PRACTICE 1 (LISTENING)

1. (A) Carla does not live very far away. 11. (A) She just left her sister’s house.
(B) What Carla said was unjust. (B) Her sister left the sweater behind.
(C) He does not fear what anyone says. (C) She believes her sweater was lef at her
(D) Carla is fairly rude to others. sister’s house.
(D) She doesn't know where her sister lives.
2. (A) She thinks it’s an improvement.
(B) The fir trees in it are better. 12. (A) She doesn’t have time to complete
(C) It resembles the last one. additional reports.
(D) It is the best the man has ever done. (B) She cannot finish the reports that she is
already working on.
3. (A) He graduated last in his class. (C) She is scared of having responsibilitfor the
(B) He is the last person in his family to graduate. reports.
(C) He doesn’t believe he can improve gradually. (D) It is not time for the accounting reports to be
(D) He has finally finished his studies. compiled.

4. (A) He thought the dress was so chic. 13. (A) He’s had enough exercise.
(B) He was surprised the dress was not (B) He’s going to give himself a reward for the
expensive. hard work.
(C) He would like to know what color dress it was. (C) He's going to stay on for quite some time.
(D) The dress was not cheap. (D) He would like to give the woman an exercise
machine as a gift.
5. (A) Leave the car somewhere else.
(B) Ignore the parking tickets. 14. (A) He cannot see the huge waves.
(C) Add more money to the meter. (B) The waves are-not coming in.
(D) Pay the parking attendant. (C) He would like the woman to repeat what she
said.
6. (A) He does not like to hold toe many books at (D) He agrees with the woman.
one time.
(B) There is no bookstore in his neighborhood. 15. (A) The exam was postponed.
(C) It's not possible to obtain the book yet. (B) The man should have studied harder.
(D) He needs to talk to someone at the bookstore (C) Night is the best time to study for exams.
(D) She is completely prepared for the exam.
7. (A) It was incomplete.
(B) It finished on time. 16. (A) Students who want to change schedules
(C) It was about honor. should form a line.
(D) It was too long. (B) It is only possible to make four changes in the
schedule.
8. (A) She needs to use the man's notes. (C) It is necessary to submit the form quickly.
(B) Yesterday’s physics class was quite bonng. (D) Problems occur when people don’t wait their
(C) She took some very good notes in physics turn.
class.
(D) She would like to lend the man her notes 17. (A) In a mine.
(B) In a jewelry store.
9. (A) It’s her birthday today. (C) In a clothing store.
(B) She’s looking for a birthday gif. (D) In a bank.
(C) She wants to go shopping with her dad.
(D) She wants a new wallet for herself. 18. (A) A visit to the woman's family.
(B) The telephone bill.
10. (A) He took a quick trip. (C) The cost of a new telephone.
(B) The big boat was towed through the water. (D) How far away the woman's family lives.
(C) There was coal in the water.
(D) He didn't go for a swim
19. (A) She hasn’t met her new boss yet. 28. (A) She’s going to take the test over again.
(B) She has a good opinion of her boss. (B) She thinks she did a good job on the exam.
(C) Her boss has asked her about her impressions (C) She has not yet taken the literature exam.
of the company. (D) She's unhappy with how she did.
(D) Her boss has been putting a lot of pressure on
her. 29. (A) The door was unlocked.
(B) It was better to wait outside.
20. (A) The recital starts in three hours. (C) He could not open the door.
(B) He intends to recite three different poems. (D) He needed to take a walk.
(C) He received a citation on the third of the
month. 30. (A) He nailed the door shut.
(D) He thinks the performance begins at three. (B) He is heading home.
(C) He hit himself in the head.
21. (A) Choose a new dentist. (D) He is absolutely correct.
(B) Cure the pain himself.
(C) Make an appointment with his dentist. 31. (A) The haircut is unusually short.
(D) Ask his dentist about the right way to brush. (B) This is Bob’s first haircut.
(C) Bob doesn’t know who gave him the haircut.
22. (A) It is almost five o'clock. (D) After the haircut, Bob’s hair still touches the
(B) The man doesn’t really need the stamps. floor.
(C) It is a long way to the post office.
(D) It would be better to go after five o'clock. 32. (A) It is just what he wanted.
(B) He enjoys having the latest style.
23. (A) The article was placed on reserve. (C) He dislikes it immensely.
(B) The woman must ask the professor for a copy. (D) He thinks it will be cool in the summer.
(C) The woman should look through a number of
journals in the library. 33. (A) A broken mirror.
(D) He has reservations about the information in (B) The hairstylist.
the article. (C) The scissors used to cut his hair.
(D) Piles of his hair.
24. (A) He need to take a nap
(B) He hopes the woman will help him to calm 34. (A) "You should become a hairstylist."
down. (B) "Please put it back on.”
(C) The woman just woke him up. (C) "It’ll grow back.”
(D) He is extremely relaxed. (D) "It won’t grow fast enough.”

25. (A) She doesn’t think the news report is false. 35. (A) Every evening.
(B) She has never before reported on the news. (B) Every week.
(C) She never watches the news on television. (C) Every Sunday.
(D) She shares the man's opinion about the (D) Every month.
report.
36. (A) That she was eighty-five years old.
26. (A) Management will offer pay raises on Friday. (B) That a storm was coming.
(B) The policy has not yet been decided. (C) That she was under a great deal of pressure.
(C) The manager is full of hot air. (D) That she wanted to become a weather
(D) The plane has not yet landed. forecaster.

27. (A) He doesn’t believe that it is really snowing. 37. (A) In her bones.
(B) The snow had been predicted. (B) In her ears.
(C) The exact amount of snow is unclear. (C) In her legs.
(D) He expected the woman to go out in the (D) In her head.
snow.
38. (A) Call his great-grandmother less often.
 (B) Watch the weather forecasts with his great- 44. (A) To cut.
grandmother. (B) To move fast.
(C) Help his great-grandmother relieve some of (C) To steer a boat.
her pressures. (D) To build a ship.
(D) Believe his great-grandmother's predictions
about the weather. 45. (A) To bring tea from China.
(B) To transport gold to California.
39. (A) In a car. (C) To trade with the British.
(B) On a hike. (D) To sail the American river system.
(C) On a tram.
(D) In a lecture hall. 46. (A) A reading assignment.
(B) A quiz on Friday.
40. (A) It means they have big tears. (C) A research paper for the end of the semester.
(B) It means they like to swim. (D) Some written homework.
(C) It means they look like crocodiles.
(D) It means they are pretending to be sad. 47. (A) Writers.
(B) Actors.
41. (A) They are sad. (C) Athletes.
(B) They are warming themselves. (D) Musicians.
(C) They are getting rid of salt.
(D) They regret their actions. 48. (A) He or she would see butterflies.
(B) He or she would break a leg.
42. (A) Taking photographs. (C) He or she would have shaky knees.
(B) Getting closer to the crocodiles. (D) He or she would stop breathing.
(C) Exploring the waters edge.
(D) Getting off the tram. 49. (A) By staring at the audience.
(B) By breathing shallowly.
43. (A) Water Sports. (C) By thinking about possible negative
(B) Physics. outcomes.
(C) American History. (D) By focusing on what needs to be done.
(D) Psychology.
50. (A) At two o’clock.
(B) At four o’clock.
(C) At six o’clock.
(D) At eight o'clock.
PRACTICE 1 (STRUCTURE)
1. ________ range in color from pale yellow to bright 8. Researchers have long debated ________ Saturn’s
orange. moon Titan contains hydrocarbon oceans and lakes.
(A) Canaries which (A) over it
(B) Canaries (B) whether it
(C) That canaries (C) whether
(D) Canaries that are (D) whether over

2. ________ of precious gems is determined by their 9. Nimbostratus clouds are thick, dark grey clouds
hardness, color, and brilliance. ________ forebode rain.
(A) The valuable (A) what
(B) It is the value (B) which
(C) It is valuable (C) what they
(D) The value (D) which they

3. ________ a tornado spins in a counterclockwise 10. ________ in several early civilizations, a cubit was
direction in the northern hemisphere, it spins in based on the length of the forearm from the tip
the opposite direction in the southern hemisphere. of the middle finger to the elbow.
(A) However (A) It was used as a measurement
(B) Because of (B) A measurement was used
(C) Although (C) The use of a measurement
(D) That (D) Used as a measurement

4. The Caldecott Medal, ________ for the best 11. Only when air and water seep through its outer
children's picture book, is awarded each January. coat_______.
(A) a prize (A) does a seed germinate
(B) which prize (B) to the germination of a seed
(C) is a prize which (C) a seed germinates
(D) is a prize (D) for a seed to germinate

5. The horn of the rhinoceros consists of a cone of tight 12. _______ seasonal rainfall, especially in regions near
bundles of keratin ________ from the the tropics, is winds that blow in an opposite
epidermis. direction in winter than in summer.
(A) grow (A) Causing
(B) grows (B) That cause
(C) growing (C) To cause
(D) they grow (D) What causes

6. Most species of heliotropes are weeds, ________ of 13. The extinct Martian volcano Olympus Mons is
them are cultivated. approximately three times as _______ Mount
(A) some Everest.
(B) but some (A) high
(C) for some species (B) high as is
(D) some species (C) higher than
(D) the highest of
7. Thunder occurs as ________ through air, causing the
heated air to expand and collide with layers of cooler 14. The flight instructor, _______ at the air base, said
air. that orders not to fight had been given.
(A) an electrical charge (A) when interviewed
(B) passes an electrical charge (B) when he interviewed
(C) the passing of an electrical charge (C) when his interview
(D) an electrical charge passes (D) when interviewing
15. In the northern and central parts of the state of Idaho _______ and churning rivers.
(A) majestic mountains are found
(B) found majestic mountains
(C) are found majestic mountains
(D) finding majestic mountains

16. Light can travels from the Sun to the Earth in eight minutes and twenty seconds.
A B C D

17. Every human typicallyhave twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in mostcells.

A B C D

18. Most sedimentary rocks start forming when grains of clay, silt, or sandysettle in river
A B C
valleysor on the bottoms of lakes and oceans.
D

19. The total thickness of the ventricular walls of the heartareabout three times that of
a bc d
the atria.

20. The type of jazz known as “swing” was introduced by Duke Ellington when he wrote
A B C
andrecords “It Don’t Mean a Thing If It Ain’t Got That Swing.”
D

21. The bones of mammals, not alikethose of other vertebrates, show a high degree of
A B C
differentiation.
D

22. Theneocortex has evolved more recently thenother layers of the brain.
A B C D

23. The United States receives a large amount of revenue from taxationof a tobacco
A B C D
products.

24. Much fats are composed of one molecule of glycerin combined with three molecules of
A B
fattyacids.
C D

25. The capital of the Confederacy was originally in Mobile, but they weremoved to
A B C D
Richmond.

26. A pearl develops when a tiny grain of sand or stone or some anotherirritant
A B C
accidentallyenters into the shell of a pearl oyster.
D
27. The English horn is an alto oboe with a pitch one-fifth lower thanthe soprano oboe.
A B C D

28. In the Milky Way galaxy, the mostrecentobserved supernova appearedin 1604.
A B C D

29. Never in the history of humanityhas there been more people living on this relatively
A B C D
small planet.

30. Because of the mobility of Americans today, it is difficult for they to put down
A B C
real roots.
D

31. For five years after the Civil War, Robert E. Lee served to president of Washington
A B
College, which was later called Washington and Lee.
C D

32. The number of wild horses on Assateague is increasing lately, resulting in overgrazed
A B C
marsh and dune grasses.
D
33. Hypnoses was successfully used during World War II to treat battle fatigue.
A B C D

34. The lobster, likemany crustaceans, can cast off a damaging appendage and
A B C
regenerate a new appendage to nearly normal size.
D

35. Humans develop normally twenty primary, or deciduous, teeth and thirty-two
A B C
permanent ones.
D

36. The curricula of American public schools are set in individual states; they
A B

do not determine by the federal government.

C D

37. The fact that the sophisticated technology has become part of revolution in travel
A B
delivery systems has not made travel schedules less hectic.
C D

38. Balanchine’s plotless ballets, suchJewels and The Four Temperaments, present dance
A B C
purely as a celebration of the movement of the human body.
D

39. In a solar battery, a photosensitive semiconducting substance such as silicon

A B C
crystal is the source of electrician.
D

40. In early days, hydrochloric acid was done by heating a mixture of sodium chloride with
A B C D
iron sulfate.
PRACTICE 1 (READING)
Questions 1-9
John James Audubon, nineteenth-century artist and naturalist, is known as one of the foremost
authorities on North American birds. Born in Les Cayes, Haiti, in 1785, Audubon was raised in
France and studied art under French artist Jacques-Louis David. After settling on his father’s
Line Pennsylvania estate at the age of eighteen, he first began to study and paint birds.
(5) In his young adulthood, Audubon undertook numerous enterprises, generally without a
tremendous amount of success; at various times during his life he was involved in a mercantile
business, a lumber and grist mill, a taxidermy business, and a school. His general mode of operating a
business was to leave it either unattended or in the hands of a partner and take off on excursions
through the wilds to paint the natural life that he saw. His business career came to an end in 1819
(10) when he was jailed for debt and forced to file for bankruptcy.
It was at that time that Audubon began to seriously pursue the dream of publishing a collection
of his paintings of birds. For the next six years he painted birds in their natural habitats while his wife
worked as a teacher to support the family. His Birds of America, which included engravings of 435 of
his colorful and lifelike watercolors, was published in parts during the period from 1826 to 1838 in
(15) England. After the success of the English editions, American editions of his work were published in
1839, and his fame and fortune were ensured.

1. This passage is mainly about 5. Audubon decided not to continue to pursue business
(A) North American birds when
(B) Audubon’s route to success as a painter of (A) he was injured in an accident at a grist mill
birds (B) he decided to study art in France
(C) the works that Audubon published (C) he was put in prison because he owed money
(D) Audubon’s preference for travel in natural (D) he made enough money from his paintings
habitats
6. The word "pursue’’ in line 11 is closest in meaning to
2. The word "foremost” in line 1 is closest in meaningto (A) imagine
(A) prior (B) share
(B) leading (C) follow
(C) first (D) deny
(D) largest
7. According to the passage, Audubon's paintings
3. In the second paragraph, the author mainly (A) were realistic portrayals
discusses (B) used only black, white, and gray
(A) how Audubon developed his painting style (C) were done in oils
(B) Audubon’s involvement in a mercantile (D) depicted birds in cages
business
(C) where Audubon went on his excursions 8. The word "support” in line 13 could best be replaced
(D) Audubon’s unsuccessful business practices by
(A) tolerate
4. The word "mode” in line 7 could best be replaced by (B) provide for
(A) method (C) side with
(B) vogue (D) fight for
(C) average
(D) trend 9. It can be inferred from the passage that after 1839
Audubon
(A) unsuccessfully tried to develop new businesses
(B) continued to be supported by his wife
(C) traveled to Europe
(D) became wealthy
Questions 10-19

These stories of killer bees in the news in recent years have attracted a lot of attention as the
bees have made their way from South America to North America. Killer bees are reputed to be
extremely aggressive in nature, although experts say that their aggression may have been somewhat
Line inflated.
(5) The killer bee is a hybrid-or combination-of the very mild European strain of honeybee and
the considerably more aggressive African bee, which was created when the African strain was
imported into Brazil in 1955. The African bees were brought into Brazil because their aggression was
considered an advantage: they were far more productive than their European counterparts in that
they spent a higher percentage of their time working and continued working longer in inclement
(10) weather than did the European bees.
These killer bees have been known to attack humans and animals, and some fatalities have
occurred. Experts point out, however, that the mixed breed known as the killer bee is actually not at
all as aggressive as the pure African bee. They also point out that the attacks have a chemical cause. A
killer bee stings only when it has been disturbed; it is not aggressive by nature. However, after a
(15) disturbed bee stings and flies away, it leaves its stinger embedded in the victim. In the vicera attached to the
embedded stinger is the chemical isoamyl acetate, which has an odor that attracts other bees.
As other bees approach the victim of the original sting, the victim tends to panic, thus disturbing
other bees and causing them to sting. The new stings create more of the chemical isoamyl acetate,
which attracts more bees and increases the panic level of the victim. Killer bees tend to travel in large
(20) clusters or swarms and thus respond in large numbers to the production of isoamyl acetate

10. The subject of the preceding paragraph was most (C) was carried from Africa to Brazil in 1955
likely (D) did not exist early in the twentieth century
(A) ways of producing honey
(B) stories in the media about killer bees 14. Why were African bees considered beneficial?
(C) the chemical nature of killer bee attacks (A) They produced an unusual type of honey.
(D) the creation of the killer bee (B) They spent their time traveling.
(C) They were very aggressive.
(D) They hid from inclement weather.
11. The main idea of this passage is that killer bees
(A) have been in the news a lot recently 15. A ‘‘hybrid" in line 5 is
(B) have been moving unexpectedly rapidly (A) a mixture
through the Americas (B) a relative
(C) are not as aggressive as their reputation (C) a predecessor
suggests (D) an enemy
(D) are a hybrid rather than a pure breed
16. It is stated in the passage that killer bees
12. The word "inflated" in line 4 could best be replaced (A) are more deadly than African bees
by (B) are less aggressive than African bees
(A) exaggerated (C) never attack animals
(B) blown (D) always attack African bees
(C) aired
(D) burst 17. The pronoun “They” in line 13 refers to
(A) killer bees
13. It can be inferred from the passage that the killer (B) humans and animals
bee (C) fatalities
(A) traveled from Brazil to Africa in 1955 (D) experts
(B) was a predecessor of the African bee
18. What is NOT mentioned in the passage as a
contributing factor in an attack by killer bees?
(A) Panic by the victim 19. Where in the passage does the author describe the
(B) An odorous chemical size of the groups in which killer bees move?
(C) Disturbance of the bees (A) Lines 2-4
(D) Inclement weather (B) Lines 5-7
(C) Lines 11-12
(D) Lines 19-20

Questions 20-28

There is a common expression in the English language referring to a blue moon. When people
say that something happens "only once in a blue moon," they mean that it happens only very rarely,
once in a great while. This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are Line
Line references to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century.
(5) The expression “a blue moon” has come to refer to the second full moon occurring in any given
calendar month. A second full moon is not called a blue moon because it is particularly blue or is any
different in hue from the first full moon of the month. Instead, it is called a blue moon because it is so
rare. The moon needs a little more than 29 days to complete the cycle from full moon to full moon.
Because every month except February has more than 29 days, every month will have at least one full
(10) moon (except February, which will have a full moon unless there is a full moon at the very end of
January and another full moon at the very beginning of March). It is on the occasion when a given
calendar month has a second full moon that a blue moon occurs. This does not happen very often,
only three or four times in a decade.
The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their
(15) color; however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual
circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue. Certain natural phenomena of gigantic
proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth. The eruption of the
Krakatao volcano in 1883 left dust particles in the atmosphere, which clouded the sun and gave the
moon a bluish tint. This particular occurrence of the blue moon may have given rise to the expression
(20) that we use today. Another example occurred more than a century later. When Mount Pinatubo
erupted in the Philippines in 1991, the moon again took on a blue tint.

20. This passage is about

(A) an idiomatic expression 23. The word “hue” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(B) an unusual color (A) shape
(C) a month on the calendar (B) date
(D) a phase of the moon (C) color
(D) size
21. How long has the expression “once in a blue moon”
been around? 24. Which of the following might be the date of a “blue
(A) For around 50 years moon"?
(B) For less than 100 years (A) January 1
(C) For more than 100 years (B) February 28
(D) For 200 years (C) April 15
(D) December 31
22. A blue moon could best be described as
(A) a full moon that is not blue in color 25. How many blue moons would there most likely be in
(B) a new moon that is blue in color a century?
(C) a full moon that is blue in color (A) 4
(D) a new moon that is not blue in color (B) 35
 (C) 70 27. The expression "given rise to" in line 19 could best
(D) 100 be replaced by
26. According to the passage, the moon actually looked (A) created a need for
blue (B) elevated the level of
(A) afer large volcanic eruptions (C) spurred the creation of
(B) when it occurred late in the month (D) brightened the color of
(C) several times a year
(D) during the month of February 28. Where in the passage does the author
describe the duration of a lunar cycle?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 5-6
(C) Line 8
(D) Lines 12-13

Questions 29-40
The organization that today is known as the Bank of America did start out in America, but
under quite a different name. Italian American A.P. Giannini established this bank on October 17,
1904, in a renovated saloon in San Francisco’s Italian community of North Beach under the name
Line Bank of Italy, with immigrants and first-time bank customers comprising the majority of his first
(5) customers. During its development, Giannini's bank survived major crises in the form of a natural
disaster and a major economic upheaval that not all other banks were able to overcome.
One major test for Giannini’s bank occurred on April 18, 1906, when a massive earthquake
struck San Francisco, followed by a raging fire that destroyed much of the city. Giannini obtained two
wagons and teams of horses, filled the wagons with the bank’s reserves, mostly in the form of gold,
(10) covered the reserves with crates of oranges, and escaped from the chaos of the city with his clients’
funds protected. In the aftermath of the disaster, Giannini’s bank was the first to resume operations.
Unable to install the bank in a proper office setting, Giannini opened up shop on the Washington
Street Wharf on a makeshift desk created from boards and barrels.
In the period following the 1906 fire, the Bank of Italy continued to prosper and expand. By
(15) 1918 there were twenty-four branches of the Bank of Italy, and by 1928 Giannini had acquired
numerous other banks, including a Bank of America located in New York City. In 1930 he
consolidated all the branches of the Bank of Italy, the Bank of America in New York City, and another
Bank of America that he had formed in California into the Bank of America National Trust and
Savings Association.
(20) A second major crisis for the bank occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although
Giannini had already retired prior to the darkest days of the Depression, he became incensed when
his successor began selling off banks during the bad economic times. Giannini resumed leadership of
the bank at the age of sixty-two. Under Giannini's leadership, the bank weathered the storm of the
Depression and subsequently moved into a phase of overseas development.

29. According to the passage, Giannini (D) On a makeshift desk

(A) opened the Bank of America in 1904
(B) worked in a bank in Italy 31. According to the passage, which of the following is
(C) set up the Bank of America prior to setting up NOT true about the San Francisco earthquake?
the Bank of Italy (A) It happened in 1906.
(D) later changed the name of the Bank of Italy (B) It occurred in the afermath of a fire.
(C) It caused problems for Giannini's bank.
30. Where did Giannini open his first bank? (D) It was a tremendous earthquake.
(A) In New York City
(B) In what used to be a bar 32. The word "raging" in line 8 could best be replaced by
(C) On Washington Street Wharf (A) angered
 (B) localized
(C) intense 37. The expression "weathered the storm of’ in line 23
(D) feeble could best be replaced by
(A) found a cure for
33. It can be inferred from the passage that Giannini (B) rained on the parade of
used crates of oranges after the earthquake (C) survived the ordeal of
(A) to hide the gold (D) blew its stack at
(B) to fill up the wagons
(C) to provide nourishment for his customers 38. Where in the passage does the author describe
(D) to protect the gold from the fire Giannini’s first banking clients?
(A) Lines 2-5
34. The word “chaos" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (B) Lines 7-8
(A) legal system (C) Lines 12-13
(B) extreme heat (D) Lines 14-16
(C) overdevelopment
(D) total confusion 39. How is the information in the passage presented?
(A) In chronological order
35. The word "consolidated” in line 17 is closest in (B) In order of importance
meaning to (C) A cause followed by an effect
(A) hardened (D) Classifications with examples
(B) merged
(C) moved 40. The paragraph following the passage most likely
(D) sold discusses
(A) bank failures during the Great Depression
36. The passage states that after his retirement, Giannini (B) a third major crisis of the Bank of America
(A) began selling off banks (C) the international development of the Bank of
(B) caused economic misfortune to occur America
(C) supported the bank’s new management (D) howGiannini spent his retirement
(D) returned to work

Questions 41-50
Thunderstorms, with their jagged bursts of lightning and roaring thunder, are actually one of
natures primary mechanisms for transferring heat from the surface of the earth into the atmosphere.
A thunderstorm starts when low-lying pockets of warm air from the surface of the earth begin to rise.
The pockets of warm air float upward through the air above that is both cooler and heavier. The rising
Line pockets cool as their pressure decreases, and their latent heat is released above the condensation line
(5) through the formation of cumulus clouds.
What will happen with these clouds depends on the temperature of the atmosphere. In winter,
the air temperature differential between higher and lower altitudes is not extremely great, and the
temperature of the rising air mass drops more slowly. During these colder months, the atmosphere,
(10) therefore, tends to remain rather stable. In summer, however, when there is a high accumulation of
heat near the earths surface, in direct contrast to the considerably colder air higher up, the
temperature differential between higher and lower altitudes is much more pronounced. As warm air
rises in this type of environment, the temperature drops much more rapidly than it does in winter;
when the temperature drops more than four degrees Fahrenheit per thousand feet of altitude,
(15) cumulus clouds aggregate into a single massive cumulonimbus cloud, or thunderhead.
In isolation, a single thunderstorm is an impressive but fairly benign way for Mother Earth to
defuse trapped heat from her surface; thunderstorms, however, can appear in concert, and the
resulting show, while extremely impressive, can also prove extraordinarily destructive. When there is
a large-scale collision between cold air and warm air masses during the summer months, a squall
(20) line, or series of thunderheads, may develop. It is common for a squall line to begin when an
advancing cold front meets up with and forces itself under a layer of warm and moist air, creating a
 line of thunderstorms that races forward at speeds of approximately forty miles per hour. A squall
line, which can be hundreds of miles long and can contain fifty distinct thunderheads, is a
magnificent force of nature with incredible potential for destruction. Within the squall line, often
(25) near its southern end, can be found supercells, long-lived rotating storms of exceptional strength that
serve as the source of tornadoes.

41. The topic of the passage is

(A) the development of thunderstorms and squall 46. According to the passage, a "squall line” in line 20 is
lines (A) a lengthy cold front
(B) the devastating effects of tornadoes (B) a serious thunderstorm
(C) cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds (C) a line of supercells
(D) the power of tornadoes (D) a string of thunderheads

42. "Mechanisms" in line 2 are most likely 47. The pronoun "itself’ in line 21 refers to
(A) machines (A) a large-scale collision
(B) motions (B) a squall line
(C) methods (C) an advancing cold front
(D) materials (D) a layer of warm and moist air

43. It can be inferred from the passage that, in summer, 48. All of the following are mentioned in the passage
(A) there is not a great temperature differential about supercells EXCEPT that they
between higher and lower altitudes (A) are of short duration
(B) the greater temperature differential between (B) have circling winds
higher and lower altitudes makes (C) have extraordinary power
thunderstorms more likely to occur (D) can give birth to tornadoes
(C) there is not much cold air higher up in the
atmosphere 49. This reading would most probably be assigned in
(D) the temperature of rising air drops more slowly which of the following courses?
than it does in winter (A) Geology
(B) Meteorology
44. The word "benign" in line 16 is closest in meaning to (C) Marine Biology
(A) harmless (D) Chemistry
(B) beneficial
(C) ferocious 50. The paragraph following the passage most likely
(D) spectacular discusses
(A) the lightning and thunder associated with
45. The expression "in concert” in line 17 could best be thunderstorms
replaced by (B) various types of cloud formations
(A) as a chorus (C) the forces that contribute to the formation of
(B) with other musicians squall lines
(C) as a cluster (D) the development of tornadoes within
(D) in a performance supercells