Hill and J. Hansen; Kemira Water Solutions Inc., distribution as a mineral resource. These properties have been already
Atlanta, GA developed for applications, but many potential utilizations still remained to be
A mining operation sought to improve its thickening clarification process. exposed. This paper discusses the applications of bentonite clay in drifting
Kemira assessed if KemConnect™ technology could eliminate equipment sands and dunes, as well as the solidified surface of sands. The practical
fouling caused by excessive solids in the recycled clarifier effluent. KemConnect performance and mechanisms will be discussed.
measures changes in settleability, assesses data, and changes chemical
dosage to optimize settling velocity. A review of chemical treatment efficiency 11:05 AM
identified an enhanced flocculant combination that produced a robust floc
with increased shear capacity and settling speeds. The new chemistry and Approach to Selecting Research and Development
KemConnect lowered and stabilized turbidity in the clarifier outfall, allowing for Investment Projects in Mining
increased mineral slurry processing. The mine now has the process visibility to A. Nieto and J. Castillo Gomez; [Link], Salt Lake City, UT
manage suspended solid fluctuations that affect performance. Research and Development (R&D) departments in the mining sector are
essential for creating new solutions on productivity, safety, and sustainability.
Nevertheless, the selection of R&D projects is complex, often influenced by
subjective judgments and uncertainties. This paper explores the application of
the Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) as a structured approach to evaluate
and prioritize innovation projects based on various criteria such as safety,
cost, environmental impact, and social acceptability. By assigning weights
and quantifying criteria, MCDA enhances decision-making transparency and

106     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

objectivity. This study aims to show a method that facilitates strategic thinking, 9:45 AM
resource optimization, and stakeholder engagement, ensuring that selected Discovery and Application of the Functional Performance
innovations align with the company’s long-term objectives and commitment to
responsible mining practices. Equation
K. Bartholomew; Metcom Technologies, Grand Rapids, MN
The Functional Performance Equation was discovered and formalized by R.E.
McIvor in the 1980’s as a result of a serendipitous period of his employment
which prompted investigation of the relationship between classification and
ball mill grinding. In the subsequent five decades of application the Functional
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 Performance Analysis method has resulted in numerous plant optimization
MORNING projects and forms the basis of the Metcom Training program which empowers
metallurgists worldwide to understand, improve, and control their comminution
KAWATRA SYMPOSIUM: COMMINUTION circuits. This paper describes the discovery of Functional Performance and a
series of case studies in its application.
709

9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 10:05 AM

Chairs: M
 . Larson, Molycop, Ewen, MI HPGR Application Versatility in Flowsheets of Gold
K. Bartholomew, Metcom Technologies, Grand Rapids, MN Leaching Projects
E. Licares and N. Logan; Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, SME, West
9:00 AM Valley City, UT
Introduction Gold can be extracted through various metallurgical processes, including
leaching. The choice of leaching method depends on the ore’s gold
9:05 AM grade: low-grade ores typically undergo heap leaching, while high-grade
ores are processed through tank leaching. The effectiveness of these
The HPGR – A View of Today and Into the Future cyanidation processes is influenced by the presence of fine particles.
R. Seitz; Metcelerate, Simpsonville, SC Fine particles are advantageous for tank leaching but can hinder heap
The paper reviews the current capabilities of HPGR technology, highlighting leaching. In both scenarios, High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) play a
its efficiency in reducing energy consumption and improving throughput in crucial role. The product size distribution can be managed by adjusting
mineral processing. It discusses the applicability of HPGR in various flowsheets, the pressure and RPM of the HPGR. Additionally, the type of HPGR feed
emphasizing its role in enhancing the overall performance of mineral processing (full or truncated) significantly impacts the results of the particle size distri-
circuits. The paper identifies the limitations of HPGR, such as wear and tear butions. This presentation will explore the optimal placement of HPGR in gold
on the rolls and the need for robust maintenance practices. A framework is leaching project flowsheets highlighting the equipment’s unique versatility in
presented that outlines the key variables impacting HPGR application and controlling the generation of fine particles.
performance, including ore characteristics, operational parameters, and
maintenance strategies. The paper provides insights into the future potential 10:25 AM
of HPGR technology, suggesting areas for further research and development to
overcome current limitations and enhance its application in the industry. The Effect of Oversizing Equipment in Crushing/ Milling
Circuits
N. Logan; Comminution, Weir Minerals, West Valley City, UT
9:25 AM
Mining projects have the potential to suffer the negative effects of improper
Development of the Larson/Morrison IsaMill Model equipment sizing. It is critical to capture realistic data inputs that utilize numbers
M. Larson¹, R. Morrison² and W. Xie³; ¹Molycop, Ewen, MI; ²Univeristy of that were collected using industry standard methods which eliminate sources of
Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia and ³University of Minnesota error and use this data to size equipment correctly to the application. Whether its
Duluth, Duluth, MN from a project that is designed for higher throughput than will ever be achieved
The IsaMill is a high intensity horizontal stirred mill developed by Glencore due to other limitations on site, or from multiple safety factors being applied
Technology that utilizes small ceramic grinding media for attrition grinding. at various stages of design, improperly sized or oversized equipment can lead
Grinding duties range from feeds coarser than 300 microns being ground to sub to wasted energy, premature failure, and wasted capex funds that could be
50 microns and UFG grinds as fine as 5 microns. Being completely dissimilar utilized elsewhere. Mining equipment typically has a performance curve and
to normal ball mill breakage using steel media and cyclones for classification, is tested to establish the best operating/efficiency point. This efficiency curve
it was desired to produce a model for this process. The result of this study and the operating duty point must not be ignored when evaluating sizing for an
was the discovery that IsaMill breakage and the resulting particle size distri- application. Wear parts in improperly sized equipment also have the potential
bution curve can be reliably predicted on a basis of energy versus the squared to experience uneven wear and reduce product life while causing unnecessary
value of the percent passing of a range of given sizes. This relationship can and costly downtime.
be used to analyze circuit efficiency for varying feed sizes. By using this new
relationship, the product size distributions for new feed sizes and energies can
be reliably predicted with simple math, something not previously possible with
only a signature plot. This method also provides a valid tool for comparisons of
different stirred mills under varying conditions. This paper will provide details on
the model development, validation, and implementation.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     107

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Optimization of Fine Grinding for Banded Iron Low Grade MORNING
Deposit in a Vertical Stirred Mill
A. Kumar², R. Sahu² and S. TRIPATHY¹; ¹Mineral Processing and MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES: LESSONS
Metallurgy, National Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota LEARNED IN RESOURCE ESTIMATION
Duluth, Grand Rapids, MN and ²Department of Metallurgical and Materials
601
Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, JH, India
With the growing emphasis on decarbonization, minimizing energy in 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
comminution circuits has become a critical focus area in mineral processing
flowsheets. The present investigation emphasized a banded iron formation (BIF) Chairs: A
 . Jewbali, Newmont, Denver, CO
deposit from eastern India to grind to finer sizes in an energy-efficient vertical S. Leclerc, SRK Consulting, Elko, NV
stirred mill (VSM), along with supported characterization data. From the charac-
terization, it was found that the BIF deposit is a low-grade ore assaying 36.5% 9:00 AM
iron with a gangue of 47.8% silica. Automated mineralogy studies confirmed Introduction
the presence of hematite as an iron mineral and quartz/jasper as a major
gangue mineral. Based on characterization data, it was concluded that the ore
needs finer size grinding below 100 µm to liberate the particles. The grinding 9:05 AM
studies focused on achieving the finer particle size by varying the main process Geological Characterization for Lithium Pegmatite Projects:
parameters such as grinding time, agitation speed, and feed pulp density. It a Summary of Commonly Observed Fatal Flaws, Challenges,
is concluded that particle size can be lowered up to 49.9 µm at an energy of and Good Practices
16.7 kWh/t from a feed size of 870 µm. Further, the optimization strategy of
the VSM opted to grind the low-grade ore efficiently to liberate the hematite. E. Ronald; SRK Consulting, Denver, CO
Lithium-bearing pegmatite dykes represent a significant source of lithium
for global markets. Over the past decade, SRK Consulting has conducted
11:05 AM numerous studies, disclosure of mineral resources, and due diligence reviews
Models of Breakage Effectiveness in HPGR Depending on on Li-pegmatite deposits around the globe. SRK has noted that the geological
Operational Press Parameters assessment of these hard rock Li sources shares common features, gaps, and
challenges. Successful resource risk assessment requires the evaluation of
D. Saramak; Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Cracow, dyke mineralogy, textures, and chemistry along with overall dyke geometry,
Cracow, Malopolska, Poland continuity, internal dilution, and cross-cutting features which directly impact
The paper concerns investigations on operational parameters of HPGR and project viability and resource classification. In additional, most pegmatite
determination the model of breakage effectiveness in the press as a function projects require detailed structural geology assessment, geometallurgical
of pressing force and the feed moisture. A series of laboratory crushing tests domain characterization, tight-spaced diamond drilling, and 3D modeling
will be conducted for a limestone for three levels of operational pressure at deposit-scale to provide sufficient detail for successful mine planning,
and two or three levels of moisture. Each HPGR product will undergo the metallurgical assessment, and economic assessment for project viability.
kinetics analysis as well as determination the Bond working index Wi.
Breakage effectiveness will be analysed from the scope of fines production
and achieved comminution degrees Sx. On the obtained results specific 9:25 AM
functional models will be calculated. The practical aspect of this study will Improved Grade Continuity and Reconciliation Through the
be to show how to achieve specific fineness of the product through control Novel Unfolding of a Structurally Complex Gold Deposit
and setting the values of operational parameters of the press device. It is
planned to verify the obtained results also for the other type of raw material – M. Bzdok¹, E. Daniels¹, A. Chojno² and R. Barnett¹; ¹GeologicAI, Woodland
copper ore. Park, CO and ²Newmont Corporation, Denver, CO
Resource estimation in a structurally complex setting is inherently difficult due
to the challenge of replicating realistic grade continuity along intricate geologic
features, as exemplified by a Newmont Corporation deposit in Canada. Historical
gold estimates of the deposit resulted in grade smearing and reconciliation
challenges, frequently associated with complex limb folds and hinge thickening.
These estimates used available commercial implementations of ordinary kriging
and unfolding. The recent application of an innovative unfolding approach led to
increased grade continuity that was reflective of the geologic setting. This has
proven to yield improved reconciliation, while encouraging additional collabo-
ration between production geology, exploration geology and resource modeling
teams for greater overall deposit knowledge and resource estimate outcomes.
Prior model challenges are illustrated for the deposit, before demonstrating the
unfolding technique and its associated improvements.

108     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of LUC: Insights from MORNING
a Northern Nevada Gold Mine
C. Wilson and C. Da Silva; MRM, Nevada Gold Mines, Crescent Valley, NV MINING & EXPLORATION: INNOVATION &
Resource models often use databases with a grid too broad for the block size TECHNOLOGY: EVOLUTION OF EQUIPMENT USE
needed, leading to compromised accuracy with linear regression techniques. IN MINING
Localized Uniform Conditioning (LUC), a modified version of Uniform 506
Conditioning, uses modeled distribution functions on larger panels and obtains
the block grades through a raking system. While promising, LUC’s effectiveness
can be influenced by early modeling assumptions. This study will compare LUC
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
to ordinary kriging, highlighting its advantages, pitfalls, and appropriate use Chair: P. Lazaro Trujillo, Caterpillar, Tucson, AZ
cases.
9:00 AM
10:05 AM Introduction
Defining High-grade Values in Composited Data for Grade
Estimation in a Resource Model 9:05 AM
A. Samal; GeoGlobal LLC, Riverton, UT So You Want to Electrify Your Mine: A Primer on
Various interpolation techniques are be used to estimate grades in a block Underground Mine Design to get the Most Out of Battery
model. Irrespective of the interpolation techniques, the high-grade value for the Electric Vehicles
variable (Cu, Au, Ag etc.) in composited data is an important decision. Because C. Kincaid; Mining, JDS Energy and Mining, Vancouver, BC, Canada
changing the cutoff grade for defining high grade, the grade estimates in the
BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) can unlock huge ventilation savings, energy
block model can have a substantial effect. These high-grade values receive
savings, and increased productivity for underground mines, but only if the mines
special treatment. Sometimes the composited data are capped i.e. all values
are designed with their strengths and weaknesses in mind. Attempting to use them
above that grade are treated as one value. For example, if a decision is made to
on standard long mucking routes, on uphill loaded hauls, and in similar situations
treat all copper values ≥1% as high-grade (in composited data) and ‘capped’,
can easily wipe out any savings you would otherwise have seen. In this talk,
then all values ≥1% will be treated as 1% in the grade estimation. Another
I will introduce foundational principles of underground mine design that allow any
way of treating these high-grade values is using a smaller search ellipsoid
underground mine to save as much money as possible with BEVs, centered around
during interpolation so that smearing effects due to these high grade vales are
a principle of maximizing energy efficiency in material flow. We will apply these
minimized. We also know that if another decision is made to use 0.5% in place
lessons immediately in the session, as I walk you through modifying the design
of 1%, then the impact will be different. Therefore, decision of high-grade value
of an example greenfield underground project into one optimized for BEV use.
in a composited data set is very important. In this presentation, the process
We will then review the pros, cons, and difficulties of making these changes,
of defining high-grade values in a composited data will be discussed with an
assuming a fully BEV fleet.
anonymous example.

9:25 AM
10:25 AM
Uncertainty Study Cerro Negro Project Cerro Negro, Analysis of Battery Electric Vehicle-operated Underground
Argentina – Newmont Mining Corporation Haulage Systems Using Discrete-Event Simulation
M. Kahraman and S. Duzgun; Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
M. Loayza Montenegro; Resource Modeling, Newmont Mining Company,
Weston, FL Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are increasingly being used in various
underground mines worldwide to improve safety and reduce emissions. This
This work summarizes the Uncertainty Study for the Cerro Negro projects in
study explores the potential use of discrete-event simulation to test different
Argentina, operated by Newmont Mining Corporation. The study employed
production scenarios at the Konsuln underground iron mine in Sweden as diesel
Gaussian and Categorical simulation techniques using RMS software to evaluate
vehicles are replaced with BEVs. The Konsuln mine currently operates with four
grade and geological uncertainties. Gaussian simulation (turning bands) was
Epiroc ST18 LHDs and eight Epiroc MT42 trucks. The simulation model was
applied to vein thickness, surface position, and gold grade, while hierarchical
created to calculate cycle times for the mine’s haulage system, incorporating
truncated pluri-Gaussian (HTPG) simulation was used for vein boundaries.
various probability distributions. According to the simulation results, the cycle
Simulations were conducted by orientation groups and integrated into the final
times for the trucks range from 34 to 45 minutes, depending on their location
model. Fifty realizations were simulated, validated, and compared to existing
within the mine, with a queue time of 25 seconds at the LHDs. These findings
models using grade-tonnage curves. The Deswik Stope optimizer was used to
can be utilized to optimize processes at the Konsuln mine, such as updating the
assess uncertainties in tonnes, grade, and ounces, ensuring a 90% probability
ventilation system and potentially implementing ventilation on demand (VOD).
within ±15% limits annually.

10:45 AM
Lessons Learned in Resource Estimation – Interactive Panel
Discussion
M. Moore-Roth; Maptek, Golden, CO
An interactive panel discussion exploring the lessons learned in resource
estimation technical session.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     109

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Engaging your Teams to Enable Successful Technology Predictive Modeling of Fuel Consumption in CAT 793
Adoption Mining Truck Fleets using Artificial Intelligence and
B. Haskins; Caterpillar Inc, Peoria, IL Machine Learning
Change is inevitable, and while many companies recognize this, most M. Portal Valdivia, F. Segobia Campos, L. Goicochea Sánchez and F. Ysla
struggle to adapt. Realizing the promises that technology can bring requires Quiroz; Mining engineering, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration,
understanding the interconnectedness of people and human response first. Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
Engaging appropriate stakeholders early on and throughout each project This study presents a predictive mathematical model to optimize fuel
promotes a seamless implementation of new technology. By supporting the consumption in CAT 793 mining truck fleets operating in open-pit mines.
people along the journey with knowledge, skills, and confidence to embrace the Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms will be employed to
new normal and avoid the dip that can occur at each transition point. Join this analyze truck telematics data, including variables such as speed, payload,
session to understand proven methods on how to effectively engage your teams slope, environmental conditions, and maintenance records. The developed
in disruptive technology deployments. model will identify consumption patterns, quantify the impact of each variable,
and generate accurate fuel consumption predictions under various operational
scenarios. This will enable the optimization of route planning, preventive
10:05 AM maintenance, and operational strategies, reducing costs and improving the
Automated Drill Pattern Design: Optimising Hole Position, energy efficiency of mining operations.
Explosives and Drill Bit Clusters
O. Perincek¹, R. Loxton², S. Kulkarni² and D. Arthur¹; ¹Rio Tinto, Perth,
WA, Australia and ²Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
The locations and sizes of drill holes are two critical decisions in drill and
blast design. These decision are a trade-off between meeting blast objectives WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
such as fragmentation, cost, and ease of operational execution. Additionally,
selecting the correct diameter for holes allows placing the optimal explosive MORNING
amount without exceeding constraints such as ground vibration. Simulations
show that varying distances between holes (burden and spacing) can better MINING & EXPLORATION: OPERATIONS: DRILL
optimise fragmentation. However, a complex pattern hinders the capability & BLAST OPERATIONS - IMPROVEMENTS &
of the trucks to deliver explosives to holes by traversing both diagonally and CHALLENGES II
horizontally across the blast. Keeping navigation options open is important
507
because obstacles in mines, such as pit walls, limit explosive truck movement.
This work presents a heuristic approach for automating pattern designs to
optimise fragmentation while considering desirable truck navigation. The new 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
approach uses ground hardness estimations from a network of drills to provide Chair: Z. Forest-Dupont, Stantec, Salt Lake City, UT
fragmentation control with a 3% to 4% better adherence to target particle size.
The new approach achieves these improvements with fewer drill holes when
9:00 AM
the blast is near a vibration-sensitive area.
Introduction

10:25 AM
9:05 AM
Classifying the Root Causes Contributing to Overbreak Improved Drill and Blast Designs Free $3.6M of Ore for
and Underbreak During Stope Development Using Machine Surface Copper Mine
Learning
T. Ferreira¹ and L. Diaz²; ¹DynoConsult, Dyno Nobel, Queen Creek, AZ and
D. Osei and A. Brickey; Mining Engineering and Management, South ²Mine Engineering, Capstone Copper, Phoenix, AZ
Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD
Capstone Copper’s Pinto Valley Mine faced challenges in recovering rock and
Overbreak and underbreak in underground hardrock mining impacts ore on final walls because of geotechnical constraints that require restrictions
productivity, safety, and costs. This research utilizes a machine learning on methods for loading blastholes adjacent to the pit boundaries to preserve
technique, specifically logistic regression, to identify and classify key wall conditions. The operation had been using the same drill and blast designs
parameters causing overbreak and underbreak. Stope development data for years. With changing geology, such as harder rock, as mining progressed,
acquired from a case study mine is analyzed to define parameters into material was being left unmined in final walls because of poor breakage.
significant and less significant causes of overbreak and underbreak. The amount of unrecovered, unprocessed ore was estimated at approxi-
The findings from the study provide insight to design engineers to mately 380,000 tons a year generated from an average of 60 final wall blasts
improve ore recovery, rock stability, and ultimately a safer and more cost- performed annually. The engineering team from Capstone and Dyno Nobel
effective underground mining operation. Furthermore, the results provide engaged to minimize the amount of material left on the final pit walls. In this
valuable guidance for optimizing drilling and blasting operations in underground paper we present how we collected data, reviewed design standards, and found
hardrock mining environments. opportunities to improve ore recovery from pit final walls without increasing
drilling and blasting costs. The results collected from implementing the new
design on two benches showed the potential for extra revenue of approxi-
mately $3.6 million generated annually from reducing final wall unrecoverable
underbreak by nearly 71% on the mine’s highwalls.

110     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:25 AM
Use of Wireless Detonator Technology to Eliminate Live Correlating Atmospheric Pressure Changes with Airblast
Holes in Open Pit Mining Dynamics and Seismograph Placement in Topographically
N. Nunes de Oliveira; Drill and Blast, Freeport McMoran, Green Valley, AZ Diverse Open-Air Blasting Environments
Wireless detonator technology represents a major advance in personnel safety F. Frimpong and C. Johnson; Mining and Explosives Engineering, Missouri
and operating efficiency in blasting. Decreasing detonator failures in open University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
pit mines involves enhancing the reliability of initiation systems through the Topography and weather conditions, including elevation, terrain variations,
introduction of a wireless initiation system. By adopting the use of cutting-edge humidity, and atmospheric pressure, influence air overpressure in blasts. This
wireless detonator technology, there is a potential to reduce detonator failures paper investigates these air overpressure variations by strategically placing
due to cut down lines to zero. Every detonator can be activated, programmed, seismographs in an open-air blasting environment with varying topography
and adjusted using a user-friendly remote programming unit. The benefits of and weather conditions. The study triangulates seismograph data from three
wireless technology include improvements in safety as well as production. locations to identify correlations between explosive charge sizes, distance,
This innovative system increases productivity and simplifies processes by humidity, atmospheric pressure, topography, and air overpressure. The
eliminating live holes. insights gained from this analysis will contribute to optimized blast designs and
improved safety measures while ensuring environmental compliance. Notably,
air pressure variations from blasting show strong correlations at high elevations
9:45 AM and weaker ones at lower elevations.
Reliability of Drill Bits Case Study (Part 2)
E. Thibaud; Pneu Wave Consulting, Chattanooga, TN
10:45 AM
In a follow-up to the 2024 Presentation introducing the Enrich Bits & Tools
treatment to the Drilling and Blasting Industry. This paper will provide further A Legal Case for Blasting
details into field studies that show how this innovative treatment can drastically R. Sibley and K. Perry; Explosives Engineering, Missouri University of
reduce drill fleet downtime and consumables by improving bit life. Part 1 Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
introduced the methods, history, and preliminary results. Part 2 dives into The mining and explosives industries are consistently plagued by the general
a larger data set and benefits seen in both lime stone and a granite quarry public’s ignorance with respect to the economic and societal impact of their
application. products. This regularly creates legal issues for mining and blasting companies
when trying to begin new and continue existing operations. In recent years this
has included class-action lawsuits against insurance companies that are not
10:05 AM protected in the same manner as mining and blasting companies are by the
Analysis of Geological Structures and Geotechnical law. These lawsuits are often based around the idea that blasting that adheres
Properties of Rock Mass using Cutting Edge Technology for to regulations does not properly protect structures. Insurance companies
accurate Blast Loading Planning and Prediction Results and their legal teams are not as well suited as a mining or blasting company
for defending these cases, due to their lack of knowledge and experience
A. Agrawal¹, R. Sahu² and E. Williams³; ¹Mining Engineering, IIT (ISM) in the field. Improving the understanding of the blasting process is of major
Dhanbad, Kurud, Chhattisgarh, India; ²Computer Science, Strayos, importance when building a defense. This paper will explore the criticality
Buffalo, CO and ³Civil Engg, Strayos, Buffalo, CO of these industries coupled with the science of the environmental effects
Recent advancements in drone technology have created opportunities for of blasting and the respective regulations. This exploration will be through
geotechnical and geological analyses. Rock mass characterization is the first analogous explanations that would prove beneficial when discussing mining
step in defining rock mass strength. Rock mass structural geology can be and explosives with the general public.
analyzed using the Rock Mass AI tool in the software with the simultaneous
planning of drill hole locations. In this research, several techniques have been
used in the determination of rock mass discontinuities and facets of a blast 11:05 AM
bench. Moreover, Measure While Drilling (MWD) data were collected for the Investigating Geometrical Consistency in Dewatering Holes
determination of the penetration rate and rotation pressure of rock mass to Drilling: Geological and Operational Perspectives
convert it into specific energy and compressive strength. In this study, the
geological and geotechnical properties of limestone rock were analyzed A. Ajatasatru, T. Prayoga, A. Widodo and A. Hall; GBC Development, PT
before planning for explosive loading and hole collar position, and compared Freeport Indonesia, Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
the mapping method between the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the Efficient dewatering hole drilling in underground mining operations is essential
conventional method. Based on the manual mapping and drone image analysis, for effective groundwater management and maintaining mine stability. It
limestone benches are classified as fractured rock. However, the advantage of requires precise geometrical consistency to ensure optimal performance and
using UAV photogrammetry can obtain high-precision images of the discon- safety especially in highly critical infrastructure area. This study investigates the
tinuity on the bench face that are difficult to obtain by manual mapping. factors influencing geometrical deviations in dewatering hole drilling, focusing
on both geological conditions and operational practices. Utilizing advanced
surveying techniques, five holes were aligned with estimated breakthrough
of ±0.15 meters, yet the deviations from actual breakthrough ranged ±2-3
meters from design. Geological factors, such as limestone formations and wet
ground water, alongside drilling performance, were examined for their impacts
on drilling trajectories. Mathematical analysis revealed complex interactions
between geological condition and operational execution. This research aims
to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of dewatering hole drilling practices
in underground mining contexts. The findings are expected to inform targeted
improvements in strategies and contribute to reducing uncertainties associated
with drilling in challenging environments.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     111

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 10:05 AM

MORNING Physical Separation of Black Mass for Lithium Ion Battery
Recycling
MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: RECYCLING N. Smith and J. Lee; Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
705 Golden, CO
With the rise of electric vehicles, Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) recycling needs
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 to increase to meet the economic demands of LIBs and the environmental
concerns of “Black Mass” (BM). Research focused on using magnetic separation
Chairs: D
 . Rodriguez processing to separate the Lithium Metal Oxide (LMO) cathode materials from
B. Ji, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, the BM to determine viability and benefits for downstream hydrometallurgical
Blacksburg, VA processes. Magnetic separation was successful in the enrichment of LMOs,
with a lithium concentrate forming in the process water that can be recovered
9:00 AM separately. Leaching tests showed that the enriched feed was more efficient
Introduction than the standard direct leach processes using standard processes. Detailed
magnetic separation process and chemical/electrochemical processing for
efficient lithium ion battery recycling will be discussed.
9:05 AM
Critical Material Recovery from End-of-Life Solar Modules
10:25 AM
J. Groppo and Z. Hart; Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY Battery Recycling Using Green Reductant Under Microwave
A sustainable alternative to landfilling end-of-life solar modules has been S. Li and W. Zhang; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, KY
developed to separate and recover contained values. The benefits of physical Reducing agent consumption is a significant operating cost in battery recycling.
and chemical processing are combined to recover not only commodity-grade This study explores the use of biomass waste as an eco-friendly reductant
products but refined critical materials suitable for higher value applications for battery recycling. It was found that under microwave irradiation, the
such as LIB anodes and photocatalysts. Circularity is achieved by producing reducing capacity of biomass waste was activated, resulting in better leaching
higher value products to offset costs and reduce the need for subsidy. performance than hydrogen peroxide under the same conditions. Various
characterizations, including SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, XPS, and LC-MS, were
conducted to uncover the underlying reaction mechanisms.
9:25 AM
The Recycling of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Iodide Salt
Solutions 10:45 AM
B. Carlson and J. Kellar; Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Methanesulfonic Acid (MSA), an Alternative Lixiviant to
Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD Recovery Critical Mminerals (Li, Co, Ni and PGM) from
Perovskite solar cells are poised to play an important role in next generation of Secondary Metals Resources
solar energy technology. However, there exist challenges to their adoption tied H. Jung, J. Lee, H. Kim and J. Ahn; Mineral Resources and Energy
to environmental concerns regarding their use of lead perovskite compounds, Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea (the Republic of)
such as methylammonium lead iodide. In this research, a new method for the Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lithium (Li) and PGM (Platinum Group Metals) are
selective removal of these lead containing compounds is explored that utilizes ingredients for next generation batteries such as lithium ion batteries (LIB) and
iodide salts. It was found that these salt solutions were able to effectively fuel cells. The metals need to be recycled from secondary metals resources
dissolve the lead containing layer, leading to the solar cell layers exfoliation and due to their scarcity and maldistribution. The secondary metals resources
recover of the solar cell cover glass intact. can be recycled by hydrometallurgical processes which starts from leaching
process. However, conventional lixiviants such as nitric, hydrochloric and
9:45 AM sulfuric acid are extremely toxic, corrosive and less environmental lixiviants.
In this study, MSA (methanesulfonic acid), an alternative lixiviant, was
Kinetics Study of the Removal of PVDF from Spent investigated to recover Li, Co, Ni from spent LIB black mass and iridium (Ir)
Lithium-Ion Batteries Black Mass from PGM scrap. MSA – hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) system were investigated
M. ISLAM; Chemical and Materials Engineering, Graduate Research with various conditions, and solvent extraction with MSA leachate was
Assistant, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV followed. In addition, Ir leaching with MSA was also studied. MSA – H2O2
achieved >99% Li, Co, Ni leaching using 1.0 M MSA and 1.5 M H2O2. Also,
Removing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder from spent lithium-ion batteries
Ni and Co extraction of 99% were observed with conventional extractants,
(LIBs) black mass is crucial for efficient recycling. This study investigates the
Versatic acid 10 and Cyanex 272, respectively. MSA is proven to be compatible
kinetics of PVDF removal using aqueous NaOH solution with varying NaOH
to solvent extraction circuit.
concentrations, reaction time, and temperature. Initial results showed that the
reaction follows first-order kinetics with respect to the molar concentration
of NaOH. The calculated rate constant and activation energy for the reaction
from the experimental results suggest that PVDF degradation in an alkaline
environment is relatively slow, but the manageable activation energy indicates
that temperature adjustments can enhance process efficiency. At 70°C, PVDF
removal was observed to be 90%, highlighting the effectiveness of temperature
control. This study provides valuable insights into the chemical kinetics of PVDF
removal, contributing to the development of more efficient recycling processes
for spent LIBs by improving the understanding of PVDF degradation in alkaline
conditions.

112     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

11:05 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Comparison of Metallic Elements as Reductants in MORNING
Leaching of Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium-ion
Batteries Using Organic Extractants MPD: FLOTATION: SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND
K. Kurniawan¹, S. Kim² and M. Bae²; ¹Resources Recycling, KIGAM CHEMICALS
campus, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, 706
Korea (the Republic of) and ²Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral
Resources (KIGAM), Resources Utilization Research Division, Daejeon, 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
Korea (the Republic of)
This study proposes an innovative approach for treating the cathode material Chairs: V. Srivastava, Freeport McMoRan, Tucson, AZ
of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), specifically LiCoO2 (LCO) and nickel- K. Huang, Michigan Tech
cobalt-manganese oxide (NCM) chemistries. The method involves employing
acidic organic extractants (dissolved in kerosene) as lixiviants. The utilization 9:00 AM
of acidic organic extractants enables process intensification by combining Introduction
leaching and solvent extraction in a single stage. This study evaluated and
compared the possibility of metallic elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) as
9:05 AM
reductants to replace classical H2O2. The leaching process was conducted by
examining the effects of various parameters, such as the mass ratio of cathode Role of Electrical Double Layer (EDL) Forces on Flotation
materials to metallic elements, the addition of water, and the type of organic Kinetics
extractants. A suggested leaching mechanism was substantiated through M. Gupta and R. Yoon; Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech,
thorough examination, including UV-Vis and FTIR. The obtained results were Blacksburg, VA
compared with the classical method of leaching using sulfuric acid, revealing
notable differences when the leaching process was carried out using acidic When an air bubble approaches a mineral surface in water, a thin liquid film
organic extractants. (TLF) known as wetting film is formed in between. Its stability is controlled by
the pressure in the film, known as disjoining pressure (Π). If P < 0, the film
will rupture at a critical film thickness (hc) to form a solid/vapor interface with
11:25 AM a finite contact angle (θ). In the present work, we studied the role of different
surface forces, particularly that of the electrical double-layer (EDL) force, using
Process for recycling of Samarium – Cobalt
a flotation model derived from first principles (Huang et al., 2022). It has been
(Sm - Co) magnets using improved reaction kinetics with found that flotation rates can be greatly improved by judicious control of the
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) leaching and Resonant z-potentials of particles and bubbles.
Vibratory Mixing
Z. Nasrullah, F. Agyemang, M. Saddat and R. LaDouceur; Metallurgical 9:25 AM
and Materials Engineering, Montana Technological University, Butte, MT
An AFM Imaging Study of the Adsorption of Hydroxamic
To advance the circular economy and renewable technologies, recycling
rare earth elements (REEs) from secondary resources is vital. This has led Collectors on Malachite
to significant research into effective REE extraction and separation. Histor- J. Zhang and W. Zhang; Mining & Geological Engineering, The University
ically, Sm-Co recycling involved pyrometallurgy, physical separation, and of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
hydrometallurgy, each with drawbacks in energy, cost, and environment. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) image analysis has been applied to study
Although chemical leaching has effectively recovered Sm-Co, it faces issues in situ the adsorption of hydroxamic collectors, i.e., octanohydroxamic acid
with slow mass transfer and the use of toxic, non-selective reagents. This (OHA) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) on malachite in aqueous solutions.
study tested a novel method using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) for Sm-Co AFM images show that hydroxamic collectors adsorb strongly on malachite
leaching, which are green, non-toxic, biodegradable, and 82% selective for mainly in the form of insoluble copper hydroxamate complex. Increasing the
cobalt over samarium. To improve leaching rates, resonant vibratory mixing collectors’ concentration and the adsorption time both increase the adsorption
(RVM) was employed, enhancing mixing efficiency through resonance. Four of hydroxamic collectors on malachite. Results from the attenuated total
DES combinations were tested, including Choline Chloride and Tetra Butyl reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) also show that
Ammonium Chloride with Oxalic Acid, Urea, and Ethylene Glycol. Leaching both these collectors adsorb strongly onto malachite, with strong absorbance
efficiency was measured with and without RVM, using Inductively Coupled spectra being detected, and the ATR-FTIR results confirm those as obtained by
Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Future work will compare AFM. This specific adsorption mechanism explains that a high selectivity with
RVM with conventional mixers and further explore DES properties. a moderate collectivity will be achieved with a hydroxamic acid collector for the
flotation of malachite. The findings of present study also show that AFM image
analysis is a powerful tool for the study of the hydroxamic collectors’ adsorption
on malachite surface and it can help with the development of novel collectors
for malachite flotation.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     113

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM concentrate grades and recoveries. This paper presents a robust laboratory
High MgO in Sulfide Concentrates: Slime Coating or Other test programs that is able to not only demonstrates these effects but also
provide an indication of the magnitude of the improvements that are possible.
Mechanisms? While laboratory studies are interesting, the proof is in the pudding! So, the
K. Huang, O. Agbelusi and L. Pan; Chemical Engineering, Michigan Tech, paper provides an overview of plant trials conducted at a number of other
Houghton, MI operations around the world, including: Evolution’s Northparkes operations and
One challenge in processing nickel sulfide ores is high MgO content in sulfide Perilya’s Broken Hill Mine. These successful plant trials clearly demonstrate
concentrate due to the recovery of silicate minerals such as olivine and that selection of the right grinding media alloy will yield savings in grinding
serpentine. The conventional wisdom was that this problem was attributed to media consumption, reagent consumption as well as increases in revenue
slime coating, i.e., heterocoagulation between ultrafine silicates and sulfides. through improved recoveries.
In this work, we revisited high MgO issue in sulfide concentrate by examining
surface properties of silicate minerals using our advanced thin liquid film (TLF)
analyzer and flotation studies. Results revealed that TLFs between air bubble 11:05 AM
and olivine were unstable below pH 9, suggesting that olivine recovery may be Moly Flotation: A Case Study – NaHS or Na2S?
due to its own natural floatability. S. Merrill and N. Kadappan; FLSmidth Inc, Riverton, UT
NaHS is a common reagent used in the separation process to float Molybdenite
10:05 AM away from Copper minerals. Nevertheless, the use of Na2S and steam is also
still practiced in some float plants as an alternative to NaHS. This presentation
Advancements in Frother Optimization for Enhanced PGM will discuss the differences in each process and review results from testing that
and Sulphide Ore Recovery was performed to evaluate the use of each method. Test results include both
N. Shackleton; Metallurgy, AECI Mining Chemicals, Sasolburg, Free state, rougher and cleaner flotation from bench scale tests done on fresh bulk Cu/Mo
South Africa concentrate.
Frothers play a crucial role in sulphide and PGM ore flotation recovery, and studies
on PGM ores have shown significant kinetic increases with the optimal frother-
11:25 AM
collector combinations. Using Sasfroth 200 as the industry baseline,
remarkable kinetic increases were observed in the first concentrate. Even in the Iron Ore Flotation with Biosurfactant: An ESG-Friendly
worst-case scenarios, 4E PGM recovery increased by 5% at a slightly higher Option to Boost Performance
concentrate grade. It is important not to limit frother dosage to a fixed value. R. Rodrigues Silva, C. Monyake, R. Mendonca and G. Knesel; Locus
Instead, enough frother should be added to maintain a stable bench float, Mining Solution, The Woodlands, TX
measuring the dosages by frother volume before and after tests. Frothers can
Locus Mining is working side-by-side with a prestigious iron ore company to
be specialized blends and should not be underestimated. The results produced
evaluate the addition of Locus ESG-friendly green flotation reagents with the
by formulating and innovating frothers to address specific industry challenges
primary goal of improving recovery and grade. In this paper, we will focus
have been encouraging. Testing a frother on plant scale does not have to be as
on the cationic reverse flotation application. The most “established industry”
daunting as with collectors, enabling the identification of the best frother-col-
reagents for cationic reverse flotation are amine as the collector, starch as
lector combinations at an industrial scale. AECI Mining Chemicals bench scale
the depressant, and some cases frothers. Here, we evaluate the synergies
test work has motivated plant-scale trials that have successfully transitioned to
of different classes of eco-friendly biosurfactants and industry-standard
commercialization and it is believed that this is a better way to screen frothers
reagents during the cationic reverse flotation method. Exploratory research
for the industry.
was done first with an analog sample under different pHs, 8 different biosur-
factants with starch and no-starch, and a customized DOE was used to perform
10:25 AM 145 microflotation tests. The results show Separation Efficiency from 20%
(baseline) to 50% (biosurfactant), and Selectivity from 3.27 (baseline) to 5.67
Flotation of Pyrrhotite from Mine Tailings (biosurfactant). Optimized result conditions were then applied to the iron ore
K. Huang, R. Oboh, K. Seagers and L. Pan; Chemical Engineering, samples received from our client to perform flotation tests on a Denver Lab cell.
Michigan Tech, Houghton, MI Similar results were obtained improving Separation Efficiency and Selectivity,
Pyrrhotite, iron sulfide minerals, is commonly rejected to flotation tailings which corroborate with the previous work.
due to its low-nickel and high-iron contents. These sulfide-rich mine tailings
have to be stored under water to prevent acid mine drainage. In this work, we
investigated flotation method to desulfurize pyrrhotite-rich mine tailings from 11:45 AM
Eagle Mine. Tailing samples were subjected to mineralogical characterizations Chemisorption of Thio Ligands on Cu, Ag and Au via Lewis
as well as laboratory flotation tests. Minerology study showed that pyrrhotite Acid-Base Interactions
particles were fully liberated, while the challenges for pyrrhotite flotation were
N. Bellusci, D. Nagaraj, R. Farinato and B. Vaziri; Earth and Environmental
slow flotation kinetics and poor selectivity. New flotation chemistries have
Engineering Department, Columbia University, Stamford, CT
been developed to address these challenges. After flotation, <0.8 %sulfur
non-sulfide gangue was obtained. For nearly all ligands used as collectors in sulfide ore flotation, the soft S donors
are key in selective and efficient binding to a given mineral/metal surface. Much
of the academic literature is focused on xanthate-sulfide mineral systems,
10:45 AM wherein the most widely proposed adsorption mechanism involves oxidation
Optimising Grinding Chemistry for Improved Base Metal of the collector to its dimer. However, in considering the significant surface
heterogeneity of ore particles in practical systems and the use of a variety
Sulphide Flotation of other S-ligands that are non-oxidizable under flotation-relevant conditions,
C. Greet; Magotteaux Australia, Wingfield, SA, Australia the validity of these notions becomes questionable. In this paper, we provide
Grinding with an electrochemically inert grinding media shifts the pulp potentials insights on the interactions of several S-ligands of classical and industrial
to more oxidising conditions, increases the dissolved oxygen content and relevance with Cu, Ag, and Au. We demonstrate that these molecules simply
reduces the EDTA extractable iron concentration when compared with milling passivate the surface without electron transfer (out of the surface complex) in
with electrochemically active grinding media. These changes in pulp chemistry potential ranges relevant to flotation. The formation of these surface complexes
produce cleaner particle surfaces, reduce reagent consumption and increase in many cases is dictated by redistribution of the lone pair of electrons on a

114     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

single S donor. The results from this study shed light on the importance of 9:45 AM
Lewis acid-base concepts in studying ligands used in mineral separations. High-Pressure Slurry Ablation – Advances in Selective
Mineral Liberation to Enhance Mineral Processing
Efficiency
B. Berg, A. Halverson and J. Dick; Disa Technologies. Inc, Casper, WY
High-Pressure Slurry Ablation (HPSA) focuses on the selective liberation of
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 target metals/minerals leveraging particle-particle collisions. Disa has
MORNING performed multiple lab campaigns that show promise for moving into larger
pilot testing programs. Disa has successfully installed continuous operation
MPD: PHYSICAL SEPARATION: PHYSICAL units from 3 – 10tph in graphite and phosphate. Results have demonstrated
SEPARATIONS I increases to overall recoveries and other simplifications to the processing
circuits that justify increasing to higher throughput units. A 50 tph unit will be
708 installed and operated continuously in 2024. With the 50 tph unit in operation,
design will be completed for units that can process up to 250 tph.
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
Chairs: R
 . Gujardo 10:05 AM
J. McDonald, Weir, Menasha, WI
Improvement in the Recovery of Fe Value from Slimes
9:00 AM Using an Improved Design of Cavex® 2 hydrocyclone –
Introduction A Case Study
C. Banerjee¹, P. Dixit², V. Shankar², N. CHM¹, T. R¹, S. Hunter¹,
9:05 AM
A. Mukherjee² and D. Switzer¹; ¹Weir Minerals, Cody, WY and ²Tata Steel,
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
Introduction to ore sorting technology The demand for iron ore has surged due to the growth of the iron and steel
B. Hilscher; ABH Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada industry. Presently, declining grades of iron ore pose a challenge. To maximize
As the technology of sorting advances with artificial intelligence and multi sensor the recovery of Fe value from the ore, innovative solutions are needed to extract
sorting options, it is sometimes worth going back to basics and explaining the additional iron content from slimes disposed to the tailings. Iron ore slimes are
first principals of the current ore sorting technologies. What they do, how they fine-grained waste by-products generated during the iron ore beneficiation
do it, and the array of benefits derived from being able to separate ore from process, and typically consist of iron, alumina, and silica with variations in size
waste while rocks are large. This presentation covers everything you need to and density. In this study, we highlight the advantages of the Cavex® 2 (CVD)
know to understand the basics of ore sorting. hydrocyclone for recovery of the Fe value from slimes and reduction of Al2O3
% in the concentrate. A trial in the desliming circuit at an iron ore beneficiation
plant in the Khondbond region of India, showed an improved plant yield of
9:25 AM 8% with CVD 400 hydrocyclones compared to 5.5% yield with conventional
The Development of Magnets Provides Process Cavex® (CVX) hydrocyclone. Furthermore, Cavex® 2 achieved a finer cut,
Improvements in Magnetite Processing improving mass recovery of iron ore slimes while keeping Al2O3 % within
acceptable limits in the concentrate. Key words: Cavex® 2 hydrocyclone,
G. Mandarakas; SME, Cologne, Germany classification, iron ore, slimes
Published information indicates that the mining industry consumes approx-
imately 12 EJ per year—or 3.5% of total global final energy consumption
globally [2] or 3.33 trillion kilowatt hrs. This energy consumption is significant, 10:25 AM
considering the critical role mining plays in extracting and processing essential Pneumatic Pressure as Primary Dewater Force in Pressure
minerals for economic development and human progress. The perception of Filtration
the mining industry is that not only does it consume significant power, but it
also consumes a lot of the freshwater in the world. In fact, it consumes approx- C. Lutheran; Mining - Filtration, FLSmidth, Midvale, UT
imately 5% [3] of the total freshwater demand. According to the Intergov- Almost all pressure filtration applications use an air blow step to achieve the
ernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), by 2050, 60% of the world’s desired filter cake final moisture. However, most industrial scale equipment
population will be living in countries that are classed as water-stressed [3]. As relies on means other than pneumatic force for cake formation/consolidation
part of this review, recent advancements in magnets have enabled magnetite (pumping into a fixed chamber, membranes, etc). This technical session will
processing facilities to achieve between 30 to 40% dry gangue material present using pneumatic force as the main dewatering driver for pressure
rejection before the wet beneficiation process (grinding and sorting). This filtration. The process is very similar to the laboratory scale units that can
reduction in energy consumption allows the reduction of energy consumption. be found in almost any mining laboratory, but industrial scale implementation
Secondly, there is less material ground in the mills, which requires less water is not prolific. Technical session will discuss the fundamentals of operation,
for mineral downstream processing. advantages and potential pitfalls of this technology, and existing and future
applications.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     115

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:45 AM 11:45 AM
Game-changing Technology for Large Scale Filtered Magnetic Separation of Gold from Roaster Tailings
Tailings D. Steiner; Metallurgy, Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV
O. Whatnall and S. Caldwell; Jord International, Denver, CO Nevada Gold Mines operates a double refractory gold ore roaster at their Gold
Introducing vibration energy to tailings often induces liquefaction (release of Quarry mine. Recently, a legacy Magnetic Separation circuit was restored to
water) and/or a thixotropic response (shear thinning). Performing filtration operation after several years offline. This presentation discusses how maghemite
simultaneously delivers game-changing filtration performance. This is the (a gold bearing iron oxide) is formed when arsenian pyrite is roasted, the
basis of Viper, the vibration enhanced vacuum belt filtration technology which mineralogical test work supporting the recommission of the circuit, as well as
continuously produces filtered tailings with desirable moisture content at high plant design, the underlying science of magnetic separation, and recommission
production rates. This paper introduces the technology and shares case study successes and challenges such as filtering the magnetic concentrate without the
data from various projects around the world, including pilot plant and industrial use of a thickener.
equipment – answering the question “how much difference can vibration
make?” The conclusion contemplates the resultant filtration plant, explaining
how Viper unlocks a step change reduction in cost and complexity as well
as delivering operational and maintenance advantages relative to competing
technologies. It is for these reasons that Viper is enjoying interest, investigation
and implementation from a number of the world’s leading mining and minerals WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
organizations. MORNING
MPD: PLANT DESIGN: PLANT DESIGN I
11:05 AM
707
The use of Preconcentration in Industrial Mineral
beneficiation 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
E. Wingate¹, H. Cline² and J. Bergmann³; ¹Critical Minerals & Operational
Excellence CoE, Bechtel Mining & Metals, Fortitude Valley, QLD, Australia; Chairs: J. Trouba, Colorado School of Mines, Lakewood, CO
²Area Sales Manager Mining, Tomra, Lakewood, CO and ³Segment E. Wingate, Bechtel Mining & Metals, Fortitude Valley, QLD, Australia
Manager Industrial Minerals, TOMRA Sorting GmbH, Wedel, Germany
9:00 AM
The processing of sedimentary phosphate and spodumene ores over the last
decade has seen innovation in the area of ore preconcentration. This presen-
Introduction
tation will consider ore preconcentrating with respect to the advancements
that ore sorting has led to in the design of processing facilities. The use of 9:05 AM
preconcentration to preferentially remove waste and low grade ore from the
run of mine ore has led to a reduction in downstream dry and wet processing The Growth Journey of the Carrapateena Copper
plant capacities and footprints. The technology is based around the use of Concentrator
Near Infra Red, laser, XRF, electromagnetic, colour and x-ray tomography J. Seppelt and F. Burns; MAusIMM, Klemzig, SA, Australia
technology. Ore sorting is used to differentiate between the target ores and the Carrapateena is a copper–gold deposit located in South Australia, 100%
gangue materials usually associated with ores such as silica, magnesium and owned by BHP. The deposit is currently mined using the sub-level cave (SLC)
iron oxides. The downstream processing water requirements can be reduced mining method feeding a flotation concentrator producing a copper-gold-silver
due to reductions in the amount of material being processed along with a concentrate for sale. The site was designed at 4mtpa with an average life of
reduction in process tailings volumes that have to be contained in engineered mine annual production of 65kt of copper and 67koz gold in concentrate. Since
impoundments. From a sustaining capital perspective, reducing downstream project construction and commissioning over 2018 and 2019, the site has
crushing and grinding costs by the early removal of silica/chert has been seen been on a sustained rapid ramp up and growth journey that commenced prior
to lead to a reduction in the impact of silica based abrasion. to first ore treatment and will continue through to 2030. Throughput expanded
from 4mtpa to current 5.6mtpa delivered by an accelerated debottlenecking
11:25 AM program and will be at 7mtpa rate in 2025 through a further program and
integration of coarse particle flotation. Transition from SLC to block caving and
Utilizing Cyclowash™ Technology to Reduce Fines Reporting expansion of the concentrator capacity will see treatment of 12mtpa of ore to
to Hydrocyclone Underflow deliver in excess of 120ktpa copper in concentrate. This paper covers the rapid
M. Wright; FLSmidth, Brisbane, QLD, Australia ramp up that has been delivered by the site team over the life of the asset and
outline future growth. Included is a discussion of various key technologies and
Cyclowash™ is an elution device exclusive to FLS KREBS® Hydrocyclones.
innovation opportunities that have been explored.
It utilizes the injection of an elutriation liquor to induce a second stage of classi-
fication slightly above the theoretical plane intersecting the cyclone axis below
which all solid and liquid particles will report to the hydrocyclone underflow 9:25 AM
despite any possible interference. The gain from this second stage separation is
the displacement of entrained -#400 mesh particles from the liquid reporting to Reduce the Risk of Freezing Paste Lines
the underflow causing the classifying phenomenon of short circuiting. Previous T. Brueggeman; Hecla Mining, Coeur d’Alene, ID
test work using gMAX6 hydrocyclone with Cyclowash™ resulted in an average Most paste plants utilizing mine tails run around the clock to keep paste fluid
reduction from ~14.6% -#400 mesh recovery to the underflow to ~9.1% and flowing in the pipe. So, what do you for a disconnected plant that starts
without major sacrifice of the underflow density. This major recovery of -#400 and stops with shift change? You can deal with 5k-10k gallons of water and
mesh cannot only make substantial differences to the sustainability of a mine’s non-affective paste times at the beginning and end of every shift. Or, you can
tailings dam but could potentially positively affect a grinding circuit through find a new process to mitigate the risk, improve efficiencies, and even find
the reduction of recirculating fines. Pending ongoing research, the recircu- benefits that you didn’t know were on the table. This case study at the Hecla
lating fines reduction induced by Cyclowash™ on hydrocyclones classifying Greens Creek mine in SE Alaska demonstrates the benefit of a low cost product
mill discharge may possibly increase the overall circuit capacity, consequently with high cost savings.
increasing throughput as well.

116     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:45 AM DFR technology at Jabal Sayid demonstrates that “different” doesn’t mean
Using your Sulphuric Acid Plant as an Onsite Power “difficult.” By focusing on ease of commissioning and operational integration,
innovative solutions can enhance processes, improving efficiency and produc-
Producer tivity in the mining industry.
J. Kelly; Atkins Realis, Etobicoke, ON, Canada
Global sulphuric acid production is about 260M tpa, a very large commodity
market. Sulphuric acid plants (SAPs) are a common part of non-ferrous
smelting operations, and also of mineral processing operations when
sulphuric acid is required as a reagent. Production of sulphuric acid is a
highly exothermic process. Superheated steam can run a Steam Turbo-Gen- WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
erator to supply site power, or to export power for use elsewhere. Low MORNING
pressure steam can be extracted for site use. All this is well-known; what is
perhaps less well-known is how much power can be generated. An example TAILINGS: RECLAMATION, CLOSURE AND POST-
is presented of a recent project which can generate >95% (up to 44 MW) CLOSURE PRACTICES OF TAILINGS AND MINE
of the whole process plant site electric power, from the onsite SAP / STG.
The SAP and STG use only a small part of this power, the bulk of it powers WASTE
the rest of the site. Some details of the SAP and STG design are presented Sponsored by Newmont
including how the power production is maximized.
607

10:05 AM 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26

Cariboo Gold Project - Processing Optimization Chairs: T. Walkenbach, WSP USA Inc.
B. Ott; Tintic Consolidated Metals Division, Osisko Development, Eureka, UT L. Gonzales, Arcadis, Mesa, AZ
Osisko Development is a North American gold development company focused on
past-producing ming camps located in mining friendly jurisdictions with district 9:00 AM
scale potential. Osisko is committed to responsible mining practices with a Introduction
vision of building modern, safe, socially and environmentally sustainable mining
operations that support generations to come in the surrounding communities.
Osisko’s 100%-owned Cariboo Gold Project located in the historic Cariboo 9:05 AM
Mining District of central British Columbia is the primary focus for near-term Geopolymerization of Mine Tailings: Transforming Waste
development with engineering and pre-construction work in progress. Ongoing into Sustainable Resources
optimizations to the feasibility study especially focused on the mine plan and K. Mudzanani¹, V. Masindi², D. Maiga¹ and T. Phadi¹; ¹Measurements and
improved processing plant concepts, are expected to yield positive results while Control, Mintek, Randburg, Gauteng, South Africa and ²Research and
adhering to existing environmental, social, and permitting constraints. Development, Magalies Water, Rustenburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Mine tailings, the residual solids, rocks, and wastewater left after extracting
10:25 AM valuable minerals, present significant environmental, health and economic
Improving Concentrator throughput by primary crusher challenges. Aligning with the GISTM, which aims for zero harm, innovative
solutions are essential. Geopolymers, synthesized by reacting silica and
debottlenecking alumina-rich tailings with an alkaline activator, offer a promising eco-friendly
C. Churchman; Freeport-McMoRan Inc, Apache Junction, AZ approach. This study repurposes mine tailings into geopolymers, assessing
Freeport McMoran Cerro Verde CV2 Concentrator is primary crusher limited. economic feasibility and market potential. Tailings were characterized using
This presentation will discuss the reliability centered approach to increase XRD, FTIR and SEM. Blended with an alkaline activator and additives, the
concentrator throughput by increasing machine reliability and throughput. mixture was molded, cast, and cured under controlled conditions, 40-90°C.
Crusher concave / mantle design, operating parameters including OSS and Results showed -COOH and -OH functional groups that are effective for
stroke as well as lubrication will be discussed. adsorbing heavy metals and pollutants. XRD and SEM analyses confirmed
favourable crystalline phases and surface morphology. Geopolymers achieved
a 92% reduction in Fe2+ concentration from 2500 to 200 ppm, indicating
10:45 AM substantial potential for wastewater treatment. Conclusively, mine tailings can
Seamless Integration of Direct Flotation Reactor (DFR) be converted into sustainable geopolymers, reducing environmental impact,
Technology: From Pilot to Full-scale Operations at Barrick’s enhancing durability, and being cost-effective compared to traditional concrete.
Jabal Sayid Copper Concentrator
T. Banerjee and E. Kulbak; Sales, Woodgrove Technologies Inc., Toronto,
ON, Canada
The adoption of innovative technologies in mineral processing often raises
concerns about complexity and integration. However, Woodgrove’s Direct
Flotation Reactor (DFR) technology at Barrick’s Jabal Sayid copper concentrator
provides a different perspective. This paper outlines the smooth integration
of DFR technology from piloting to full-scale commissioning, showcasing
how easily the cells were brought online. Installed in a cleaner scalper role,
DFR cells at Jabal Sayid upgrade re-ground rougher concentrate to final
concentrate in one stage. Despite processing challenging ore, the DFR cells
delivered concentrate grades that consistently exceeded expectations. The
commissioning process was straightforward with minimal hurdles, highlighting
the technology’s user-friendly nature. This paper advocates for a shift in
perceptions about new technologies in mineral processing. The success of

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     117

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

9:25 AM 10:25 AM
Climate Change Effects at Mazapil Catchment and Impacts Liquefaction Prediction Using Ensemble Machine Learning
Over the Newmont Peñasquito TSF During Closure and Methods
Post-Closure P. Ayawah¹, W. Nyaaba² and A. Kaba³; ¹Mining, Metal & Minerals,
E. Garcia and M. Sosa; Newmont, Mazapil, Zacatecas, Mexico Stantec, Broomfield, CO; ²University of Illinois, Chicago, IL and ³Los
Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM
Peñasquito mine is located in the Mazapil valley, a 168 km2 catchment in
northern Zacatecas, México. This open pit operation generates 250,000 ton of The impact of liquefaction on tailings storage facilities (TSFs) and the need for its
tailings that are disposed at the Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) which operates precise prediction cannot be overemphasized. While traditional physics-based
since 2015. Closure plans for this TSF are under design and analysis since liquefaction prediction models offer valuable insights into soil behavior, they
2018, actions include generation of large scale data about available closure often face challenges in capturing the full complexity under dynamic loading
materials for cover, climate data, hydraulic assessments, groundwater quality, conditions. Conversely, data-driven machine learning (ML) techniques excel in
water flows rates and monitoring and consolidation. Climate change variables pattern recognition though they may lack physical interpretability. This paper
are being considered according to Global Industry Standard on Tailings proposes an ensemble ML model to improve liquefaction prediction accuracy
Management (GISTM), Newmont corporate guidance and recommendations by integrating diverse data sources and leveraging the strengths of multiple ML
of external revisors. The projection of long term climate effects are compared methods. The proposed ensemble model will harness the predictive capabilities
with quaternary patterns onsite, characteristics of surface runoff, vegetation of four different ML methods – Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting
and landscape. All the latter supports the forecast of effects that necessarily Machine, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Network. A dataset including
will be magnified according to climate change trend. This paper presents the earthquake data, cone penetration test data from New Zealand will be used
focus and strategies that are being followed at Peñasquito, in order to generate to develop the proposed ensemble ML model. The developed model can be
credible mid and long term scenarios for climate change effects which will applied for liquefaction assessment of TSFs with higher prediction accuracy
support closure and post closure projects. than the existing empirical methods. This can lead to the implementation
effective liquefaction mitigation practices.

9:45 AM
10:45 AM
Hyperspectral Sensing for Oil Sands and Hard Rock Tailings
Characterization Assessment of Long-Term Physical Stability of Remediated
J. Bindner, I. Entezari and D. McGowan; ConeTec Investigations Ltd.,
Mining Structures in Hualgayoc, Cajamarca, Peru: A
Vancouver, BC, Canada Success Story of the Center for Mining Environmental
Hyperspectral sensing has shown strong promise for the characterization of tailings Research and Studies (CIEMAN)
properties and providing recent advancements in optical sensing technologies, M. Portal Valdivia, H. Lozano, F. Segobia Campos, L. Goicochea Sánchez
including reduced sensor size and cost, hyperspectral sensors can now feasibly and F. Ysla Quiroz; Mining engineering, Society for Mining, Metallurgy &
be adapted for use in direct push methods, including the CPT. Given the industry- Exploration, Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
advancing potential of this technology, a hyperspectral module was designed This case study evaluates the long-term physical stability of various historical
to be included as part of a CPT probe and is currently under development. mining structures remediated by the Center for Mining Environmental Research and
This preliminary study explores the use of hyperspectral data collected ex Studies (CIEMAN) in Hualgayoc, Cajamarca, Peru. The region has a long history of
situ on oil sands and hard rock tailings for the characterization of tailings mining activity, with remnants dating back to pre-Inca times. CIEMAN has assumed
properties including moisture content, solids content, and fines content using responsibility for remediating 286 environmental liabilities in the area, including
hyperspectral data with a spectral range similar to the hyperspectral module adits, shafts, pits, tailings dams, and waste rock dumps. The study analyzes the
under development. Machine learning models were developed to predict methods employed to stabilize these structures, including geotechnical engineering
tailings properties using hyperspectral data and the models were evaluated techniques and revegetation. Long-term monitoring results are presented, assessing
using separate testing data. Results highlight the potential of hyperspectral the effectiveness of remediation measures and predicting the future stability of the
sensing for improving tailings characterization. structures. This study highlights the importance of responsible remediation of mining
environmental liabilities to ensure the safety and sustainability of communities and
ecosystems affected by historical mining.
10:05 AM
Enhancing Mine Closure Projects Through Proactive Risk
Management 11:05 AM
D. Kijewski; Mine Economics and Risk, Stantec, Surprise, AZ Geochemical Characterization to Support Groundwater
Mine closure project success can improve from early risk-informed closure Remedy Selection at a Former Uranium Mill Site
planning. This investment can transform an end-of-life project obligation into a K. Belli¹, C. Bokman¹, J. Nyman¹, E. Moran² and K. Pill³; ¹Remediation,
residual value-adding asset. Several key points and industry sentiments about Geosyntec Consultants, Oakland, CA; ²Office of Environmental
risk management on closure projects will be discussed, including: - How risk Management, Department of Energy, Moab, UT and ³North Wind Portage,
workshops are often viewed as burdensome, and their completion “checks a Moab, UT
box.” - An overview of risk application methodologies, their characteristics, Removal of the tailings impoundment at the United States Department of Energy
and when to apply each depending on resources and company goals. - Ways Moab site is expected to be completed around 2029, at which time it is anticipated
that risk-informed closure strategies can increase mining support locally and that a final remedy to address uranium and ammonium in site groundwater will
globally. - Case study of closure assessments on tailings and heap leach be determined. The site is considered complex due to multiple source areas,
facilities. vertically stratified groundwater due to brine formation at depth, discharge to the
Colorado River, endangered species habitats in river backchannels, and ongoing
implementation of multiple interim measures to achieve protection of human
health and environment. Geosyntec will discuss recent column and batch testing
results that will be used to support remedy selection.

118     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 2:00 PM

MORNING CFD study of the impact of Powered Air Purifying
Respirators (PAPR) in Underground Mining Operations
THE HIGH PERFORMANCE MINE OF THE FUTURE L. Sanchez Gonzalez, A. Kumar and B. Arnold; Energy and Mineral
110 Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
Mining operations adopt a variety of remedial measures to combat dust
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 underground. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs), used commonly in
medical and other sectors, are not prevalent in the mining industry. PAPRs use
Chair: H. Ednie, Global Mining Guidelines Group P100 filters that have 99.97% dust capture efficiency. We present our results
from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations performed to understand
9:00 AM the impact of a PAPR on airflow and dust particle concentration in the vicinity of
Introduction a miner. These results show that donning a PAPR can lower the exposure of the
miners to respirable coal dust.
9:05 AM
The High Performance Mine of the Future 2:20 PM
5
L. Walker¹, A. Scott², Z. Lukacs , M. O’Brien³ and H. Ednie ; 4 Exploration of Flooded Bed Scrubber Respirable Dust
¹Freeport-McMoRan, Morenci, AZ; ²BHP, Dayboro, QLD, Australia;
4
Removal Efficiency as a Function of Particle Type and Size
³CITIC Pacific Mining, Parker, CO; GMG, Montreal, QC, Canada and F. Animah¹, H. Jiang², Y. Zheng², S. Klima², A. Bugarski², T. Beck²,
5
Advisor, Calgary, AB, Canada S. Schafrik³ and E. Sarver¹; ¹Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia
Explore the multifaceted landscape of modern mining in this comprehensive Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA; ²PMRD/HHPB,
session aimed at constructing the high-performance mine of the future. Delve NIOSH, Pittsburg, PA and ³Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky,
into emerging best practices and key considerations required to enhance Lexington, KY
mine efficiency and innovation. Session Highlights Include: Foundation for Flooded-bed scrubbers (FBSs) have been used over the past few decades in
Success Collaboration and Open Innovation Enhancing Safety and Managing underground coal mines to mitigate exposure to respirable coal mine dust
Risk Autonomous Mining Electrification and Future Roadmaps Sustainability in (RCMD). Previous studies have evaluated the performance of FBSs to reduce
Action AI and Data Applications This session is closely aligned with the Global RCMD mass concentrations but there has been little investigation regarding
Mining Guidelines Group’s (GMG) mission to foster innovation, collaboration, the effects on specific RCMD constituents and particle sizes which may have
and sustainability within the mining industry. By attending, you’ll gain insights important health implications. To begin filling this knowledge gap, a series of
into how these strategic areas connect to GMG’s broader goals, enhancing tests were recently conducted at NIOSH’s dust gallery facility in Pittsburgh, PA,
your ability to contribute to safer, more innovative, and sustainable mining using a newly built experimental apparatus. The apparatus enables sampling
operations. Speakers include: Lia Walker, Manager of Innovation and Senior up and downstream of a full-sized FBS under controlled conditions. For
Quality Leader, Freeport-McMoRan Andrew Scott, Lead Principal, Think and these tests, key variables included FBS filter type (i.e., conventional 30-layer
Act Differently, BHP Zoli Lukacs, Advisor, Asset Management and Operational screen versus novel impingement filter) and dust material (i.e., coal versus
Readiness Mark O’Brien, General Manager, Digital Technology and Innovation, rock-strata), and scrubber efficiencies were determined on the basis of particle
CITIC Pacific Mining Moderator: Heather Ednie, CEO, GMG. counts across size bins between 0.1-10 µm.

2:40 PM
Can Optical Microscopy be used to Classify Respirable Coal
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 Mine Dust?
AFTERNOON N. Santa and E. Sarver; Mining and Minerals Engineering, Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA
COAL & ENERGY: INNOVATIONS IN DUST CONTROL High prevalence of lung diseases among US coal miners has spurred new
AND RESEARCH II research on innovative respirable dust monitoring methods. Previous laboratory
experiments have indicated that Optical Light Microscopy (OLM) combined with
702 advanced image processing could enable classification of respirable coal mine
dust particles–perhaps in real-time. The current study extends that work into
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 the field, using dust samples collected from active production and roof bolting
areas in an underground coal mine. The samples were imaged by OLM and
Chairs: F . Animah, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
then a classification algorithm was applied to identify and count dust particles
Blacksburg, VA in three classes: silicates, carbonates, and coal. To evaluate the accuracy of the
A. Greth, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, results, the samples were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with
Blacksburg, VA energy dispersive X-ray.

2:00 PM
Introductions

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 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:00 PM 2:05 PM
Study on the Interaction between Respirable Coal Mine Dust From Geothermal Brine to Lithium: Emerging Technologies
and Water Droplets by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Solutions
S. Han¹, M. Rezaee¹ and P. Roghanchi²; ¹Energy and Mineral Engineering, M. Chowdhury¹ and D. Talan²; ¹Department of Geosciences, Graduate
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA and ²Mining Student, Starkville, MS and ²Department of Mining Engineering, Assistant
Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY Professor, Morgantown, WV
In practice, the capture efficiency of Respirable Coal Mine Dust (RCMD) by By 2030, the global demand for lithium-ion batteries is projected to reach
water spray system is relatively low. To understand the capturing mechanism approximately two million metric tons, highlighting the increasing need
and develop enhancement strategies, this research studies the interaction of for lithium. Geothermal brine, a naturally occurring metal-rich hot water
water droplets with RCMD by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effects from underground geothermal reservoirs, has emerged as a promising and
of physicochemical properties of water droplets and RCMD, including contact environmentally friendly source of lithium to meet this growing demand. This
angle, surface tension and viscosity, on critical velocity were investigated. study reviews the global landscape of lithium in various geothermal brine
Regime maps of critical velocity vs. physicochemical properties were created compositions and evaluates the latest advancements in extraction methods.
and the corresponding attachment efficiencies were calculated. Accordingly, Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technology, which is significantly faster than the
strategies for enhancing the capture efficiency were developed by modifying conventional brine evaporation process, offers a potential solution by eliminating
the physicochemical properties of water droplets. the need for brine evaporation ponds and presenting lower environmental risks
and considerable ecological benefits. This study summarizes and evaluates
the advantages and challenges of implementing DLE technology, focusing
3:20 PM on its scalability and economic feasibility from a green mining perspective. It
Evaluation of PVC and PTFE Filters for Ddirect-on-Filter compares DLE technology with conventional brine evaporation processes to
Crystalline Silica Quantification by FTIR assess its potential as a sustainable and game-changing technology. Keywords:
Lithium, geothermal brine, DLE extraction technologies.
B. Osho¹, M. Elahifard², X. Wang², B. Abbasi¹, J. Chow², J. Watson²,
W. Arnott³, W. Reed5 and D. Parks4; 1Mining and Metallurgical
Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV; ²Desert Research 2:25 PM
Institute, Reno Nevada USA, Reno, NV; ³Atmospheric Sciences, University
of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV; 4Spokane Mining Research Division, National
Evolution of In-situ Caprock Permeability During
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane, Washington, Underground Hydrogen Storage
Spokane, WA and 5Office of the Director, National Institute for R. Pandey; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, PA Efficient underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in depleted reservoirs depends
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy via a Direct-on-Filter (DoF) analysis on the overlying caprock integrity. Recent studies on crushed Marcellus
is a useful tool for determining the exposure risks of respirable crystalline silica shale, a potential caprock, have indicated that cyclic injection and depletion
(RCS), providing faster measurements than standard methods. However, its limit of pressurized hydrogen leads to the formation of micro-fractures in the
of detection (LOD) needs to be evaluated against the regulatory RCS limits. This shale matrix. This results in increased matrix porosity and permeability of the
study evaluated the uncertainty in RCS quantification arising from background shales, leading to increased diffusive loss through the caprock. Building on
effects when using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) the initial results, here the core-scale permeability changes in Marcellus shale
filters. When unexposed filters were used as the spectral reference, the RCS LODs under cyclic hydrogen exposure was investigated, which is more represen-
were 5.9 and 1.2 µg/m3 for PVC and PTFE filters, respectively, representing tative of in-situ conditions. Permeability was measured using a pulse decay
day-to-day variability of blank filter FTIR reference spectra. When a designated permeameter under varying confining and pore pressures. Results showed
laboratory blank was used as the reference, both filter types showed higher RCS only a minor change in absolute permeability values, but the Klinkenberg slip
LODs of 7.4 and 12 µg/m3 for PVC and PTFE filters, respectively, attributed to factor, governing slip flow in shale, increased with cyclic hydrogen exposure,
filter-to-filter variability. For PVC filters, filter mass variation was the source of suggesting enhanced hydrogen loss via slip flow through the caprock over the
filter-to-filter variability, where the absorption increased linearly with filter mass, life of the UHS reservoir.
providing a means to correct the absorption differences between the unexposed
and reference filters, thereby reducing LODs.
2:45 PM
An Overview and History of the Uranium Roll Front Model
C. McDowell and B. Schiffer; WWC Engineering, Sheridan, WY
Why is this here and where can I find more? Is a question that has puzzled
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 geologists and proto geologists since mining began in the Lion Cavern at
Ngwenya Mine in Eswatini approximately 43,000 to 41,000 BCE. To answer
AFTERNOON this question, geologists evaluate an initial ore deposit to determine charac-
teristics about the depositional environment, host material, mineralogy, etc.
COAL & ENERGY: LOW CARBON ENERGY RESOURCES which can then be used to search for new areas to explore. Roll front uranium
107 deposits were first identified at the underground Shirley Basin Mine in central
Wyoming in the early 1960s. The classic “C” shaped roll front deposits occur
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 along the contact between oxidized and reduced sandstones, also known as
the redox boundary. An understanding of the roll front model assists geologists
Chair: R. Pandey, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA exploring for uranium as the redox boundary can be used to guide drilling.
Since they were first described, roll fronts have been identified in sedimentary
2:00 PM hosted uranium deposits worldwide.
Introductions

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3:05 PM 2:25 PM
Subsurface Spatial Planning for Energy and Storage Analog RF Backscatter with Organic Photovoltaics for
Applications in Germany Underground Mine Self-assisted Rescue
M. Gurgel; Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH M. Salas², S. Shao², H. Khaniani³, V. Androulakis³, M. Hassanalian4 and
Aachen University, Aachen, Germany P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY;
Subsurface spatial planning is becoming increasingly important in view of ²Electrical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology,
competing underground applications. This development is influenced by global Socorro, NM; ³Mineral Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and
agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, precise knowledge Technology, Socorro, NM and 4Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico
of the underground space is a basic prerequisite for future applications. The three- Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM
dimensional registration and reliable georeferencing of underground Light-powered analog RF backscatter communication offers a battery-less
infrastructures can establish a holistic geodata basis for such tasks. Those solution for ultra-low power scenarios like self-assisted mine rescue. This study
tasks are discussed both for the development of energy projects such as deep introduces an RF device enabling communication with a Search and Rescue
geothermal energy as well as for storage applications. Research on geothermal Robot’s RF Transceiver, improving trapped miners’ self-assisted capability. The
energy has been carried out at RWTH Aachen University as part of the SuperC device utilizes an organic polymer photovoltaic cell optimized for low illumination
project in a license field in the Aachen area since 2001. Recently, this research and employs frequency shift keying for non-continuous data transmission,
has been extended to include monitoring aspects in the overlapping GEObser- allowing ultra-low power analog control circuitry. We explore a self-canceling
vatorium Aachen field. The documentation and visualization of underground network in the RF Transceiver to enhance communication range. A prototype is
activities using photogrammetric methods like Structure from Motion is presented with experimental performance characterization, demonstrating the
discussed based on recent research in sites for the final disposal of radioactive potential for critical rescue operations in challenging environments.
waste. Finally, both applications provide an outlook on supporting underground
projects by using high-resolution geodata.
2:45 PM
Enhancing Search and Rescue Operations in Underground
Coal Mines with Unmanned Robotic Agents
D. Vosbein¹, N. Bagheri¹, J. Racette¹, V. Androulakis², H. Khaniani²,
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 M. Hassanalian¹, S. Shao³ and P. Roghanchi4; ¹Mechanical Engineering,
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM; ²Mineral
AFTERNOON Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro,
NM; ³Electrical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and
COAL & ENERGY: MINE EMERGENCY Technology, Socorro, NM and 4Mining Engineering, University of
PREPAREDNESS Kentucky, Lexington, KY
105 Search and rescue operations remain extremely hazardous for mine rescue
teams. In the era of ever-increasing applied robotics, mine rescuers could
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 benefit from deploying scouting robotic agents. The proposed solution deploys a
custom-made collaborative UGV-UAV system with the objectives of environment
Chairs: S. Bealko, GMS Mine Repair, Oakland, MD mapping, and air quality data collection, while maintaining communications
E. Zeglen, Zeglen Consulting, Clarksville, PA for data transferring with the rescue mission center. Designing such a
system involves a plethora of hardware and software selection, fabrication,
2:00 PM and deployment challenges for the robotic agents. A successfully developed
Introductions UGV-UAV system can significantly expedite S&R operations, while minimizing
risks for the rescuers, and saving lives.
2:05 PM
Air Quality Data Driven Self-escape for Underground Coal 3:05 PM
Mines Fire Emergencies A Simulation-Based Training Framework for Mine Rescue
S. Kingman², R. Owusu-Ansah¹, H. Khaniani6, V. Androulakis¹, S. Shao³, and Self-Escape Readiness
M. Hassanalian4 and P. Roghanchi5; ¹Mineral Engineering, New Mexico M. Raza and S. Frimpong; Mining and Explosives Engineering, Missouri
Institute of Mining and Technology, Lexington, KY; ²Computer Science University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
and Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Underground mining environments are inherently hazardous and can lead to
Socorro, NM; ³Electrical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and emergencies where effective rescue and self-escape become critical. Missouri
Technology, Socorro, NM; 4Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Institute University of Science and Technology is pioneering new technologies for
of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM; 5Mining Engineering, University of effective self-escape. The rescuers and miners need to be trained in these new
Kentucky, Lexington, KY and 6Petroleum Recovery Research Center, New technologically driven environments. Previous research in fields like aviation,
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM medical surgery, and oil and gas drilling has demonstrated the effectiveness
Aiming to assist mine workers self-evacuation during fire emergencies in of virtual simulation training, but the mining sector has yet to fully adopt
underground mines, ventilation data driven algorithms could provide mine-wide advanced tools such as eye-tracking and immersive training modules. This
situational awareness to the evacuees. Efficient real-time path planning research proposes a comprehensive training infrastructure incorporating these
algorithms utilizing a mine-wide IoT, which collects air quality, can provide technologies to enhance situational awareness and decision-making during
beneficial assistance to mine workers. This study presents proof of concept emergencies. The novelty lies in the application of advanced miner escape and
for a real-time smart evacuation route-planning approach based on a coupling communication technologies, specifically designed to monitor and enhance
VentSimTM DESIGN fire simulations with three path-planning algorithms. The cognitive responses in high-stress situations. By leveraging these technologies,
quantification of fire-induced hazards based on data collected by the IoT and the proposed training infrastructure aims to prepare the next generation of
the MSHA health regulations provides optimized escape routes that can assist underground miners and operators, by equipping them with the necessary skills
mine workers to reach a safe location. to manage emergencies effectively.

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3:25 PM 4:25 PM
Advances in Mine Emergency Preparedness and Response A System Dynamics Analysis of the Battery Fire in an
K. Armstrong; Draeger, Houston, TX Underground Mine
This presentation examines the enhancement of mine emergency preparedness S. Eroglu and S. Duzgun; Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
and response through the integration of advanced technologies and compre- Golden, CO
hensive planning strategies. By leveraging robust physical and digital This study employs a system safety approach to analyze lithium-ion battery
infrastructure, mines can enhance safety and ensure that response teams are fires in underground mines, with a focus on communication failures within
adequately trained and equipped. Innovative technological solutions improve the system. Using the causal analysis based on systems theory (CAST), the
communication and situational awareness, facilitating quicker and more research identified critical communication gaps that led to a battery fire at
informed decision-making during emergencies. The application of state-of- Turquoise Ridge Underground. A causal loop diagram created in Vensim
the-art technology within a new portfolio of solutions optimizes preparedness software and converted to a network in Python reveals critical system
and response capabilities, thereby safeguarding both personnel and operations components, local clustering coefficients, network communities, and missing
and enabling more effective and rapid responses to emergency situations. intra- and inter-community connections. These insights aim to enhance system
connectivity, providing essential safety guidelines for integrating battery electric
vehicles (BEVs) into underground mines.
3:45 PM
Optimizing Underground Search and Rescue Robotic
Systems to Meet End-user Expectations
R. Bakzadeh¹, H. Khaniani², V. Androulakis², M. Hassanalian², S. Shao²
and P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY and ²New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
Socorro, NM AFTERNOON
The mining industry increasingly adopts robotic technologies for various
applications, including search and rescue operations. Human-machine ENVIRONMENTAL: ADTI-CRITICAL MINERALS IN
interaction is critical in these missions due to their stressful and time-sen- MINE WASTES
sitive nature. However, challenges arise from the lack of data on end 104
users’ expectations, the necessary capabilities for these robots, and the
best practices for robot-rescuer interactions. To address these issues, 2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
subject matter experts (SMEs) were consulted through questionnaires and
interviews to gather their insights on the capabilities, components, and Chairs: D
 . Levitan, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
human-machine interface of search and rescue robots. Qualitative questions V. McLemore, NMBGMR/NM Tech, Socorro, NM
were asked about robot navigation capabilities, data display and accessi-
bility, data priority, and perceived challenges to the robot’s functionality. 2:00 PM
The outcomes of this study help develop an optimal human-machine interface Introductions
for mine rescue missions.

2:05 PM
4:05 PM Mine Waste as a Resource
Enhancing Underground Mine Rescue Mission: Addressing V. McLemore; NMBGMR/NM Tech, Socorro, NM
Cybersickness and Human Decision-Making in VR Training There are tens of thousands of inactive mine features with significant mine
Simulations wastes throughout the United States (including coal, uranium, metals, and
T. Hunter², M. Hassanalian², H. Khaniani³, V. Androulakis³, S. Shao4 and industrial minerals). Many of these mines have existing mine wastes, generated
P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; during mineral production, which could have potential for critical minerals,
²Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, especially since the actual mineral production was generally for precious and
Socorro, NM; ³Mineral Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining base metals and not critical minerals. Characterizing and estimating the critical
and Technology, Socorro, NM and 4Electrical Engineering, New Mexico minerals endowment of these mine wastes is important to understand if these
Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM mine wastes could be reprocessed. Characterization includes determining the
Aiming for better use of VR simulations in training underground mine personnel, mineralogy, geochemistry, types of microprobes, and size of the material. The
we investigate the effects of cybersickness, a physiological condition induced mine history of the area needs to be summarized. Future mining of mine wastes
by head-mounted Virtual Reality devices. Additionally, human decision- that potentially contain critical minerals will directly benefit the economy of the
making factors in VR simulations are examined by incorporating sensor data local areas. Possible re-mining of mine wastes could clean up these sites and
from a physical mine model under fire emergency. The goal is to use VR pay for reclamation. Furthermore, these characterization projects will include
simulations alongside search and rescue robotic agents to enhance emergency training of younger, professional geologists and students in economic and
preparedness in underground mine emergencies. Future directions include reclamation geology by the PIs.
incorporating robotics into the simulations to prepare and train miners and
personnel to work alongside these technologies in real-world applications.

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2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Geochemistry of Critical Minerals in Mine Wastes in Grant, A Framework for Assessing Land use Impact Assessment
Sierra, and Socorro Counties, New Mexico of Mining Sites
Z. Kazemi Motlagh¹, V. McLemore² and E. Owen²; ¹Mineral Engineering, D. Otarod¹, J. Maurer², K. Awuah-Offei³ and P. Duah4; ¹Geology and
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM and ²Bureau Geophysics, Student, Springfield, VA; ²Geology and Geophysics, Assistant
of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Professor, Rolla, MO; ³Mining and explosive engineering, Professor, Rolla,
Technology, Socorro, NM MO and 4Mining and explosive engineering, Student, Rolla, MO
Mine wastes are potential sources of critical minerals, non-fuel commodities Land use impact assessment for mining is time-consuming and expensive.
essential to the U.S. economy and national security whose supply chain Because of mining’s impact on biodiversity, land use assessment methods that
may be disrupted. Critical minerals are being characterized in three mining evaluate biodiversity are important for mining land use impact assessments.
districts in New Mexico: Black Hawk (Grant County), Hillsboro (Sierra County), Remote sensing, in particular satellite multispectral sensing platforms such
and Magdalena (Socorro County). The Black Hawk district contains arsenide as Sentinel-2 and the LandSat mission series, have been used to assess and
5-element veins with Ag, Ni, Co, As, U, Bi, with local Pb, Cu, Zn. The Copper quantify biodiversity through proxy variables such as NDVI (Pena-Lara et al.,
Flat mine in Hillsboro is a copper porphyry deposit. The Kelly mine in Magdalena 2022). The objective of this paper is to present results of a comparative study
is a carbonate-hosted deposit. Mine waste piles and tailings were sampled of land use and biodiversity based on multispectral satellite observations and
using USGS sampling procedures. Black Hawk wastes samples are elevated in production data from copper and cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic
Co (292 ppm), Ni (2128 ppm), and Zn (8463 ppm). Finer size fractions show of Congo. We quantify the relationship between different spectral bands and
increasing concentrations of Co, Cu, and Ni. Copper Flat tailings are elevated vegetative indices and the production data provided by the mining companies
in Bi (111 ppm), Cu (7453 ppm), and Zn (2360 ppm). Magdalena samples and measure correlations. The results suggest that remote sensing could be a
are elevated in Cu (5700 ppm) and Zn (13%). Determination of acid-gen- cost-effective means of assessing biodiversity impacts of mining.
erating potential in the areas suggests that Black Hawk district mine wastes
are non-acid-forming while some Copper Flat and Magdalena samples can
potentially cause acid mine drainage. 3:45 PM
Metal Recovery from Pit Lakes; Prospecting, ROI and ESG
2:45 PM D. Castendyk, B. Kimball and J. Lindauer; WSP, Lakewood, CO
Assessment of Microbial Populations in Kinetic Tests of Recovery of metals from pit lakes has the potential to change perceptions of
pit lakes from post-closure liabilities to future resource assets. We present two
Sulfide-bearing Rock Subjected to Different Moisture, proposed metal recovery operations for two legacy pit lakes containing acid
Temperature, and Chemical Conditions mine drainage from former copper mining operations located in the Western
D. Jones¹, M. Best¹, Z. Wenz², S. Koski² and A. Gehn²; ¹Earth and US. Both pit lakes store water with high concentrations of dissolved metals and
Environmental Science, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM and ²Division of Lands are actively managed as hydrogeologic sinks. Solvent extraction/electrowinning
and Minerals, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN for zinc recovery, and sulfide precipitation for copper recovery, respectively,
Microorganisms are important catalysts for the oxidation of sulfide minerals in show positive returns on investments. Benefits include revenue to offset annual
natural and engineered settings. In earlier research, we found that long-term maintenance costs and advancement of corporate ESG objectives.
kinetic tests contained abundant and active microbial populations that likely
contributed to rock weathering processes. However, it remains unclear how 4:05 PM
microbial communities evolve during the weathering process or how they react
to different treatment conditions. Here we report on new RNA and DNA analyses Combining Community-based Monitoring and Backward
of microbial communities in humidity cells and field-scale rock piles of Ely Trajectory Modeling for Pollutant Evaluation and Culpability
Greenstone with different sulfide mineral contents operated under different test Analyses
conditions, in order to evaluate microbiological influences on sulfide oxidation S. Adamson and J. Szust; Trinity Consultants, Salt Lake City, UT
and considerations for kinetic test work.
Community-based monitoring has received increasing interest over the last
few years. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken a range
3:05 PM of actions to promote community-based monitoring projects, ranging from
High-Throughput DNA and RNA Sequencing Reveals Total providing grants for grassroots air quality monitoring projects to mandating
industrial facilities to implement community-based monitoring projects. Data
and Active Microbial Populations Associated with Critical collected by community-based monitoring programs are used by stakeholders
Minerals in Historic Mine Waste, South-Central New Mexico to better understand the relative risks and impacts of local air pollution concen-
M. Best¹, D. Jones¹ and V. McLemore²; ¹Earth and Environmental trations. However, ambient air quality monitoring equipment is not capable of
Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM and differentiating among air pollutant sources and only present the concentration
²New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM available in the atmosphere at the time of measurement. In other words, the
New Mexico has a long history of mining, with hundreds of mining districts sensors are unable to distinguish the contribution of multipple sources of the
across the state that often contain inactive operations with historic tailings pollutant. In order to develop an understand the challenges of air quality in
and waste rock. Many of these deposits are associated with critical minerals, the community, further analysis of the data is required. This presentation will
and contain substantial resources in their waste that could be used to support provide an overview and case study for combining community-based monitor
domestic critical mineral demand. We analyzed the composition of microbial readings, human reports, and back trajectory modeling using HYSPLIT to
communities from five inactive mine sites in south-central New Mexico using evaluate culpability of pollution events within a community.
rRNA gene and transcript sequencing to assess total and active microbial
communities and explore microbial contributions to metal mobilization and the
in situ bioleaching potential of these non-traditional metal resources.

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4:25 PM 2:25 PM
Empowering Community Engagements: Knowledge and Flexible Facia MSE Wall System for a 100ft High Crusher
Sustainable Management of Critical Raw Materials Wall
M. Islam¹, G. Meissner¹, J. Joutsenvaara², S. Pettersson³, K. Käär4, L. Mottadelli, C. Andrade and P. Frankenberger; Maccaferri, Hagerstown, MD
M. Szumny5, C. Vrabie6, S. Ojalammi7, O. Kotavaara8, L. Suopajärvi³ and The development of a Gold Mine in Ontario’s northern territories required
H. Mischo¹; ¹Institute of Mining and Specialized Civil Engineering, Technische meticulous planning to optimize operational space, particularly in constructing a
Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Sachsen, Germany; ²Kerttu wall to expand the loading area for the primary crusher. Ensuring the expansion
Saalasti Institute, University of Oulu, Nivala, Finland; ³University of Lapland, pad could support heavy mining equipment without significant deformation or
Rovaniemi, Finland; 4Department of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, settling was crucial. The chosen solution was a Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Tallinn, Estonia; 5KGHM CUPRUM sp. z o.o., Wroclaw, Poland; 6Geonardo (MSE) retention system with flexible facia elements. It utilized Double Twisted
Environmental Solutions, Budapest, Hungary; 7University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, steel wire mesh with High Abrasion Resistance (HAR) Polymeric Coating
Finland and 8University of Oulu, Nivala, Finland for the facia and high-tensile strength geogrids with heavy coating for soil
This study outlines implemented tactics and results for community reinforcement. Given the remote location and harsh climate, the system had
empowerment through participation in questionnaire surveys, educational to withstand long-distance transport and extreme cold, with a free-draining
programs, and discussion on sustainable sourcing from new critical raw facia to mitigate water-related issues. This approach ensured durability and
materials (CRMs) projects. Utilising questionnaire surveys, including the Public operational reliability under challenging conditions. This paper explores the
Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS), the research gathered rationale for choosing this solution, technical hurdles encountered during
public opinions from Estonia, Germany, Poland, and Zambia, receiving 1,068 implementation, and the successful completion of the project.
responses. These responses addressed various social, economic, and environ-
mental issues related to CRM projects. Feedback from educational courses
with participants from over 25 nations and public events provided additional 2:45 PM
insights. The collected data and feedback offer crucial input for advancing Study of Geogrid as Shotcrete Reinforcement Systems in a
sustainable and responsible CRM sourcing strategies in these regions. Corrosive Environment
C. Saputra², D. Wibisono¹ and O. Perdana²; ¹Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO and ²Engineering,
Anggun Permai Tekindo, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
The use of geogrid as a reinforcement system in shotcrete for underground
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 excavation presents significant advantages, including reduced costs, easier
AFTERNOON handling, and non-corrosive properties. These benefits are particularly
promising for underground mines and tunnel excavation projects in corrosive
environments. This paper discusses both the benefits and drawbacks of
ENVIRONMENTAL: GEOSYNTHETICS APPLICATIONS geogrid reinforcement through laboratory test results, including the application
103 of polypropylene macro fiber as a typical shotcrete reinforcement. Key tests
performed and analyzed include tensile strength, peel strength, and energy
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 absorption. The findings aim to enhance understanding of geogrid as a viable
shotcrete reinforcement in highly corrosive environments. This supports
Chairs: N. Shah, WSP USA Inc, Tampa, FL long-term safety and reduces the need for frequent rehabilitation, leading to
M. Isola, WSP, Tampa, FL more efficient mining projects.
2:00 PM
Introductions 3:05 PM
Ensuring Quality Geosynthetics Installations
2:05 PM G. Toepfer; CQA Solutions, Ltd, Toledo, OH
Erosion Control in Extreme Mining Conditions – A Framework Geosynthetics are an important part of many containment systems used in the
for Holistic Evaluation of Geosynthetic Revetments mining industry. Failure of these geosynthetics can result in severe liabilities to
the owner including jeopardizing operations at the mining site. Therefore, it is
N. Shah and M. Isola; WSP, Houston, TX imperative that these geosynthetics be installed correctly. Proper installation
A key component of surface water management system design is selection of quality is not solely the responsbility of the geosynthetics installer - there are
appropriate revetment for erosion control. Ponds and channels with inadequate numerous other factors that influence the quality of the installation from project
revetment design are susceptible to failure and/or extremely high cost of conception through installation and the operational lifecycle of the containment
material (if overdesigned). Additionally, lack of erosion control can result in system. This paper will share lessons learned on ensuring geosynthetics
excessive sediment transport which may eventually obstruct downstream quality through over thirty-four years of involvement on geosynthetics projects.
conveyance features and further result in cascading failures. Currently, a wide Specifically, this paper examine the different roles (owner, design engineer,
variety of geosynthetic products are available catering to varying needs for construction vendors, quality control/quality assurance personnel, the certifying
erosion control. However, selection of appropriate product is an extremely engineer, and the regulators) and how they can either ensure or negatively
important task where factors such as site locations, expected quality and impact quality. Key photographs will serve as a visual aid for those looking to
quantity runoff, aesthetics requirements, and availability of skilled labor identify issues during field installation.
should be considered. This presentation will provide an overview of selected
commercial revetments products and discuss design guidelines and application
case studies. The objective of this presentation is to provide a framework for
holistic evaluation of a revetment product for a given site conditions and desired
use, such that, the selected product will meet the desired design criteria while
optimizing other constraints including cost.

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WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON A Computatinal Fluid Dynamics Approach to Investigating
Geothermal Effects on Methane Flow Near the Cutting
HEALTH & SAFETY: MINE VENTILATION HEALTH Interface In Underground Coal Mining
108 T. Chimbwanda, N. Risso and M. Momayez; Department of Mining and
Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Harare, Harare, Zimbabwe
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 World over, as near-surface deposits deplete and mineral demand increases,
deep mining is becoming more prevalent. However, the deeper we go, the
Chairs: P. Tukkaraja, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,
geothermal gradient steepens implying increased temperatures that influence
Rapid City, SD environmental conditions and operational safety. This study explores geothermal
C. Strong, University of Kentucky, Alpharetta, GA gradient effects on methane gas behavior near the cutting face in underground
coal mines. Elevated temperatures due to deeper geothermal activity can
2:00 PM reduce the coal matrix’s capacity to adsorb methane, potentially increasing
Introduction the rate of methane desorption. This study provides insights for more effective
ventilation strategies, enhancing safety by predicting methane release rates
2:05 PM more accurately in response to geothermal variations.
Respirable Coal Mine Dust Respiratory Deposition Using a
Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA) 3:05 PM
A. Vanegas Valderrama², W. Su³ and P. Roghanchi¹; ¹Mining Engineering, Estimating Respirable Silica Concentration from CPDM
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; ²Freeport McMoRan, Morenci, AZ Samples Using FTIR Analysis: Results from Lab and Field
and ³Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, TX Samples
This research explores the deposition fraction of particles in the human A. Greth and E. Sarver; Mining & Minerals Engineering, Virginia
respiratory tract, focusing on occupational hazards in coal mining. Using the Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA), a 3D lung model, and
There is an increasing need for respirable crystalline silica (RCS) monitoring on
a wind tunnel, the first phase involved ten experimental analyses with one
mine sites to understand and limit exposure risks. To enable RCS monitoring in
APS 3321 unit, followed by 18 tests with two units. These tests simulated
coal mines at the end of a shift, a method for direct-on-filter RCS analysis by
lung function and assessed the deposition patterns of particles larger than
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been developed by NIOSH.
0.1 micrometers in the upper airways and alveolar regions. The study aims
It is for use with PVC filter samples collected using the standard Coal Mine Dust
to determine lung deposition fractions of coal mine dust, contributing to Coal
Personal Sampling Unit (CMDPSU). However, a method that can be applied to
Mine Dust Lung Diseases (CMDLDs), including Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
samples collected with the Continuous Personal Dust Monitor (CPDM) could
(CWP). With increasing incidence rates reported by the National Institute for
be very valuable, since mines are now using the CPDM more frequently than
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), this research highlights the need for
the CMDPSU. While the CPDM sample cannot be analyzed directly, a 3-step
better monitoring and control measures against hazardous dust exposure in
method has been piloted to: (1) recover the dust from the CPDM’s filter, (2)
mining. By examining how particle characteristics such as size, shape, charge,
deposit it onto a PVC filter, and (3) analyze it by FTIR to estimate RCS. In this
and aerodynamic diameter affect lung deposition, this study offers valuable
presentation, we discuss the method in detail and show results for CPDM
insights into CMDLD pathogenesis and stresses the importance of protecting
samples collected in both the lab and field. Moving forward, this method could
miners’ health.
enable mines to leverage the CPDM samples they are already collecting to
collect additional RCS data.
2:25 PM
SLAM Lidar for Particulate Matter Monitoring: Case Study 3:25 PM
in the San Xavier Mine Characterization of Gas and Particle Emissions from
K. Brown Requist¹, A. Satheesh² and M. Momayez¹; ¹Mining and Lithium-Ion Battery Fires
Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and
²Community, Environment and Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ X. Wang, M. Claassen, B. Bingham, J. Chow and J. Watson; Atmospheric
Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
The monitoring of particulate matter (PM) presents a major cost to mining
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) fires pose a catastrophic risk if they occur in
operations. With a lack of widely accepted non-regulatory means of monitoring,
underground mining environments, where ventilation and evacuation are
there is a need to develop new methods for cost-effective area monitoring of
challenging. Inhalation of LIB fire smoke is a health threat to miners and
PM. With the use of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) lidar scans,
firefighters. It is therefore necessary to properly characterize gas and particle
we present an attempt to monitor PM as an additional method for monitoring.
emissions of LIB combustion to understand their health risks and determine the
Testing of this method was conducted at the San Xavier Mining Laboratory
best methods for fire detection, suppression, and post-fire clean up. This study
under various mining conditions. SLAM lidar estimates are compared with a
conducted a comprehensive characterization of gas and particle emissions
commercially available real-time area monitor to assess SLAM lidar’s ability to
from thermal runaway of two LIB types (cylindrical lithium-iron-phosphate [LFP]
quantify PM concentrations.
cells and pouch-type lithium cobalt oxide [LCO] cells), each at five charge
levels between 0% and 100%. A large amount of hydrogen fluoride (HF) was
released during fire, sometimes exceeding the immediate danger to life and
health (IDLH) concentration limit. Depending on charge level and combustion
behavior, the PM2.5 composition was dominated by organic matter, elemental
carbon, and/or phosphate. LFP cells had higher emission factors for HF and
PM2.5 than LCO cells.

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3:45 PM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Powered Air Purifying Respirator: An Efficient Personal AFTERNOON
Protective Device for Protection from Dust Underground
L. Sanchez Gonzalez, A. Kumar and B. Arnold; Energy and Mineral INDUSTRIAL MINERALS & AGGREGATES:
Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA INNOVATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND
The health and safety of miners is critical in the industry. Prolonged exposure AGGREGATES II
to dust-laden air results in irreversible ailments like pneumoconiosis that 106
have a severe impact on the miners’ lives. Operations use various personal
protective devices (PPEs) to alleviate their exposure to respirable dust. Powered
Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) is one such device that uses high-efficiency
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
filters and a positive pressure mask to shield miners from airborne contam- Chairs: S. Stokowski, Stone Products Consultants, Lawrenceville, GA
inants. Used in the medical and other industries, these respirators protected T. Newman, Holcim (US) Inc., Fort Collins, CO
healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic efficiently. Recently, the J. Sackrider, Westward Environmental, Inc., Boerne, TX
mining industry has shown a growing interest in adopting this PPE to ensure
safe working conditions for the miners. We present an introduction to the PAPRs 2:00 PM
and discuss their dust capture efficacy. Introduction

4:05 PM 2:05 PM
Prediction of Wet Bulb Temperature from Field Data using Calibrating Phosphatic Ore Resource Models to Mill
Machine Learning Algorithms Feedstock Head Grade Accurately Using Machine Learning
I. Anafo¹, C. Arthur² and E. Marshall¹; ¹Mining Engineering, University of F. Yusufali¹, O. Alassaf², N. Almuhaisen², S. Algharbi², A. Fayrq² and
Utah, Salt Lake City, UT and ²Mining engineering, University of Mines and O. Morton²; ¹StratumAI, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada and ²Ma’aden,
Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
This project uses Machine Learning to predict Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) from Machine learning creates value in the mining industry by allowing multiple
microclimatic conditions, addressing inaccuracies in traditional psychrometry. data types to calibrate resource model predictions to measured mill feed.
By examining the relationship between the WBT and the Dry Bulb Temperature The authors demonstrate using attention-learning neural network modelling,
(DBT), Relative Humidity (RH), and Air Velocity (AV), four different models selecting features, and considering intemediary steps like cleaning and
were developed namely: Multi-Layer Perceptron, Random Forest AdaBoost sorting. This calibration technique was applied in the Al Khabra area, an Arqah
Regression as well as Multi-Variable Linear Regression. Results indicate that Phosporite member in northern Saudi Arabia. Features like segregation rate
these models can better predict WBT values than the empirical equation by history, sand concentration, lithologies for ore and waste, seam number,
Roland Stull. Establishing a direct relationship between AV and WBT will enable etc. are considered inputs. Limited feature selection is crucial to ensure no
ventilation engineers to regulate WBT by varying the AV in mines. overfitting. The predictions were for phosphate (P2O5), silicon oxide (SiO2),
and calcium oxide (CaO). The ground truth was 10 months of monthly head
grade readings. The benchmark was the Kriging model’s predictions for the
4:25 PM minerals above. The results are the following: 1) for P2O5, there was 39% less
Occupational Exposures and Acute Health Effects monthly deviation, 2) for SiO2, there was 64% less monthly deviation, and 3)
Associated with Renewable and Regular Diesel in an for CaO, there was 36% less monthly reduction. The results demonstrate that
Underground Mining Laboratory machine learning-based calibration techniques, as they are non-linear, are
more accurate in predicting mill feed over the existing methods.
R. Reed and J. Burgess; University of Arizona, Taylor, AZ
Objective: To evaluate health effects and exposures associated with the use
of regular (D) and renewable diesel (RD) from operation of a Skid Steer at an 2:25 PM
underground mining laboratory. Methods: Biological monitoring was conducted Benefits of Ripperveyor Cutter Head Technology in
immediately before and after subjects’ exposure sessions, which included: Underground Industrial Minerals Mining Applications
exhaled nitric oxide (NO), exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), urine specific gravity
(USG), and blood draw. Subjects operated a (2018) Caterpillar (289D) Skid M. Jennings; Komatsu Mining Technologies, Warrendale, PA
Steer with 73 HP, C3.3B DIT engine while diesel particulate matter (DPM) Industrial mineral mining applications require mining machines with the
and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures were measured. Results: A significant capability to cut minerals that exhibit lower propagation to fracturing via
reduction in DPM was observed from D to RD (220 to 165 mg/m3, p=0.028). mechanical cutting practices. Higher resistance to cutting represents a
While other results were not statistically significant, there was a decrease in challenge for traditional solid head continuous mining machines operating in
NO2, CO. Compared with D, pre-post levels of serum P-Selectin tended to the industrial mineral sector. Komatsu’s Ripperveyor cutter head design was
increase with no change to serum Endothelin-1 levels. Nine protein biomarkers engineered to increase cutting cycle efficiency through the elimination of cores,
showed increased differential expression with D, as compared to just one improved material conveying and allowance for tighter bit spacing. During
protein with RD. Discussion: The use of RD showed variability amongst several 2024, in-depth cutting cycle analyses were performed in a US based gypsum
health outcomes. This work underscores the importance of investigating application to document and evaluate several key performance indicators –
vehicle-fuel pairings evaluation exposures and health effects. depth of sump, sump rate, shear rate, and cutting cycle time. Data recorded
during the evaluation will be utilized to compare the mining cycle efficiency
of both solid and Ripperveyor cutter head mining cycles in industrial minerals
applications.

126     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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2:45 PM 3:45 PM
Meerschaum Mining Activities in Eskisehir, Turkiye Past, Present, and Future of Cement Manufacturing and
M. Yavuz; Mining Engineering Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi Decarbonization in the United States
University, Eskisehir, Turkey P. Duah and K. Awuah-Offei; Mining & Explosives Engineering Department
Sepiolite is widely used in various industries due to its adsorptive, rheological, and Thomas J. O’Keefe Center for Sustainable Supply of Strategic Minerals,
and catalytic properties. Two genetic types of sepiolite are found around Rolla, MO
Eskisehir. The most common type is the so-called “Meerschaum,” which Regulatory pressure to mitigate the cement industry’s environmental impact has
occurs as nodules and concretions within the Miocene-Pliocene conglomerate intensified recently, spurring innovation in low-carbon cement technologies. In
that surrounds the magnesite deposits in the region. Meerschaum mining the United States, cement production, consumption, and carbon emissions are
has been carried out for centuries by local farmers in two distinct regions of accelerating. Despite this trend, the adoption of environmentally friendly dry
Eskisehir. Traditional tunneling methods are employed in production activities clinker production technology with combined preheater-precalciner systems
by these local farmers. The raw meerschaum they produce is processed by has surged from 53.3% in 2002 to 88.5% currently. Concurrently, reliance on
many artists in Eskisehir. The best nodules are carved into objects such as wet technologies, known for their higher environmental impact, has dropped
pipe bowls, bracelets, and necklaces. In recent years, various challenges have from 16.5% in 2002 to 0.6% today. This paper presents the results of our
emerged in both the processing and mining of sepiolite. Notably, meerschaum comprehensive study, utilizing over 100 years of industry data, to analyze these
production has significantly decreased, making it difficult for artists to obtain technological shifts and their environmental implications.
high-quality meerschaum. This paper describes the studies conducted to
address these issues. Solutions for both the production and processing stages
of the meerschaum sector have been developed and are presented in this work.

3:05 PM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Wetland Mitigation Banking as a Post Mining Adaptive Reuse AFTERNOON
J. Sackrider; Westward Environmental, Inc., Boerne, TX
Though the supreme court reduced federal protections for wetlands in the 2023 KAWATRA SYMPOSIUM: PLANT OPERATIONS
Sackett v. EPA decision, their presence remains an obstacle to development. 709
Impacts to wetlands must be offset by either creation of new wetlands, or
purchase of wetland mitigation credits. Aggregate mines are uniquely positioned 2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
to generate new wetlands once reserves have been depleted. With the existing
bank and credit system, this post mining adaptive reuse can provide both Chairs: J. Ripke, McCarl’s Technical Services, Clover, SC
environmental and economic benefits long after the last truck leaves the scale. J. Uhrie, Jetti Resources, Boulder, CO

2:00 PM
3:25 PM Introduction
Utilization of Local Raw Materials and Mine Waste to
Manufacture Cement in Northwest Territories, Canada
2:05 PM
G. Huang¹, J. Zhao¹, G. Dzemua², S. Cairns², P. Normandeau² and
W. Liu¹; ¹School of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of How to Re-open an Old Mine with New Technology
Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada and ²Northwest Territories Geological B. Hilscher and E. Chilongo; ABH Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Survey, Yellowknife, NorthWest Territories, Canada Mines shut down for a variety of reasons the most common being decreasing
Currently, all the cement consumed in Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, mill feed grade and increasing dilution. This paper discusses how old mines
is imported from other provinces (e.g., Alberta) by long-distance (~1,800 km) can be reopened using new technology to reduce dilution and increase mill
truck freight. Transporting cement over long distances not only raises its cost, feed grade. Contract mining, direct ship ore and other relevant topics will also
but also results in a higher carbon footprint. Locally producing cement is a be covered.
potential low-carbon and economical solution for the local industry. However,
it is unknown if the local raw materials are suitable for cement manufacturing;
and there is a lack of a critical raw material—Iron ore—for cement manufac-
turing. Instead of iron ore, there are iron-rich tailings from a local rare earth
element (REE) mine. Towards low-carbon and circular economy, this study
explored the use of local raw materials (i.e., limestone, clay, and gypsum) and
mine waste (REE tailings) to manufacture cement in the NWT and successfully
produced the first bag of cement in the history of the NWT. The results showed
that concrete samples made with NWT cement achieved comparable strength
to commercial OPC-based concrete. There is a potential to reduce 3.0% -
61.7% of CO2 emissions when compared with importing cement from other
provinces.

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2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Application of Soft Sensors for Real-time Process Cobalt Recovery from Mill Tailings at Mantoverde
Prediction and Control of Mineral Processing Plants P. Amelunxen and B. Akerstrom; Capstone Copper Corp, Vancouver, BC,
M. Yahyaei; Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Cnetre, The University of Canada
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia In 2024, Capstone Copper commissioned a new sulfide flotation plant at
Automation and advanced process control are technological advances that Mantoverde in the Atacama region of Chile to process copper ore at a design
are pivotal for enhancing the performance of mineral processing plants. rate of 32,000tpd. The pyrite associated with the copper ore body contains
Despite substantial technological progress and investments in digitalisation, cobalt in solid solution (Co replacing Fe in the pyrite matrix). As per the existing
achieving fully autonomous operations remains a distant goal for the minerals sulfide flotation flowsheet most of the pyrite is depressed and sent to tailings
industry. One of the primary challenges hindering the adoption of automation via the cleaner scavenger tail stream. A new project considers the recovery
is the reliability of measurements and sensor data. Soft sensors, which of the pyrite from the cleaner-scavenger tails via froth flotation to produce
are mathematical models that emulate the role of physical sensors, offer a a cobaltiferous pyrite concentrate, which is then leached via the existing
promising solution to enhance measurement reliability and data quality. Soft dynamic copper leach pad to oxidize the pyrite and dissolve the cobalt. The
sensors contribute significantly to developing efficient autonomous systems cobalt is recovered from the solution by treating a bleed stream of copper SX
by leveraging existing data sources and process understanding. This abstract raffinate through a continuous, counter-current ion exchange (CCIX) facility.
delves into the critical role of soft sensors in mineral processing and highlights This approach to by-production of cobalt confers numerous benefits, including
their practical applications by reviewing two soft sensors developed at the Julius reduced costs compared with alternative cobalt recovery processes, reduced
Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC), JKMill FIT and JK CycloPS. Soft acid consumption in the heap leach, increased copper production, and reduced
sensors could validate hard sensor measurements in real-time, ensure the acid mine drainage potential due to the removal of pyrite from the mill tailings.
reliability of decisions made by autonomous systems, and pave the way toward
fully automated mineral processing plants.

2:45 PM
Leveraging Operational Experience to Rapidly Adapt to New WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
Markets at Energy Fuels’ White Mesa Mill AFTERNOON
P. Keller; Technical Services, Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.,
Lakewood, CO MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES:
The White Mesa Mill was constructed in 1978 and commissioned in 1980 to
DEVELOPING THE GEOSCIENCE TALENT PIPELINE
serve as a centralized uranium ore processing facility for the uranium mines PANEL DISCUSSION
of the Colorado Plateau region. With a nameplate capacity of 2,000 tons per 507
day of ore and a licensed production capacity of 8 million pounds of U3O8 per
year, the Mill operated for decades processing conventional ores. Energy Fuels 2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
also has an extensive history of uranium recycling programs (“Alternate Feeds”)
and circuits were installed at the Mill specifically to enable the processing of a Chairs: J. Spring, Nevada Gold Mines, Spring Creek, NV
wide variety of feed materials. By utilizing decades of operational experience M. Giebel, Newmont Mining, Indian Hills, CO
adapting to the processing of alternate feed materials at the Mill, Energy Fuels
was able to rapidly adapt to a new type of feed material, uranium and rare earth 2:00 PM
bearing monazite sands. By taking advantage of existing infrastructure and Introduction
adding new circuits for solvent extraction, Energy Fuels has become a leader
in the domestic rare earth element industry and is one of two U.S. companies
currently producing separated rare earth products from domestic sources. 2:05 PM
Developing the Geoscience Talent Pipeline Panel Discussion
M. Moore-Roth; Maptek, Golden, CO
3:05 PM
Interactive panel discussion to explore tangible ways to develop the geoscience
Computational Evaluation of Feedwell Design & talent pipeline while partnering with academic and industry experts.
Performance in Gravity Tthickener
Y. Lu¹, T. Sok¹, F. schoenbrunn², J. Scott² and C. Gilbert²; ¹Ming R&D,
FLSmidth, Midvake, UT and ²Thickener Products, Flsdmith, Midvake, UT
The feedwell functions as the heart of a gravity thickener. However, the feed
system in industry thickeners remain poorly optimized due to the interplay of
complicated factors and lack of consistent evaluation criteria. From a thickening
perspective, an ideal feed system should effectively dilute the feed slurry,
dissipate the kinetic energy of feed stream, provide expected dispersion of
flocculant, and discharge the flocculated feed flow evenly. This paper proposes
criteria to quantify these requirements: (1) Dilution ratio: a simple indicator of
dilution, which is a ratio of dilution water to total feed stream; (2) Residence
Time (RTD): an effective way for feedwell evaluation, from which both flow and
mixing condition can be deduced; (3) Shear-rate: a driving force for flocculant
dispersion, also a breaking force of the flocculated aggregate; (4) Torque: any
tangential component in the discharged flow would result in an unbalanced
torque and cause an unexpected rotating flow; By implementing these criteria
into computational analysis, an effective method has been demonstrated for
design verification of new feedwell or performance evaluation of feed system in
industry thickeners.

128     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON The Importance of Surface Water Control in Relation to
Open Pit Slope Stability
MINING & EXPLORATION: GEOSCIENCES: PRACTICAL T. Feehan; Piteau Associates, Tucson, AZ
GEOTECHNICAL STRATEGIES FOR SURFACE Proper surface water control is critical to open pit mine operations to limit
OPERATIONS infiltration to damage zones created from normal blasting and mining
601 operations. Many bench scale, multi-bench scale and larger slope failures can
be attributed to poor surface water control in open pit mines. Implementation
of practical surface water controls can increase high wall stability, reduce risk
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 to personnel and infrastructure, and have long-term benefits to overall mining
Chairs: E. Rose, Barr Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT operations.
D. Lye, Freeport-McMoRan
3:05 PM
2:00 PM
Introduction Evolution and Management of Large-Scale Instability Using
Pit Depressurization at Freeport-McMoRan Bagdad Mine
2:05 PM A. Soni, A. Wamweya, H. Hazwezwe and L. Tejada; Freeport-McMoRan,
Marana, AZ
Assessing Variations in Rock Strength for Evaluating
Freeport-McMoRan’s Bagdad mine in western Arizona is an open-pit copper
Stability of Mine Designs and molybdenum mining complex. The southwest wall of the mine faces
A. Patterson and J. sauceda; Call & Nicholas Inc., Tucson, AZ large-scale instability issues, posing challenges to both current operations and
Rock strength testing and characterization is crucial in geotechnical future expansion plans. These issues stem from major geological structures
engineering because it helps assess variations in rock strength and is essential and poor rock mass quality, exacerbated by precipitation, groundwater, and
for evaluating the stability of mine designs. When data is limited, it is common ‘artificial recharge’ in the form of Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS) from leaching
practice to attribute rock strength parameters across the mine property for operations. Effective pit depressurization, especially by targeting drainage
individual rock types. Due to faulting, weathering, alteration, and variations channels, is crucial for managing slope instabilities and ensuring geotechnically
in characterization, rock strength parameters for the same lithology can vary safe benches. This involves deploying a combination of shallow interceptor
considerably from one location to another. This paper aims to demonstrate the wells, horizontal drains, and directional drains to capture groundwater or
importance of conducting a comprehensive sampling, rock strength testing, PLS and prevent slope destabilization. Monitoring tools such as piezometers,
and spatial lithologic review for each new mine design outside the extents ground-based radars, and satellite-based InSAR are utilized to assess water
of the rock strength database coverage. By understanding the rock strength levels and slope stability, aiding in the optimization of dewatering strategies
properties of each unique location, engineers can better optimize mine designs amid ongoing mining activities. Addressing these geotechnical complexities
to keep miners safe and improve economics where applicable. is crucial for planning future depressurization controls and sustaining stable
slopes.

2:25 PM
Rockfall Hazard Mapping from High-Resolution Point Cloud 3:25 PM
Terrain Analysis Coal Optimisation of Extended Pit Using 3D Slope Analysis
J. McNabb¹, S. Warren², J. Restrepo¹, J. Potter¹ and J. Bourgeois³; ¹School and Slope Simulation
of Mining and Mineral Resources Geotechnical Center of Excellence, N. Adhyananda; University College London, London, UK
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; ²Spokane Mining Research Division, The initial design of the extended pit in Sangatta Mine Project was uniform
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Spokane, WA and despite variations in slope heights. This approach resulted in varying factors
³Geotechnical and Foundation Services, HNTB Corporation, Bedford, NH of safety (FS) across different pit sections, potentially limiting coal reserve.
Rockfall hazards pose a critical threat to miners and infrastructure in open pit This paper aims to standardise FS across all slopes to achieve an optimised
mining environments. The unpredictable timing, distribution, and trajectories final design to maximum coal extraction. The methodology involved conducting
of rockfall precludes detailed predictive hazard assessments, such as those detailed slope stability analysis and conducting slope optimisation. Initial
conducted for large-scale slope movements. Observations of video-recorded analysis identified critical areas primarily in the eastern part of the pit, which
rockfalls show that low angle bench face protrusions struck during rockfall hindered optimisation efforts in that region, prompting a shift in focus to the
tend to “launch” rocks into more horizontal trajectories, greatly increasing the western part. Subsequent 2D slope stability analysis on the western part of the
risk to personnel and infrastructure downslope. These protrusions are readily pit with detailed probabilistic assessments highlighted FS ranging from 1.236
observed along bench faces using high-resolution photogrammetry or LiDAR to 1.513. The optimisation process successfully increased coal reserves by
point clouds, which are now commonplace survey tools in open pit mining. 10,000 tonnes with a reduced stripping ratio of 0.6%, maintaining FS values of
We present a method for generating preliminary rockfall hazard maps from 3D 1.236 to 1.420 in safe zones. While the increase in coal reserves at this pit was
point clouds based solely on mapping of these bench face protrusions and the moderate, the techniques and methodologies developed here hold significant
delineation of potential downslope rockfall hazard zones they create. This study promise for broader applications in similar mining contexts, particularly those
represents the first step in creating comprehensive rockfall hazard maps that with thick coal seams.
incorporate multiple factors influencing rockfall such as rockfall source regions,
adverse bench and slope geometries, and meteorological events.

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3:45 PM 2:25 PM
Closure of Three Open Pits Considering Long-term and Pyrometallurgical Approach to Gallium/Germanium
Short-term Slope Stability Extraction
J. Cremeens and R. Abousleiman; Geomechanical, Knight Piesold and E. Kolb; Microbream Technologies Inc., Grand Forks, ND
Co., Fort Collins, CO Microbeam Technologies Inc. (MTI) developed a novel method to recover gallium
The transition from an operating pit to pit closure changes the focus of pit slope and germanium from coal byproducts. The technology has been demonstrated
stability. Typically, open pit closure involves water management and access at the laboratory scale and is being further developed at bench/pilot scale in
control. Open Pit closure often requires construction of water management a project funded by the Department of Energy and Industry. The technology
structures such as perimeter diversion channels and lined retention structures has produced purities of Ge and Ga concentrates of greater than 65% and
that require work in and around the pit. Short-term of stability must be is expected to produce oxides and metals of these elements at greater than
assessed prior to commencement of closure work. Once construction has 90%. The concentrate compositions are compatible with common downstream
been completed, long-term slope stability should be assessed to identify refinement methods.
potential impacts to closure structures. Knight Piésold conducted short-term
and long-term stability evaluations for three pits at the Alamos Gold, Mulatos
mine in Sonora, Mexico. The short-term evaluations involved global stability 2:45 PM
and rockfall analyses and were focused on the current state of stability. The The Role of Oxidizing Agents in the Recovery of Precious
long-term stability evaluation was focused on providing estimates of risk to Metals and PGMs During the Alkaline Leaching of
closure structures in terms of ultimate pit slope configurations.
Selenium-Rich Metallurgical Wastes
L. Sanchez-Calderon, W. Kirk, M. Silwamba and L. Alagha; Missouri
University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
Selenium-rich metallurgical waste product is usually generated during
refinement of copper anode slimes collected from electrochemical processes.
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 This by-product, known commercially as “crude selenium”, contains 90%
AFTERNOON selenium, precious metals, PGMs, and other critical elements. This study
selectively leaches selenium under alkaline conditions using oxidizing agents
MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: PRECIOUS AND to enrich PGMs and precious metals in the residue. The effectiveness of each
agent during leaching was assessed and compared. The process was optimized
SCATTERED METALS EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY using pH-EH diagrams to identify optimal conditions. Key variables, including
708 leaching time, temperature, and oxidant concentration, were evaluated for their
impact on efficiency and selectivity.
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
Chairs: J. Baron, Newmont, Weston, FL 3:05 PM
W. McCombe, Hatch Evaluations for Implementing the SART Process at a Gold
2:00 PM Mine Using the Merrill Crowe Process
Introduction B. Baker, D. Kratochvil and H. Liang; BQE Water, Denver, Colorado, CO
The SART (Sulfidization, Acidification, Recycle and Thickening) process has
2:05 PM been integrated into the metallurgical process at many gold mines throughout
the world to facilitate recovery of free cyanide from metal cyanide complexes
Recovery of Critical Elements (i.e., Gallium and Germanium) and to recover copper and/or silver from barren leach solutions. This paper will
from Copper Flash Smelting Slag by Sulfuric Acid Pressure present METSIM modeling, laboratory testing, and engineering evaluations for
Leaching implementing a SART facility at a gold mine using the Merrill Crowe process to
E. Oteng¹, M. Silwamba² and L. Alagha²; ¹Materials Science and recover gold from the pregnant solution. Assessments of how the SART process
Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO can fit into various metallurgical flowsheets and the main aspects driving the
and ²Mining and Explosives Engineering, Missouri University of Science and process and flowsheet selection will also be presented.
Technology, Rolla, MO
Gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge) are critical elements necessary for hig-tech 3:25 PM
applications. Although these elements are essential, they do not form their own Improving of Gold Recovery From High Copper Content
primary sources, but are usually recovered as byproduct of processing other
metals such as copper, zinc, and aluminum. Consequently, the lack of primary Refractory Ores
deposits for these elements, combined with high demand, disrupts their supply. O. Restrepo Baena and E. Soto Bedoya; Materials and Minerals,
This study investigated the recovery of Ga and Ge from copper flash smelting Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
slag, a waste product of the copper sulfide process. During the smelting of The cyanidation process for gold recovery is not efficient when there is
copper sulfide minerals, significant amount of Ga and Ge are partitioned to the interference from certain minerals that react with the cyanide ion. The
slag. To recover these elements high pressure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) leaching difficulty in treating a gold-bearing mineral with conventional methods where
was used, and the effects of the following parameters were investigated: (1) low recoveries are obtained is known as refractoriness. Copper, for example,
oxygen partial pressure, (2) H2SO4 concentration, (3) solid-to-liquid ratio, (4) present in sulfides and oxides, is a highly refractory element because it forms
leaching time, and (5) leaching temperature. These leaching parameters were Cu-CN compounds, which leads to the use of excessive amounts of cyanide in
optimized using surface response methodology (RSM). The results showed that the process and low gold recoveries. This research proposes a pretreatment in
high pressure sulfuric acid (H2SO4) leaching can be used to recover Ga and the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide to reduce the interference
Ge from copper slags, contributing to the sustainable supply of these critical of copper in a subsequent cyanidation process. By applying an exploratory
elements from secondary resources. pretreatment with concentrations of 1 M and for 1 hour, gold recovery
increased to 80,6%. The experimental design defined gold recovery as the

130     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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target variable, cyanidations were performed at 4 hours, and an increase in 2:25 PM

recovery in the same time frame was verified compared to preliminary tests, Optimizing Rare Earth Element Extraction Using
obtaining significant increases.
Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced
Efficiency and Reduced Energy Consumption
3:45 PM P. Sarswat; Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
Gold Recovery from Roasted Refractory Gold Concentrate City, UT
Through Cyclic Extraction Using MnO2-Assisted Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are central to the future green energy transition and
Thiocyanate Leaching are classified as a subcategory of critical minerals. However, their production
presents significant challenges due to low concentrations, associated impurities,
J. Wu, W. Li, F. Jiao and W. Qin; Central South University, Changsha, China
and the economic constraints of mining primary resources. Additionally, extracting
Cyanidation has long served as the industrial standard in the gold industry, REEs from primary deposits is energy-intensive and often requires organic solvents
necessitating heightened attention to cyanide management owing to its or extractants. This research addresses these issues by focusing on reducing
inherent toxicity. This study developed a novel MnO2-assisted thiocyanate energy consumption in secondary resource processing and utilizing REE-se-
leaching system as an alternative to cyanide. The sample was generated from lective mesoporous adsorbers. To tackle the challenges in secondary resource
a refractory gold concentrate processed by roasting, containing 54.4 g/t gold extraction, such as separating REEs from impurities and achieving individual REE
with iron oxide and quartz as the major mineral phases. Within the framework of fractionation, we employed mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs).
the novel system, gold recovery was investigated in terms of gold association, MOFs are crystalline structures formed from organic linkers and inorganic metal
recovery behavior, thermodynamics, and optimization using cyclic extraction substrates, resulting in highly porous networks. Their ability to modify pore sizes
protocols. Gold extraction comparable to cyanidation was obtained under the enhances their selectivity and efficiency as adsorbents. By utilizing MOFs, we aim
optimal leaching conditions, and cyclic leaching scheme was also adopted to to reduce energy requirements, improve selective separation, and minimize toxic
reduce the reagent consumption. This acidic leaching system yields satisfactory waste generation in the extraction process.
gold recovery with minimized reagent consumption, particularly suited for
refractory gold ore that has undergone acidic pretreatment.
2:45 PM
Pretreatment of Allanite (REE) with Oxalic Acid for
Enhanced Rare Earth Element Extraction
S. Nili and E. Vahidi; Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, University of
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV
AFTERNOON Allanite, a common rare earth element (REE) mineral, is a complex silicate
with significant potential for REE extraction due to its high content of cerium,
MPD: CHEMICAL PROCESSING: RARE EARTH lanthanum, and other rare earth elements. Effective pretreatment of allanite
EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY is crucial for optimizing the extraction process due to its silicate structure.
Oxalic acid, a mild organic acid, is employed to treat allanite ore in a series of
705 experiments aimed at improving the subsequent extraction of REEs. The study
examines the impact of various parameters including oxalic acid concentration,
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 treatment duration, and temperature on pretreatment efficiency.
Chairs: X
 . Yang, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
P. Keller, Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc., Lakewood, CO 3:05 PM
Process Development for the Recovery of REE/CM from
2:00 PM
Introduction Acid Mine Drainage via Acid Leaching of Preconcentrates
M. Noonan¹, T. Larochelle³, K. Strickland¹, D. Hoffman², P. Ziemkiewicz²,
O. Wong-Branscome¹ and A. Noble¹; ¹Minerals and Mining Engineering,
2:05 PM Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; ²West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Extraction of Heavy Rare Earth Elements from Coal and ³L3 Process Development, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada
Byproducts Over the last decade, researchers at Virginia Tech and West Virginia University
M. Gupta¹, E. Mensah², R. Rousan², W. Liu¹, O. Onel¹, K. Huang¹, have shown that acid mine drainage (AMD) is a viable unconventional source
A. Noble¹, A. Esker² and R. Yoon¹; ¹Mining and Minerals Engineering, of rare earth elements and critical minerals (REE/CM), particularly the heavy
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA and ²Department of Chemistry, Virginia REEs. The development of the processes to extract and recover these valuable
Tech, Blacksburg, VA materials from AMD has been effectively tested at the laboratory and pilot scales
and is currently being deployed at the demonstration scale. Using a patented
Grades of the ion-adsorption clays (IACs) are low (0.05-0.3%) as compared to two-staged precipitation process, the REE/CM are first preconcentrated from
those (4-8%) of the conventional rare earth ores. Yet, >85% of the heavy rare the AMD by precipitation into a solid phase before being redissolved and
earth elements (HREE) are produced from the former, as clay surfaces provide recovered through acid leaching. This presentation describes the development
excellent adsorption sites for the heavy Ln3+ ions. An analysis of the USGS of the leaching process, including determining the activation energy for various
coal database suggested that the REEs in coal are partitioned into kaolin clays. preconcentrate materials.
Therefore, many investigators explored the possibility of extracting REEs using
the ion-exchange leaching process employed in South China without much
success. In the present work, we studied the reasons for the difficulty and
developed new approaches that can potentially lead to an economically viable
extraction process.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     131

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3:25 PM 4:25 PM
A Novel Process for Enhancing Scandium Recovery From Inverted Leaching – A New Mechanical Process for
Red Mud Using a Two-Stage Acid Baking and Water Leaching Metals
Leaching Process F. Vaz; CEO, SmartDry Liquefaction, Recife, PE, Brazil
H. Jammulamadaka¹, M. Rezaee¹, D. Park² and S. Pisupati¹; ¹Energy and We invented, developed (TRL 3) and patented anew MECHANICAL process
Mineral Engineering, Penn State, State College, PA and ²LLNL, Livermore, CA for leaching metals, we call it INVERTED LEACHING. It can be applied to any
Red mud (RM), a byproduct of bauxite processing via the Bayer process, has leachable metal and any material containing it that has the chemical protocol
emerged as a potential secondary source of Scandium (Sc), a critical Rare Earth established or will be developed. In INVERTED LEACHING the lixiviant is injected
Element. However, utilizing RM for Sc recovery has been hindered by its high at the base of the vessel containing the material with the leachable metals.
neutralization potential and co-extraction of Iron (Fe). Previous research using Vibrations are applied causing the liquefaction effect. This forces the lixiviant
direct acid leaching (DL) or acid baking and water leaching (ABWL) processes to rise passing through the material. The grains are vibrating, rubbing against
achieved limited Sc recoveries of up to 60%. Improved recovery has been each other improving extraction via friction. After the lixiviant rose and formed
achieved using high-temperature pretreatments or extended leaching time. a liquid layer on the top of the solid, it can be recirculated as many times
This study aims to develop a more efficient H2SO4 ABWL process to achieve as necessary to reach full extraction. Once extraction is done, decontami-
higher Sc recovery without using high temperatures or excess acid. SEM-EDS nation, washing and neutralization steps can be taken to improve performance
analysis on the baked sample showed that Sc recovery was limited by the and reduce ESG impacts. Simultaneously, all insoluble metals present in the
mass diffusion of acid through the sulfated layer formed during baking. This material are being concentrated at the bottom of the vessel. This concentrated
paper introduces an efficient two-step ABWL process, achieving Sc recovery can be sold, increasing revenues while reducing ESG impacts (AMD). Once the
exceeding 75%. Baking at 200°C for two hours and water leaching at 75°C for full process is done, the material leaves the equipment dry stackable, so no
two hours offers a 20% improvement in Sc recovery vs the one-step process. dewatering step is necessary.
The improved recovery is attributed to the enhanced porosity and improved Sc
accessibility through the repeated process.

3:45 PM
Development of an Ion-exchange Technique for Rare Earth WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
Elements Recovery from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) AFTERNOON
P. Gallego and Q. Huang; WVU, Morgantown, WV
MPD: FLOTATION: FLOTATION EQUIPMENT
Treating acid mine drainage (AMD) to meet federal regulations is a major
social, environmental, and economic challenge for the mining industry but also 706
presents an opportunity to recover critical minerals (CM) as a viable treatment.
This research aims to develop a cost-effective sorption technique for recovering 2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
Rare Earth Elements from AMD. Laboratory-scale experiments using real AMD Chairs: R. Dube, Metso Outotec USA Inc, Centennial, CO
have been conducted to first preconcentrate the elements of interest for then
S. Merrill, FLSmidth USA Inc, FLSmidth, Salt Lake City, UT,
applying ion-exchange recovery. Key parameters investigated include solution
pH, resin concentration, sorption time, and elution conditions. The results could Midvale, UT
advance methods for mineral recovery and enhance regulatory compliance.
2:00 PM
Introduction
4:05 PM
Development of Technologies for Efficient Recovery of Rare 2:05 PM
Earths from Placers A Review of Metallurgical and Hydrodynamic Performance
E. Asencios Toledo; Lima, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos of Large TankCell® Flotation Cells
(UNMSM), Lima, Lima, Peru T. Mattsson, N. Vatanski and A. Rinne; Metso, Espoo, Finland
The recovery of rare earth elements (REE) from placer alluvial deposits After introductions of TankCell® e500 and e630 in 2012 and 2014, respec-
provides a sustainable alternative to conventional mining. This study focuses tively, the mining industry has witnessed a shift to more sustainable processing
on developing innovative technologies for the separation and efficient recovery of large capacities with savings in energy, construction, and manufacturing.
of REE from alluvial deposits located in the provinces of La Libertad, Puno, Now 10 years after the installation of the first 500m3 flotation cell we have seen
and in the areas of Rio Chancay, Casma and southern Peru. These deposits a wide acceptance of these sizes, whilst most of the major large scale green
contain rare earth rich minerals such as monazite, zircon and apatite, which and brownfield projects, in which these sizes are applicable, have selected
present cerium, neodymium, yttrium and lanthanum. The objective is to these instead of smaller sizes. Along the shift the performance of these large
improve extraction efficiency and reduce environmental impact and to establish flotation cells has been validated in multiple locations and in this paper a review
a technical-economic framework. Monazite was processed by acid leaching, of the conducted studies will be provided.
achieving recoveries of 70-85% of rare earth elements, such as cerium,
neodymium and lanthanum. Gravity separation was used in preliminary stages,
achieving concentrations of 60-75% of the ore. Zircon was subjected to gravity
separation with jigs and concentration tables, achieving recovery rates of
80-90%. In cases where zircon showed magnetic properties, electromagnetic
separation was applied, improving purity with recoveries of 75-85%. Apatite
was treated with froth flotation, 85-90% recovery.

132     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

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2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Performance Comparison of the Standard WEMCO and A Case of Bad Gas: The Effect of O2 in Cu/Mo Separation
WEMCO II at 80m3 and 250m3 Industrial Scales S. Merrill, P. Thompson, I. Coltrin and D. Lelinski; FLSmidth Inc, Riverton, UT
I. Coltrin¹, B. Forbes², T. Sok² and D. Lelinski¹; ¹Product Line Managment, The negative effect of oxygen presence on NaHS consumption is a well known
FLSmidth and Co A/S, Valby, Denmark and ²R&D, FLSmidth, Midvale, UT problem in the separation of Molybdenite from Copper. This presentation
The WEMCO flotation cell has been a technology standard for many decades. will review a case study where different concentrations of O2 were used in
FLS has improved the original design with a new configuration which improves Molybdenite flotation (from 100% Nitrogen to 78% Nitrogen) to evaluate the
hydrodynamic, kinetic, and metallurgical performance. Guiding principles were effects it had on NaHS consumption and overall metallurgical performance. It
investigated and generated with FLS’s forced air flotation offering, the nextSTEP will also discuss the different processing options that can be used to approach
flotation cell, and carried over into the improvement of the new design, the this problem.
WEMCO II. Principles developed at bench and pilot scale were applied to
prototype industrial scale units which were compared with existing traditional
3:45 PM
WEMCO installations in mills in Northern and Southern America. The North
American installation involves a quantity of two WEMCO 1+1 #225 (80m3) Jig Flotation of Coarse Composite Particles
cells installed at the end of a rougher row. The South American installation M. Gupta, J. Leland, A. Srinivasan and R. Yoon; Mining and Minerals
involves a quantity of two WEMCO 250RT (250m3) cells installed second from Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
the first rougher and second from the last scavenger in a row. Improvement Coarse particle flotation is difficult due to the low contact angles (θ) associated
is measured from comparative data including intake air velocity, superficial with poor liberation and the high probability of detachment due to turbulence.
gas velocity, retention time and Peclet number comparison from RTD testing, In the present work, we have addressed these problems by increasing the
solids suspension, froth velocity, froth stability, and metallurgical performance. contact angles using Super Collectors that can increase θ to >150o and by
Qualitative results are also reported. improving the hydrodynamics of bubble-particle attachment. Jigs are designed
to separate particles according to the specific gravities (SGs) of particles alone
2:45 PM and to lift coarse particles by acceleration rather than inertia, both of which help
improve the separation efficiencies and throughput. Promising results have
Brownfield Expansion Opportunities in Base Metal been obtained on porphyry copper ore samples.
Concentrators using StackCell® High-Intensity Flotation
E. Dohm¹, M. Tuchscherer² and H. Thanasekaran³; ¹Eriez USA, Erie, PA; ²Eriez
Canada, Delta, BC, Canada and ³Eriez Australia, Epping, VIC, Australia 4:05 PM
As the demand for critical minerals increases to support transition to Rethinking Froth Pump Sizing: Field Trials with Recessed
renewable-based systems of energy production, mine operators seek profitable Impeller Centrifugal Slurry Pumps
methods to increase production from existing base metal assets. High-intensity L. Haines; FLS, Tucson, AZ
flotation technology presents a substantial opportunity for debottlenecking and Froth flotation in mineral processing often faces challenges with centrifugal
plant expansion projects due to reduced capital and operating costs compared pumps due to air-locking, leading to flow loss. Traditional methods oversize
to conventional flotation technology. In the past decade, application of high-in- pumps using a froth factor to handle the expanded volume, effective for all
tensity flotation to base metal production has expanded from cleaner duties but a few percent of applications. This paper explores adjustments to this
to include rougher and scavenger applications made possible through new methodology for recessed impeller centrifugal slurry pumps. Field trials with the
technological developments. This paper highlights brownfield expansion vertical vMAX pump at a zinc & lead mine revealed the potential of recessed
opportunities in base metal concentrators using StackCell high-intensity impellers. Despite a 3.5 froth factor suggesting air-lock risk, the vMAX operated
flotation technology, including the approach to develop flotation process design without issues, likely due to the recessed cup impeller redirecting slurry back
through laboratory and pilot testing. A techno-economic comparison is offered to the eye of the pump, breaking up air bubbles. Similarly, the horizontal hMAX,
to summarize the benefits of StackCell technology in contrast to conventional installed in a molybdenum froth transfer, replaced a failing open-auger impeller
technology in base metal flotation applications. The highlighted approach froth pump and has operated for eight months without air-locking. These trials
provides a framework for mine operators to evaluate and assess high- suggest recessed impeller pumps might not need traditional froth oversizing and
intensity flotation for future brownfield expansion projects. could be a solution for the small percentage of froth applications that traditional
oversizing cannot handle. This paper will explore this idea and propose new
3:05 PM methodologies for sizing recessed impeller pumps in froth applications.
Concorde Cell: Onsite Testwork to Industrial Installation
R. Dube¹, A. Yanez¹, N. Kupka² and J. Sovechles²; ¹Metso USA Inc, Centennial,
CO and ²Metso, Espoo, Finland
The Metso Concorde Cell™ is an advanced pneumatic flotation cell that uses
supersonic shockwaves and high shearing to enhance the recovery of fine to
ultrafine particles. Originally developed and patented by Prof. Jameson in the
late 2000s, it was officially launched by Metso on November 4th, 2021. This
technology generates fine air bubbles with a high carrying capacity, enabling
increased capacity per unit, smaller plant footprints, and improved recovery of
valuable fine particles that are often lost in other flotation cells. Additionally,
it reduces the need for multiple flotation stages or extensive recirculation,
leading to lower operational costs for power, water, and reagents. Metso’s
Concorde Cell journey started back in 2018 when developing first prototypes,
then introducing demonstrative and production units into minerals processing
flowsheet since Q1-20. To date, plant level experience has been secured in
copper, gold and platinum amongst other applications. In this article, a case
study will be presented, covering the metallurgical performance of the Concorde
Cell from on-site lab-scale.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     133

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 2:45 PM

AFTERNOON Rapid In-pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) Decision Matrix
M. Dammers, Metso USA Inc., Brookfield, WI and T. Elkington, Snowden
MPD: PLANT DESIGN: PLANT DESIGN II Optior, Perth, WA, Australia
707 The adoption of energy-efficient In-pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC)
technology has been unexpectedly uneven across the global mining industry,
2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26 despite the critical need to reduce diesel dependence and enhance "green"
electrification. Hesitancy persists even as the industry faces increasing
Chairs: C. Foxworth, Weir Mineral, North Pole, AK pressure to adopt sustainable practices. There exists a range of factors to
E. Buck, Hecla Mining, Coeur d'Alene, ID consider when evaluating IPCC viability, especially in scenarios where multiple
solutions are possible. However, the complexity of these evaluations often
2:00 PM leaves mining operations uncertain about committing to an IPCC solution. To
Introduction address this, developed is a practical matrix decision tool designed to rapidly
model the potential business case for various IPCC scenarios, leveraging
engineering fundamentals. This paper will showcase informative plots that
2:05 PM enable stakeholders to estimate key economic and environmental outcomes of
A Review of the Operating Cost Economics of Alkaline POX IPCC implementation, tailored to their specific site conditions. By offering this
L. Coleman and C. Song, Hatch, Toronto, ON., Canada tool, the paper contributes to the ongoing conversation on sustainable mining
by equipping industry professionals with a means to make informed decisions
Alkaline pressure oxidation (POX) is an oxidative pre-treatment option that is about IPCC adoption within electrified mining operations.
commercially used for high carbonate sulfidic gold ores. The high carbonate
grades within the feed ore shifts the ideal operating pH to a basic regime.
Compared with acidic POX, alkaline POX typically requires additional steam 3:05 PM
input due to a lower sulfur load and a high rate of carbon dioxide gas flows within
Modernization of Molybdenum Flotation
the vent. The cost of this steam addition is the largest differentiator between
acid POX operation and alkaline POX from a cost comparison. However, alkaline A Case Study with Rio Tinto Kennecott Copper: T. Banerjee and E. Kulbak,
POX can offset these costs through reduced acid usage for pre-acidulation and Woodgrove Technologies, Toronto, ON Canada
decreased alkali reagent consumption for subsequent neutralization. This paper Optimizing mineral processing circuits is crucial for enhancing efficiency and
reviews this and the other impacts of alkaline POX compared to acidic POX profitability. This paper presents a case study on the collaboration between Rio
and reviews the overall economics of alkaline POX and the regimes in which it Tinto Kennecott Copper (RTKC) and Woodgrove Technologies to improve the
is economically favourable. The findings aim to guide industry professionals in Molybdenum plant at the Kennecott facility in Salt Lake City, Utah. Success was
making informed decisions for alkaline POX adoption by providing a summary achieved through a comprehensive approach, including extensive pilot plant
view of its operational benefits and costs, contributing to the development of testing and advanced modeling. Woodgrove conducted about 100 pilot tests
cost-effective and sustainable gold ore processing techniques. to understand the Molybdenum flotation circuit’s performance. These tests
provided critical insights for the project. Advanced modeling demonstrated
the benefits of replacing legacy flotation equipment with Woodgrove's Direct
2:25 PM Flotation Reactors (DFRs), which improve efficiency, product quality, and
Bridging the Gap Between Thickener Test Work, Equipment reduce costs. This modeling helped RTKC justify retrofitting existing flotation
Designs and Operations cells with DFRs.
M. Cook and M.A. Cook, MINEXXT, Inc, Golden, CO
Thickeners are often a source of frustration for operations, whether for tailings 3:25 PM
or concentrates. While they can be a significant bottleneck, they often do not get Flow Property Testing – How to Use Test Results to Properly
the attention they need, resulting in short circuiting, insufficient feed dilution,
Design Bulk Material Handling Systems
poor flocculant addition, froth buildup, or low underflow densities and contam-
inated oveflow. Improperly designed feed systems can lead to air entrainment J. Nowoselski; Jenike & Johanson, Mississauga, ON, Canada
and high discharge velocities affecting settling and disturbing the settled bed. Material characterization is a critical first step in the process of bulk material
Flocculant addition in the wrong location also leads to preferential settling of handling system design. Understanding how a material will behave under
coarse particles. Underperforming dilution systems that operate outside the various conditions will allow prediction of bulk material handling challenges
optimal feed density impact functionality and use excessive flocculant. These that may be present and mitigation of the associated risks before they even
factors combined with typical feedwell design flaws, result in poor thickener arise. But how do you design your test program to properly capture the full
performance and more frustration. MINEXXT is dedicated to addressing these range of conditions that may be experienced in operation? And what do you do
challenges. Case studies presented demonstrate how MINEXXT incorporates if the results of your flow property testing show challenges that are seemingly
test work and latest technologies ensuring the design of specific components impossible to overcome while respecting the other constraints in your system?
such as feed systems, can accommodate varying operating conditions, improve This presentation will discuss the importance of understanding the full range
performance, reduce operating and maintenance costs, extend equipment life, of flow properties that your material could exhibit in operation and ways to
and improve reliability. mitigate risk when handling more challenging materials. Different case studies
will be presented to show how your material’s flow properties can be used to
support decisions during the design phase to optimise the investment in the
process and handling equipment to reliably meet the project objectives.

134     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:45 PM 2:05 PM
Machine Learning Tools for Mineral Processing Engineers Spatial Statistics for Airborne Contamination Estimation:
E. Marshall; Engineering, Hecla Greens Creek Mining Company, Juneau, AK Case Study in the San Xavier Mine
The application of machine learning and advanced statistical modeling to sensor K. Brown Requist and M. Momayez; Mining and Geological Engineering,
data typically requires coding skills, which can be a barrier for plant engineers. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
To bridge this gap, a public domain tool has been developed that facilitates the Current methods for the real-time monitoring of airborne contamination distri-
handling of sensor data for a broad range of machine learning applications, butions are severely lacking. No formalized framework for air quality monitoring
including time series analysis and other methods. This tool allows for the exists for underground metal/nonmetal mines, and atmospheric monitoring
creation of time-continuous data subsets and offers user-friendly interfaces for systems for underground coal mines are limited in their ability to provide a
applying various machine learning techniques to better understand plant data holistic understanding of contamination dynamics. A statistical basis for air
and its operations. The application of the tool to the grinding circuit of a large quality monitoring is desirable, especially one that provides better spatial
mine demonstrated impressive results and is reported in the presentation. resolution than ventilation network simulation or atmospheric monitoring
systems while remaining suitable for real-time monitoring. With real-time air
quality monitoring and spatial statistical methods, we present a case study
4:05 PM monitoring airborne contamination in the San Xavier Underground Mining
Accelerating Plant Commissioning: Unlocking Early Profit Laboratory.
Through Strategic Planning
A. Berton, D. Bouffard, D. Roy, and S. Gariepy, Soutex, Quebec, PQ, Canada 2:25 PM
Commissioning a mineral processing plant has always been a challenging task. Implementing Ventilation on Demand (VOD) at Turquoise
The process includes pre-operational verification, dry and wet commissioning,
and a gradual ramp-up to full production, all of which must be executed Ridge - A Case Study
within the shortest possible timeframe, requiring numerous highly interde- S. Avane¹, R. Dayal², T. Wharton², A. Anani¹ and S. Adewuyi¹; ¹Mining and
pendent tasks to be conducted concurrently. This phase is under scrutiny by Geological Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ and 2Nevada
shareholders, corporate management, and other stakeholders who are keen Gold Mines, Winnemucca, NV
to see a return on investment as the operation starts yielding results. Despite Optimizing ventilation in underground mines is crucial to safe mine operations
extensive documentation in the literature highlighting its significance, the and economics. Ventilation on-Demand (VOD) adjusts the ventilation system to
impact of the commissioning phase remains underestimated in contemporary balance overall primary airflow: providing quality air to active mining levels, and
mining projects. This paper provides an overview of the commissioning process accommodating equipment demands leading to overall production efficiency.
and its associated challenges before focusing on a critical success factor: This study presents a case study of a VOD system at Nevada Gold Mines,
building a dedicated commissioning team with the required competencies and to enhance underground safety/health, improve efficiency and economics.
personality profiles. Insights from Soutex’s involvement in multiple start-ups are Findings indicate that VOD may reduce energy consumption up to 50%,
shared, offering lessons learned that emphasize best practices and challenges equivalent to annual energy cost savings of approximately $1.1M, with a
encountered in expediting the ramp-up process while maintaining high Health, 3.2-year payback period and an NPV of $4M over 15 years.
Safety, and Environment (HSE) standards.

2:45 PM
Effective Shaft Ice-Plug Management and Mitigation at
Henderson Operations
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 24 K. Kolobe, N. Shea, C. Rutter, D. Febiawan and A. Cable; Mining, Freeport
AFTERNOON McMoran, Broomfield, CO
There is limited published material pertaining to mitigation of ice occurrence
MINING & EXPLORATION: MANAGEMENT: in intake shafts in the mining industry. In the winter of 2024, the team at the
Henderson Mine identified an ice plug in the #3 intake shaft. This plug was
VENTILATION MANAGEMENT - CASE STUDIES identified through analysis of changes in airflow and confirmed visually to be a
505 significant blockage. Upon identification of the blockage, the Henderson team
mobilized engineering, operations, and support resources to safely mitigate
2:00 PM • Monday, February 24 the ice without exposing personnel to hazards, while minimizing impact to
operations. Workers were removed from all areas potentially exposed to
Chairs: R. Brokering, Freeport McMoRan, Littleton, CO potentially hazardous air velocities. Multiple methods were then used to reduce
P. Tukkaraja, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, the size of the ice plug until it was safely dislodged. The mitigation process
Rapid City, SD was achieved through analyzing data to determine the most effective melting
methods and coordinating safe deployment of those methods. Teamwork,
2:00 PM communication, collaboration, and good planning played a pivotal role in the
Introduction successful removal of the ice.

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3:05 PM
Review of the Diesel Engine Ventilation Bases with
Historical and Current Perspective
I. Loomis; Worley, Englewood, CO
Diesel-powered equipment has been employed in underground mining
applications for nearly 100 years and ventilation recommendations were
established to meet the needs of that equipment. Those early airflow
requirements are still, largely, with us today; however, the early bases appear
to be lost. This paper considers the historic and current diesel-powered-
equipment ventilation requirements, how those requirements were established
and maintained. This approach considers the impact of direct pollutants, such
as gases, diesel particulates, and sensible and latent heat, as well as indirect
pollutants, such as dust, and the ability to manage an encompassing equipment
fire. As clean diesel engines the presence of the equipment may be a more
important driver of the ventilation demand than the nature of the power plant.

3:25 PM
From Concept to Savings: Lake Cowal’s Ventilation
Automation Journey
P. Bartak; Engineering, Chart Industries Howden Ventsim Solutions,
Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, QC, Canada
The widespread adoption of broadband data communications in underground
mines has enabled the application of many new technologies such as vehicle
tracking, remote operation, condition monitoring and ventilation automation.
Higher power costs and constraints in ventilation capacity for deeper or more
extensive mines make the efficient use of ventilation through automation
increasingly attractive. In early 2024, Lake Cowal Mine in New South Wales
started implementing Ventsim CONTROL for the automation of auxiliary fans,
main fans and regulators. The presentation will focus on the steps taken to roll
out an automated ventilation system highlighting its requirements, stakeholders,
design, configuration, and commissioning. The installed system operational
results shall be presented along with an indication of a variety of possible future
optimization options with an automated ventilation system.

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2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     137

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 by this new technology called the Model Through Time. At its core, the Model
Through Time is a spatiotemporal digital twin that will track the attributes,
AFTERNOON fragmentation and position of material as they are blasted and mined over time.
WORLD GOLD: ADVANCES IN GEOMETALLURGY
Mile High 1A 3:05 PM
Epithermal Au Ag Cu mineralization of the Bonanza Rek
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 Rinti Vein System, Woyla Gold Copper District, Pidie, Aceh,
Chair: B. Dunn, Barr Engineering Co, Salt Lake City, UT Indonesia
J. Swandi and M. Andra; Technical, Micromine Indonesia, Jakarta, DKI
2:00 PM Jakarta, Indonesia
Introductions Woyla gold district is located on the West Sunda Magmatic arc, known to
host world class copper gold silver mineralization. This study examines the
characteristics of the NE-SW trending epithermal quartz veins including mineral
2:05 PM paragenesis, ore forming mechanism to resource potential. The paragenetic of
Geometallurgy of Epithermal Au Deposits Rek Rinti vein is classified into four stages: stage 1 – fluidize quartz-carbonate
N. McKay, S. Williams and A. Miket; Blue Coast Research, Parksville, BC, veinlets; stage 2 - quartz Mn carbonate breccia; stage 3 massive quartz; stage
Canada 4 – colloform crustiform to cockade quartz-carbonate. Stage 1 featuring greyish
quartz+anhedral pyrite. Stage 2 consists of dark greyish quartz+chalcopyrite
Cyanide leaching of gold from epithermal gold deposits is complex. Spatial and arsenopyrite replacing early pyrite. Stage 3 is associated with massive
variation in gold recovery can happen when gold interacts with host rock and white quartz+chalcedony+sphalerite with minor pyrite. Stage 4 introduces
mineral types resulting from ore formation itself. Leaching is impacted by the copper sulfide such as covellite embracing the previous chalcopyrite remnant,
gold, whether as visible gold minerals or in a solid solution / colloidal form native gold occurring with ginguro. Sphalerite composition ranges from 26.70
in another mineral, such as pyrite. It is also impacted by gold mineral grain to 14.35 mol % FeS in stage 3 and 10.25 to 4.40 mol % FeS in stage 4. Recent
size and textural occurrence. These characteristics can show spatial variation fire assay results is 81 g/t Au and 734 g/t Ag, with grab sampling result of
across the resource. The co-occurrence of silver, copper and other metals 131 g/t Au, 1.508 g/t Ag, 4.84 % Zn, 0.8 % Pb and Cu. Keywords: Woyla gold
often results from pulses of mineralization common in epithermal golds ores. district, Epithermal vein, Quartz, Stages
These metals impact gold leaching by competing for cyanide or causing surface
passivation. Variation in leach behaviour also results from interaction with
host rock and the intensity of silicification and hydrothermal alteration. This 3:25 PM
paper will review these common complexities of epithermal gold deposits using
Analysis of the Impact of Rock Size (P80) on the Mining
examples, and then describe how a well-designed geometallurgical program
can reveal the variation in gold leach behaviour and lead to strategic optimi- Operational Chain: From Haulage to Gold Recovery.
zation of the mine plan. J. Mujica, M. Campos and J. Mujica Cabrera; Engineering, SME,
Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
Nowadays, we understand the importance of achieving maximum efficiency in
2:25 PM
the daily operations of the mining industry, as this efficiency directly impact in our
Modeling a Porphyry System and a Silver Vein System daly operatoinal costs. Approximately 70% of the investment in a mining complex
Underlying Surficial Gold Shows in the Great Basin Using is dedicated to loading and hauling activities. Good rock fragmentation can result
Enzyme Leach® Trace Element Patterns in Soils in substantial cost savings. This paper will focus on determining the influence
of rock size (P80), which according to plant standards should be less than 3
J. Clark; owner, Skyline Assayers & Laboratories, Arvada, CO
inches for ore and 8 inches for waste rock. This rock size is closely related to the
In an area of Au shows at the surface, selective extraction of volatile forms performance of our loading and haulage equipment and metallurgical recovery.
of trace elements in a large soil grid revealed patterns indicating a porphyry To maintain the highest possible efficiency in both loading and haulage equipment
system deep in the subsurface that appears to include a large, mineralized and metallurgical recovery, various controls are implemented in drilling and
dike. Copper patterns appear to show a hydrothermal plumbing system blasting. In this paper, these controls will be discussed, and the results obtained
extending above the dike, which feeds into an apparent Ag vein system. Silver from field tests will be presented, including P80 fragmentation measurement,
veins are indicated mostly within a 3 Km by 1 Km area, where Ag contrast is equipment performance, and metallurgical recovery.
20 times background.

3:45 PM
2:45 PM
Applications of TCM Characterization and Advanced Gold
Modelling Broken Stock Through Time: A Case Study from Deportment Technique for Metallurgy Diagnostics
the Cowal Gold Operation A. Chattopadhyay; Integrated Process Mineralogy Solutions Inc.,
C. Evans; Digital, Orica, Perth, WA, Australia Mississauga, Canada, ON, Canada
Conventionally, grade control block models only represent in-situ rock, and Characterization of carbonaceous matters, commonly known as TCM and
as it has not been possible to accurately represent material that has been quantification of gold associated within these carbonaceous matters along
disrupted and moved by blasting in grade control models. Fragmented and with different sulfide and oxide phases is highly complex and challenging.
in-situ material that surrounds a designed blast volume will invariably be The presence of different morphological varieties of TCM along with variable
subject to blast movement. This project aims to provide a method of contextu- preg-robbing and finely disseminated carbonaceous matter adversely affects
alising the complete states of material in a true blast volume, which otherwise gold recovery in leach circuits. Quantification of gold deportment for these ore
is not available. Then, apply this context to blast movement simulations and bodies is a challenging task due to reasons such as lower grades, high variability
dig polygon optimisation. This will allow the creation of dig polygons that of visible and invisible gold content in different sulphides and iron oxide phases,
incorporate material from multiple blat sources and in-situ models, to describe significant presence of disseminated and composite carbonaceous matters
the full volume of rock that will be moved to the post blast position. OREPro™ along with associations of various copper sulphide phases. Studies were
3D is the premier grade control solution on the market and has been enhanced initiated on various complex ore deposits and also on samples representing

138     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

various process streams. Some case studies are presented in this paper to methods and technology in operating plants. Ongoing research looks to develop
demonstrate the value of advanced gold deportment technique in developing techniques for processing increasing complex ores with an emphasis on tools
insights for problem diagnostics and to identify opportunities for metallurgical and equipment required to design and operate the gold plant of the future.
improvements.
2:25 PM
4:05 PM Evaluation of a Refractory Gold Project and the Way Forward
Advancements in Understanding Gold Adsorption by D. Connelly; Process, METSEngineering Group, Perth, WA, Australia
Carbonaceous Materials: A Comprehensive Chemical and An operating gold mine processing weathered oxide ore depleted the free milling
Spectrographic Study oxide ore and only had refractory gold ore left to process from the open pit. The low
J. Langhans, Jr.², C. Dragusanu³, J. McPartland4, J. Jin¹ and Y. Xue¹; gold recoveries resulted in the closure of the process plant. To process the highly
¹Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, refractory sulphide ores the project needed to develop a process flowsheet and
UT; ²Nevada Gold Mines, Elko, NV; ³Barrick Gold, Toronto, ON, Canada undertake new testwork. The sulphide ore responded to flotation but cyanidation of
and 4McClelland Laboratories, Sparks, NV the pyrite/arsenopyrite gold concentrate exhibited poor gold recoveries. A detailed
Understanding the adsorption of dissolved gold by carbonaceous minerals evaluation of the options such as pressure oxidation (POX), ultra fine grinding,
during cyanide leaching (“preg-robbing”) is crucial for optimizing geo-metal- roasting and Albion processing was evaluated. Mineralogy was undertaken on the
lurgical strategies. Effective ore routing, particularly when multiple processing ore and the options ranked by priority to advance the testwork and undertake an
options are available, is essential for maximizing economic returns from economic trade off study based on the results. The project was placed on care and
variable ore bodies. This study aimed to evaluate, quantify, and differentiate the maintenance pending the results of the study. After the evaluation of the mineralogy
potential and capacity of naturally occurring carbonaceous matter for loading and the alternative options a recommended way forward was proposed.
and retaining gold during dissolution and recovery processes. Ore samples from
four properties in northern Nevada underwent extensive chemical analyses, 2:45 PM
including controlled leaching and carbon adsorption tests, and spectrographic
analysis. These tests identified gold ores containing carbonaceous materials Refractory Gold and Silver Ore Pretreatment Process
with varying levels of preg-robbing capacity and strength. The adsorption Evaluation Case Studies
kinetics and equilibrium between gold in solution and various carbonaceous N. Duru; Rio Tinto, Sahuarita, AZ
materials revealed distinct patterns relevant to gold retention and recovery Gold mining companies are allocating substantial amount of resources to
process. Five primary classes of carbonaceous materials were analyzed and identify economically viable process options for treating more complex ore
categorized according to their spectroscopic features, which were subsequently bodies as the conventional oxide ore resources become depleted. Evaluating
correlated with the results of chemical tests. treatment options for refractory ores involves exploring various techniques to
effectively extract valuable minerals. This paper presents three separate case
studies of pretreatment options evaluation for refractory gold and silver ores.
First case compares metal recoveries and financial evaluation of conventional
heap leaching of the oxide portion of an ore body, and bio-leaching, pressure
oxidation and roasting pretreatment process alternatives for the sulfide portion
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 that is preceded by flotation, followed by tank leaching with cyanide and carbon
AFTERNOON adsorption processes. On the second case, laboratory results of gold, silver
containing flotation tailings material pretreatment method by controlling cyanide
WORLD GOLD: ENHANCING EXTRACTION I consuming sulfur species in leach solutions were presented. The last case
Mile High 1B showcased Goethite and Jarosite rich gold, silver ore pretreatment process
development steps and its site application.
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25
Chair: F. Liu, Hatch Ltd, Mississauga, ON, Canada 3:05 PM
A Review of Refractory Gold Oxidative Pre-Treatment
2:00 PM Technologies and their Ideal Operating Windows
Introductions L. Coleman, W. McCombe and G. Dickinson; Hatch, Toronto, ON, Canada
Refractory sulfide oxidative pre-treatment technologies have expanded greatly
2:05 PM over the last 20 years and now commercially include autoclaving, roasting,
BIOX®, and Albion®. The demand for refractory pre-oxidation is expected to
AMIRA Gold Processing Technology Project: From strength continue to grow in the following decades as access to free-milling and oxide
to strength – 40 years of successful industry outcomes gold resources continue to deplete. This paper provides a high-level review of the
K. Blackwell, L. Dyer and B. Albijanic; WASM Curtin University, Kalgoorlie, benefits and drawbacks of each oxidative technology and generates an optimal
WA, Australia operating window for each technology based metallurgical inputs, capital cost,
The Amira Gold Processing Technology Group is a collaborative industry and operating cost of each technology. The outcome from the paper is to generate
funded project operating since 1984. Over the 40 year lifespan of the project, a heuristic to quickly identify which technologies should be considered for new
a wide range of topics within the areas of gold ore processing and environ- projects. These findings aim to guide industry professionals in making informed
mental management of tailings have been explored. In the early years, the decisions when developing process flowsheets for refractory gold resources.
focus was on understanding the fundamentals of leach and adsorption circuits
and the practical application of this to industry to optimise plant performance.
Extensive gravity research led to the development of a standard gravity gold
evaluation process. Models developed through the test work have led to an
integrated approach between gravity and leaching to provide insight into
overall plant recoveries. The group also engages with workforces to transfer
research knowledge directly to industry professionals, embedding the latest

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     139

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:25 PM 2:05 PM
Opportunity to Enhance Permeability from High Pressure Gold Property Transaction Values and Gold Price (2012-2024)
Injections into a Gold Leach Pad G. Malensek, W. Roscoe, P. Chamois and P. Landry; SLR Consulting,
D. Rucker¹, R. Valeschini², B. Cubbage¹, S. Morrow², R. Turner³, A. Rios³ Lakewood, CO
and N. Crook¹; ¹hydroGEOPHYSICS, Inc, Tucson, AZ; ²Geo-Logic, Reno, SLR has tracked transactions on gold properties worldwide from 2012 to 2024.
NV and ³Yanacocha, Newmont, Cajamarca, Peru For comparative purposes, transaction values can be expressed in US dollars
For nearly 25 years, secondary recovery has been employed to extract per ounce gold ($/oz) and as $/oz as a percentage of the gold price at the date
low-grade gold from leach pads, using wells to direct cyanide solution to of the transaction (termed MTR). Previous studies have shown that $/oz and
underperforming areas. This process allows for targeting multiple depths within MTR values are significantly higher for producing properties than for non-pro-
the well, individually or simultaneously. Operationally, the solution is injected ducing properties, as expected. The present study shows the effect on these
under nominal pressure, ramped up with a pump, and then ramped down to value metrics of the gold price, which has increased dramatically in recent years.
redistribute pressure in the pad. The high-pressure injections fluidize unconsol-
idated ore, mobilizing smaller particles through washout and enhancing permea-
2:25 PM
bility around the well. Traditionally, qualitative well hydraulic data including flow
rates and bottomhole pressures have been used to assess these changes, but Gold Price Forecasting using a novel hybrid model with
in this study, we also utilized in-situ hydraulic conductivity measurements and ANN, WOA and Chaotic Sine Map Model
nuclear magnetic resonance data to quantitatively demonstrate permeability V. Veriyadi; Mining, Grabuma, Damar, Indonesia
enhancements in a gold leach pad.
Gold is one of the most important products for global investors. The best gold
forecasting performance can increase the confidence of global investors.
3:45 PM The existing study, however, has failed to address gold price fluctuations that
The Recovery of Gold and Copper from Cyanidation Solution can affect the forecasting accuracy. Therefore, this study proposes the hybrid
model that it combines the artificial neural network (ANN) model and the whale
Using Ion-Exchange Resins optimization algorithm (WOA) model with a chaotic sine map random analysis.
Y. Olyaee, B. Albijanic, W. Staunton, T. McGrath, E. Avelar, B. Lim and The ANN weights are optimized using the WOA model that can improve the accuracy
E. Baawuah; WASM: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin of the ANN model in forecasting gold prices. In order to enhance an accuracy in
University, Perth, WA, Australia forecasting gold prices, the random value from an original WOA model is optimized
Gold is recovered through cyanide leaching and activated carbon adsorption using the chaotic sine map model. This model can improve the ANN with an original
processes. However, processing copper-gold ores is challenging due to high WOA model in forecasting gold prices 11% and 54% than the classic ANN model.
cyanide consumption and copper adsorption on activated carbon, which
significantly reduces gold recovery. This research demonstrates that selective
2:45 PM
resin can effectively separate gold cyanide from copper cyanide solutions. The
remaining solution is then subjected to a second adsorption process using Revisiting Distal-Disseminated Gold-Silver Deposits in
non-selective resin to adsorb copper cyanide. SEM results showed that the Nevada: Opportunities for Future Exploration
selective resin is non-porous while the non-selective resin is porous. This A. Samal; GeoGlobal LLC, Riverton, UT
approach ensures effective recovery of gold and copper while minimizing
cyanide consumption in the process. There is a cluster of deposits in north-central Nevada, which are referred to
as distal-disseminated gold-silver deposits. These deposits form an NNW-SSE
trend, known as the Battle Mountain-Eureka trend. along with Carlin-type
deposits and other pluton-related (proximal deposits). The high Au/Ag ratios
and lack of base metals have been used to differentiate Carlin-type Deposits
from these deposits. Recently, exploration activities have been active in some
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25 of these deposits. This presentation reviews the geology of these deposits
highlighting the exploration and development standpoint.
AFTERNOON
WORLD GOLD: MARKET TRENDS AND MINE 3:05 PM
DEVELOPMENT Skeena Resources’ Eskay Creek Revitalization Project
Mile High 1E Update: Simplification of the Procewss Flowsheet
B. Adaszynski; Sedgman, Coquitlam, BC, Canada
2:00 PM • Tuesday, February 25 The Eskay Creek mine located in the golden triangle of British Columbia
Chair: T. Rauch, McCarl’s Technical Services, Cranberry Twp, PA previously operated from 1994 to 2008 and was at one time the highest grade
gold producer in the world, and fifth largest silver producer. Grades were
so rich it began as a direct shipping ore (DSO) before adding a processing
2:00 PM
Introductions plant that recovered gold by gravity and flotation. In 2017 Skeena Resources
acquired the property from Barrick Gold and began developing the project as
an open pit mine with a processing facility producing a flotation concentrate.
In 2022 a feasibility study presented a processing flowsheet consisting of
multiple stages of grinding and flotation to produce a saleable concentrate.
Following a strategic review Skeena Resources sought to simplify and de-risk
the project and this case study outlines the design changes that were made and
presented in a 2023 Updated Feasibility Study. The simplified and more robust
grinding circuit directing ground product into a single flotation stream with
highly efficient cleaning cells. This reduced the number of mills, flotation cells,
classification stages and resulted in improved concentrate grades with better
payables and like-for-like gold recovery.

140     2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

3:25 PM By applying an exploratory pretreatment with concentrations of 1 M and for

Cariboo Gold Project – Processing Optimization 1 hour, gold recovery increased to 80,6%. The experimental design defined
gold recovery as the target variable, cyanidations were performed at 4 hours,
B. Ott; Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, and an increase in recovery in the same time frame was verified compared to
Golden, CO preliminary tests, obtaining significant increases.
Osisko Development is a North American gold development company focused on
past-producing ming camps located in mining friendly jurisdictions with district
scale potential. Osisko is committed to responsible mining practices with a 9:25 AM
vision of building modern, safe, socially and environmentally sustainable mining Cyanide Recovery from Thiocyanate via Electro-Oxidation
operations that support generations to come in the surrounding communities.
H. Liang, K. Ljubetic and D. Kratochvil; BQE Water, Denver, Colorado, CO
Osisko’s 100%-owned Cariboo Gold Project located in the historic Cariboo
Mining District of central British Columbia is the primary focus for near-term Thiocyanate, which is toxic to animals and humans, is formed when cyanide
development with engineering and pre-construction work in progress. Ongoing reacts with sulfur-containing minerals or compounds during the metallurgical
optimizations to the feasibility study especially focused on the mine plan and extraction of gold. In many jurisdictions, thiocyanate is regulated indirectly
improved processing plant concepts, are expected to yield positive results while though effluent toxicity where discharges from mines are subject to toxicity
adhering to existing environmental, social, and permitting constraints. testing and reporting. The most common method for destroying residual
cyanide in tailings and process solutions in the gold mining industry is the SO2/
Air process, which works well for cyanide destruction but does not remove
3:45 PM thiocyanate to any significant extent. And there are currently no commonly
Analysis of the Composition of Gold-Rich Asteroids: employed water treatment processes that are utilized at mines that are designed
to remove thiocyanate effectively. This presentation will discuss successful
Implications for Space Exploration and the Global Economy laboratory demonstrations of utilizing electro-oxidation to oxidize and destroy
M. Portal Valdivia and F. Segobia Campos; Mining engineering, Society for thiocyanate while recovering cyanide from the process, thereby both removing
Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru a harmful byproduct from gold processing and recovering a valuable resource
This study analyzes the composition of gold-rich asteroids, focusing on the to lower operating costs and reduce the carbon footprint for gold processing.
abundance and distribution of gold, platinum group elements (PGEs), and
other associated precious metals. It examines remote sensing techniques
used to estimate their abundance in near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and main-belt 9:45 AM
asteroids. The study discusses formation and evolution models that could explain Gold Tellurides: Problem or Opportunity?
these concentrations. Furthermore, it explores the economic and technological K. Blackwell, L. Dyer and B. Tadesse; WASM Curtin University, Kalgoorlie,
implications of asteroid mining, considering the technical challenges, costs, WA, Australia
and potential environmental impacts. The potential of these asteroids to meet
Tellurides have long been blamed for problems in gold circuits. Are they
the demand for precious metals and to drive space exploration is assessed.
deserving of this bad reputation or is it simply that we don’t know enough
about them? Gold tellurides represent a valuable source of tellurium, a critical
material used in solar panels and thermoelectric devices. Tellurides are difficult
to concentrate by gravity, but they do respond to flotation. Opportunity lies
in having a better understanding of how gold telluride minerals perform in a
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 flotation circuit. Gold tellurides are rare, so little test work has been conducted
on the minerals themselves. The impact of standard variables on gold telluride
MORNING flotation is unknown. Is the standard regime for sulphide flotation beneficial for
tellurides and if not, how can gold telluride flotation be improved? Recent work
WORLD GOLD: ENHANCING EXTRACTION II in the flotation of gold tellurides will be explored with the potential to recover
502 tellurium as a byproduct.

9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 10:05 AM

Chair: S. Ingram, Fairbanks, AK Optimization of Sulfide Ore Processing with the NITROX
Method
9:00 AM E. Asencios Toledo; Lima, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,
Introductions Lima, Peru
The NITROX method is an advanced technique for processing refractory
9:05 AM ores, where gold is encapsulated in sulfides such as pyrite and arsenopyrite.
Improving of gold recovery from high copper content Applied in gold mines in South Africa, Western Australia, and Peru, NITROX
utilizes nitric acid leaching and pressure oxidation to efficiently decompose
refractory ores sulfide matrices and liberate gold. This method achieves over 90% recovery
O. Restrepo Baena and E. Soto Bedoya; Materials and Minerals, without the need for roasting. By overcoming the limitations of conventional
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia methods like cyanidation, NITROX enhances gold extraction and minimizes
The cyanidation process for gold recovery is not efficient when there is environmental impact. It represents a significant advancement in processing
interference from certain minerals that react with the cyanide ion. The complex ores, improving both technical performance and economic feasibility in
difficulty in treating a gold-bearing mineral with conventional methods where challenging mining environments.
low recoveries are obtained is known as refractoriness. Copper, for example,
present in sulfides and oxides, is a highly refractory element because it
forms Cu-CN compounds, which leads to the use of excessive amounts
of cyanide in the process and low gold recoveries. This research proposes
a pretreatment in the presence of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide
to reduce the interference of copper in a subsequent cyanidation process.

2025 SME Annual Conference and World Gold     141

 TECHNICAL SESSIONS

10:25 AM these units to measure average gold grade for each five to ten minutes of flow
Alkaline Sulfide Precious Metals Technology with data used for ore reconciliation, metal accounting and ore blending to
improve mill feed quality.
C. Anderson; Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
Many alternatives to cyanide have been postulated. Accordingly, selective
alkaline sulfide hydrometallurgical technology for metals recovery has been 9:25 AM
applied on the lab, pilot and industrial scale. Its application to gold and silver Implementation of Agnostic High Precision GPS (HPGPS)
processing has been well studied and applied to multiple sources of precious
for Enhanced Mining Efficiency and Dilution Control in Gold
metals bearing materials. This presentation will elucidate the unique aspects
of this technology and outline its origin based upon 60 years of successful and Other Mineral Operations
industrial scale operation of the alkaline sulfide hydrometallurgical sytem. J. Avalos; Australian Technical Support, MS4M PTY, Lima, Peru
As well, fundamental kinetic and thermodynamic data along with select The global decline in mining reserves necessitates optimizing resources and
applications will be presented. adopting new techniques to maximize economic value. A key strategy includes
reducing polygon areas and shortening the Block Model to enhance reliability.
These conditions, with BM up to 5x5m, require HPGPS on digging equipment for
10:45 AM
real-time bucket positioning during loading activities. In gold mining, unlike copper,
Optimization of Lead Nitrate Dosage in Gold Extraction: new challenges also include bench segmentation (flitch) control with sections of
A Study on Thiocyanate as an Indicator for Reagent 2 to 3 meters, necessitating decimal precision. Current solutions are predomi-
Requirements nantly provided by manufacturers of shovels, leading to economic and mechanical
limitations. This proposal introduces an alternative with a Agnostic HPGPS system
J. Thogerson, R. Aloeboetoe, M. Somppi, C. Whitehead and J. Baron;
focused on improving dilution. The methodology details the deploy using a direct
Newmont, Weston, FL
kinematic robotic model and the logic for attack position (DigPoint) identifying,
Lead nitrate is employed to aid in gold extraction from sulfidic ores and concen- recognizing individual blocks, polygons, and flitches per each cycle. Connection
trates in cyanide leaching circuits. The quantity and type of sulfide minerals to the Dispatch DB has enabled instantaneous KPIs, such as incorrect truck and
present can significantly influence the optimal dosage of lead nitrate. Examples level assignments, enhancing dilution control. This agnostic solution, implemented
of effective lead nitrate addition rates can vary more than 50 g/t to 10 kg/t in Canada and New Zealand, has reduced dilution rates by 10% in the first month.
amongst different operations. As such, the decision of whether and how much
lead nitrate is needed can be both difficult and time-consuming for operators,
as well as having significant impacts on gold recovery, reagent consumption 9:45 AM
and cost. This investigation used bench scale testwork tracking thiocyanate Ore Sorting Technology in Gold Mining
(SCN-), thiosulfate (S2O3-2), and sulfate (SO4-2) solution concentrations as
leach extraction indicators. Analysis of plant operation data identified optimal B. Hilscher and A. Zhou; ABH Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada
operational ratios, balancing reagent cost efficiency while preserving high Ore sorting technology has seen significant adoption in the mining industry,
recovery performance. Several sites with differing sulfide chemistry will be particularly gold mines. This paper reviews the use of ore sorting in sulphide,
discussed. quartz, oxide, and other deposits. Results from Barrick, Newgold, and others
will be presented. Several sensors and configurations will be reviewed.

10:05 AM
Improving Gold Recovery and Throughput with Innovative
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26 Interstage Screening Technology
MORNING J. Tran; Professional Engineers of Ontario, New York, NY
According to JP Morgan Research, prices for gold may rise as high as $2500 per
WORLD GOLD: NEW TECHNOLOGY oz by the end of 2024 and as high as $2600 by the end of 2025. The positive
503 outlook for gold prices emphasizes how crucial it is for gold producers to maximize
gold recovery to capitalize on the high market value for gold. The Derrick G-Vault
9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26 Interstage Screens emerge as a transformative technology for gold producers
to improve gold recovery rates though optimizing the operation of their CIP/CIL
Chairs: N. Gow, Patterson Cooke, Windsor, CO circuits. Adopting the innovative G-Vault interstage screen technology has allowed
I. Penaloza Araujo, Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, several gold mines to profit from increased throughput. Compared to traditional
West Valley, UT stainless-steel wedge wire, the G-Vault uses advanced urethane high-open area
screen surface technology to reduce hydraulic head loss across the interstage
9:00 AM screen, allowing for improved flow capacity as well as finer aperture screening for
Introductions improved carbon retention. These producers have also observed decreased basket
lifts and decreased CIL/CIP tank bypass since implementing G-Vault technology,
which ultimately improves gold recovery. This paper examines five case studies in
9:05 AM which users have improved their performance by implementing G-Vault technology.
Recent Developments in Representative Gold Grade
Measurement of Conveyed Ore in Plant Feed
H. Kurth; Scantech International Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Ore grade in primary crushed rock has been representatively measured in real
time in the minerals sector in conveyed flows since early 2000s. That capability
has been developed and successfully implemented in gold ores for direct
gold grade measurement. This paper discusses the Prompt Gamma Neutron
Activation Analysis (PGNAA) technique and its capabilities and limitations
providing site data as examples. Major resource companies have installed

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10:25 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

Gold Flotation Plant Trial Using Biosurfactant – From Lab to MORNING
Industrial Scale
R. Rodrigues Silva and G. Knesel; Locus Mining Solution, The Woodlands, TX WORLD GOLD: OPERATIONAL SUCCESS I
A prestigious gold operation joined efforts with Locus to evaluate the addition of Mile High 1A
Locus flotation green reagents with the primary goal of improving gold recovery
and grade. After successful lab tests at the plant flotation laboratory, two main 9:00 AM • Wednesday, February 26
conditions were selected to be tested at an industrial scale in mid-2024.
The plant trial lasted for four full days. During the first shift, the recording of Chair: T. Arnold, Integra Resources Corp, Sparks, NV
the baseline parameters and conditions (no biosurfactants) were performed.
Afterwards, Locus biosurfactants were added in the process and monitored 9:00 AM
for the rest of the trial. When comparing the same stable plant operational Introductions
conditions, the biosurfactants showed improvement in the gold recovery and
selectivity. They were able to increase gold recovery in a range between 2.70%
and 3.24%, considering the same gold concentrate grade and with a lower 9:05 AM
content of gold lost in the final tails. Even with operational challenges and Human Capital Challenges in Remote Gold Mines:
ore-feed grade reduction, biosurfactants maintained performance and in cases Outsourcing Metallurgy at Nampala Mine, Mali
where the plant was with lower feed grade, it showed a great selectivity.
A. Berton¹, D. Marini², S. Gariepy¹ and A. Clapperton¹; ¹Soutex, Québec,
QC, Canada and ²Nampala Mine, Bamako, Mali
10:45 AM Qualified human capital is a major concern in the mineral processing industry,
New Tool for Hydrometallurgical Plant Solution Chemistry especially for plant metallurgists in remote, small-sized gold mines. These
Modelling: Case Study on METSIM® Integration with OLI metallurgists are crucial to operations, often managing multiple roles and
relying solely on their cross-shift peers for backup. In an industry where
Equilibrium Module human resources are highly mobile, this situation places significant stress on
A. Kufaishi¹, Y. Chen¹, S. Singh¹, A. Holtzapple³, D. Miller² and operational management. This paper presents how the Nampala mine in Mali
M. Kochevar²; ¹High Pressure Metallurgy Group, Hatch Ltd., Mississauga, tackled this challenge by outsourcing its metallurgy to an external firm. Over the
ON, Canada; ²OLI Systems, Parsippany, NJ and ³METSIM®, Churubusco, IN past eight years, this approach stabilized the position, providing Nampala with
Mass and energy balances are fundamental aspects of process engineering. access to a broader pool of diverse, knowledgeable and flexible resources as
It is crucial to include all applicable chemical reactions, extents of reactions, the mine navigated various phases of its life cycle.
and reaction products. The thermodynamic outputs from the mass and energy
balances define the steady-state mass flows, temperatures, pressures, and
9:25 AM
solution chemistry; these parameters are used for flowsheet development,
and inform critical stages of plant design. Mass and energy balance software, Advanced Techniques for Processing Georeferenced Map
such as METSIM®, is widely used to leverage the built-in thermodynamic Data in Underground Gold Mining
framework for a vast database of species. METSIM® requires the entry of C. Mejias, E. Cáceres and E. Godoy; Hibring, Concepcion, Biobio, Chile
experimental inputs to model unique process chemistries and solution
compositions. However, by integrating OLI into the METSIM® environment Gold mining is a cornerstone of the global mining industry, with underground
with the Equilibrium Module, the complex chemistry is managed through an OLI operations representing a significant portion of gold extraction activities.
API that employs OLI’s first principles model for electrolyte systems. This work Geological mapping in these environments generate extensive volumes of data
implements the OLI Equilibrium Module in METSIM® for a detailed case study, in diverse formats, requiring considerable standardization efforts. To address
revealing key lessons and best practices. This example demonstrates how the this, we developed GEOREC, an innovative geological-geotechnical software
model corroborates lab results, guides lime reagent addition rates, and more to optimize the transcription of large volumes of data using georeferenced
accurately simulates solution chemistry systems involving water recirculation. information from digitized underground mine drawings, offering a robust
alternative to AI techniques. Developed by a multidisciplinary team focusing
on algorithmic efficiency, reliability, and robustness, GEOREC has been
successfully tested in four Chilean underground mines, showing significant
time savings and reduced human-induced errors. It allows process automation,
extracting hundreds of data points in seconds and including comprehensive
visualization and reporting tools. Its adaptability and user-friendly interface
allow seamless online analysis and processing of data, digitizing historical
drawings, making data available for integration with other software systems
and enhancing efficiency in the underground gold mining sector

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9:45 AM 10:45 AM
Machine learning (ML) Modelling of Knelson Concentrator Pressure Hydrometallurgical Process Modelling
Gold Recovery and Grade: Model Optimisation, Performance Requirements to Align with AACE Classification
and Feature Importance Analysis Y. Chen, A. Kufaishi and S. Singh; High Pressure Metallurgy, Hatch Ltd.,
A. Saim, F. Darteh, C. Owusu, G. Akuffo and R. Amankwah; Minerals Mississauga, ON, Canada
Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana A robust process model is required to properly simulate the mass and energy
The Knelson gravity concentrator is a popular choice for processing complex balance for a pressure hydrometallurgical process flowsheet. However, at the
gold ore deposits, but efficient recovery requires understanding process early development phase of a project, process definition, i.e., process design
variables and predicting concentrator performance. This study analyzed 120 criteria, test work data, equipment details, water quality, etc., is typically
field experiments data to evaluate the impact of feed size, feed grade, and limited. Process model definition and accuracy increases as available input
mass pull on concentrator performance using 12 ML models. The performance data matures. Likewise, the capital costs generated at each project phase
assessment and predictions were combined with three feature importance typically follows the AACE classification system of accuracy, i.e., +100%/-50%,
analysis techniques (permutation importance, shapely, and sensitivity analysis) +50%/-30%, +30%/-20%, +20%/-15%, and +15%/-10% accuracy for a
to understand the impact of process variables on grade and recovery prediction. Class 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 estimate, respectively. Therefore, to optimize overall
The analysis showed that gated recurrent units, as a deep learning model, is engineering time and effort, process modelling inputs and definition should
the most accurate in predicting grade, while CatBoost, as an ensemble model, align with the accuracy of the capital cost estimate for a given project phase.
was the best in predicting gold recovery. The R2, MAPE, MAE, RMSE, EVS, and This paper outlines the recommended process parameters and process model
MSE values were 0.7743, 19.5%, 11.2, 17.2, 0.7574, and 306.8 for grade, input requirements at each phase of a project for a pressure hydrometallurgical
and 0.5, 18.2%, 4.9, 6.7, 0.4787, and 46.5 for recovery. Furthermore, the circuit and demonstrates their impact on capital cost estimating.
study found that feed grade is crucial for predicting gold grade, mass pull is
the most important factor for recovery prediction, and feed size is the most
sensitive input for predicting both grade and recovery.

10:05 AM WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26

From Toxicity to Compliance: A Case Study in Gold Mining AFTERNOON
Wastewater Management
M. De Ladurantaye-Noel and J. Dallaire; Technologies, Veolia Water WORLD GOLD: OPERATIONAL SUCCESS II
Technologies Canada, Saint-Laurent, QC, Canada 501
Mine wastewater toxicity poses a significant environmental risk and reputa-
tional threat to the industry. In particular, gold mining operations can generate 2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
contaminants such as cyanide species, ammonia, and metals, which can be Chair: T. McGrath
toxic to aquatic life. A Canadian gold mine, operating in a cold climate, faced
recurring toxicity issues. This case study recounts the journey to identify and
resolve the source of toxicity. The presentation will highlight the challenges 2:00 PM
overcome and the solutions implemented, supported by five years of compliant Introductions
operation. This study demonstrates the importance of effective wastewater
management for a safer, more sustainable mining operation. 2:05 PM
Piloting of Jameson Cell Technology at the Goldex Mine
10:25 AM M. Auch-Roy¹, G. Gagnon¹, V. Olivette¹, D. Julien¹, L. Lavigne¹ and
Evaluating Transfer Chute Design for Increased Throughput N. Khan²; ¹Agnico Eagle Mines Goldex, Lyon, France and ²Glencore
or For Use with Different Materials Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
C. Hartford; Jenike & Johanson, San Luis Obispo, CA In the 1980s, Jameson Cell technology was developed to address challenges
with existing cleaner circuit equipment design. Since then, the technology has
At times, capital costs need to be minimized requiring existing assets to be
been largely reserved to cleaning circuit applications improving recovery of
used to their full potential. Other times it means exploring different types of
valuable minerals in fine size classes where concentration becomes a challenge.
material to mine while using the existing equipment to handle the different ore.
This study intends to demonstrate the application of Jameson Cell technology
While these changes may make sense on the books, it critical to evaluate how
in the roughing duties of an Au-Cu ore. Pilot scale testing was conducted at
the new material or increased throughput will flow in the existing system. When
the Goldex mine on the rougher feed streams to improve product quality and
a plant increases throughput or changes the material, handling equipment
increase production of a gold-bearing copper concentrate. Piloting results on
such as belt-to-belt transfer chutes often fail to perform reliably. Some of the
the rougher feed stream show that the Jameson Cell was able to closely match
problems associated with failed chute designs include plugging, excessive wear
the existing copper and gold recovery performance of the entire flotation circuit
of chute surfaces, unacceptable dust generation, high belt wear, and product
with a significant increase in grade. Piloting tests consistently demonstrated
spillage. These problems often lead to significant maintenance costs because
superior performance to conventional cells, thus confirming the potential of
of the need to unplug chutes, pick up spillage, or frequently replace wear liners.
the Jameson Cell for the roughing duty in the flotation of Au-Cu ores. Various
Poorly performing chutes can cause environmental problems and production
operational challenges for piloting are also discussed in this study, enabling
losses. This talk discusses the best approach to evaluate if the throughput of
better preparation for future endeavors.
an existing transfer chute can successfully be increased, and whether a new
material will flow through an existing chute.

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2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Enhancing Gold Mine Efficiency and Safety through the A Groundbreaking Dual Coating System Proven to Prolong
Implementation of onsite PhotonAssay™ Technology Equipment Life in Harsh POx Environments
A. McLaren, J. Chuah and T. Sennett; Chrysos Corporation, Vancouver, E. Ng; Engineering, Callidus Group, Balcatta, WA, Australia
BC, Canada Pressure Oxidation (POx) severe service systems involving oxygen, high
This presentation highlights the successful shift of a gold mine from traditional temperature, high pressure, and acid environments pose unique safety risks,
analytical methods, such as fire assay and Pulverise and Leach (PAL), to making a material selection for equipment critical to mitigating fire or explosion
the innovative onsite PhotonAssay™ technology. The implementation of hazards. To address high corrosion and erosion on autoclave vent equipment,
PhotonAssay™ has significantly reduced the turnaround time for grade Callidus developed the BM-1600™ dual coating. This system offers corrosion and
control samples while enhancing data accuracy. By deploying this technology erosion resistance for severe service equipment in POx applications. BM-1600™
onsite, the mine has minimized sample preparation needs, streamlined the is fully dense, metallurgically bonded with a low coefficient of friction, ideal
measurement process and data QA/QC protocols, and eliminated the use for metal-seated ball valves (MSBVs). It is qualified per ASTM G124 for use in
of hazardous chemicals. These improvements have optimized operational oxygen-enriched environments up to 230°C and 3,300 kPag in 100% gaseous
performance and enhanced overall safety at the mine site. oxygen. Applying BM-1600™ extended MSBV life from under one month to
over a year, eliminating common failure modes like spallation of bond coatings,
ceramic coating topcoats, and erosion and corrosion. This innovation exemplifies
2:45 PM Callidus’ commitment to R&D and tailored client solutions. This presentation will
Optimizing Cyanidation Economics for a Reactive Sulfide discuss case studies featuring BM-1600™ with field trial results.
Gold Ore
T. Crary¹ and J. Rajala²; ¹Metallurgy and Consulting, SGS Canada Inc.,
Otonabee, ON, Canada and ²Metallurgy, B2Gold Corporation,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
The Goose Gold Project is located in Nunavut, Canada, ~520 km NE of WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26
Yellowknife, NWT. The project was acquired by B2Gold Corp. in April 2023. The AFTERNOON
mill design was well advanced, equipment had been purchased and construction
was underway. The process flowsheet selected included gravity recovery, and
cyanide leach/CIP circuits. Design cyanide consumption was high at 1.4 kg/t.
WORLD GOLD: SAFETY
Prior ore mineralogy indicated pyrrhotite as one of the sulfide minerals in the 502
ore, which is known as a very reactive sulfide mineral and can cause high
cyanide consumption along with low dissolved oxygen concentrations. With 2:00 PM • Wednesday, February 26
the project in the early stage of construction the opportunity to optimize the
cyanidation conditions was identified and a subsequent study was carried out Chair: F. Ruff, Paterson and Cooke, Severance, CO
to improve process economics. Variables evaluated included dissolved oxygen
concentration, pre-aeration residence time, lead nitrate addition, leach density, 2:00 PM
cyanide concentration and grind size. This paper describes the detailed scope Introductions
of the optimization test program, presents the results/data, and summarizes
the economic evaluation of the variables to optimize the start-up process
parameters for the plant leach circuit. 2:05 PM
Innovative Technologies for Enhancing Safety in the Mining
Industry: A Case Study of Smart Watches for Fatigue
3:05 PM
Prevention
An Option for Processing Gold Ores with High Preg-Robbing
S. caururo Norabuena¹ and G. Romani Navarro²; ¹sme, Huaraz, Peru and
Characteristics ²Individual, Lima, Lima, Peru
N. Makhotla and F. Garcia; Sales and Marketing, Innospec Inc., Tucson, AZ This abstract presents a groundbreaking approach to enhancing safety in
The poor efficiency of gold recovery in a gold cyanidation plant depends on a the mining industry through the implementation of smart watches for fatigue
number of factors viz., (1) insufficient reaction conditions, (2) unavailability of prevention among drivers. The case study conducted at peruvian gold mine
free cyanide and oxygen in the pulp due to other reactions taking place, (3) showcases the effectiveness of this technology in reducing the risks associated
mineralogical conditions such as unliberation gold due to coarse particles or with driver fatigue and somnolence. By monitoring and analyzing sleep
refractory nature of the ore, (4) passivation of gold surface due to pre-treatment patterns, the smart watches provide real-time data to identify and mitigate
conditions, (5) presence of carbonaceous material in the ore which can potential fatigue-related incidents. This innovative solution not only improves
adsorb the aurocyanide complex formed during leaching. The latter is termed safety standards but also sets a new precedent for leveraging technology to
preg-robbing of gold, which refers to the re-adsorption of the dissolved gold address critical safety concerns in mining operations. The findings from this
from the pregnant solution by the carbonaceous matter present in the ore. study offer valuable insights and practical applications for enhancing safety
This paper discusses how using DEHSCOFIX® DG30 has improved gold protocols in the mining and minerals profession
recovery during cyanidation of preg-robbing ores. Keywords: CIL; cyanidation;
preg-robbing; aurocyanide complex; carbon blanking; flowsheet

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2:25 PM 3:25 PM
Development of Safe, Environmentally-friendly and Method Development and Optimization for Measuring
Sustainable Small Scale Gold Minging Methods Cyanide Concentrations in Aquatic Environments Using the
A. Yalley; Mining Department, University of Mines and Technology Faculty Mintek Lab Cynoprobe
of Mineral Resources Technology, Tarkwa, Western, Ghana D. Maiga, M. Letsoalo, M. Chabalala, T. Msagati, L. Sibali and T. Phadi;
The economics, safety and environmental sustainability of a mining operation Measurement and Control, Mintek, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
depends on the choice of a suitable mining method. In Large Scale Gold The disposal of cyanide-containing waste in aquatic environments poses
Mining, different methods have been developed based on engineering, science, significant environmental threats due to its high toxicity and potential harm
and technological principles that account for the geotechnical, geological, to aquatic life and human health. Gold and silver mining operations are major
and mineralogical attributes of the ore and country rocks. In Small Scale Gold sources of cyanide pollution, as they use cyanide to extract precious metals from
Mining, exploitation methods typically exclude engineering judgements, and ore. Improper disposal can contaminate nearby water bodies, posing significant
this situation could account for low ore recovery, environmental degradation risks. Regular monitoring of cyanide levels is essential to ensure compliance
and safety hazards. Thus, this research aims to develop suitable mining with regulatory limits. To address this issue, a Mintek Lab Cynoprobe, based
methods for the Small Scale Gold Mining sector to improve socioeconomic, on the amperometric measurement principle, was developed and validated
environmental and safety outcomes. for measuring Weak Acid Dissociable (WAD) and free cyanide in water. The
method demonstrated linearity with an R-squared value greater than 0.199
and excellent precision with a percentage relative standard deviation of less
2:45 PM than 5%, with detection and quantification limits of 0.024 and 0.073 mg/ml,
Advancing Sustainable Practices Deployed by Worley in respectively. The average concentrations of free and WAD cyanide exceeded
Gold Mining Projects environmental limits, highlighting the need for further analysis and improved
S. Zope; Worley Group Inc, Mesa, AZ environmental protection measures.
Introduction: Worley leads with sustainable solutions amid global gold demand,
showcasing impactful projects in the Americas for environmental stewardship, 3:45 PM
economic resilience, and community engagement. Case Study: Confidential Challenges of Cyanide Extraction of Gold and Silver from Mine
Gold Project, Nevada: Enhanced sustainability and efficiency at Confidential
Gold Mine through: Advanced processing technologies for optimized recovery Waste Piles: The Leadville Mill, Colorado, as a Case Study
and efficiency. Innovative water management and habitat restoration, reducing S. Emerman; Malach Consulting, Spanish Fork, UT
freshwater usage and promoting biodiversity. Achievements and Impact: Two permit applications have now been submitted for the cyanide extraction
Set benchmarks in sustainable mining: Environmental excellence through of gold and silver from mine waste piles at the Leadville Mill in Lake County,
innovative technologies. Social responsibility via community engagement and west-central Colorado, along California Gulch, a tributary of the Arkansas River.
partnerships. Future Innovation Vision: Commitment to advancing sustainable Significant remaining challenges are the safe disposal of the iron-cyanide
practices: Technology innovation for operational and environmental gains. sludge that will result from removing cyanide from the tailings and the stability
Global leadership in advocating responsible mining and sustainability. of the proposed filtered tailings deposit (FTD). The water content that can
Conclusion: Worley’s dedication ensures environmental stewardship and be achieved through filtration exceeds the flow moisture point, meaning that
social responsibility in global gold mining, setting new industry standards for the FTD would flow as it was constructed, while the particle size distribution
a sustainable future. indicates susceptibility to liquefaction.

3:05 PM 4:05 PM
From Operator to Auditor – The Cyanide Code from Two Assessing the Environmental Footprint of Gold Production:
Perspectives A Comparative Study of Refractory and Double Refractory
F. Ruff and A. House; Mineral Processing, Paterson and Cooke, Ores
Severance, CO S. Kadivar and E. Vahidi; Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, University
The International Cyanide Management Code (The Code) has become the of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV
gold standard for cyanide management programs throughout the world. The Refractory ores, where gold is encapsulated within sulfide minerals require
Code contains necessary guidance, systems, and processes that producers, intensive processing, such as pressure oxidation (POX), to extract the gold.
transporters, and mining companies must utilize to ensure responsible cyanide Double refractory ores are even more challenging, containing both sulfides
management. The Mining Verification Protocol consists of nine (9) principles and organic carbon, which adsorbs gold during cyanidation, necessitating
that cover the entire cyanide lifecycle on the mine site from contracting a additional pretreatment such as roasting. As high-grade gold deposits decline,
cyanide supplier through the safe and environmentally conscious use of cyanide the reliance on these complex ores grows, leading to increased environmental
at the operation and finally into the closure plan for the site. Preparing for a impacts. This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing the
Cyanide Code Audit is a daunting task for any operation. The Code contains 122 enviornmental impacts of gold production from refractory and double refractory
questions that must be answered by the operation to the auditors satisfaction ores, with each requiring complex methods. The LCA results reveal that the
and each response must have documented evidence. This paper examines total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with gold production from
what it takes to prepare for a Cyanide Code Audit at an operating mine site refractory ores was 1.00 × 104kg CO2-equivalent per kilogram of gold, with
from the perspective of both the operator and the auditor. The authors of the the grinding stage alone contributing 41.3% of these emissions. For double
paper have a combined four decades of experience in the Code as operators refractory ores, the roasting process adds significant environmental burdens,
and as auditors and will share tactics and strategies to ensure a smooth and resulting in total amount of 1.22 × 104 kg CO2-equivalent carbon footprint.
successful audit. This study highlights key stages like grinding and POX, and identifying opportu-
nities for more sustainable practices.

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